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SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Omar S. Mazzoni, Ph.D., P.E.
President
Systems Research International, Inc.
Calculate the per-unit (p.u.) base quantities for a 150-MVA, 13.8-kV, 60-Hz, three-phase,
two-pole synchronous, machine that has the following constants: d-axis mutual induc-
tance between rotor and stator, Lad 0.0056 H; d-axis mutual inductance between stator
winding a and rotor, Lafd 0.0138 H; mutual inductance between stator winding a and
d-axis amortisseur, Lakd 0.0054 H; q-axis mutual inductance between rotor and stator,
Laq 0.0058 H; and mutual inductance between stator winding a and q-axis amortisseur,
Lakq 0.0063 H. The per-unit system used should be the reciprocal mutual per-unit sys-
tem. This denotes a per-unit system where the per-unit mutual inductances between the
rotor and stator circuits are reciprocal. This also implies that Lad Lafd Lakd and Laq
Lakq. (Note: The bar over symbol denotes a per-unit value.)
7.1
7.2 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRIC POWER CALCULATIONS
Calculation Procedure
Calculate the synchronous, transient, and subtransient per-unit reactances for the direct
axis of the machine in the previous example for which the field resistance rfd 0.0072
, stator resistance rs 0.0016 , stator leakage inductance Ll 0.4 103 H, field
self-inductance Lffd 0.0535 H, d-axis amortisseur self-inductance Lkkd 0.0087 H,
d-axis amortisseur resistance rkd 0.028 , and the q-axis amortisseur resistance rkq
0.031 . Assume the leakage inductances in the d- and q-axes are equal, which is gener-
ally a reasonable assumption for round-rotor machines.
Calculation Procedure
5. Calculate L afd
Lfd Lffd Lafd 1.74 1.66 0.08 p.u.
6. Calculate L kd
Lkd Lkkd Lakd 1.85 1.66 0.19 p.u.
Calculate the synchronous and subtransient per-unit reactances for the quadrature axis of
the machine in the first example. Additional data for the machine are q-axis amortisseur
self-inductance Lkkq 0.0107 H, and the mutual inductance between stator winding
a- and q-axis Lakq 6.3 103 H.
Calculation Procedure
1. Calculate L aq
From values obtained in the two previous examples, Laq Laq /Ls(base) 0.0058/
(3.37 103) 1.72 p.u.
2. Calculate L q
Lq Laq Ll 1.72 0.12 1.84 p.u.
3. Calculate L kkq and L akq
Lkkq Lkkq /Lkq(base) 0.0107/(5.96 103) 1.80 p.u. Lakq Lakq /(Ls(base))(is(base) /
ikq(base)) (6.3 103)/(3.37 103)(8876/8172) 1.72 p.u.
4. Calculate Per-Unit Value of q-axis Amortisseur Leakage Inductance, L kq
Lkq Lkkq Lakq 1.80 1.72 0.08 p.u.
5. Calculate Per-Unit Transient Inductance, L
q
L
q Laq Lkq /( Laq Lkq) Ll (1.72)(0.08)/(1.72 0.08) 0.12 0.196 p.u.
Calculate the per-unit field and subtransient open-circuit time constants for the direct axis
of the machine in the first example. Use results obtained in previous examples.
Calculation Procedure
do
Tdo (1/ rkd)( Lkd Lfd Lad / Lffd) (1/0.0158)[0.19 (0.08)(1.66/1.74)] 16.9 p.u.
Calculate the per-unit transient and subtransient short-circuit time constants for the direct
axis of the machine in the first example. Also, calculate the direct-axis amortisseur leak-
age time constant.
Calculation Procedure
Related Calculations. Per-unit open-circuit and short-circuit time constants for the
quadrature axis of the machine may be calculated with procedures similar to those used in
the two previous examples.
To calculate a time constant in seconds, multiply the per-unit quantity by its time base,
1/(base) 1/377 s; T T /377. For example, Td' 308/377 0.817 s.
Calculate the per-unit values and plot the steady-state phasor diagram for a synchronous
generator rated at 100 MVA, 0.8 pf lagging, 13.8 kV, 3600 r/min, 60 Hz, operating at
rated load and power factor. Important machine constants are X d 1.84 p.u., X q 1.84
p.u., and X d' 0.24 p.u. The effects of saturation and machine resistance may be
neglected.
7.6 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRIC POWER CALCULATIONS
Calculation Procedure
1. Determine Reference
If the VA and V base values are equal to the machine ratings, Is(base) (MVA
1000)/3 kV (100)(1000)/(3)(13.8) 4184 A. Because the base voltage has been
taken as 13.8 kV, the per-unit rms terminal voltage is E t 1.0 p.u. From this, the per-unit
peak voltage, et E t 1.0 p.u. Quantity et will be chosen as the reference phasor: et
1.0 0 p.u.
2. Locate q-Axis
Calculate a fictitious voltage E q E q/, where is the machine internal power angle.
E q may be calculated by E q et it(r j X q). But it 1.0
p.u., where
cos1
0.8 36.9. Therefore, E q 10 1.036.9 j1.84 2.3835 p.u. Power
angle 35.
3. Calculate the d- and q-axis Components
The d- and q-axis components may now be found by resolving et and it into compo-
nents along the d- and q-axes, respectively: eq et cos (1.0)(0.819) 0.819 p.u.
ed et sin (1.0)(0.574) 0.574 p.u. and iq it cos(
) 1.0 cos (35
36.9) 0.311 p.u. id it sin(
) 0.951 p.u.
4. Calculate E I
Voltage E I lies on the q-axis and represents the d-axis quantity, field current. E I
X ad ifd eq X did rid 0.819 (1.84)(0.951) 2.57 p.u.
5. Draw Phasor Diagram
The phasor diagram is drawn in Fig. 7.1.
GENERATOR-CAPABILITY CURVE
Calculation Procedure
FIGURE 7.3 Capability curves for a hydrogen inner-cooled generator rated at 983
MVA, 0.85 pf, 22 kV.
GENERATOR REGULATION
Determine the regulation of a generator with the following characteristics: armature resis-
tance Ra 0.00219 p.u.; power factor 0.975; and open-circuit, zero power-factor and
short-circuit saturation as in Fig. 7.4.
Calculation Procedure
GENERATOR SHORT-CIRCUIT
RATIO
FIGURE 7.5 Generator excitation at full-load
current.
Calculate the short-circuit ratio (SCR) for
a generator having characteristic curves
shown in Fig. 7.4.
Calculation Procedure
Calculate the maximum output power for an excitation increase of 20 percent for a
13.8-kV wye-connected generator having a synchronous impedance of 3.8 /phase. It is
connected to an infinite bus and delivers 3900 A at unity power factor.
Calculation Procedure
GENERATOR EFFICIENCY
Determine the efficiency of a generator having the same basic characteristics of the gen-
erator in the Generator Regulation example. Additional data include armature full-load
current Ia 28,000 A; core and short-circuit losses as in Fig. 7.7; friction and windage
loss, 500 kW (from drive motor input); armature resistance Ra 0.0011 /phase; excita-
tion voltage at rated load, 470 V; excitation current for air-gap line, 3200 A; and output
voltage 25 kV.
Calculation Procedure
Calculate the synchronizing power coefficient at rated load for the following generator:
75,000 kW, terminal voltage V 1.0 p.u., armature current Ia 1 p.u., quadrature axis
reactance X q 1.8 p.u., and pf 0.80 lagging. Neglect the resistive component of the
armature.
Calculation Procedure
Determine the size of a transformer and resistor required to adequately provide a high-
resistance ground system for a wye-connected generator rated 1000 MVA, 26 kV, 60
Hz. In addition, generator capacitance 1.27 F, main transformer capacitance
0.12 F, generator lead capacitance 0.01 F, and auxiliary transformer capac-
itance 0.024 F.
Calculation Procedure
POWER-FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
An industrial plant has a 5000-hp induction motor load at 4000 V with an average power
factor of 0.8, lagging, and an average motor efficiency of 90 percent. A new synchronous
motor rated at 3000 hp is installed to replace an equivalent load of induction motors. The
synchronous motor efficiency is 90 percent. Determine the synchronous motor current
and power factor for a system current of 80 percent of the original system and unity
power factor.
Calculation Procedure
Related Calculations. For verification, the synchronous motor horsepower, hps, should
equal 3000 hp, where hps 3VIspfs / 0.746 (3)(4)(401.1)(0.9)(0.895)/0.746 3000 hp.
7.16 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRIC POWER CALCULATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Libby, Charles C. 1960. Motor Selection and Application. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Stevenson, William D., Jr. 1982. Elements of Power System Analysis, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book. 1964. 4th ed. East Pittsburgh, P.A.: West-
inghouse Electric Corporation.
ANSI C50.10. 1990. Rotating Electrical Machinery Synchronous Machines. New York: American
National Standards Institute.
ANSI C50.13. 1989. Rotating Electrical Machinery Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generators.
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IEEE 115. 1995. Test Procedure for Synchronous Machines Part I Acceptance and Performance
Testing; Part II Test Procedures and Parameter Determination for Dynamic Analysis. Piscataway,
N.J.: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
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