DYNAMIC STABILITY ANALYSIS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES INTERCONNECTED TO THE DISTRIBUTION
NETWORKS
G.R. Mohapatra
goparanjan@gmail.com
School of Electrical Engineering
Victoria University
P.O. Box 14428Melbourne
VIC 8001 Australia
Abstract-Modern technology has given rise to a slew of
forward looking enhancements for systems that transmit
and distribute electricity. Distribution networks must be
carefully controlled in order to maintain an acceptable
power supply quality. In the current climate change and
environment, wind energy will not only be able to
contribute to securing Australian energy independence
and climate goals in the future, it could also turn a serious
energy supply problem into an opportunity in the forms of
commercial benefits, technology research, exports and
employment. The economic future of Australia can be
planned on the basis of known and predictable cost of
electricity derived from an indigenous energy source free
of all the security, political, economic and environmental
disadvantages associated with oil and gas.
Connecting wind energy, photovoltaic and storage battery
through power electronics combined with solid state
circuit breakers, static condenser (STATCON) and
dynamic voltage regulator (DVR) has several impacts on
operation and protection aspects of the whole system
network. Utilities can supply high quality power at less
cost and significantly lower losses using appropriate power
electronic controllers combined with non-conventional
energy sources and storage battery. These concepts will
also apply to uninterruptible power supplies in utilities.
The aim of this paper is to analyse the dynamic behaviour
of the renewable energy sources interconnected to the
power grid, in terms of its stability. In particular the
impact of interconnection of wind generator and
photovoltaic and storage battery to the utility power grid
is analysed.
The main purpose of this study is to assess if renewable
energy sources stay in synchronism and with power
oscillations reducing to 50% in 5 seconds following a
credible fault. Therefore swing curves are plotted to see
the impact of renewable on the system.
Studies show that for all faults under all scenarios, the
system remains stable and well damped, i.e. oscillations
damped to 50% within 5 seconds. Even for the most severe
fault with 220kV line cleared by CB fail protection by
tripping all the lines connected to 220kV bus, the system
remains stable and well damped.
2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08)
A. Kalam
akhtar.kalam@vu.edu.au
1.0 Introduction
The objective of the distribution network is to generate and to
distribute power to its customers:
1) under stable (sustaining small disturbances) condition,
2) be viable (currents, voltages, angles and frequencies
within tolerances), and
3) in optimal fashion (economy).
For this operation to be secure, it is also necessary that the
system be able to withstand certain major disturbances such as
line faults or sudden loss of equipments without severe
consequences. This motivates the notion of dynamic study
which is essentially the ability of the system operation to
recover a specified set of first contingencies. The system, with
suitable degrees of local stability, viability and transient
stability, can then be considered to be a secure system [1].
With this assumption as a starting point the application of a
variety of controllers along with the dispersed source of
generation and how they interact with each other to provide
the needed response to attend to the various contingencies in a
distribution network is the major issue of concern. Modelling
of the distribution network with these components to find out
the voltage drop, transients, fault level and optimisation along
with planning and careful implementation of software control
for protection are the strategies to bring about the smooth and
effective operation of various controllers connected to the
distribution network.
Transient stability is the ability of the power system to
maintain synchronism when subjected to a severe transient
perturbation. The resulting system response involves large
excursions of generator rotor angles and is influenced by the
nonlinear power-angle relationship. Stability depends on both
the initial operating state of the system and the severity of the
Paper P-150 Page 1
disturbance. Usually, the system is altered so that the post-
disturbance steady-state operation differs from that prior to the
perturbation.
The emphasis on renewable energy sources for generation is
increasing, since they have a lower impact on the environment
than conventional energy sources. To be utilised with
maximum effectiveness, new forms of generation based on
renewable sources must be managed as part of existing power
systems. Connection of large wind generators to the power
system can affect the quality of power delivered to loads and
the operation of distribution system equipment [2].
These studies are particularly important due to the growing
interest in interconnecting wind energy sources to large and
complex power systems. For a wind generator connected to a
utility distribution system, both the terminal voltage and
frequency are fixed by the network and so it has little control
over its terminal voltage and none over the system frequency
[3]. Wind generators are attractive for utility interconnection
as they allow independent control of real and reactive power.
The multi-machine multi-bus system analysis simulates
accurately the behaviour of a real power system. This paper
gives a generalised model [4] for dynamic stability analysis of
interconnected system which includes the wind machines and
the exciters with photovoltaic and storage battery. To simulate
multi machine multi bus system for power system design the
Power System Simulator for Engineers (PSS/E) has been used.
2.0 The Power System Model
PSS/E wind package (GE Wind 1.5 MW) is used to model the
large wind farm of 150MW. Wind turbine generators (WTGs)
are modelled by the following sub-models.

GEAERA - aerodynamic model which calculates the
aerodynamic torque applied to the rotor taking into
account wind speed, tip speed ratio Lambda,
performance coefficient C etc.
p

GECNA - active rotor control model (representation
of rotor side converter control)

GEDFA - doubly-fed induction generator model
including provision for processing commands from
rotor control

GEPCHA - pitch angle control model

The under/over frequency, FRQDCA and FRQTPA,
and under/over voltage, VTGDCA and VTGTPA,
models are protection models, which are located at
the generator bus to which the WTG equivalent is
connected and continuously monitor the
2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08)
frequency/voltage on that bus or a remote bus
specified by the user. They trip the WTG equivalent
for under- and over- frequency/voltage conditions on
the generator (or remote bus).

FRQDCA and VTGDCA relays disconnect WTG
bus, i.e., it disconnects all equipment attached to
WTG bus.

FRQTPA and VTGTPA relays disconnect WTG only, i.e.,
it disconnects only wind turbine generator attached to
WTG bus
The load flow is performed on the multi-machine multi-bus
system corresponding to the loading conditions. The machines
are represented by the two-axis models, the exciters by IEEE
Type-1 models and the loads are modelled as constant
impedances. Photovoltaic with battery are modelled as
negative load. To save programming time, it has become
common [5,6] to limit the machine and exciter representations
to some specified models. The network admittance matrix is
reduced by retaining only the internal buses of the generators.
The reduced network, machine and exciter data are then
combined to form a linearised state-space model representing
the entire system.
3.0 Dynamic Stability Analysis
The initial conditions corresponding to the loading condition
of the machines are determined. Using the initial conditions
the elements of the A-matrix (elements of machine and exciter
states) are obtained [7]. PSS/E dynamic simulation study has
been carried out. The machine is modelled with sub-transient
effect. Various fault simulation are performed with a step size
of 0.001 sec.
4.0 System Investigated
The power system considered here is shown in Figure 1.
Studies are undertaken to determine wind generator response
to faults with high demand conditions. These studies are to
demonstrate that wind generator will not trip in association
with fault and trip of a large generator or major
interconnecting transmission line. A 3-phase to ground fault is
applied at the 220kV line close to the wind generator. The
time delay for fault clearance at other end of the line after
clearance at wind generator end is fixed at 120 milliseconds.
The critical clearance time is determined as the maximum
time for which system stability is maintained after the fault.
The time responses of renewable energy source machine for
bus faults are given in Figure 2. It is obvious from this figure
that even for bus fault the rotor angle oscillations of the wind
machine takes around 5 seconds to settle down. Similarly
Paper P-150 Page 2
Figure 3 shows the time response of the line-to-line ground
fault.
Figure 1 System diagram under consideration
Figure 2 High demand, Bus fault at the wind generator cleared
in 120ms.
Figure 3 High demand, L-L-G line fault cleared in 120ms
It is also noted that the Wind generator is able to supply
sufficient active and reactive power to the network such that,
after disconnection of a system fault, the connection point
voltage is within the range for continuous uninterrupted
operation. Wind farm can affect loading on 220 kV lines in the
system grid.
2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08)
The study shows that wind farm meets the automatic access
standard of National Electricity Market rules of Australia. It is
capable of riding through a 220kV 3-phase to ground fault
cleared in 120 milliseconds.
Grid operators do not have to take action every time an
individual consumer changes his or her consumption, e.g.
when a factory starts operation in the morning. Likewise, they
do not have to deal with the output variation of a single wind
turbine. It is the net output of all wind turbines on the system
or large groups of wind farms that matters.
Furthermore, wind power has to be considered relative to the
overall demand variability and the variability and
intermittency of other power generators. The variability of the
wind energy resource is important to consider only in the
context of the power system, rather than in the context of an
individual wind farm or turbine.
The wind does not blow continuously, yet there is little overall
impact if the wind stops blowing somewhere it is always
blowing somewhere else. Thus, wind can be harnessed to
provide reliable electricity even though the wind is not
available 100% of the time at one particular site.
In terms of overall power supply, it is largely unimportant
what happens when the wind stops blowing at a single wind
turbine or wind farm site.
5.0 Conclusion
Analysis shows wind farm to be capable of riding through a
voltage dip to zero at the point of connection for 120
milliseconds. In each of the 220 kV line fault simulations, the
wind power active power is restored to 100% of the pre-fault
level within around 100 milliseconds of fault clearance.
Reactive power injection recommences within a similar period.
Actual generator performance will include initial operation at
0.90 power factor immediately upon leaving zero power mode
under low voltage conditions. This will enable the units to
supply active and reactive power at 0.90 power factor after
disconnection of the fault, to assist with restoration of the
connection point voltage to within the range for continuous
uninterrupted operation.
6.0 References
[1] C.T. Tse, S.K.Tso Approach to the study of small
perturbation stability of multimachine systems, IEE
proceedings, Vol. 135, Pt. C, No. 5, September 1988, pp 396 -
405.
[2] D.T. Rizy, W.T. Jewel, J.P. Stovell Operational and
design considerations for electric distribution systems with
dispersed storage and generation, IEEE Transactions on
Paper P-150 Page 3
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS - 104, No. 10,
October 1985, pp 2864 - 2971.
[3] N. Jenkins Embedded generation, Power Engineering
Journel, IEE, Vol. 9, No.3, June 1995, pp 145 - 149.
[4] PSS/E sample system with dynamic models, version 29.
[5] R.T.H. Alden, H.M. Zein El-Din Multimachine dynamic
stability calculations, ibid., Vol.PAS-95, 1976, pp. 1529 -
1534.
2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08)
[6] G. Gross, C.F. Imparato, P.M. Look A tool for the
comprehensive analysis of power system dynamic stability,
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
PAS-101,1982, pp 226 - 234.
[7] O.H. Abdalla, S.A.Hassan, N.T. Tweig Coordinated
stabilization of a multimachine power system, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS -
103, No. 3, March 1984, pp 483 - 494
.
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