Constitutional*Law!

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1

1! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Preamble!
3) Love1
from1Teodoro1Bacani1(Bishop)1
Lino1Brocka1reacted1
preambulare11
Why1was1love1introduced?1
o to1walk1ahead1
o not1a1source1of1right1 Because1of1the119861EDSA1Revolution1in1the1
o intention1of1the1framers1of1the1 name1of1love1
Constitution1
1 4) Independence1
Countries1whose1preambles1have1prayers:1 Edmundo1Garcia1
o Venezuela1 5) Build1a1just1and1humane1society1
o Argentina1 Commissioner1R.1Sarmiento1
o Iran1 Opposition:1the1purpose1of1the1Constitution1
o Papua1New1Guinea1 is1to1establish1a1government1not1build1a1just1
1 and1humane1society1
The1preamble1is1the1prayer1of1the1Filipino1people1 6) Freedom1
By1Jose1Nolledo1
Based1on1the1social1contract1theory1KKK1a1contract1
between1the1people1and1the1government1to1 1
promote1the1common1good1
1
We,$the$Sovereign$Filipino$People,$imploring$the$aid$
of$Almighty$God$inorder$to$build$a$just$and$humane$
society,$and$establish$a$government$that$shall$
embody$our$ideals$and$aspirations,$promote$the$
common$good,$conserve$and$develop$our$
patrimony,$and$secure$to$ourselves$and$our$
posterity,$the$blessings$of$independence$and$
democracy,$under$the$rule$of$law$and$a$regime$of$
truth,$justice,$freedom,$peace$and$equality,$do$
ordain$and$promulgate$this$Constitution.$

Under1the119351and119731Constitution1WE1did1
not1appear1because1we1were1not1Sovereign1

ADDITIONS1TO1THE1PREAMBLE1

1) our1aspirations1
refers1to1unrealized1dreams1
Jose1Nolledo1
2) common1good1
Bernardo1Villegas1

2! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
General'Principles!
6. 19871Constitution1
7. Other1organic1Laws1made1to1apply1to1the1
Philippines1such1as:1
POLITICAL!LAW11branch1of1public1law1which1deals1 a. Philippine1Bill1of119021
with1the1organization$and$operation$of1the1 b. Jones1Law11
governmental1organs1of1the1State11and1defines1the1 c. Tydings1Mcduffie1Law1of119341
relationship$of$the$State$with$the$inhabitants$of1its1 8. Statutes,1EO1and1Decrees1and1judicial1
territory.1 decisions1
9. International1Instruments1
1
1. U.S.1Constitution1
SCOPE1 2. UN1Charter1
3. International1Peace1Treaties1
1. CONSTITUTIONAL!LAW11study1of1maintenance1
of1the1proper!balance1between1authority1as1 Notes:11
represented1by1the1three1inherent1powers1of1
Significance1of1the1Biak1na1Bato?11
the1state1and!liberty1as1guaranteed1by1the1Bill1
of1Rights.1 K first1revolutionary1government1in1Asia1

2. ADMINISTRATIVE!LAW11branch1of1public1law1 What1is1the1Malolos1Constitution1
which1fixes1the1organization1of1government,1
K first1republican1constitution1in1Asia1
determines1the1competence1of1the1
administrative1authorities1who1execute1the1law,1 Who1are1the1proponents/1framers?1
and1indicates1to1the1individual1remedies1for1the1
violation1of1his1rights.11 1) Apolinario1Mabini11Constitutional1
Programme1
3. Law1on1Municipal1corporations1 2) Pedro1Paterno1
3) Felipe1Calderon*1
4. Law1of1Public1Officers1
1
5. Election1Laws1
1
6. Human1Rights1Law1

7. Public1International1Law1

BASIS1

1. BiakKnaKBato1Constitution1
2. Malolos1Constitution1
3. Japanese1Occupation1Constitution1(1943)1
4. 19731and119351Constitution1
5. Freedom1Constitution1

3! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Philippine( 1
by1accretion1

Constitution! Rigid1 Flexible1

Amended1only1by1a1 Changed1by1Ordinary1
formal1and1usually1 Legislation1
CONSTITUTION1K11body1of1rules1and1maxims1in1 difficult1process1
accordance1with1which1the1powers1of1sovereignty1 1
are1habitually1exercised1(Cooley)1
Qualities1
1. Written1Instrument1
2. Enacted1by1Direct1Action1of1the1People1 Broad11Not1only1that1it1covers1all1persons1and1
3. Where1Fundamental1powers1of1the1 things1within1the1territory1but1comprehensive1
Government1are1established,1limited1and1 enough1to1provide1for1every1contingency.1
defined1 Brief11Confine1itself1to1basic1principles.1More1
4. By1which1those1Powers1are1distributed1 adjustable1to1change1
among1the1several1departments1
5. For1safe1and1useful1exercise11 Definite11Prevent1ambiguity1which1could1result1in1
6. For1the1benefit1of1the1Body1Politic1 confusion1and1divisiveness1
(Malcolm)1
1
Purpose1(PEA)1
Essential1Parts1
1. Prescribe1the1Framework1of1a1system1of1
1. Constitution(of(Liberty11sets1forth1
the1Government1
fundamental1and1political1rights1and1
2. Assign1respective1powers1and1duties1
imposing1limitations1on1the1powers1of1
3. Establish1Certain1First1Principles1on1
government1as1means1of1securing1
which1the1Government1is1Founded1
enjoyment1of1those1rights.1(Bill1of1Rights)1
Classification1
2. Constitution(of(Government11Outlines1
Written1 Unwritten1 organization1of1Government,1Enumerating1
Precepts1are1 Not1integrated1into1a1single,1 its1Powers,1laying1down1certain1rules1
embodied1in1one1 concrete1form,1scattered1in1 relative1to1its1administration1and1defining1
document1 various1sources.1Such1as:1 the1electorate.1(Arts.1VI,1VII,1VIII1and1IX)1
1. Statutes1
2. Judicial1Decisions1 3. Constitution(of(Sovereignty11points1out1the1
3. Commentaries11 mode1or1procedure1in1accordance1with1
1
which1formal1changes1in1the1fundamental1
Enacted1(Conventional)1 Evolved1(Cumulative)1 law1may1be1brought1about.1(Art.1XVII)1
Formally1struck1off1at1a1 Result1of1political1
4. Social(Justice(and(human(Rights11
definite1time1and1place1 Evolution,1not1
following1a1conscious1or1 inaugurated1at1any1 Economic,1Social1and1Cultural.1(Art.1XIII)1
deliberate1effort1 specific1time,1changes1
5. Constitution(of(Accountability1
4! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
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1 to1a1balanced1and1healthful1ecology1in1
accord1with1the1rhythm1and1harmony1of1
Interpretation/1Construction1
nature.11The1SC1coined1this1as1an1
1. Verba(Legis11Words1in1the1Constitution1 Intergenerational1Responsibility1(Oposa1
must1be1given1their1ordinary1meaning1 vs.1FActoran)1
except1where1technical1terms1are1employed1
The1provisions1of1the1constitution1are1
2. Ratio(legis(et(anima11where1there1is1
presumed1to1be1SELFKEXECUTING1rather1
ambiguity,1words1must1be1interpreted1in1
than1nonKself1executing1as1was1held1in1the1
accordance1with1the1intent1of1the1Framers.1
case1of1Manila1Prince1Hotel1vs.1GSIS.1Thus1
Bear1in1mind1object1sought1to1be1
Sec.110(2),1Art.1121of1the1Constitution1is1SelfK
accomplished1and1evils1sought1to1be1
Executing.1
prevented1or1remedied.1
1
3. Ut(magis(valeat(quam(pereat11interpreted1
!
as1a1whole.1(Francisco1v.1House1of1Rep1
Amendment!vs.!Revision!
1
Amendment1 Revision1
In1case1of1Doubt,1Provisions1should1be1 Adds,1reduces,1deletes,1 A1change1that1alters1a1
considered1selfKexecuting,1mandatory1 without1altering1the1 basic1principle1of1the1
rather1than1directory,1and1prospective1 basic1principle1involved.11 Constitution1like1altering1
rather1than1retroactive.1 the1principle1of1
separation1of1powers1or1
1 system1of1checks1and1
balances.1
Self1Executing1Provisions11A1provision1 1
which1is1complete1in1itself1and1becomes1 Change1alters1the1
operative1without1the1aid1of1supplementary1 substantial1entirety1of1
or1enabling1legislation,1or1that1which1 the1Constitution.1
supplies1a1sufficient1rule1by1means1of1which1 Specific1Provision1 Several1Provisions1
(Piecemeal)1 (Overhaul)1
the1right1it1grants1may1be1enjoyed1or1
1
protected,1is1selfKexecuting.1
1
Example:1Bill1of1Rights1 Tests1to1determine1amendment1or1revision1
(Lambino1vs.1COMELEC)1
NonKself1executing1K11Provision1which1lays1 Quantitative1 Qualitative1
down1a1general1principle1is1usually1not1selfK Whether1the1proposed1 Whether1the1change1will1
executing.1 change1is1so1extensive1 accomplish1such1farK
in1its1provisions1as1to1 reaching1changes1in1the1
Example:1Art.12.1Declaration1of1Principles1 change1directly1the1 nature1of1our1basic1
and1State1Policies1 substance1entirety1 governmental1plan1
1
Exception:1Sec.116,1Art.12K1The1state1shall1
Steps1in1Amendatory1Process1
protect1and1advance1the1right1of1the1peole1
1
5! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
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 1. Proposal1Art.1XVII,1Sec.11K3K11A1proposed1 contrary1to1the1provision1of1Art.117,1Sec.12.1
amendment1may1come1from:1 However,1the1law1as1found1to1be1
a. Congress!by!a!vote!of!!of!all!its! incomplete1as1regards1amendment,1so1the1
members.!! constitutional1provision1remains1non1selfK
K Congress1acts1as1a1constituent$ executing1(But1See1Lambino1vs.1COMELEC1
assembly1directly1for1the1purpose1 where1it1was1held1that1RA167351was1
of1amendment1or1revision.1! constitutional).11
K Not1a1legislative1act!
d. Constitutional(Commission((Note(that(
b. Constitutional!Convention!1called1into1
there(is(no(mention(of(a(Constitutional(
existence1either1by:1
Commission(in(Art.(XVII)(*(
i. 2/31vote1of1all1the1
members1of1the1 Brief1Background:1
Congress;1
ii. Calling1of1People1K1 19351 Constitutional1 Members1
Majority1vote1of1all1 Convention1 Elected1by1
the1people1
members1of1Congress1
19731 Constitutional1 Members1
with1the1question1of1 Convention1 Elected1by1
whether1or1not1to1call1a1 the1people1
convention1to1be1 19871 Constitutional1 Members1
resolved1by1the1people1in1 Commission1 appointed1by1
a1plebiscite;1 the1
c. People,!through!the!power!of!initiativeK11 President1
1
1. Petition;11
2. Signed1by:1 2. Ratification.1(Art.1XVII,1Sec.14).1Proposed1
K 1At1least112%1of1the1total1number1of1 amendment1shall1become1part1of1the1
registered1voter11 Constitution1when1ratified1by1a1majority1if1
K Every1legislative1district1must1be1 the1votes1cast1in1a!plebiscite1held1not1
represented1by1at1least13%11 earlier1than1601nor1later1than1901days1after1
1 the1approval1of1the1proposal1by1congress1or1
Sandoval:1Not1a1SelfKexecuting1provisionK1 the1Constitutional1Convention.1Or1after1the1
Requires1an1Implementing1Law.1 certification1by1the1COMELEC1of1the1
Defensor1Santiago1vs.1COMELEC:1 Sufficiency1of1the1petition1or1initiatie1under1
RA167351provides1for131types1of1Peoples1 Sec.12,1Art.1XVII.1
Initiative:1
1. On1the1Constitution;1 1
2. Statutes;1 Power!of!Judicial!Review!
3. Ordinances1
1. Judicial(Review11Power1of1the1courts1to1
The1supposedly1implementing1law,1RA167351 test1the1validity1of1executive1and1legislative1
was1declared1as1unconstitutional1as1it1 acts1in1light1of1their1conformity1with1
covers1BOTH1amendment1AND1REVISIONS,1
6! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
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 Constitution.1This1is1not1an1assertion1of1
superiority1by1the1courts1over1the1other1
departments1but1merely1an1expression1of1
the1supremacy1of1the1Constitution1
1 of1review.11
2. Judicial(Power11includes1the1duty1of1the1
1
courts1of1justice1to1settle1actual1
controversies1involving1rights1which1are1
legally1demandable1and1enforceable1and1
determine1whether1or1not1there1has1been1a1
grave1abuse1of1discretion1amounting1to1lack1
or1excess1of1jurisdiction1on1the1part1of1any1
branch1or1instrumentality.1
Functions1
1. Checking1
2. Legitimating1
3. Symbolic11to1educate1the1bench1and1the1
bar1(Salonga1v1Pao)1
4. Teaching1
Requisites1
1. Actual!Case!or!controversy11conflict1of1
legal1rights,1an1assertion1of1opposite1legal1
claims1which1can1be1resolved1on1the1basis1of1
existing1law1and1jurisprudence.1
A1request1for1advisory1opinion1is1not1an1
actual1case1or1controversy.11
ICJ1may1render1advisory1opinions1
a. To1resolve1contention1cases1
b. Directed1to1General1Assembly,1Security1
Council,1other1organs1of1the1UN.1
Must1not1be1moot1and1academic1K1One1that1
ceases1to1present1a1justiciable1controversy1
by1virtue1of1supervening1events1
Exceptions1to1the1rule1on1Mootness:1
a. Grave1violation1of1the1Constitution1
b. Exceptional1Character1of1the1situation1
and1paramount1public1interest1is1
involved1
7! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
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c. Constitutional1issues1raised1require1
formulation1of1principles1to1guide1the1
bench,1the1bar1and1the1public1
d. Case1is1capable1of1repetition1yet1evasive1
2. Question!must!be!raised!by!a!proper!party!
1One1who1has1sustained1or1is1in1imminent1
danger1of1sustaining1an1injury1as1a1result1of1
the1act1complained1of.1Locus1Standi1
K Locus1Standi11a1right1of1
appearance1in1a1court1of1justice1
on1a1given1question.1
K Direct!Injury!Test11a1person1
who1impugns1the1validity1of1a1
statute1must1have1a1personal1
and1substantial1interest1in1the1
case1such1that1he1has1sustained1
or1will1sustain1direct1injury1as11a1
result.1
K Liberal1Approach:1
a. Constitutional1Issues1
b. Taxpayers11claim1of1illegal1
disbursement1of1public1funds1
c. Voters11obvious1interest1in1
the1validity1of1the1election1
law1
d. Concerned1citizens11
transcendental1importance1
e. Legislators11Official1action1
complained1of1infringes1their1
prerogatives1as1legislators1
K Facial!Challenge11exception1to1
the1rule1that1a1party1can1
question1the1validity1of1a1statute1
only1if1as1applied1to1him1is1
unconstitutional.1May1be1
invoked1only1to1challenge1a1
 statue1when1it1operates1in1the1
area1of1freedom1of1expression.1
K Overbreadth1Doctrine11permits1
a1party1to1challenge1the1validity1
of1a1statue1even1though,1as1
applied1to1him,1it1is1not1
unconstitutional1but1may1be1to1
others.11
K VoidKforKVagueness11a1law1is1
facially1invalid1if1men1of1common1
intelligence1must1necessarily1
guess1at1its1meaning1and1differ1
as1to1its1application.1
3. Raised!at!the!earliest!opportunity11
Pleadings1
4. Decision!of!Constitutional!question!is!
determinative!of!the!case!itself11on1the1
basis1of1Separation1of1Powers.1

Effects1of1Declaration1of1unconstitutionality1

Orthodox1 Modern1
Unconstitutional1 Refuse1to1recognize1
Act1is1not1a1law,1 the1law1and1
confers1no1rights,1 determine1the1rights1
imposes1no1duties,1 of1the1parties1as1if1the1
affords1no1 statue1had1no1
protection,1creates1 existence.1Certain1
office,1inoperative,1 legal1effects1prior1to1
as1if1it1had1not1been1 its1declaration1of1
passed1at1all1 unconstitutionality1
may1be1recognized.1
1
!
Partial!Unconstitutionality!
1
1. Legislature1must1be1willing1to1retain1the1
valid1portions1usually1shown1by1the1
presence1of1a1separability1clause1
2. Valid1portion1can1stand1independently1

8! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
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Philippines#as#a#State!
State+ ,+ 1 a1 community1 of1 persons,1 more1 or1 less1
numerous,1 permanently1 occupying1 a1 definite1
portion1 of1 territory,1 independent1 of1 external1
control1 and1 possessing1 a1 government1 to1 which1 a1
great1 body1 of1 inhabitants1 render1 habitual1
obedience.1
State1 Nation1 Government1
legal1 and1 Ethnic1 or1 Instrumentality1 of1
juristic1 racial1concept1 the1 State1 through1
concept1 which1 the1 will1 of1
the1 State1 is1
implemented1 and1
realized1
1
Elements+of+State:+
1. People((
Inhabitants1K1
1ARTICLE1III.1Section12.1The1right1of1the1people1to1be1
secure1in1their1persons,1houses,1papers,1and1effects1
against1 unreasonable1 searches1 and1 seizures1 of1
whatever1 nature1 and1 for1 any1 purpose1 shall1 be1
inviolable,1 and1 no1 search1 warrant1 of1 arrest1 shall1
issue1 except1 upon1 probable1 cause1 to1 be1
determined1 personally1 by1 the1 judge1 after1
examination1 under1 oath1 or1 affirmation1 of1 the1
complainant1 and1 the1 witnesses1 he1 may1 produce,1
and1particularly1describing1the1place1to1be1searched1
and1the1persons1or1things1to1be1seized.1
ARTICLE1 XIII.1 Section1 1.1 The1 Congress1 shall1
give1highest1priority1to1the1enactment1of1measures1
that1protect1and1enhance1the1right1of1all1the1people1
to1 human1 dignity,1 reduce1 social,1 economic,1 and1
political1 inequalities,1 and1 remove1 cultural1
9! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
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inequities1 by1 equitably1 diffusing1 wealth1 and1
political1power1for1the1common1good.1
Citizens!
1PREAMBLE1
1ARTICLE1II.1Section12.1The1Philippine1renounces1war1
as1 an1 instrument1 of1 national1 policy,1 adopts1 the1
generally1 accepted1 principles1 of1 international1 law1
as1part1of1the1law1of1the1land1and1adheres1too1the1
policy1 of1 peace,1 equality,1 justice,1 freedom,1
cooperation,1and1amity1with1all1nations.1
Section14.1The1prime1duty1of1the1Government1is1to1
serve1 and1 protect1 the1 people.1 The1 Government1
may1call1upon1the1people1to1defend1the1State1and,1
in1 the1 fulfillment1 thereof,1 all1 citizens1 may1 be1
required,1 under1 conditions1 provided1 by1 law,1 to1
render1personally,1military1or1civil1service.1
1ARTICLE1 III.1 Section1 7.1 The1 right1 of1 the1 people1 to1
information1 on1 matters1 of1 public1 concern1 shall1 be1
recognized.1 Access1 to1 official1 records,1 and1 to1
documents,1 and1 papers1 pertaining1 to1 official1 acts,1
transactions,1or1decisions,1as1well1as1to1government1
research1data1used1as1basis1for1policy1development,1
shall1 be1 afforded1 the1 citizen,1 subject1 to1 such1
limitations1as1may1be1provided1by1law.1
ELECTORS1
1ARTICLE1VII.1Section14.1The1President1and1the1ViceK
President1shall1be1elected1by1the1direct1vote1of1the1
people1for1a1terms1of1six1years1which1shall1begin1at1
noon1on1the1thirtieth1day1of1June1following1the1next1
day1 of1 the1 election1 and1 shall1 end1 at1 noon1 of1 the1
same1 six1 years1 thereafter.1 The1 President1 shall1 not1
be1 eligible1 for1 any1 reelection.1 No1 person1 who1 has1
succeeded1as1President1and1has1served1as1such1for1
more1than1four1years1shall1be1qualified1for1election1
for1the1same1office1at1any1time.1
1
2. Territory(Art.!1!RA!3046;!RA!5446!
1
a. The1 national1 territory1 comprises1 the1
Philippine1 archipelago1 with1 all1 the1
islands1 and1 waters1 embraced1 therein,1
and1all1opther1territories1over1which1the1
Philipoines1 has1 sovereignty1 or1
jurisdiction,1 consisting1 of1 its1 terrestrial,1
fluvial1and1aeraila1domains,1including1its1
territorial1 sea,1 the1 seabed,1 the1 subsoil,1
the1 insular1 shelves,1 and1 other1
submarine1areas1(sec.1,1Art1II)1
b. Components:1 Terestrial,1 Fluvial,1
Maritime1and1Aerial1domains1
c. The1Philipine1Archipelago:11 1
1. Treaty1 of1 Paris1 1 Cession1 of1 1
Philippine1Islands1by1Spain1to1US1 UN1 Convention1 on1 the1 Law1 of1
2. Treaty1 between1 Spain1 and1 US1 at1 the1Sea1(April130,11982):1
Washington11Cagayan,1Sulu1and1 a. Contiguous1Zone1of1121miles1and1
Sibuto1 Exclusive1 Economic1 Zone1 of1 2001
3. Treaty1 between1 US1 and1 Great1 miles1 KNot1 technically1 part1 of11
Britain1 1 Turtle1 and1 Mangsee1 the1 territory1 of1 the1 State1 but1
Islands1 coastal1 state1 enjoys1 preferential1
d. Other1territoties:1 right1 over1 marine1 resources1
1. 19351Constitution11Batanes1 found1within1these1zones.1
2. 19731 Constitution,1 Art.1 11 1 1
Belonging1 to1 the1 Philippines1 by1
3. Government(
historic1right1or1legal1title1
e. Archipelago1 Doctrine1 1 The1 waters1 1
around,! between! and! connecting1 the1
islands1of1the1archipelago,1regardless1of1 Government!1The1agency1or1instrumentality1
their1 breadth1 and1 dimension1 form1 part1 through1which1the1will1of1the1state1is1formulated,1
of1 the1 internal1 waterls1 of1 the1 expressed1and1realized.1
Philippines.1 Government! of! the! Philippines! K1 1 the1 corporate1
Archipelago,1 which1 consists1 of1 a1 government1 entity1 thorugh1 which1 the1 functions1 of1
number1 of1 islands1 separated1 by1 the1 government1 are1 exercised1 throughout1 the1
bodies1 of1 water1 should1 be1 Philippines,1including,1save1as1the1contrary1appears1
treated1as1one1integral1unit.1 from1 the1 context,1 the1 various1 arms1 thorugh1 which1
Straight1baseline1method11 political1 authority1 is1 made1 effective1 in1 the1

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Philippines,1whether1pertaining1to1the1autonomous1 Note1 that1 under1 the1 present1
regions,1the1provincial,1city,1municipal1or1barangay1 Constitution,1 insurrection1 is1 no1
subdivisions1 or1 other1 forms1 of1 local1 longer1 a1 ground1 for1 the1 exercise1 of1
government.(Sec.1 21 (1)1 Administrative1 Code1 of1 emergency1 functions1 since1 this1
1987)1 referred1 to1 apprisal1 of1 the1 natives1
when1we1were1colonized1
Functions:+
3. Which1 is1 established1 by1 invading1 forces1
!CONSTITUENT1 1 mandatory,1 constituting1 the1 very1
of1 an1 enemy1 who1 occupy1 a1 territory1 in1
bonds1of1society1such1as1maintenace1of1peace1and1
the1 course1 of1 war1 1 de1 facto1
order,1regulation1of1property1and1property1rights.1
government1of1paramount1force.1
!MINISTRANTK1 discretionary,1 intended1 to1 promote1 1
the1welfare,1progress1and1prosperity1of1the1people.1
Presidential+ Parliamentary+
NB:1 Is1 promotion1 of1 the1 welfare1 of1 the1
Separation1of1executive1 Fusion1 of1 both1 executive1
people1a1ministrant1function?1 and1legislative1powers1 and1 legislative1 powers1 in1
Parliament,1 although1 the1
1Acc1to1Sir,1because1of1the1preamble1(common1
actual1 exercise1 of1 the1
good)1there1is1no1longer1a1ministrant1function1 executive1 powers1 is1
1 vested1 in1 a1 Prime1
minister1 who1 is1 chosen1
Parens+ Patriae1 1 the1 parent1 of1 the1 state.1 The1 by,1 and1 accountable1 to,1
the1Parliament1
government1 may1 act1 as1 guardian1 of1 the1 rights1 of1
1
the1people1who1may1be1disadvantaged1or1suffering1
from1some1disability1or1misfortune.1
Unitary+ Federal+
1 Single,1 centralized1 Consists1 of1 autonomous1
government1 exercising1 state1 government1 units1
powers1 over1 both1 merged1 into1 a1 single1
Classification+ internal1 and1 external1 state,1 with1 the1 national1
affairs1of1the1State1 government1exercising1a1
De+jure+vs.+De+Facto++ limited1 degree1 of1 power1
Kinds1of1De1facto:1 over1 the1 domestic1
affairs1 but1 generally1 full1
1. Takes1 possession1 or1 control1 of,1 or1 direction1of1the1external1
usurps1 by1 force1 or1 by1 the1 voice1 of1 the1 affairs1of1the1State.1
majority1 the1 rightful1 legal1 government1 1
and1 maintains1 itself1 against1 the1 will1 of1 1
the1latter1 Note:1 Sen.1 Aquilino1 Pimentel1 suggests1 that1
2. Established1 by1 the1 inhabitants1 of1 a1 federalism1 is1 the1 key1 to1 resolving1 the1 insurgency1
territory1who1rise1in1insurrection1against1 problems1
the1parent1state1 1

11! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Do1you1agree1that1the1NPA1has1its1own1government1 Dominium(v(Imperium(
and1its1own1state?11 Dominium1 Imperium1
1No.1 Sovereignty1 is1 indivisible;1 it1 cannot1 be1 Capacity1 to1 own1 or1 Authority1 possessed1 by1
shared1 acquire1 property1 the1 State1 embraced1 in1
including1 lands1 held1 by1 the1 concept1 of1
4. Sovereignty( the1 State1 in1 its1 sovereignty1
proprietary1capacity1
1 1
Sovereignty+ 1 the1 supreme1 and1 uncontrollable1
Jurisdiction:(
power1 inherent1 in1 the1 State1 by1 which1 the1 State1 is1
governed.1 1. Territorial++
1 K power1of1the1State1over1persons1and1things1
within1its1territory1
(Kinds:((LIPE)(
1
1
Exempted1are:1
1. Legal1 1 power1 to1 issue1 final1
a. Foreign1 states1 and1 head1 of1 States,1
commands1
dimplomatic1 representatives1 and1 consuls1
2. Political1 1 Sum1 total1 of1 all1 the1
to1a1certain1degree;1
influences1 which1 lie1 behind1 the1
b. Foreign1 State1 property1 including1
law1
embassies,1 consulates1 and1 public1 vessels1
3. Internal1 1 Supreme1 power1 over1
engaged1in1nonK1commercial1activities;1
everything1within1its1territory1
c. Acts1of1State;1
4. External1 1 Independence1 from1
d. Foreign1merchant1vessels1exercising:1
external1control1
e. Rights1of1innocent1passage1
(Characteristics:(PECAIII( f. Involuntary1entry1
1. Permanence1 g. Arrival1under1stress1
2. Exclusiveness1 h. Foreign1 armies1 passing1 through1 or1
3. Comprehensiveness1 stationed;1
4. Absoluteness1 i. Such1other1persons1including1UN.1
5. Indivisibility1 1
6. Inalienability1 2. Personal1 1 power1 of1 the1 state1 over( its(
7. Imprescriptibility1 nationals( which1 may1 be1 exercised1 even1 if1 the1
1 individual1is1outside1the1territory1
Effects1of1Change1in1sovereignty11
3. Extraterritorial:+
o Political1laws1are1abrogated.1
a. Assertion1 of1 personal1 jurisdiction1 over1 its1
Effects1of1Belligerent1Occupation1
nationals1 abroad;1 punish1 certain1 offenses1
o No1Change1in1Sovereignty.1
committed1 outside1 the1 territory1 against1 its1
Political1 laws1 except1 the1 law1 on1 treason1 are1
national1 interests1 even1 if1 offenders1 are1
suspended1(Laurel1vs.1Misa)1
resident1aliens;1
1

12! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 b. Relations1 with1 other1 states1 or1 territories1
when1 it1 establishes1 a1 colonial1 protectorate,1
condominium,1or1administers1a1trust1territory1
or1 occupies1 enemy1 territory1 in1 the1 course1 of1
war;1
c. When1 local1 state1 waives1 its1 jurisdiction1 over1
persons1 and1 things1 within1 its1 territory1 as1
when1 a1 foreign1 army1 stationed1 therein1
remains1under1the1jurisdiction1of1the1sending1
state;1
d. Principle1 of1 extraKterritoriality1 as1 illustrated1
by1 immunities1 of1 the1 head1 of1 state1 in1 a1
foreign1country;1
e. Enjoyment1of1easements1and1servitudes;1
f. Jurisdiction1 in1 the1 high1 seas,1 pirates1 right1 to1
visit1and1search1and1doctrine1of1hot1pursuit;1
g. Limited1jurisdiction1over1the1contiguous1zone1
and1patrimonial1sea,1to1prevent1infringement1
of1its1customs,1fiscal,1immigration1or1sanitary1
regulations.1
1 Suits+against+the+Government+
1 1. Incorporated1 1 If1 charter1 provides1 that1
STATE+IMMUNITY+FROM+SUIT+
The1state1cannot1be1sued1without1its1consent11
(Sec.13,1Art.1XVII)1
Even1 if1 the1 constitution1 provide1 no1 such1
provision,1the1state1shall1still1be1immune1from1
suit1by1virtue1of1Sec.12,1Art.1II.1xxx1and1adopts1
the1 generally1 accepted1 principles1 of1
international1 law1 as1 part1 of1 the1 law1 of1 the1
land1 and1 adheres1 to1 the1 policy1 of1 peace,1
equality,1 justice,1 freedom,1 cooperation1 and1
amity1with1all1nations.11(US1vs.1Guinto)1
13! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Justice1Holmes:1There$can$be$no$legal$right$against$
the$ authority$ which$ makes$ the$ law$ on$ which$ the$
right$ depends.1 However1 may1 be1 sued1 if1 it1 gives1 its1
consent1whether1express1of1implied.11
Royal1 Prerogative1 of1 DishonestyK1 it1 grants1 the1
state1the1prerogative1to1defeat1any1legitimate1claim1
against1it1by1simply1invoking1its1nonKsuability.1
Immunity1 is1 enjoyed1 by1 other1 states1 1 par$ in$
parem$ non$ habet$ imperium1 Head1 of1 state1 is1 a1
presonofication1 of1 the1 State1 and1 is1 inviolable1 and1
thus1enjoys1immunity1from1suit.1
Foreign1 Agent1 1 immune1 if1 it1 can1 be1 established1
that1 he1 is1 acting1 within1 the1 directives1 of1 the1
sending1 state.1 It1 is1 removed1 once1 agent1 is1 sued1 in1
his1individual1capacity.1Such1as1when1act1was1done1
with1malice1or1in1bad1faith1or1beyond1his1authority1
or1jurisdiction.1(Minucher1v.1Court1of1Appeals)1
Even1other1international1organizations1or1
international1agencies1may1be1immune1from1the1
jurisdiction1of1local1courts1
agency1can1sue1and1be1sued,1the1suit1will1lie,1
including1 one1 for1 tort.1 The1 provision1 in1 the1
charter1 constitutes1 express1 consent1 on1 the1
part1of1the1State.1
2. Unincorporated1K11Inquire1into1the1principal1
functions1of1the1agency1
a. Governmental1 1 No1 suit1 without1
consent1
b. If1 Proprietary1 1 Suit1 will1 lie.1 State1
descends1to1the1level1of1an1individual1
Test1 to1 determine1 if1 suit1 is1 against1 the1 State1 1 If1
upon1 the1 decision,1 the1 enforcement1 of1 the1 same1
require1 an1 affirmative1 act1 from1 the1 State1 such1 as1
the1appropriation1of1the1needed1amount1to1satisfy1
the1judgment.1
Suit! against! Public! Officers! 1 doctrine1 of1 state1
immunity1 applies1 to1 complaints1 filed1 against1
officials1of1the1State1for1acts1performed1by1them1in1
the1 discharge1 of1 their1 duties1 within1 the1 scope1 of1
their1authority.11
Public1 Officers1 are1 PERSONALLY1 liable1 if1 act1 was1
unauthorized.1 As1 when1 Ultra1 Vires1 or1 attended1 by1
malice,1bad1faith1or1gross1negligence.11
! those1 falling1 under1 ACTA1 JURE1
Need!for!Consent!!Consent1may1be1either1express1
or1implied.11
1Express!Consent11by1an1act1of1the1legislative1body,1
in1a1general1or1special1law.1
1. General1Law1
1 it.11
a. Act1 30831 1 Money1 Claims1 of1
government1 arising1 from1 contract1
whether1 express1 or1 implied1 with1 the1
Philippine1Government.11
b. PD1 1445K1 General1 Auditing1 Law.1 Before1
suing1 the1 state,1 one1 must1 first1 file1 with1
the1Commission1on1Audit1
1 the1 corresponding1 appropriation1
2. Special1law11embodied1 in1 a1statue1and1
cannot1be1given1by1a1mere1counsel1
a. Art.1 1280,1 Civil1 CodeK1 Damages1 when1
acting1through1a1special1agent1
b. Art.1 2189,1 Civil1 Code1 1 Defective1 roads,1
bridges,1canals1etc.1
c. Sec.1 24,1 LGC1 1 Death,1 Injury,1 damage1
caused1by1the1government1
d. Charters1of1GOCC1
!Implied!Consent!!
14! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1. When1the1State1commences1litigation,1it1
becomes1vulnerable1to1counterclaim1
Speaks1 of1 a1 compulsory1
counterclaim1only1
2. When1 the1 State1 enters1 into1 a1 business1
contract,1 in1 Jus1 gestionis1
(Commercial/proprietary1 acts).1 If1 Jus1
Imperii1 (sovereign1 acts)1 no1 implied1
consent.1
1
USA1vs.1Ruiz1K1Not1every1contract1
is1 deemed1 to1 be1 a1 waiver.1 Only1
GESTIONIS1 may1 subject1 the1 Sate1
to1suits.11
1
1
Scope! of! Consent! ! \! Consent1 to1 be1 sued1 does1 not1
include1 consent1 to1 execution1 of1 judgment1 against1
Such1 execution1 will1 require1
another1 waiver1 since1 the1
government1 funds1 or1 properties1
may1not1be1seized1under1writs1of1
execution1or1garnishment1unless1
such1disbursement1is1covered1by1
as1required1by1law.1
Suitability! vs.! Liability1 1 Liability1 will1 have1 to1 be1
determined1 by1 the1 Court1 on1 the1 basis1 of1 the1
evidence1and1the1applicable1law.11
Execution1will1require1another1
waiver1because1the1power1of1the1
courts1end1when1the1judgment1is1
rendered1(Republic1vs.1Villasor)1
But1funds1belonging1to1GOCC1
whose1charters1provide1that1they1
can1sue1and1be1sued1are1not1
 exempt1from1garnishment1(PNB1
vs.1Pabalan)1
Municipality1funds1are1public1in1
character1and1even1though1the1
carter1provides1that1it1can1sue1
and1be1sued,1such1funds1may1not1
be1garnished1unless1by1a1
corresponding1appropriation1
ordinance1duly1passed1by1the1
Sanggunian1Bayan.11(Mun.1Of1San1
Miguel,11Bulacam1vs.1Fernandez)1
1
Damnum1Absque1Injuria1may1be1
a1lawful1defense1(Mun.1Of1La1
Union1vs.1Firme)1
!

15! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Fundamental*Powers* taken1 improvement
s1instituted1by1
the1
of#the#State! government1
1
Inherent!powers!of!the!State:! 1
Limitation11Bill1of1rights.1Courts1may1annul1
1. Police1Power;1 improvident1exercise1of1Police1Power1
2. Eminent1domain;1 (Quezon1City1vs.1Ericta)11
3. Taxation.1 1

Similarities!
POLICE+POWER+
1. Inherent1in1the1State,1even1without1need1of1
The1power1of1promoting1public1welfare1by1
express1grant1
restraining1and1regulating1the1use1of1liberty1and1
2. Necessary1and1indispensable,1state1cannot1
property.1
be1effective1without1them1
3. Methods1by1which1the1State11interferes1with1 Sabi1ni1sir:1now1its1for1the1common1good1
private1property1
4. Presuppose1equivalent1compensation1 1
5. Exercised1primarily1by1the1legislature1 Scope:1The1most1pervasive,1least1limitable1and1
Distinction! most1demanding1of1the1three1powers.1

Police! Eminent! Taxation! Salus1Populi1est1suprema1lex1sic1uteretuo1

Power! Domain! ut1aliuenum1non1laedas1
Regulation! 1
Both1liberty1 Property1 Property1 Cannot1be1bargained1away1through1
and1 treaty1or1contract1(Stone1vs.1Mississippi)1
property1 Taxing1power1may1be1used1as1
Who!Exercises?!
implement1of1police1power1
Governmen Governmen Government1
t1 t1and1 1 1
Private1 Eminent1domain1may1be1used1as1an1
entities1 implement1of1police1power.1(Association1
Property!taken! of1Small1Landowners1vs.1Sec.1Of1Agrarian1
Noxious1or1 Wholesome1 Wholesome1 Reform)1
intended1for1 and1devoted1 and1devoted1 Retroactive1application1of1Police1power1
noxious1 to1public1 to1public1use1
may1reasonably1impair1vested1rights1or1
purpose1 use1or1 or1purpose1
purpose1 contracts.1Applicable1not1only1to1future1
Compensation! contracts1but1also1to1those1already1in1
Intangible,1 Full1and1fair1 Protection1 existence.1
altruistic1 equivalent1 given1and/or1 Like1all1rights1and1freedoms1guaranteed1
feeling1 of1property1 public1 by1the1Charter,1their1exercise1may1be1so1
16! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 regulated1 pursuant1 to1 the1 police1 power1 3. Additional+Limitations+
of1the1State1to1safeguard1health,1morals,1 i. Express1Grant1by1Law1
peace,1 education,1 order,1 safety1 and1 the1 ii. Within1Territorial1Limits1
general1welfare1of1the1people.11 iii. Must1not1be1contrary1to1law1
1 (act1may1be1regulated1not1
1 prohibited)1
1
Who1exercises1Police1Power?1
Requisites+for+a+valid+ordinance++
Inherently1vested1in1the1legislature.1
(CUPPUG)+
May1be1delegated1to:1
1. Must1 not1 contravene1 the1
K President1
Constitution1or1any1statute1
K Administrative1Bodies1
2. Must1not1be1unfair1or1oppressive1
K LawKmaking1bodies1of1local1
3. Must1not1be1partial1or1discriminatory1
Government1units1(Sec.116,1RA17160)1
4. Must1 not1 prohibit,1 rather1 regulate1
RA169391and1PD12691do1not1authorize1 trade1
the1President1or1any1administrative1 5. Must1not1be1unreasonable1
body1to1take1over1the1internal1 6. Must1 be1 general1 in1 application1 and1
management1of1a1cooperative.11
consistent1with1Public1Policy1
Unlike1legislative1bodies1of1LGU,1RA1
72941does1not1empower1the1MMDA1to1 1(Tatel1vs.1Municipality1of1Virac)1
enact1ordinances1for1the1inhabitants1of1
Manila.11
1 +

Limitations+(Test+for+Valid+exercise)++
1 POWER+OF+EMINENT+DOMAIN+
1. Lawful+Subject11Interest1of1public1 Also1known1as1the1power1of1expropriation1
in1general1as1distinguished1from1 1
those1of1a1particular1class,1require1 ART.1III1Sec.19:1Private1property1shall1not1
the1exercise1of1the1power.1Activity1or1 be1 taken1 for1 public1 use1 without1 just1
property11sought1to1be1regulated1 compensation.1
affects1the1general1welfare.1(Taxicab1
ART.1 XII.1 Section1 18.1 The1 State1 may,1 in1
Operators1vs.1BOT)1
the1 interest1 of1 national1 welfare1 or1
1
defense,1 establish1 and1 operate1 vital1
2. Lawful+means+1Means1employed1
industries1 and,1 upon1 payment1 of1 just1
are1reasonably1necessary1to1the1
compensation,1 transfer1 to1 public1
accomplishment1of1the1purpose11and1
ownership1 utilities1 and1 other1 private1
not1duly1oppressive1on1the1
enterprises1 to1 be1 operated1 by1 the1
individual.1(Ynot1vs.1IAC)1
Government.1
1

17! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 ART.1XIII.1Sec.14.1The1State1shall,1by1law,1
undertake1 an1 agrarian1 reform1 program1
founded1 on1 the1 right1 of1 farmers1 and1
regular1 farmworkers,1 who1 are1 landless,1
to1own1directly1or1collectively1the1lands1
they1 till1 or,1 in1 the1 case1 of1 other1
farmworkers,1 to1 receive1 a1 just1 share1 of1
the1fruits1thereof.1To1this1end,1the1State1
shall1 encourage1 and1 undertake1 the1 just1
distribution1 of1 all1 agricultural1 lands,1
subject1to1such1priorities1and1reasonable1
retention1 limits1 as1 the1 Congress1 may1
prescribe,1 taking1 into1 account1
ecological,1 developmental,1 or1 equity1
considerations,1 and1 subject1 to1 the1
payment1 of1 just1 compensation.1 In1
determining1 retention1 limits,1 the1 State1
shall1 respect1 the1 right1 of1 small1 land1
owners.1 The1 State1 shall1 further1 provide1
incentives1for1voluntary1landKsharing.1
ART.1XII.1Sec.19.1The1State1shall,1by1law,1
and1 for1 the1 common1 good,1 undertake,1
in1cooperation1with1the1private1sector,1a1
continuing1 program1 of1 urban1 land1
reform1 and1 housing1 which1 will1 make1
available1 at1 affordable1 cost1 decent1
housing1 and1 basic1 services1 to1
underprivileged1 and1 homeless1 citizens1
in1 urban1 centers1 and1 resettlement1
areas.1 It1 shall1 also1 promote1 adequate1
employment1 opportunities1 to1 such1
citizens.1 In1 the1 implementation1 of1 such1
program1 the1 State1 shall1 respect1 the1
rights1of1small1property1owners.1
1
Police1Power1 Eminent1Domain1
Promote1 Public1 Inherent1 right1 of1
welfare1 by1 the1 state1 to1
restraining1 and1 condemn1 private1
regulating1 the1 use1 property1 to1 public1
of1 liberty1 and1 use1 upon1 payment1
18! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
property1 of1 1 just1
compensation1
Property1 Private1property1to1
condemned1 is1 be1 used1 for1 some1
noxious1 or1 public1purpose1
intended1 for1 a1
noxious1purpose1
No1compensation1 Just1Compensation1
1
An1 ejectment1 suit1 should1 not1 ordinarily1
prevail1 over1 the1 States1 power1 of1
eminent1Domain.1(Republic1vs.1Tagle)1
Jurisdiction1 over1 a1 complaint1 for1
eminent1 domain1 is1 with1 the1 RTC.1
Determination1 of1 amount1 of1 just1
Compensation1 is1 merely1 incidental1 1 to1
the1expropriation1suit.1(Bgy.1San1Roque,1
Talisay,1 Cebu1 vs.1 Heirs1 of1 Francisco1
Pastor)1
No1 such1 thing1 as1 Plaintiffs1 matter1 of1
right1to1dismiss1because1landowner1may1
have1already1suffered1damages1as1of1the1
time1 of1 the1 taking.1 Always1 subject1 to1
court1approval.1(NAPOCOR1vs.1Pobre)1
Who1Exercises1power1of1Eminent1Domain?1
Congress,1may1be1delegated1to:1
K President1
K Administrative1Bodies1
K LGU1
K Private1 Enterprises1 performing1
public1service1
LGU1have1no1inherent1power1of1eminent1
domain;1 the1 can1 exercise1 only1 when1
expressly1 authorized1 by1 Legislature.1
(Sec.1 191 of1 LGC1 confers1 such1 power1 to1
local1governments1but1the1power1is1not1
absolute;1 it1 is1 subject1 to1 statutory1
requirements1(Masikip1vs.1City1of1Pasig)11
RP1 vs.1 CA:1 Power1 of1 Eminent1 domain1
must1 by1 enabling1 law,1 be1 delegated1 to1
 local1 governments1 by1 the1 national1 expropriated!except!money!and!choses!
legislature1 and1 thus,1 can1 only1 be1 as1 of!action.!Even!services!may!be!subject!
broad1 or1 confined1 as1 the1 real1 authority1 to!eminent!domain.11
would1want1to1be.1 1
Exercise1 of1 right1 of1 Eminent1 Domain,1
3. Taking+
whether1directly1by1the1state1or1agents.1
May1include1trespass1without1actual1
Necessarily1 in1 derogation1 of1 private1
eviction;1
rights.1 STRICT1 CONSTRUCTION1 will1 be1
Material1impairment1of1the1value1of1the1
made1 against1 the1 agency1 exercising1 the1
property;1
power.1 Respondent1 failed1 to1 prove1 the1
Prevention1of1the1ordinary1uses1for1
written,1 definite1 and1 valid1 offer1 to1
which1the1property1was1intended1
acquire1property1under1RA17610.11
1
1
1
Requisites+for+Exercise:+
Requisites!for!valid!taking!(Republic!vs.!
1. Necessity+ Castelvi):!
Munic.1Of1Meycauayan1Bulacan1vs.1IAC:1
1. Expropriator!enters!property;!
When1 power1 is1 exercised1 by1 the1
2. Entry!must!not!be!for!more!than!a!
Legislature,1 the1 question1 of1 necessity1 is1
momentary!period;!
generally1a1political1question.11
3. Under!warrant!or!color!of!
Republic1 vs.1 La1 Orden:1 When1 exercised1
authority;!
by1 a1 delegate,1 the1 determination1 of1
4. Property!devoted!to!public!use!or!
whether1 there1 is1 genuine1 necessity1 for1
otherwise!informally!appropriated!
the1exercise1is1a1justiciable1question.1
or!injuriously!affected;!
RTC1 has1 the1 power1 to1 inquire1 into1 the1
5. Utilization!must!be!in!such!a!way!as!
legality1 of1 the1 exercise1 of1 the1 right1 of1
to!oust!the!owner!and!deprive!him!
eminent1 domain1 and1 determine1
of!beneficial!enjoyment!of!
whether1there1is1a1genuine1necessity1for1
property.!!1
it.1(BARDILLON1VS.1LAGUNA)1
1 1
1
4. Public+Use+
2. Private+Property+ Public!use!is!the!general!concept!of!
City1 of1 Manila1 vs.1 Chinese1 Community:1 meeting!public!need!or!public!exigency.!
Private1 property1 already1 devoted1 to1 It!is!not!confined!to!actual!use!by!the!
public1 use1 cannot1 be1 expropriated1 by1 public!in!its!traditional!sence.!
delegated1 of1 legislature1 acting1 under1 a1 !
general1grant1of1authority.1 Public!use!includes!broader!notion!of!
RP! vs.! PLDT:! All! private! property! indirect!public!benefit!or!advantage,!
capable! of! ownership! may! be!

19! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 including,!in!particular,!urban!land!
reform!and!housing.!(Filstream!vs,!CA)!
! Indispensable1in1order1to1give1the1parties1
Condemnation!of!private!lands!in!a!
piecemeal!fashion,!or!the!random!
expropriation!of!small!lots!to!
accommodate!no!more!than!a!few!
tenants!or!squatters,!is!certainly!not!
the!condemnation!for!public!use!
contemplated!by!the!constitution.!This!
results!to!deprivation!without!
perceptible!benefit!to!the!public.!!Prior!
to!passage!of!Ordinance!1843,!there!
was!no!evidence!of!a!valid!and!definite!
offer!to!buy!petitioners!property!as!
required!by!RA!7160.!(Lagcao!vs.!Judge!
Labra)!
!
5. Just+Compensation1
The1full1and1fair1equivalent1of1the1
property1taken;1
Fair1market1value1of1property;1
That!sum!of!money!which!a!person,!
desirous!but!not!compelled!to!buy!and!
an!owner,!willing!but!not!compelled!to!
sell,!would!agree!on!as!a!price!to!be!
given!and!received!therefor.!
Just!compensation!means!not!only!the!
correct!amount!to!be!paid!to!the!owner!
of!the!land!but!also!payment!within!a!
reasonable!time!from!its!taking.!
(Eslaban!vs.!De!Onorio)!
!
!
Judicial!Prerogative!!ascertainment1of1
what1constitutes1just1compensation1is1a1
judicial1prerogative1which1fixes1payment1on1
the1basis1of1the1assessment1by1assessor1or1
the1declared1valuation1by1the1owner1is1
unconstitutional.1
20! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1
Need1to1Appoint1commissioners11
the1opportunity1ot1present1evidence1on1the1
issue1of1just1compensation.11Trial1with1aid1of1
commissioners1is1a1substantial1right.1
1
1But1courts1are1not1bound1by1the1
commissioners1findings,1they1may1
substitute1their1own1estimate1if:1
1. Commissioners1applied1illegal1
principles1to1the1evidence1
submitted1to1them1
2. Disregarded1a1clear1
preponderance1of1evidence1
3. Amount1allowed1is1grossly1
inadequate1or1excessive1
1Compensation1may1be1in1the1form1of:1
1. Money1
2. Bonds1(ASLP1vs.1Sec.1Of1Agrarian1
Reform)1
1
1Reckoning1point1of1market1value11either1as1of1the1
date$of$the$taking$or$filing$of$the$complaint,1
whichever1comes1first.1
1Who1may1be1entitled1to1just1Compensation:1
1. Owner1
2. Mortgagee1
3. Lessee1
4. Vendee1in1possession1of1an1
executory1contract1
1When1does1title1pass?1After1payment1
1Right1of1landowner1in1case1of1nonKpayment1of1Just1
Compensation:1
 K Cannot1recover1land1but1only1 2. Local1Legislative1Bodies1
demand1payment1 3. President1when1granted1
K But1in1RP1vs.1Lim,1571years1has1 delegated1tariff1powers1
passed,1it1is1a1deliberate1refusal1to1
1Limitations:1
pay1hence,1owner1has1a1right1to1
recover1possession.1 1. Due1Process1of1law11Tax1should1
not1be1confiscatory1
Writ1of1Possession11issuance1is1ministerial1upon:1
2. Equal1Protection11Uniform1and1
1. Filing1of1a1complaint1for1expropriation1 equitable1
sufficient1in1form1and1substance1 3. Public1Purpose1
2. Deposit1made1by1the1government1of1the1 1
amount1equivalent1to115%1of1fair1 K Tax1for1special1purpose1is1treated1as1
market1value.11 a1special1fund1so1that1when1purpose1
K Determination1of1public1purpose1is1 it1already1fulfilled,1any1balance1shall1
not1a1condition1precedent1before1 be1transferred1to1the1general1funds1
the1court1may1issue1a1writ1of1 of1the1Government1
possession.1
1Double1Taxation1

TAXATION+ 1. Same1subject1
The1power1by1which1the1sovereign,1through1 2. Same1Jurisdiction1
its1lawKmaking1body1to1levy1enforced1proportional1 3. Same1Period1
4. Same1Purpose1
contributions1from1persons1and1properties1to1raise1
revenue1to1defray1the1necessary1expenses1of1the1 1Tax1Exemptions11No1law1granting1any1tax1
government.11 exemptions1shall1be1passed1without1the1
1Nature1and1Scope:1Attribute1of1sovereignty.1 concurrence11of1a1majority1of1all1the1Members1of1
the1Congress1
Inherent1in1the1State.1Power1to1tax1is1unlimited1in1
its1range,1acknowledging1in1its1very1nature1no1 1. Charitable1institutions,1churches,1
limits,1so1that1security1against1its1abuse1is1to1be1 parsonages,1convents,1mosques1
found1only1in1the1responsibility1of1the1legislature1 non1profit1cemeteries1and1all1
which1imposes1the1tax1on1the1constituency1who1are1 lands1and1buildings1and1
to1pay1it.1Must1onot1be1exercised1arbitrarily.11 improvements1ADE1use1for1
K Taxation1is1a1power1emanating1from1 religious,1charitable1or1
necessity.1 educational1purposes1shall1be1
exempt1from1taxation.1
1 2. All1revenues1and1assets1of1nonK
stock,1nonKprofit1educational1
1Who1may1exercise:1
institutions1used1ADE1for1
1. Legislature1 educational1purposes1shall1be1
exempt1from1taxes1and1duties.11
21! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 !
3. Donations1or1contributions1used1
ADE1for1educational1purposes1 1
shall1be1exempt1from1tax1
4. Where1tax1is1granted1
gratuitously,1it1may1be1revoked1
at1will1but1not1if1granted1for1a1
valuable1consideration.1

Police1Power1 Tax1
Regulation1is1primary1 Generation1of1revenue1is1
purpose1and1revenue1is1 primary1purpose1and1
incidental;1 regulation1is1merely1
incidental1
1

License1fee1 Tax1
Police1measure1 Revenue1Measure1
Amount1collected1is1 Unlimited1provided1it1is1
limited1to1the1cost1of1 not1confiscatory1
permit1and1reasonable1
police1regulation1
1

Kinds1of1License1Fee:1

1. Useful1occupations1or1enterprises1
2. NonKuseful,1as1when1license1fee1is1
imposed1in1order1to1discourage1nonK
useful1occupations1or1enterprises,1
amount1may1be1exorbitant.1

Supremacy1of1national1government1over1local1
government1

K When1local1government1invoke1the1
power1to1tax1on1national1
government,1the1exercise1of1the1
power1is1construed1against1local1
governments.1

22! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Principles*and*State*
Policies!
NOTE:11
The1119351Constitution1had151State1Principles1
The1119731Constitution1had1101State1Principles1and1
Policies1
The1119871Constitution1has1281State1Principles1and1
Policies1
Preamble!
1. Does1not1confer1rights1nor1impose1
duties1
2. Indicates1authorship!of1the1constitution1
K1enumerates1the1primary1aims1and1
aspirations1of1the1framers;1and1serves1as1
an1aid1in1the1construction1o1f1the1
constitution.1
REPUBLICANISM+
$The$Philippines$is$a$democratic$and$republican$
State.$Sovereignty$resides$in$the$people$and$all$
government$authority$emanates$from$them$(Sec.$
1,$Art.$II)$
1. Essential1Features:1
a. Representation1
b. Renovation1
2. Manifestations:1GRABISKDS1
a. Government1of1laws1and1not1of1men1
(Villavicencio1vs.1Lucban)1
b. Rule1of1Majority1(Plurality1in1
Elections)1
c. Accountability1of1public1officials1
d. Bill1of1Rights1
23! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
e. Legislature1cannot1pass1irrepealable1
laws1
f. Separation1of1powers1
g. Delegation1of1Powers1
h. Social1Justice1
1The119871Constitution1included1democratic1in1
Section11,1Article1II1
1Deliberately1added1by1CJ1Puno;1people1power;1
initiative,1recall1and1referendum1
DEMOCRACY11comes1from1the1Greek1work1
demokratia11(demo11people;1kratia11rule)1
REPUBLICAN11from1Republikos1(Res11concern;1
publikos11people)1
What1are1the1manifestations1of1Republicanism1
1The1separation1of1powers11KKK1James1Madison1
who1was1friends1with1Thomas1Jefferson1
Separation1of1powers1
1) Principle1of1Blending1of1Powers1
2) Delegation1of1powers1
1
Four1iconic1Statements1in1Villavicencio1v1Lukban:1
1) Always1a1law!11
2) Law1defines1power.1
3) a1government1of1laws1and1not1a1
government1of1men1
4) No1official,1no1matter1how1high,1is1above1
the1law1
Separation+of+Powers+
Purpose:1Prevent1concentration1of1authority1in1
one1person1or1group1of1persons1that1might1
lead1to1an1irreversible11error1or1abuse1in1its1
exercise1to1the1detriment1of1republican1
institutions.111
 To1secure1action,1forestall1overaction,1prevent1 Declaration! Exercise!of!
despotism1and1to1obtain1efficiency.1(Tuason1vs.1 of! Emergency!
ROD)1 Emergency! Power!
No1legitimate1 Constitutional1
Application:1Not1doctrinaire1not1with1pedantic1
constitutional1 Issue1Arises1
rigor;1independence1but1interdependence1 objection1can1
be1made1
K Witness1protection1law1does1not1violate1
Does1the1president1enjoy1residual1
separation1of1powers.1Executive1power1
powers?1Yes1it1is1inherent1(Marcos1v1
includes1the1power1to1enforce1and1prosecute1
Manglapus)1
the1offenders1giving1the1executive1department1
the1latitude.11 Dissent:11

K Pimentel1vs.1Exec.1Secretary11President1has1 Sarmiento:1cannot1find1residual1
not1transmitted1the1treaty1(Rome1statute)1 powers1in1the1constitution1
Pimentel1filed1for1mandamus1against1the1
Isagani1Cruz:1El1Sid;1dead,1Marcos1
president.1Transmission1is1discretionary.1 cannot1rally1the1people1behind1him1
President1may1not1be1compelled1by1
mandamus.1 Padilla:1He1is1a1Filipino1and1has1a1right1
to1die1in1the1Philippines1
Checks+and+balances+
1
1Allows1one1department1to1resist1encroachments1
upon1its1prerogatives1or1to1rectify1mistakes1or1 2. People(
excesses1committed1by1the1other1deparments11
Veto1power1of1the1president1as1check1on1 a. Referendum1
improvident1legislation1 b. Plebiscite1

Principle+of+Blending+Powers:+ 1Referendum1 Plebiscite1

Power1of1the1electorate1to1 Electoral1process1by1
1
approve1or1reject1legislation1 which1an1initiative1
1Powers1are1not1confined1exclusively1within1one1
through1an1election1called1 on1the1Constitution1
department1but1are1assigned1to1or1shared1by1
for1the1purpose.1 is1approved1or1
several1departmentsK1i.e.1Enactment1of1General1
1 rejected1by1the1
Appropriations1Law1
2 Classes:1 people1
Delegation+of+Powers+ a. Referendum1on1
Potestas$delegata$non$potest$delegare$what$ statutes11petition1to1
approve1or1reject1an1
has$been$delegated$cannot$be$further$delegated.$$
act1or1law1passed1by1
+Permissible+Delegation+ Congress.11
b. Referendum1on1local1
1. President((
law11petition1to1
a. Tariff1powers1 approve1or1reject1a1
law,1resolution1or1
b. Emergency1Powers11
ordinance1enacted1
1 by1regional1
1
24! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 assemblies1and1local1 abuse1of1discretion1amounting1to1lack1or1exces1of1
legislative1bodies.11 jurisdiction1on1the1part1of1any1branch1or1
1 instrumentality1of1the1Government.1
3. Delegation(to(local(government(units(11 When1courts1mediate1to1allocate1constitutional1
not1regarded1as1a1transfer1of1general1 boundaries1or1invalidates1the1acts1of1a1
legislative1power1but1a1grant1of1authority1to1 coordinate1body,1what1it1upholds1is1not1its1own1
prescribe1local1regulations1according1to1 superiority1but1the1supremacy1of1the1
immemorial1practice1subject1to1interposition1 Constitution.1(Angara1vs.1Electoral1
of1the1superior1in1cases1of1necessity.1Local1 Commission)11
legislature1are1more1knowledgeable1on1
matters1of1local1concern.1 Tests1to1determine1valid1exercise1of1given1power:1
1
1. Whether1or1not1the1power1has1been1
4. Delegation(to(Administrative(Bodies((( constitutionally1conferred1upon1the1
department1claiming1its1exercise.1(Expressed)1
Power1of1Subordinate1legislation1 2. Doctrine1of1necessary1implicationK1grant1of1
K Must1conform1to1a1the1sufficient1 express1power1carries1with1it1all1powers1that1
and1valid1standard1of1fair1and1 may1be1reasonable1inferred1from1it.1
equitable1employment1practices.1 3. Inherent1or1Incidental11not1expressly1
conferred1nor1implied.1Ex.1Presidents1power1to1
Tests!for!Valid!Delegation!!must!concur! deport1undesirable1aliens1which1may1be1
exercised1independently1of1constitutional1or1
1. Completeness(Test(1law1must1be1complete1
statutory1authority.1Act1of1State1(Marcos1vs.1
in1all1its1essential1terms1when1it1leaves1the1 Manglapus)1
legislature1so1that1there1will1be1nothing1left1
1Justiciable1Question1 Political1question1
for1the1delegate1to1do1when1it1reaches1him1
Implies:1 Question1of1Policy.11
except1to1enforce1it.1 1. A1given1right,1legally1 Questions1which1under1
1 demandable1and1 the1constitution1are1to1
2. Sufficient(Standard(Test11Map1out1 enforceable1 be1decided1by1the1
boundaries1of1the1delegates1authority1by1 2. An1act1or1omission1 people1in1their1
defining1legislative1police1and1indicate1 violative1of1such1 sovereign1capacity,1or1in1
circumstances1under1which1it1is1to1be1 right1 regard1to1which1full1
3. Remedy1granted1by1 discretionary1authority1
pursued1and1effected.11
law1for1such1breach1 has1been1delegated1to1
K To1prevent1total1transference1of1 the1legislative1or1
legislative1power.1 executive1branch1of11
government.11
Role!of!the!Judiciary:!!
Concerned1with1legality1 Concerned1with1wisdom1
1Art.1VIIIK1includes1the1duty1of1the1courts1of1justice1 1
to1settle1actual1controversies1involving1rights1which1
are1legally1demandable1and1enforceable1and1to1
determine1whether1or1not1there1has1been1a1grave1

25! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
! 1
The+Incorporation+Clause+
The$Philippines$renounces$war$as$an$instrument$of$
national$policy,$adopts$the$generally$accepted$
principles$of$international$law$as$part$of$the$aw$of$
the$land,$and$adheres$to$the$policy$of$peace,$
equality,$justice,$freedom,$cooperation,$and$amity$
with$all$nations.$
1 whenever1municipal1tribunals1or1courts1are1
Renunciation!of!War!!
1Historical1Development1
a. Covenant1of1the1League1of1Nations11
provided1the1right1to1go1to1war.1
b. KelloggKBriand1Pact1of1192811General1
Treaty1for1the1Renunciation1of1War.1
Ratified1by1621States1
c. Charter1of1UN11Prohibits1threat1or1use1
of1force1against1the1territorial1integrity1
or1political1independence1of1State.1
Doctrine!of!Incorporation!
1Applies1rules1of1international1law1in1a1number1of1
cases1even1if1such1rules1had1not1previously1been1
subject1of1statutory1enactments1because1these1
generally1accepted1principles1of1international1law1
are1automatically1part1of1our1own1laws.11
K Renunciation1of1war1
K Sovereign1immunity1
K Persons1right1to1life,1liberty1and1due1
process1
K Pacta1Sunt1ServandaK1agreements1must1
be1kept1
26! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Transformation1 Incorporation1
International1law1 By1mere1constitutional1
principle1be1transformed1 declaration,1
into1domestic1law1 international1law1is1
through1a1constitutional1 deemed1to1have1the1
mechanism1such1as1local1 force1of1domestic1law1
legislation1
1
The1doctrine1of1incorporation11is1applied1
confronted1with1situations1in1which1there1
appears1to1be1a1conflict1between1a1rule1of1
international1law1and1the1provisions1of1the1
constitution1or1statute1of1the1local1state.1
1. Efforts1must1be1exerted1to1harmonize1
them1
2. If1irreconcilable,1and1a1choice1has1to1be1
made1between1International1law1and1
municipal1law,1MUNICIPAL1law1should1be1
upheld.1
In1cases1were1international1law1is1given1an1equal1
footing1to1municipal1law,1the1doctrine1of1Lex1
posterior1derogate1priori1takes1effect.11
1
Civilian+Supremacy,+At$all$times$supreme$
over$the$military.$The$AFP$is$the$protector$of$the$
people$and$the$state$its$goal$is$to$secure$the$
sovereignty$of$the$State$and$the$integrity$of$the$
national$territory.1
Duty+of+Government+to+defend+the+
State11The$prime$duty$of$the$government$is$to$
serve$and$protect$the$people.$The$government$may$
call$upon$the$people$to$defend$the$state$and$in$the$
fulfilment$thereof$all$citizens$may$be$required,$
under$conditions$provided$by$law$to$render$
personal,$military$or$civil$service.$1
Separation+of+Church+and+State!\!
Inviolable1
Independent'foreign'policy'and'nuclear2free'
Philippines!!Consistent1with1national1interest,1
adopts1and1pursues1a1policy1of1freedom1from1
nuclear1weapons1in1its1territory.1
Prohibition1applies1only1to1
NUCLEAR1WEAPONS,1does1not1
extend1to1Nuclear1plants.11
Just'and'dynamic'social'order2!1that1will1ensure1the1
prosperity1and1independence1of1the1nation1and1
free1the1people1from1poverty1through1policies1that1
will1provide1adequate1social1service,1promote1full1
employment,1a1rising1standard1of1living1and1an1
improved1quality1of1life1for1all1
Promotion+of+Social+justice!!in1all1phases1
of1national1development.1
Social1justice1is1neither1despotism,1nor1
communism,1nor1atomism,1nor1anarchy,1but1the1
humanization1of1laws1and1equalization1of1social1and1
economic1forces1by1the1State1so1that1justice1in1its1
rational1and1objective1conceptualization1may1at1
least1be1approximated1(Calalang1v1Williams)1
Laurels(Formula(for(Constitutional(Harmony:1
Life1without1liberty1=1misery1
Life1with1liberty1=1blessing1
Liberty1over1authority1=1anarchy1
Authority1over1liberty1=1slavery1
Balance1of1life1and1liberty11peace,1order1and1
happiness1
Liberty(is(a(blessing(without(which(life(is(a(misery,(
but(liberty(should(not(be(made(to(prevail(over(
authority(because(then(society(will(fall(into(
27! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
anarchy.(Neither(should(authority(be(made(to(
prevail(over(liberty(because(then(the(individual(
will(fall(into(slavery.(The(citizen(should(achieve(the(
required(balance(of(liberty(and(authority(in(his(
mind(through(education(and(personal(discipline,(
so(that(there(may(be(established(the(resultant(
equilibrium,(which(means(peace(and(order(and(
happiness(for(all.((Calalang(v(Williams)!
Respect!for!human!dignity!and!human!rights!1
Family!and!Youth!
Fundamental!equality!of!men!and!women!
Why1is1women1ahead1of1men?1
Because1the1Chairman1of1the1ConCom1is1a1
Chairwoman1in1the1person1of1Justice1Cecilia1MuozK
Palma1who1formally1instructed1the1Committee1on1
Style1
Promotion!of!health!and!ecology!!The1state1shall1
protect1and1advance1the1right1of1the1people1to1a1
balanced1and1healthful1ecology1in1accord1with1the1
rhythm1and1harmony1of1nature.11
Oposa1v.1Factoran1
The1right1to1a1balanced1and1healthful1ecology1
includes1the1duty1to1protect1the1environment1
Priority!to!education,!Science,!technology!
Protection!to!Labor\!1The1state1affirms1labor1as1a1
pimary1social1economic1force.1It1shall1protect1the1
rights1of1workers1and1promote1their1welfare.1
Self\Reliant!and!independent!economic!order!
Land!Reform!
Indigenous!cultural!communites!
Independent!peoples!organizations!1
Communication!and!information!in!nation\ 1
building!
1
Autonomy!of!local!governments!
1
Equal!access!of!opportunities!for!public!service!!
1
guarantee1equal1access1to1opportunities1for1public1
service1and1prohibit1political1dynasties1as1may1be1 1
defined1by1law.1
1
Pamatong1v.1COMELEC1
1
1What1is1a1nuisance1candidate?1
1
K COC1is1filed1to1put1the1election1process1in1
mockery1or1disrepute1or11
K to1cause1confusion1among1the1voters1by1the1
similarity1of1the1names1of1the1registered1
candidates1or11
K by1other1circumstances1or1acts1which1clearly1
demonstrate1that1the1candidate1has1no1bona1
fide1intention1to1run1for1the1office1for1which1
the1certificate1of1candidacy1has1been1filed11

Honest!public!service!and!full!public!disclosure!1
Subject1to1reasonable1conditions1prescribed1by1law,1
the1state1adopts1and1implements1a1policy1of1full1
public1disclosure1of1all1its1transactions1involving1
public1interest.11

28! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Human&Rights!
2. Protect11
3. Fulfill1

1
WHAT!ARE!HUMAN!RIGHTS?!
1
They1are1privileges,1entitlements1and1claims1that1
man1and1woman1enjoy1because1of1his1or1her1 1
humanity1

THREE!PRINCIPLES!OF!HUMAN!RIGHTS:! Bill$of$Rights!
1. indivisibility11social,1economic,1civil1and1
The1 set1 of1 presecriptions1 setting1 forth1 the1
political1rights1cannot1be1separated1(e.g.1you1
fundamental! civil! and! political! rights1 of1 the1
cannot1learn1when1your1stomach1is1empty)1
individual1and1imposing!limitations1on1the1powers1
2. interdependence!
of1 government1 as1 a1 means1 of1 securing1 the1
3. universality11all1human1beings1are1entitled!
enjoyment1of1those1rights.11
KINDS!
K Designed1 to1 preserve1 the1 ideals1 of1 liberty,1
1. First!generation!of!rights! equality1 and1 security1 against1 the1 assaults1 of1
a. Civil1 opportunism,1 expediency1 of1 the1 passing1 hour,1
b. political1 the1 erosion1 of1 small1 encroachments,1 and1 the1
2. Second!generation!of!rights! scorn1 and1 derision1 of1 those1 who1 have1 no1
a. Economic! patience1with1general1principles.11
b. Social1!
K Any1governmental1action1in1violation1of1the1Bill1
c. Cultural!
of1rights1is1void1
3. Third!generation!of!rights!
a. Emerging1rights1 K SelfKexecuting1
CHARACTERISTICS:!(IAI)1 Civil!Rights! Political!Rights!!
1
1. Inherent1
Rights1that1belong1to1 Right1to1participate1
2. Inalienable1 every(citizen(of(the( directly1or1indirectly1in1
3. Universal1 state1or1country1and1are1 the1establishment1or1
not1connected1with1the1 administration1of1the1
COMPONENTS! organization1or1 government.1
administration1of1the1
1. Subject11the1rights1owner1
government.1Rights1
2. Object11the1right1 appertaining1to1a1person1
3. DutyKholder1 by(virtue(of(his(
4. Implementation1 citizenship1in1a1state1or1
community.1Rights1
THREE!STATE!OBLIGATION! capable1of1being1
enforced1or1redressed1in1
1. Respect1
29! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 a1civil1action.1 it1 should1 be1 elastic1 and1 flexible1 and1 to1
K Property1 K Right1of1Suffrage1 define1it1would1be1a1limitation1
K Marriage1 K Right1 to1 hold1 public1
K Equal1Protection1 office1 Protects:+
K Freedom1of1Contract1 K Right1to1petition11 1. All1persons11
1 K Rights1 appurtenant1 2. Artificial1 persons1 only1 insofar1 as1 their1
to1citizenship1visKavis1 property1is1concerned1
the1 management1 of1
government1 Life1 1 right1 of1 the1 individual1 to1 his1 body1 in1 its1
! completeness,1 free1 from1 dismemberment1 and1
NOTE:!in1the1original1US1Constitution1there1was1NO1 extends1 to1 the1 use1 of1 godKgiven1 faculties1 which1
Bill1of1Rights.1 make1life1enjoyable1

During1 the1 EDSA1 takeKover1 the1 19731 Constitution1 Liberty1 1 right1 to1 exist1 and1 the1 right1 to1 be1 free1
was1 not1 effective1 KKKK1 what1 governed1 was1 the1 from1 arbitrary1 personal1 restraint1 or1 servitude.1
International1Covenant1on1Civil1and1Political1Rights,1 Includes1 the1 right1 of1 the1 citizens1 to1 be1 free1 to1
Human1Rights1 use1his1faculties1in1all1lawful1ways1

Property+ 1 anything1 that1 can1 come1 under1 the1

DUE+PROCESS+OF+LAW+ right1 of1 ownership1 and1 be1 the1 subject1 of1
Origin1 contract.1 Represents1 more1 than1 the1 things1 a1
person1owns.1It1includes1the1right1to1secure,1use1
Book1of1Susana,1Old1Testament1 and1dispose1of1them1

By1 the1 39th1 chapter1 of1 Magna1 Carta1 wrung1 by1 the1
barons1 from1 King1 John,1 the1 despot1 promised1 that1
no1man1shall1be1take1or1imprisoned1or1disseized1or1
outlawed1or1in1any1manner1destroyed;1nor1shall1we1
go1upon1him,1nor1send1upon1him,1but1by1the1lawful1
judgment1of1his1peers1or1by1the1law1of1the1land.1
K Public1 office1 is1 not1 property,1 but1 one1
unlawfully1 ousted1 from1 it1 may1 institute1
an1action1to1recover1the1same1
K Mining1license1is1a1privilege1that1may1be1
revoked1by1the1one1giving1it1

Definition+ K License1 to1 carry1 firearm1 is1 neither1 1 a1

1. A1law1that1hears1before1it1condemns,1which1
proceeds1 upon1 inquiry1 and1 renders1
judgment1only1after1trial.11
2. Responsiveness1 to1 the1 supremacy1 of1
reason,1obedience1to1the1dictates1of1justice.1
3. The1embodiment1of1the1sporting1idea1of1fair1
play1
NOTE:1there1is1no1exact1definition1of1due1
process1and1this1was1intentional1because1
property1nor1a1property1right1
Aspects+
Substantive1 1 this1 serves1 as1 1 a1 restriction1 on1
governments1law1and1ruleKmaking1powers.1
+Requisites:+
1. Interests1 of1 public1 in1 general1 as1
distinguished1from1those1of1a1particular1
class1
2. Means1 employed1 are1 reasonably1
necessary1 for1 the1 accomplishment1 of1

30! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 the1 purpose1 and1 not1 unduly1 oppressive1
on1individuals1
Procedural(1restriction1on1actions1of1judicial1and1
quasi1judicial1bodies.11
Requisites:(
1. Impartial1 court1 or1 tribunal1 clothed1 with1
judicial1 power1 to1 hear1 and1 determine1 the1
matter1before1it.1
2. Jurisdiction1 1 must1 be1 lawfully1 acquired1 over1
the1person11
K Summons1
K Voluntary1appearance1
3. Defendant1 must1 be1 given1 an1 opportunity1 to1
be1heard1
K Not1all1cases1require1a1trialKtype1hearing.1
Due1 process1 in1 labor1 cases1 before1 a1
labor1 arbiter1 is1 satisfied1 when1 the1
parties1 are1 given1 the1 opportunity1 to1
submit1 their1 position1 papers1 (Mariveles1
vs.1CA)1
4. Judgment1 must1 be1 rendered1 upon1 lawful1
hearing1
Publication+as+part+of+due+process+
Publication1is1imperative1to1the1validity1of1laws,1PDs1
and1Eos,1administrative1rules1and1regulations1and1is1
an1indispensable1part1of1due1process.11
1 with1 respect1 to1 the1 petitioner1 even1 if1 the1 case1 is1
Appeal1is1not1a1constitutional1right1it1is1but1a1mere1
statutory1right1allowed1or1denied1by1the1legislature1
in1its1discretion.1
Preliminary(investigation1is1not1a1constitutional1
right,1 but1 is1 merely1 a1 right1 conferred1 by1 statute.1
The1absence1of1a1preliminary1investigation1does1not1
impair1the1validity1of1the1information1or1otherwise1
render1the1same1defective.11
31! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
K But1 when1 there1 is1 a1 statutory1 grant1 of1
P.I.,1 denial1 of1 the1 same1 is1 an1
infringement1of1the1due1process1clause.1
In1 such1 case,1 the1 right1 to1 preliminary1
investigation1 is1 substantive,1 not1 merely1
formal1 or1 technical.1 Denial1 of1 the1 same1
is1denial1of1due1process.1
Preliminary(investigation(
1Held1before1an1accused1is1placed1on1trial1to1secure1
the1 innocent1 against1 hasty,1 malicious1 and1
oppressive1 prosecution1 and1 to1 protect1 him1 from1
the1trouble,1expenses1and1anxiety1of1a1public1trial.1
It1is1also1intended1to1protect1the1state1from1having1
to1conduct1useless1and1expensive1trials.11
1Preliminary1 investigation1 is1 required1 to1 be1
conducted1 before1 the1 filing1 of1 a1 complaint1 or1
information1 for1 an1 offense1 where1 the1 penalty1
prescribed1by1law1is1at1least141years,121months1and1
11day,1without1regard1to1the1fine.1
1If1 an1 accused1 is1 lawfully1 arrested1 WITHOUT1 A1
WARRANT1 involving1 an1 offense1 which1 requires1 a1
preliminary1 investigation,1 the1 complaint1 or1
information1 may1 be1 filed1 by1 a1 prosecutor1 without1
need1of1such1investigation1provided1an1inquest1has1
been1conducted1in1accordance1with1existing1rules.11
1Lack1 of1 preliminary1 investigation1 is1 1 not1 a1 ground1
for1a1motion1to1quash.1The1case1must1be1suspended1
already1undergoing1trial.1The1right1is1not1waived1by1
the1filing1of1the1motion1to1be1admitted1to1bail.1But1
the1right1is1waived1when1the1accused1fails1to1invoke1
it1 before1 or1 at1 the1 time1 of1 entering1 a1 plea1 at1
arraignment.1
1Preliminary1 investigation1 conducted1 by1 the1 DOJ1 is1
merely1 inquisitorial,1 it1 is1 not1 a1 trial1 on1 the1 merits,1
and1 its1 sole1 purpose1 is1 to1 determine1 whether1 a1
crime1 has1 been1 committed1 and1 whether1 the1
respondent1therein1is1probably1guilty1of1the1crime.1 EQUAL+PROTECTION+OF+THE+LAWS+
It1 is1 not1 the1 occasion1 for1 the1 full1 and1 exhaustive1 1 x1 x1 x1 nor1 shall1 any1 person1 be1 denied1 the1 equal1
display1of1the1parties1evidence.1 protection1of1the1laws.1

1Preliminary1investigation1is1an1inquiry1whether:1 It1 was1 only1 after1 the1 14th1 amendment1 that1 the1 US1
Constitution1had1the1equal1protection1clause1
1. A1crime1has1been1committed1
2. Whether1 there1 is1 probable1 cause1 that1 Persons1 protected:1 All1 persons1 or1 things1 similarly1
the1accused1is1guilty1thereof1 situated1 should1 be1 treated1 alike1 both1 as1 to1 rights1
1 conferred1and1responsibilities1imposed.1

Administrative+due+process+ 1. Natural1Persons1
Ang1Tibay1vs.1CIR1 2. Juridical1 persons1 only1 insofar1 as1 their1
property1is1concerned.11
1. Right1 to1 a1 hearing1 which1 includes1 the1 right1
to1 present1 ones1 case1 and1 submit1 evidence1 Scope1of1Equality1
in1support1thereof;1
1. Economic1
2. The1 tribunal1 must1 consider1 the1 evidence1 2. Political11
presented;1 3. Social1

3. The1 decision1 must1 have1 something1 to1 Is1equal1protection1absolute?1No.1Exception:1when1

support1itself1 there1is1a1valid1classification1

4. The1evidence1must1be1substantial1 Valid1 Classification1 1 persons1 or1 things1 ostensibly1

similarly1 situated1 may1 nonetheless1 be1 treated1
5. Decision1must1be1rendered1on1the1evidence1
differently1if1there1is1a1basis1for1valid1classification.1
presented1 at1 the1 hearing1 or1 at1 least1
contained1in1the1record1and1disclosed1to1the1 1Requisites:1
parties1
1. Substantial1distinction1
6. The1tribunal1or1any1of1its1judges1must1act1on1 2. Germane1to1the1purpose1of1the1law1
its1 own1 independent1 consideration1 of1 the1 3. Not1limited1to1existing1conditions1only1
facts1and1the1law1of1the1controversy1and1not1 4. Must1apply1to1all1members1of1the1same1
simply1accept1the1views1of1a1subordinate1in1 class1
arriving1at1a1decision1

7. The1 board1 or1 body1 should,1 in1 all1 SEARCHES+AND+SEIZURES+

controversial1 questions,1 render1 its1 decision1 Note:1under1the119731Constitution,1probable1cause1
in1 such1 a1 manner1 that1 the1 parties1 to1 the1 may1be1determined1by1a1responsible1officer1
proceeding1 will1 know1 the1 various1 issues1
involved1and1the1reasons1for1the1decision.1 Scope+
Applies1 to1 all1 persons1 including1 aliens1 whether1
Due1 process1 in1 quasiKjudicial1 proceedings1 before1 accused1of1a1crime1or1not.11
the1COMELEC1requires1notice1and1hearing.11
32! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
The1right1is1personal,1it1may1be1invoked1only1by1the1
person1entitled1to1it.11
The1right1applies1as1a1distraint1directed1only1against1
the1 government1 and1 its1 agencies1 tasked1 with1 the1
enforcement1 of1 the1 law.1 The1 protection1 cannot1
extend1to1acts1committed1by1private1individuals1so1
as1 to1 bring1 them1 within1 the1 ambit1 of1 alleged1
unlawful1intrusion1by1the1government.1
What1 constitutes1 a1 reasonable1 1 or1 unreasonable1
search1is1purely1a1judicial1question.1
Objections1to1the1warrant1of1arrest1must1be1made1
before1the1accused1enters1his1plea1
The1 issuance1 of1 the1 warrant1 of1 arrest1 against1 the1
person1 invalidly1 detained1 will1 cure1 the1 defect1 of1
that1detention1or1at1least1deny1him1the1right1to1be1
released.11
The1 conspicuous1 illegality1 of1 the1 arrest1 cannot1
affect1 the1 jurisdiction1 of1 the1 trial1 court,1 because1
even1in1instances1not1allowed1by1law,1a1warrantless1
arrest1 is1 not1 a1 jurisdictional1 defect1 and1 any1
objection1 thereto1 is1 waived1 when1 the1 person1
arrested1 submits1 to1 arraignment1 without1 any1
objection.1
1. Where1a1criminal1case1is1pending,1the1court1
wherein1 it1 is1 filed1 or1 the1 assigned1 branch1
thereof1has1primary1jurisdiction1to1issue1the1
search1warrant1
2. Where1no1such1criminal1case1has1been1filed,1
the1 executive1 judge1 or1 their1 lawful1
substitutes,1in1the1areas1and1for1the1offense1
contemplated1 in1 Circular1 1K91,1 shall1 have1
primary1jurisdiction.11
1 examine1 the1 complainant1 and1 his1
K This1does1not1mean1that1a1Court1whose1
territorial1jurisdiction1does1not1embrace1
the1place1to1be1searched1cannot1issue1a1
search1 warrant1 therefor,1 where1 the1
33! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
obtention1 of1 such1 search1 warrant1 is1
necessitated1and1justified1by1compelling1
consideration1 of1 urgency,1 subject,1 time1
and1place.1
1
3. Only1a1judge1may1validly1issue1a1warrant.11
Exception:1 Orders1 of1 arrest1 may1 be1 issued1
by1administrative11authoritites,1but1only1for1
the1purpose1of1carrying1out1final11finding1of1
a1 violation1 of1 law,1 for1 example1 a1 order1 of1
deportation1 or1 an1 order1 of1 contempt1 but1
not1for1the1sole1purpose1of1investigation1or1
prosecution.1
1
See1 also1 Harvey1 vs.1 Santiago1 where1 the1
court1 upheld1 the1 validity1 of1 the1 arrest1 of1
pedophiles1 on1 orders1 by1 then1 Immigration1
Commissioner1Miriam1Santiago.1
1
Requisites+of+a+Valid+Warrant+
1. Probable1 cause1 K1 1 Such1 facts1 and1
circumstances1 antecedent1 to1 the1 issuance1
of1 the1 warrant1 that1 in1 themselves1 are1
sufficient1 to1 induce1 a1 cautious1 man1 to1 rely1
on1them1and1act1in1pursuance1thereof.11
a. Must1refer1to1one1specific1offense11
1
2. Determination1of1probable1cause1personally1
by1a1judge1
+Warrant+of+arrest+
K It1 is1 sufficient1 that1 the1 judge1 personally1
determine1 the1 probable1 cause.1 It1 is1 not1
necessary1 that1 he1 should1 personally1
witnesses.1 Hearing1 is1 not1 necessary1 for1
the1 determination1 of1 the1 existence1 of1
 probable1 cause1 for1 the1 issuance1 of1 a1 1
warrant1of1arrest.1 General1 warrants1 or1 scatterKshot1
K Need1not1conduct1a1de1novo1hearing,1it1 warrant1is1void1
is1 sufficient1 that1 the1 judge1 should1
personally1 evaluate1 the1 report1 and1 Warrant1of1Arrest1 Search1Warrant1
If1 it1 contains1 the1 names1
K1 Description1 is1 as1
supporting1documents1submitted1by1the1
of1 the1 persons1 to1 be1 specific1 as1 the1
prosecution.1 arrested.11 circumstances1 will1
i. The1 judge1 personally1 evaluates1 ordinarily1allow;1
the1 report1 and1 supporting1 K1Description1expresses1a1
documents1 submitted1 byt1 he1 conclusion1of1fact1not1of1
fiscal1 regarding1 the1 existence1 of1 law;1
probable1cause1and,1on1the1basis1 K1 Things1 described1 are1
limited1 to1 those1 which1
thereof1issue1a1warrant1of1arrest;1
bear1 direct1 relation1 to1
ii. If1 on1 the1 basis1 thereof,1 he1 finds1 the1 offense1 for1 which1
no1 probable1 cause,1 he1 may1 the1 warrant1 is1 being1
disregard1 the1 prosecutors1 issued1
report1 and1 require1 the1 A1John1Doe1warrant1will1 No1general1warrant1
submission1 of1 supporting1 satisfy1 the1
affidavits1of1witnesses1to1aid1him1 constitutional1
requirement1 of1
in1 arriving1 at1 a1 conclusion1 as1 to1
particularity1 of1
the1existence1of1probable1cause.11 description1 if1 there1 is1
some1 description1
+Search+warrant+ persona1 which1 will1
1Sec.1 4,1 Rule1 126.1 The1 judge1 must1 personally1 enable1 the1 officer1 to1
examine1 in1 the1 form1 of1 searching1 questions1 and1 identify1the1accused1
answers1 in1 writing1 and1 under1 oath,1 the1 1
complainants1 and1 nay1 witnesses1 he1 may1 produce1
on1 facts1 personally1 known1 to1 them,1 and1 attach1 to1
Properties+subject+to+seizure++
1. Subject1of1the1offense1
the1 record1 their1 sworn1 statements1 together1 with1
2. Stolen1or1embezzled1property1and1other1
any1affidavits1submitted.11
proceeds1or1fruits1of1the1offense1
3. After1examination1under1oath1or1affirmation1 3. Property1used1or1intended1to1be1used1as1
of1 the1 complainant1 and1 the1 witnesses1 he1 means1for1the1commission1of1an1offense1
may1produce.1
4. Particularity1of1description11 Conduct+of+the+search++
a. Readily1 identify1 the1 properties1 to1 be1 1. In1 the1 presence1 of1 the1 lawful1 occupant1
seized1 and1 thus1 prevent1 them1 from1 thereof1or1any1member1of1his1family;1or1
seizing1the1wrong1items1 in1the1absence1
b. Leave1 said1 peace1 officers1 with1 no1 2. In1 the1 presence1 of1 two1 witnesses1 of1
discretion1 regarding1 the1 articles1 to1 be1 sufficient1age1and1discretion,1residing1in1
seized1 the1same1locality.1

34! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 3. The1 officers1 may1 use1 force1 in1 entering1
the1premises1provided1it1is1justified.11
Warrantless+Arrests+
1. When1the1person1to1be1arrested1has1committed,1
is1 actually1 committing1 or1 is1 attempting1 to1
commit1an1offense1in1his1presence1
i. Continuing1offense1
ii. Sees/hears1 is1 equivalent1 to1
presence1
iii. Hot1pursuit1
+ +Requisites+of+Flagrante+Delicto+
a. The1person1to1be1arrested1must1execute1
an1 overt1 act1 indicating1 that1 he1 had1 just1
committed,1is1actually1committing,1or1is1
attempting1to1commit1a1crime;1and1
b. Such1 overt1 act1 is1 done1 in1 the1 presence1
or1 within1 the1 view1 of1 the1 arresting1
officer1
2. When1the1offense1had1just1been1committed1and1
there1is1probable1cause1to1believe,1based1on1his1
personal1 knowledge1 of1 facts1 or1 of1 other1
circumstances,1 that1 the1 person1 to1 be1 arrested1
has1committed1the1offense1
a. Immediacy1K1Offense1has1just1been1
committed1
b. Personal+ knowledge+ K1 Person1
making1 the1 arrest1 has1 probable1
cause1 to1 believe,1 based1 on1 his1
personal1 knowledge1 of1 facts1 or1 of1
other1circumstances1that1the1person1
to1be1arrested1had1committed1it.11
3. When1 the1 person1 to1 be1 arrested1 is1 a1 prisoner1
who1has1escaped1from1a1penal1establishment1or1
place1 where1 he1 is1 serving1 final1 judgment1 or1
35! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
temporarily1 confined1 while1 his1 case1 is1 pending1
or1has1escaped1while1being1transferred1from1one1
confinement1to1another.1
4. When1the1right1is1voluntarily1waived.11
K Appellant1 is1 stopped1 from1 questioning1
the1 illegality1 of1 his1 arrest1 when1 he1
voluntarily1 submitted1 himself1 to1 the1
jurisdiction1 of1 the1 court1 by1 entering1 a1
plea1of1not1guilty1and1by1participating1in1
the1trial1
K But1 the1 waiver1 extends1 only1 to1 the1
illegal1arrest1and1not1to1the1search1made1
incident1thereto.1
K But,1when1the1arrest1is1incipiently1illegal.1
Any1 subsequent1 search1 is1 similarly1
illegal.1
1
Warrantless+Searches+
1. Voluntarily+waived.++
a. The1right1exists1
b. Person1 involved1 had1 knowledge1 either1
actual1 or1 constructive1 1 of1 the1 existence1 of1
such1right1
c. Said1 person1 had1 an1 actual1 intention1 to1
relinquish1the1right.1
K Consent1 must1 be1 unequivocal,1 specific1
and1 intelligently1 given,1 uncontaminated1
by1any1duress1or1coercion.11
K Mere1silence1and1failure1to1object1is1not1
a1waiver1
K Waiver1 must1 be1 given1 by1 the1 person1
whose1right1is1violated.11
2. Stop,and,frisk+
1Must1 precede1 the1 arrest1 for1 the1 principle1 to1
apply1
 K Apprehending1 officer1 must1 have1 a1
genuine1 reason1 in1 accordance1 withhis11
experience1 and1 the1 surrounding1
conditions1to1warrant1the1belief1that1the1
person1 searched1 has1 weapons1 or1
contraband1concealed1about1him.1
1
3. When+the+search+is+an+incident+to+a+lawful+
arrest+
1The1 arrest1 must1 precede1 the1 search.1 The1
process1cannot1be1reversed.1
K Officer1 must1 have1 been1 spurred1 by1
probable1cause1in1effecting1the1arrest11
1But1take1note1of1the1case1of1People1vs.1Sucro,1
where1 the1 search1 not1 preceded1 by1 an1 arrest1
was1 held1 valid1 because1 said1 search1 was1
effected1on1the1basis1of1probable1cause.11And1
also1 the1 case1 of1 People1 vs.1 Tangliben1 where1
the1 court1 held1 the1 warrantless1 search1 valid1
because1 the1 officers,1 faced1 with1 onKtheKspot1
information,1had1to1act1quickly.1
1Search1 must1 be1 made1 only1 within1 the1 area1
where1he1has1immediate1control.1
4. Search+of+vessels+and+aircraft+
1Why?1
1. Equipped1 with1 powerful1 motors1 that1 enable1
them1to1elude1pursuit1
2. Seizure1 would1 be1 an1 incident1 to1 a1 lawful1
arrest1
5. Moving+vehicles+
1Why?1
1Not1 practical1 to1 secure1 a1 warrant1 because1 vehicle1
can1 be1 moved1 quickly1 out1 of1 the1 locality1 or1
jurisdiction1in1which1the1warrant1may1be1sought.111
1Checkpoint1may1either1be:1
36! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
a. Routine(inspectionW1permissible1when1it1
is1limited1to1a1mere1visual1search1where1
the1 occupants1 are1 not1 subjected1 to1 a1
physical1or1body1search.11
b. Extensive( search1 constitutionally1
permissible1 only1 if1 the1 officers1
conducting1 the1 search1 had1 reasonable1
or1 probable1 cause1 to1 believe1 that1 the1
motorist1is1an1offender1or1they1will1filnd1
the1 instrumentality1 or1 evidence1
pertaining1to1a1crime1in1the1vehicle1to1be1
searched.11
6. Inspection+of+buildings+and+other+premises+
for+the+enforcement+of+fire,+sanitary+and+
building+regulations+
7. When+prohibited+articles+are+in+plain+view+
Requisites1(People1vs.1Musa)1
a. Prior1 valid1 intrusion1 based1 on1 the1 valid1
warrantless1 arrest1 in1 which1 the1 police1 are1
legally1 present1 in1 the1 pursuit1 of1 their1
official1duties1
b. Evidence1 was1 inadvertently1 discovered1 by1
the1police1who1have1the1right1to1be1where1
they1are1
c. Evidence1 must1 be1 immediate1 and1
apparent1
d. Plain1view1justified1the1seizure1
(Plain(view11if1the1object1itself1is1plainly1exposed1to1
sight.11
1Where1the1object1seized1is1inside1a1closed1package,1
the1 object1 is1 not1 in1 plain1 view1 and,1 therefore,1
cannot1 be1 seized1 without1 a1 warrant.1 However,1 if1
the1package1proclaims1its1contents,1whether1by1its1
distinctive1 configuration,1 its1 transparency,1 or1 if1 its1
contents1 are1 obvious1 to1 an1 observer,1 then1 the1
contents1are1in1plain1view1and1may1be1seized.1If1the1
package1is1such1that1an1experienced1observer1could1
infer1 from1 its1 appearance1 that1 it1 contains1
prohibited1 articles,1 then1 the1 article1 is1 deemed1 in1
plain1view.11
1People1vs.1Slanguit11When1the1valid1portion1of1the1
search1 warrant1 has1 been1 executed,1 the1 palin1 view1
doctrine1 can1 no1 longer1 provide1 any1 basis1 for1
admitting1the1other1items1subsequently1found.11
Immediately1 apparent1 1 does1 not1 require1 an1
unduy1 high1 degree1 of1 certainty1 as1 to1 the1
incriminating1 character1 of1 evidence.1 It1 requires1
merely1 that1 the1 seizure1 be1 presumptively1
reasonable1 assuming1 that1 there1 is1 probable1 cause1
to1 associate1 the1 property1 with1 criminal1 activity.1
That1 a1 NEXUS1 exists1 between1 the1 viewed1 object1
and1criminal1activity1
1
8. Search+under+exigent+and+emergency+
circumstances+
1 that1 he1 might1 be1 held1 to1 account1 for1 his1
Guanzon1vs.1De1Villa1upheld1the1validity1of1areal1
target1 oning1 or1 saturation1 drives1 as1 valid1
exercise1of1the1military1powers1of1the1President.1
1
Exclusionary1rule:1Evidence1obtained1in1violation1of1
Sec.1 2,1 Article1 III1 shall1 be1 inadmissible1 for1 any1
purpose1in1any1proceeding1because1it1is1the1fruit1of1
the1poisonous1tree.1(Sec.131(2),1Art.1III)1
PRIVACY+OF+COMMUNICATION+AND+
CORRESPONDENCE+
The$privacy$of$communication$and$correspondence$
shall$be$inviolable$except$upon$lawful$order$of$the$
court,$or$when$public$safety$or$order$requires$
otherwise$as$prescribed$by$law.$Any$evidence$
37! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
obtained$in$violation$of$this$or$the$preceding$
section$shall$be$inadmissible$for$any$purpose$or$
proceeding.$
Exceptions:11
1. Lawful1order1of1the1court1
2. When1 public1 safety1 or1 order1 requires1
otherwise1
FREEDOM+OF+EXPRESSION+
No$ law$ shall$ be$ passed$ abridging$ the$ freedom$ of$
speech,$of$expression$or$of$the$press,$or$the$right$of$
the$people$peaceably$to$assemble$and$petition$the$
government$for$redress$of$grievances.$
Aspects:+
A. Freedom+ from+ censorship+ or+ prior+
restraint11need1not1be1total1suppression.1
Even1 restriction1 of1 circulation1 constitutes1
censorship.1
B. Freedom+from+subsequent+punishment1
1individual1would1hesitate1to1speak1for1fear1
speech.1
a. Libel1 1 Public1 and1 malicious1
imputation1 of1 a1 crime,1 vice1 or1
defect,1 real1 or1 imaginary,1 or1 any1
act,1 omission,1 condition,1 status1
or1circumstance1tending1to1cause1
the1 dishonour,1 discredit,1 or1
contempt1of1a1natural1or1juridical1
person.1
b. Obscenity11guidelines:11
1. Whether1the1average1person,1
applying1 contemporary1
standards,1 would1 find1 that1
the1 work,1 taken1 as1 a1 whole,1
appeals1 to1 the1 prurient1
interest1
 2. Whether1the1work1depicts1or1
describes1 in1 a1 patently1
offensive1 way,1 sexual1
conduct1 specifically1 defined1
by1the1applicable1state1law1
3. Whether1 the1 work,1 taken1 as1
a1 whole,1 lacks1 serious1
literary,1 artistic,1 political,1 or1
scientific1value.1
Tests+of+Valid+Government+Interference+
A. Clear+ and+ Present+ Danger+ Rule1 1
Whether1 the1 words1 are1 used1 in1 such1
circumstances1 and1 of1 such1 a1 nature1 as1 to1
create1a1clear1and1present1danger1that1they1
will1 bring1 about1 substantive1 evils1 that1 the1
State1has1the1right1to1prevent.1
B. Dangerous+Tendency+Rule+1If1the1words1
uttered1create1a1dangerous1tendency1of1a1n1
evil1 which1 the1 State1 has1 the1 right1 to1
prevent,1then1such1words1are1punishable.1It1
is1sufficient1if1the1natural1tendency1and1the1
probable1 effects1 of1 the1 utterance1 were1 to1
bring1 about1 the1 substantive1 evil1 that1 the1
legislative1body1seeks1to1prevent.1
C. Balancing+ of+ Interests+ Test1 1 When1
particular1 conduct1 is1 regulated1 in1 the1
interest1 of1 public1 order,1 and1 the1 regulation1
results1 in1 an1 indirect,1 conditional1 or1 partial1
abridgement1 of1 speech,1 the1 duty1 of1 the1
courts1 is1 to1 determine1 which1 of1 the1 two1
conflicting1 interests1 demands1 the1 greater1
protection1 under1 the1 particular1
circumstances1presented.1
1 religious1belief1
ASSEMBLE+ AND+ PETITION1 1 The1 right1 to1
assemble1 is1 not1 subject1 to1 prior1 restraint.1 It1 may1
not1 be1 conditioned1 upon1 the1 prior1 issuance1 of1 a1
38! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
permit1 or1 authorization1 from1 government1
authorities.1Such1right1must1be1exercised1in1such1a1
way1as1will1not1prejudice1the1public1welfare.1
FREEDOM+OF+RELIGION+
No$law$shall$be$made$respecting$an$establishment$
of$ religion$ or$ prohibiting$ the$ free$ exercise$ thereof.$
The$ free$ exercise$ and$ enjoyment$ of$ religious$
profession$ and$ worship,$ without$ discrimination$ or$
preference,$ shall$ forever$ be$ allowed.$ No$ religious$
test$ shall$ be$ required$ for$ the$ exercise$ of$ civil$ or$
political$rights.$
Two+guarantees:+
1. Non\establishment! Clause! 1 reinforces1
separation1of1Church1and1State.11
2. Freedom! of! religious! profession! and!
worship!
Free1Exercise1Clause1
Is1the1giving1of1thisthes1a1violation?1
Why1 is1 it1 (acting1 on1 ones1 belief)1 subject1 to1
regulation?1
+Aspects+of+freedom+of+religious+profession+
and+worship+
1. Right1to1Believe11Absolute1
2. Right1to1act1on1ones1belief11subject1to1
regulation1
3. Compelling1State1interest1test11
a. First1inquiry11Whether1respondents1
right1 to1 religious1 freedom1 has1 been1
burdened1
b. Second1 Inquiry1 1 Ascertain1
respondents1 sincerity1 in1 her1
Ebralinag1 v1 .1 Dir1 of1 Schools1 KKK1 the1 moment1 they1
compel1 others1 to1 defy1 the1 State1 the1 exercise1 of1
religion1shall1be1subject1to1regulation1
LIBERTY+OF+ABODE+AND+TRAVEL+ RIGHT+TO+FORM+ASSOCIATIONS+
1 1

The$ liberty$ of$ abode$ and$ of$ changing$ the$ same$
within$ the$ limits$ prescribed$ by$ law$ shall$ not$ be$
impaired$ except$ upon$ lawful$ order$ of$ the$ court.$
Neither$shall$the$right$to$travel$be$impaired$except$
in$the$interest$of$national$security,$public$safety$or$
public$health,$as$may$be$provided$by$law.1
Limitations1
1. Abode:1Lawful1order1of1the1court11
2. Travel:1 Interest1 of1 national1 security,1
public1 safety1 and1 public1 health;1 lawful1
order1of1the1court1
The1right1of1the1people1including1those1employed1in1
the1 public1 and1 private1 sectors,1 to1 form1 unions,1
associations1or1societies1for1purposes1not1contrary1
to1law1shall1not1be1abridged.11
1Scope11Includes1right1not1to1join1or,1to1disaffiliate1
from1the1association.11
1The1 right1 to1 strike1 1 Even1 if1 the1 right1 expressly1
guarantees1 the1 right1 to1 form1 unions1 in1 public1 and1
private1 sectors,1 members1 of1 the1 civil1 service1 may1
not1declare1a1strike1to1enforce1economic1demands.1

NON,IMPAIRMENT+CLAUSE+
RIGHT+TO+INFORMATION++ No1 law1 impairing1 the1 obligation1 of1 contracts1 shall1
The1 right1 of1 the1 people1 to1 information1 on1 matters1 be1passed1
of1 public1 concern1 shall1 be1 recognized.1 Access1 to1
1Impairment11anything1that1diminishes1the1efficacy1
official1 records,1 and1 to1 documents1 and1 papers1
of1 the1 contract.1 There1 is1 substantial1 impairment1
pertaining1to1official1acts,1transactions1or1decisions,1
when1the1law1charges1the1terms1of1a1legal1contract1
as1 well1 as1 to1 government1 research1 data1 used1 as1
between1the1parties,1either1in1the1time1or1mode1of1
basis1for1policy1development1shall1be1afforded1the1
performance,1 or1 imposes1 new1 conditions,1 or1
citizen,1 subject1 to1 such1 limitations1 as1 may1 be1
dispenses1 with1 those1 expressed,1 or1 authorizes1 for1
provided1by1law.11
its1 satisfaction1 something1 different1 from1 that1
1Scope1K111inclusions1 of1 negotiations1 leading1 to1 the1 provided1in1its1terms1
consummation1of1the1transaction.11
Limitations:1
1Exceptions11does1not1extend1to:1
1. Police1 Power1 1 Public1 Welfare1 is1
a. Matters1 recognized1 as1 privileged1 superior1to1private1rights.1
information1rooted1in1separation1of1powers11 2. Eminent1Domain1
b. Information1 on1 military1 and1 diplomatic1 3. Taxation1
secrets1
c. Information1affecting1national1security1
FREE+ACCESS+TO+COURTS+
d. Information1 of1 investigations1 of1 crimes1 by1
Free1access1to1the1courts1and1quasiKjudicial1bodies1
law1 enforcement1 agencies1 before1 the1
and1 adequate1 legal1 assistance1 shall1 not1 be1 denied1
prosecution1of1the1accused1
to1any1person1by1reason1of1poverty.1
e. Trade1and1Industrial1Secrets1
1

39! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
MIRANDA+DOCTRINE+
First1institutionalized1in1the119731constitution1
Any$person$under$investigation$for$the$commission$
of$an$offense$shall$have$the$right$to$be$informed$of$
his$ right$ to$ remain$ silent$ and$ to$ have$ competent$
and$ independent$ counsel$ preferably$ of$ his$ own$
choice.$ If$ the$ person$ cannot$ afford$ the$ services$ of$
counsel,$ he$ must$ be$ provided$ with$ one.$ These$
Rights$cannot$be$waive$except$in$writing$and$in$the$
presence$ of$ counsel.$ No$ torture,$ force,$ violence,$
threat,$ intimidation,$ or$ any$ other$ means$ which$
vitiates$ the$ free$ will$ shall$ be$ used$ against$ him.$
Secret$detention$places,$solitary$incommunicado$or$
other$similar$forms$of$detention$are$prohibited.$Any$
confession$or$admission$obtained$in$violation$of$this$
or$ Seciton$ 17$ hereof$ shall$ be$ inadmissible$ in$
evidence$ against$ him.$ The$ law$ shall$ provide$ for$
penal$ and$ civil$ sanctions$ for$ violations$ of$ this$
section$ as$ well$ as$ compensation$ to$ and$
rehabilitation$ of$ victims$ of$ torture$ or$ similar$
practice,$and$their$families.$
1
Rights1 are1 available1 only1 during1 custodial1
investigation1
Custodial+Investigation11Any1questioning1
initiated1by1law1enforcement1officers1after1a1person1
has1been1taken1into1custody1or1otherwise1deprived1
of1his1freedom1of1action1in1any1significant1way.1The1
rule1begins1to1operate1as1soon1as1the1investigation1
ceases1to1be1a1general1inquiry1into1an1unsolved1
crime1and1direction1is1then1aimed1upon1a1particular1
suspect1who1has1been1taken1into1custody1and1to1
whom1the1police1would1then1direct1interrogatory1
questions1which1tend1to1elicit1incriminating1
statements.1
RA1 74381 1 Custodial1 Investigation1 shall1
include1 the1 practice1 of1 issuing1 an1
40! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
invitation1to1a1person1who1is1investigated1
in1 connection1 with1 an1 offense1 he1 is1
suspected1 to1 have1 committed,1 without1
prejudice1 to1 the1 liability1 of1 the1 inviting1
officer1for1any1violation1of1the1law.11
Police1 LineKup1 1 not1 considered1 1 a1 part1 of1
custodial1 inquest1 (Subject1 to1 some1
exceptions1 laid1 by1 the1 court)1 because1 it1 is1
conducted1before1the1state1of1investigation.1
Not1considered1as1custodial1investigation:1
1. Normal1audit1investigation1
2. Inestigation1 conducted1 by1 Court1
Administrator1
3. Investigation1conducted1by1an1employer1
4. Investigation1 conducted1 by1 civil1 service1
commission1
5. Counter1 affidavit1 submitted1 during1
preliminary1investigation1
6. A1 person1 signs1 a1 booking1 sheet1 and1 an1
arrest1report1
1
Rights1 guaranteed1 by1 this1 provision1 refer1 to1
testimonial1compulsion1only.1
Are1lineups1included?1No.11
NB:1The1case1of1Gamboa1v1Cruz1(case1ni1Sir)1
Rights1Available:1
1. Right1to1Remain1Silent1
2. Competent!and!independent!counsel! !
must! be! willing! to! safeguard! the!
constitutional! rights! of! the! accused,! as!
distinguished! from! one! who! would!
merely! be! giving! a! routine,!
preremptory!and!meaningless!recital!of!
the! individual! constitutional! rights! (PP!
vs.!Bagnate)!
!The1 mere1 pro1 forma1 appointment1 of1 a1 counsel1 de1
officio1 who1 fails1 to1 genuinely1 protect1 the1 interests1
of1the1accused1merits1disapprobation.11
1Critical1 PreKtrial1 stages1 1 custodial1 investigation1
before1 or1 after1 charges1 have1 been1 filed,1 and1 nonK
custodial1interrogation1after1the1accused1has1been1
formally1 charged1 are1 considered1 critical1 preKtrial1
stages1in1the1criminal1process1which1would1require1
the1assistance1of1a1counsel1
Can1 a1 public1 prosecutor1 be1 a1 competent1 and1
independent1counsel?1
Ang1 sabi1 ni1 sir1 it1 all1 started1 with1 Carl1 Gaspar1 (paki1
double1 check1 name)1 who1 sought1 the1 services1 of1 a1
lawyer1 and1 was1 not1 granted1 his1 own1 counsel1 but1
was1assigned1one1
3. To1 be1 informed1 of1 such1 rights1 K11
transmission1 of1 meaningful1 information1
than1 just1 the1 ceremonial1 and1
perfunctory1 recitation1 of1 an1 abstract1
constitutional1principle.11
4. Rights1 cannot1 be1 waived1 except1 in1
writing1and1signed1by1his1counsel1
1 People1vs.1Samolde11Even1as1the1extrajudicial1
Sec..1 21 (d),1 RA1 74381 provides1 that1 any1
extraKjudicial1 confession1 made1 by1 a1
person1 arrested,1 detained1 or1 under1
custodial1investigation1shall1be:1
a. In1writing1
b. Signed1 by1 such1 person1 in1 the1
presence1of1his1counsel1or1in1the1
latters1 absence,1 upon1 a1 valid1
waiver,1 and1 in1 the1 presence1 of1
any1 of1 the1 parents,1 older1
brothers1 and1 sisters,1 his1 spouse,1
the1 municipal1 mayor,1 the1
municipal1 judge,1 district1 school1
supervisor,1 priest/minister1 as1
chosen1by1him.1
41! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
5. No1torture,1force,1etc.1Which1vitiates1the1
free1will1shall1be1used1
6. Secret1 detention1 places1 etc.1 Are1
prohibited1
7. Confessions/admissions1 obtained1 in1
violation1 of1 rights1 are1 inadmissible1 in1
evidence1
Two1kinds:1
a. Coerced1 confessions,1 the1
product1of1third1degree1methods1
such1 as1 torture,1 force,1 violence,1
threat1and1intimidation1
b. Uncounselled1 statements1 given1
without1 the1 benefit1 of1 Miranda1
warning1
The1 alleged1 constitutional1
infringement1 during1 the1
custodial1 investigation1 is1
relevant1 and1 material1 only1
where1 an1 extrajudicial1
confession1 or1 admission1 from1
the1 accused1 becomes1 the1 basis1
of1conviction.1
1
confession1was1in1writing1and1signed1by1counsel,1
because1the1accused1was1not1given1the1Miranda1
warnings,1the1confession1was1held1inadmissible1in1
evidence.1
People1vs.1Andan11Voluntary1but1uncounselled1
confession1of1accused1to1the1Mayor1and1to1the1
media1was1admissible1in1evidence.1Constitutional1
procedures1on1custodial1investigation1do1not1apply1
to1the1spontaneous1statements1not1elicited1
through1questioning1by1the1authorities,1but1given1in1
an1ordinary1manner1whereby1the1accused1orally1
admitted1having1committed1the1crime.1
1
Waiver:1
1. Must1 be1 writing1 and1 made1 in1 the1
presence1of1counsel1
2. No1retroactive1effect1
3. Burden1 of1 proof1 1 on1 the1 prosecution.1
The1 presumption1 that1 official1 duty1 has1
been1regularly1performed1cannot1prevail1
over1the1presumption1of1innocence1
4. What1may1be1waived:1
1. Right1to1remain1silent1
2. Right1to1counsel1
K But1not1the1right1to1be1informed1
of1these1rights.1
Exclusionary1 rule1 1 confession1 or1 admission1
obtained1in1violation1of1Sec.1121and1Sec.117,1Art.1III1
shall1be1inadmissible1in1evidence.11
Confession1 1 declaration1 made1 voluntarily1 and1
without1 compulsion1 or1 inducement1 by1 a1 person1
acknowledging1 that1 he1 has1 committed1 or1
participated1 in1 the1 commission1 of1 a1 crime.1 But1
before1 it1 can1 be1 admitted1 in1 evidence,1 the1
constitution1 demands1 strict1 compliance1 with1 the1
requirements1of1the1Bill1of1rights.11
a. Fruit1 of1 the1 Poisonous1 tree1 1 once1 the1
primary1 source1 is1 shown1 to1 have1 been1
unlawfully1 obtained,1 any1 secondary1 or1
derivative1 evidence1 derived1 from1 it1 is1
inadmissible.1Evidence1illegally1obtained1
by1the1state1should1not1be1used1to1gain1
other1evidence.11
b. Receipt1of1seized1property1inadmissible1
c. ReKenactment1
d. Res1Gestae11declaration1of1the1accused1
acknowledging1 guilt1 made1 to1 the1 police1
desk1 officer1 after1 the1 crime1 was1
committed1 may1 be1 given1 in1 evidence1
against1 him1 by1 the1 police1 officer1 to1
42! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
whom1 the1 admission1 was1 made1 as1 part1
of1res1gestae1
e. Waiver1 of1 the1 exclusionary1 rule1 K1 1 for1
failure1 of1 the1 accused1 to1 object1 to1 the1
offer1 in1 evidence,1 the1 uncounselled1
confession1was1admitted1in1evidence.1
1
Right+to+Bail+
All1 persons1 except1 those1 charged1 with1 offenses1
punishable1by1reclusion1perpetua1when1evidence1of1
guilt1is1strong,1shall,1before1conviction,1be1bailable1
by1 sufficient1 sureties,1 or1 be1 released1 on1
recognizance1as1may1be1provided1by1law.1The1right1
to1 bail1 shall1 not1 be1 impaired1 even1 when1 the1
privilege1of1the1writ1of1habeas1corpus1is1suspended.1
Excessive1bail1shall1not1be1required.11
Bail1 1 security1 given1 for1 the1 release1 of1 a1 person1 in1
custody1 of1 the1 law,1 furnished1 1 by1 him1 or1 a1
bondsman,1 conditioned1 upon1 his1 appearance1
before1 the1 court1 as1 may1 be1 required.1 The1 right1 to1
bail1 emanates1 form1 the1 right1 to1 be1 presumed1
innocent.1
1
Who1 may1 invoke1 1 a1 person1 in1 custody1 of1 the1 law1
who1 may1 by1 reason1 of1 the1 presumption1 of1
innocence1he1enjoys,1be1allowed1provisional1liberty1
upon1filing1a1security1to1guarantee1his1appearance1
before1any1court,1as1required1have1yet1been1filed.11
K May1 be1 invoked1 by1 a1 person1
under1 detention,1 even1 if1 no1
formal1 charges1 have1 yet1 been1
filed.11
Exceptions:1
 1. When1 charged1 with1 an1 offense1
punishable1 by1 reclusion1 perpetua1 and1
evidence1of1guilt1is1strong.1
2. Not1available1to1military1
Duty1of1the1Court1
1When1 the1 accused1 is1 charged1 with1 an1 offense1
punished1 by1 reclusion1 perpetua,1 a1 hearing1 on1 the1
motion1for1bail1shall1be1conducted1by1the1judge1to1
determine1 whther1 or1 not1 the1 evidence1 of1 quilt1 is1
strong,11
Bail1 as1 a1 matter1 of1 right1 1 All1 persons1 in1 custody1
shall:1
1. Before1 conviction1 by1 the1 MeTC,1 MTC,1
MCTC1and11
2. Before1 conviction1 by1 RTC1 of1 an1 offense1
not1 punishable1 by1 death,1 RP1 or1 Life1
Imprisonment1
1Be1 admitted1 to1 bail1 as1 a1 matter1 of1 right1 with1
sufficient1 sureties1 or1 be1 released1 on1 recognizance1
as1prescribed1by1law.1
1 1
Bail1when1discretionary11
1. Upon1 conviction1 by1 the1 RTC1 of1 an1
offense1 not1 punishable1 by1 death,1 RP1 or1
life1 imprisonment,1 the1 court1 ,1 on1
application,1 may1 admit1 the1 accused1 to1
bail.11
2. The1 court,1 in1 its1 discretion,1 may1 allow1
the1 accused1 to1 continue1 on1 provisional1
liberty1under1the1same1bail1bond1during1
the1 period1 to1 appeal1 subject1 to1 the1
consent1of1the1bondsman.1
3. If1 the1 court1 imposed1 a1 penalty1 of1
imprisonment1 1 exceeding1 six1 years1 but1
not1 more1 than1 201 years,1 the1 accused1
43! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
shall1 be1 denied1 bail.1 Or1 bail1 previously1
granted1 be1 cancelled,1 upon1 a1 showing1
by1 the1 prosecution,1 with1 notice1 to1 the1
accused,1 of1 the1 following1 or1 similar1
circumstances:1
a. Accused1 is1 a1 recidivist,1 quasi1
recidivist1or1habitual1delinquent,1
hanituality1
b. Accused1 is1 found1 to1 have1
previously1 escaped1 from1 legal1
confinement,1 evaded1 sentence1
or1has1violated1the1conditions1of1
his1bail1without1valid1justification1
c. Accused1 committed1 the1 offense1
while1 on1 probation,1 parole,1 or1
under1conditional1pardon1
d. Circumstances1of1the1accused1or1
his1 case1 indicate1 the1 probability1
of1flight1if1released1on1bail1
e. Undue1 risk1 that1 during1 the1
pendency1 of1 the1 appeal,1 the1
accused1 may1 commit1 another1
crime1
Whether1as1a1matter1of1right1or1discretion,1a1
hearing1 has1 to1 be1 made1 because,1 in1 fixing1
the1 amount,1 the1 judge1 is1 required1 to1 take1
into1account1a1number1of1factors1such1as:1
1. Character1and1reputation1
2. Forfeiture1of1other1bonds.1
1
When1bail1shall1be1denied:1
1. Accused1 is1 charged1 with1 a1 capital1
offense1 or1 offense1 punishable1 by1
reclusion1 perpetua1 or1 higher1 when1
evidence1of1guilt1is1strong.1
1
Standards1for1fixing1bail:1
a. Financial1ability1of1the1accused1
b. Nature1 and1 circumstances1 of1 the1
offense1
c. Penalty1for1the1offense1charged1
d. Character1and1reputation1of1the1accused1
e. Age1and1health1
f. Weight1of1the1evidence1against1him1
g. Probability1of1his1appearing1at1the1trial1
h. Forfeiture1of1the1bonds1by1him1
i. Fact1 that1 he1 was1 a1 fugitive1 from1 justice1
when1arrested1
j. Pendency1 of1 other1 cases1 in1 which1 he1 is1
under1bond1
1
Constitutional+rights+of+the+accused+
1
1. No1person1shall1be1held1to1answer1for1a1
criminal1offense1without1due1process1of1
law1
2. In1all1criminal1prosecutions,1the1accused1
shal:1
a. Be1 presumed1 innocent1 until1 the1
contrary1is1proved1
b. Shall1 enjoy1 the1 right1 to1 be1 heard1 by1
himself1and1counsel1
c. To1 be1 informed1 of1 the1 nature1 and1
cause1of1the1accusation1against1him1
d. To1 have1 a1 speedy1 impartial1 and1
public1trial1
e. To1meet1the1witnesses1face1to1face1
f. To1 have1 compulsory1 process1 to1
secure1 the1 attendance1 of1 witnesses1
and1 the1 production1 of1 evidence1 in1
his1behalf.11
g. However,1 after1 arraignment,1 trial1
may1 proceed1 notwithstanding1 the1
absence1 of1 the1 accused,1 provided1
44! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
that1 he1 has1 been1 duly1 notified1 and1
his1failure1to1appear1is1unjustifiable.1
Criminal!Due!process!
1. Accused1 has1 been1 heard1 in1 a1 court1 of1
competent1jurisdiction1
2. Accused1is1proceeded1against1under1the1
orderly1process1of1law1
3. Accused1 has1 been1 given1 notice1 and1 the1
opportunity1to1be1heard1and1
4. Judgment1 rendered1 was1 within1 the1
authority1of1a1constitutional1law.11
1
Habeas!Corpus!
The1privilege1of1the1writ1of1habeas1corpus1shall1not1
be1 suspended1 except1 in1 cases1 of1 invasion1 or1
rebellion1when1public1safety1requires1it.1
Writ1 of1 Habeas1 Corpus1 1 A1 writ1 issued1 by1 a1 court1
directed1 to1 a1 person1 detaining1 another,1
commanding1 him1 to1 produce1 the1 body1 of1 the1
prisoner1 at1 a1 designated1 time1 and1 place1 with1 the1
day1and1cause1of1his1caption1and1detention,1to1do,1
to1submit1to,1and1to1receive1whatever1the1court1or1
judge1awarding1the1writ1shall1consider1in1his1behalf.1
Available1to1restore1an1individual1subjected1
to1physical1Restraint.1
1
601 Duration1
481 Submit1 a1 Report1 in1 person1 and1 in1 writing1 to1
Congress1
241 Convene,1 voting1 jointly1 by1 vote1 of1 at1 least1
majority1 may1 revoke1 such1 proclamation1 or1
suspension1
1
301 Supreme1 court1 may1 review1 in1 appropriate1
proceeding1 filed1 by1 any1 citizen1 the1
 sufficiency1 of1 the1 factual1 basis1 for1 the1 Non,detention+by+reason+of+political+
proclamation1 of1 martial1 law1 or1 the1 beliefs+or+aspirations+
suspension1 of1 the1 privilege1 of1 the1 writ1 and1
No1person1shall1be1detained1solely1by1reason1of1his1
promulgate1thirty1days1from1filing1
31 Any1 person1 arrested1 during1 the1 suspension1 political1or1religious1beliefs.1
of1 the1 writ1 shall1 be1 judicially1 charged1 other1
Can1 you1 be1 punished1 for1 expressing/1 beliving1 in1
wise1released.11
1 Marxism?11

This1 is1 a1 new1 provision1 adapted1 from1 the1 French1

Speedy+Disposition+of+Cases+ Constitution1
All1 persons1 shall1 have1 the1 right1 to1 a1 speedy1
disposition1 of1 cases1 before1 all1 judicial,1 quasiK Involuntary+Servitude+
judicial,1or1administrative1bodies.11 No1involuntary1servitude1in1any1from1shall1exist1
axcept1as1punishment1for1a1crim1whereof1the1party1
Self+Incrimination+ shall1have1been1duly1convicted.11
No1 person1 shall1 be1 compelled1 to1 be1 a1 witness1 1Exceptions:1
against1himself.11
1. Punishement1for1a1crime1whereof1one1
Availability1 1 not1 only1 in1 criminal1 prosecution1 but1 has1been1duly1convicted1
also1in1all1other1government1proceedings1including1 2. Service1in1defense1of1State1
civil1 actions1 and1 administrative1 or1 legislative1 3. Naval1Enlistment1
investigations.1Claimed1not1only1by1the1accused1but1 4. Posse1Comitatus1
also1by1any1witness1to1whom1a1question1calling1for1 5. Return1to1work1order1in1industries1
an1incriminating1answer1is1addressed.1 affected1with1public1interest1
1 6. Patria1potestas1

Rule1 1

1Ordinary1 witness1 may1 be1 invoked1 only1 when1

Prohibited+Punishments+
incriminating1question1is1asked1
1
1Accused/Respondent1 1 may1 not1 be1 compelled1 to1
1. Excessive1fines1shall1not1be1imposed,1
take1the1witness1stand1altogether1
nor1cruel,1degrading1or1inhuman1
1 punishment1inflicted.1Neither1shall1the1
death1penalty1be1imposed,1unless1for1
Scope1 1 only1 testimonial1 compulsion.1 Does1 not1 compelling1reasons1involving1heinous1
apply1where1the1evidence1sought1to1be1excluded1is1 crimes,1the1Congress1hereafter1provides1
not1 an1 incriminating1 statement1 but1 an1 object1 for1it.1Any1death1penalty1already1
evidence.1 imposed1shall1be1reduced1to1RP1
1

45! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 2. The1employment1of1physical,1
psychological,1or1degrading1punishment1
against1any1prisoner1or1detainee,1or1the1
use1of1substandard1or1inadequate1penal1
facilities1under1subhuman1conditions1
shall1be1dealt1with1by1law.1
Non,Imprisonment+for+debt+
No1person1shall1be1imprisoned1for1debt1or1nonK
payment1of1a1poll1tax1
Double+Jeopardy+
No1person1shall1be1twice1put1in1jeopardy1of1
punishment1for1the1same1offense.1If1an1act1is1
punished1by1a1law1and1an1ordinance,1conviction1or1
acquittal1under1either1shall1constitute1a1bar1to1
another1prosecution1for1the1same1act.1
Requisites:1
1. Valid1complaint1or1information1
2. Filed1before1a1competent1court1
3. To1which1he1had1pleaded1
4. Defendant1was1previously1acquitted1or1
convicted1or1the1cases1dismissed1or1
otherwise1terminated1without1his1
express1consent1
SC:1Filing1of1an1MR1after1acquittal1is1a1violation1of1
Double1Jeopardy.11
Galman1case1is1Pro1Hac1Vice1
1
Ex+Post+Facto+Law+and+Bill+of+Attainder+
No1ex1post1facto1law1or1bill1of1attainder1shall1be1
enacted1
Kinds1of1Ex1post1facto1laws:1
46! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1. Every1law1that1makes1criminal1an1action1
done1before1the1passage1of1the1law1and1
which1was1innocent1when1done1and1
punishes1such1action1
2. Every1law1that1aggravates1a1crime,1or1
makes1it1greater1than1it1was1when1
committed1
3. Every1law1that1changes1punishment1and1
inflicts1a1greater1punishment1than1the1
law1annexed1to1the1crime1when1
committed1
4. Every1law1that1alters1the1legal1rules1of1
evidence1and1receives1less1or1different1
testimony1than1the1law1required1at1the1
time1of1the1commission1of1the1offense1in1
order1to1convict1the1offender1
5. Every1law1which,1assuming1to1regulate1
civil1rights1and1remedies1only,1in1effect1
imposes1a1penalty1or1the1deprivation1of1
a1right1for1something1which1when1done1
was1lawful1
6. Every1law1which1deprives1persons1
accused1of1a1crime1of1some1lawful1
protection1to1which1they1have1become1
entitled,1such1as1the1protection1of1a1
former1conviction1or1acquittal1or1of1a1
proclamation1of1amnesty1
Characteristics1
1. Refers1to1criminal1matters1
2. Retroactive1
3. Prejudicial1to1the1accused1
Bill!of!Attainder!
K A1legislative1act1that1inflicts1
punishment1without1trial1
K Substitutes1legislative1fiat1for1a1
judicial1determination1of1guilt1
Citizenship!
Natural1Born1citizens11Those1who1are1citizens1of1
the1Philippines1from1birth1without1having1to1
perform1any1act1to1acquire1or1perfect1their1
1 Philippine1Citizenship.1Those1who1elect1Philippine1
Citizenship1shall1be1deemed1naturalKborn1citizens.1
What1is1Citizenship?11
(Sec.12,1Art.1IV)1
1Membership1in1a1political1community1which1is1
Types1of1Natural1Born1Citizens:1
personal1and1more1or1less1permanent1in1character.1
1. Those1without1having1to1perform1any1act1
What1is1Nationality?11
2. Born1before1January117,119731of1Filipino1
1Membership1in1any1class1or1form1of1political1
Mothers1who1elect1Phiippine1Citizenship1
community.1Does1not1include1right1or1privilege1of1
exercising1political1and1civil1rights.1 Marriage11Citizens1of1the1Philippines1who1marry1
aliens1shall1retain1their1citizenship,1unless1by1their1
1Nationals11democratic1
act1or1omission1they1are1deemed1under1the1law,1to1
1Subject11monarchical1 have1renounced1it.1(Sec.14.1Art.1IV)1

1 Dual1Allegiance11Dual1allegiance1of1citizens1is1
inimical1to1the1national1interest1and1shall1be1dealt1
What1are1the1Modes1of1Acquiring1citizenship?1 with1by1law.1(Sec.151Article1IV)1
1. By1Birth1 K Not1a1selfKexecuting1provision1
a. Jus1sanguinis1
b. Jus1Soli1 1
2. Naturalization1
Attack1on1citizenship1must1be1made1through1a1
3. Marriage1
direct1and1not1collateral1proceeding.1
Before1adoption1of119351Constitution1
Res1judicata1does1not1ordinarily1apply1to1questions1
1Jus1Sanguinis11all1inhabitants1who1were1Spanish1 of1citizenship.1Except:1
subjects1on1Aprill111,11899,1residing1in1the1islands1
1. Resolved1by1the1court1or1administrative1
who1did1not1declare1intention1of1preserving1
body1as1a1material1issue1in1the1
Spanish1nationality1
controversy1after1a1fullKblown1hearing1
1Jus1Soli11Res1judicata1 2. Active1participation1of11SolKGen1or1
representative1
1 3. Finding1of1citizenship1is1affirmed1by1the1
After1Adoption1of119351Constitution1 SC.1
1
1Only1jus1sanguinis1
Citizens1of1the1Philippines1
1

47! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 1. Those1citizens1of1the1Philippines1at1the1 2. Administrative1(RA19139)1
time1of1the1adoption1of1the119871 3. Legislative11
Constitution1
1
2. Those1whose1fathers1or1mothers1are1
citizens1of1the1Philippines1 1
3. Those1born1before1January117,119731of1
Filipino1mothers1who1elect1Philippine1 1
citizenship1upon1reaching1the1age1of1
De1Guzman1 Manzano1
majority1
4. Those1who1are1naturalized1in1 De1Guzman1is1a1dual1 Manzano1is1a1dual1
accordance1with1law.11 citizen1by1virue1of1RA1 citizen1by1virtue1of1the1
1 92251on1Naturalization1 interplay1of1Jus1Soli1
and1Jus1Sanguinis1
Naturalization++ Therefore1de1Guzman1 It1is1enough1that1
1Act1of1Formally1adopting1a1foreigner1into1the1 must1perform1a1separate1 MAnzano1files1his1
political1body1of1a1nation1by1clothing1him1with1 act1of1renounciation1by1a1 C.O.C.1
privileges1of1a1citizen.1 Personal1and1Sworn1
1
A. Modes1of1naturalization1 Renounciation1
1. Direct:1 1
a. Individual1through1administrative1
proceedings1 CA14731
b. Special1Act1of1legislature1
Qualifications:1
c. Collective1nationality1as1a1result1of1
cession1or1subjugation1 1. Not1less1than1211years1old1on1the1date1of1
d. Adoption1of1orphan1minors1as1 the1hearing1of1the1petition1
nationals1of1the1State1where1they1 2. Resided1in1the1Philippines1for1a1continuous1
are1born1 period1of1not1less1than1101years.1May1be1
2. Derivative:1 reduced1to151if:1
a. Wife1of1naturalized1husband1 a. Honorably1held1office1in1the1
b. Minor1children1of1naturalized1person1 Government1
c. Alien1women1upon1marriage1to1 b. Established1new1industry1or1introduced1
Filipino1 new1invention11
B. Doctrine1of1indelible1Allegiance11individual1 c. Married1to1a1Filipino1woman1
is1compelled1to1retain1original1nationality1 d. Been1engaged1as1a1teacher1in1the1
even1if1he1has1already1renounced1or1 Philippines1public1or1private1not1
forfeited1it1under1the1laws1of1the1state1 established1for1particular1nationality1or1
whose1nationality1he1has1acquired1 race1or1any1of1the1branches1of1education1
C. Direct1Naturalization1under1Philippine1Laws:1 or1industry1for1a1period1of1not1less1than1
1. Judicial1(CA1473)1 two1years1

48! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 e. Good1moral1character,1believes1in1the1
principle1underlying1the1Philippine1
Constitution,1conducted1himself1in1a1
proper1and1irreproachable1manner1in1
relation1with1the1government1and1
community1
f. Own1real1estate1worth1not1less1than1
P5,000.001or1must1have1some1known1
lucrative1trade,1profession1or1lawful1
occupation1
g. Speak1and1write1English1or1Spanish1and1
any1of1the1principal1Philippine1languages1
h. Enrolled1minor1children11of1school1age1in1
any1public1or1private1schools1where1
phlippine1history,1government1and1civics1
are1taight1
1 K Accompanied1by1affidavit1of121credible,1
Disqualifications1
1. Opposed1to1organized1government1or1
affiliated1with1those1opposed1
2. Defending1or1teaching1necessity1or1
propriety1of1violence,1personal1assault1or1
assassination1for1the1success1or1
predominance1of1their1ideas1
3. Polygamists1or1believers1in1polygamy1
4. Convicted1of1a1crime1involving1moral1
turpitude11
5. Suffering1from1mental1alienation1or1
incurable1contagious1disease1
6. Not1mingled1socially1with1Filipinos,1who1
have1not1envinced1a1sincere1desire1to1learn1
and1embrace1the1customs,1traditions1and1
ideals1of1the1Filipinos1
7. Citizens1or1subjects1or1nations1at1war1with1
Philippines,1during1such1war1
8. Home1country1does1not1grant1the1same1
right1to1Filipinos1to1become1naturalized1
1 5. Hearing1of1Petition1
49! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Procedure1
1. File1a1declaration1of1intention111year1before1
petition.1
Except:1
1. Born1in1Philippines1AND1received1
primary1and1secondary1education1in1
public1or1private1schools1
2. Resided1in1the1Philippines1for1301years1
or1more1before1filing1the1petition1and1
enrolled1children1in1elementary1and1
high1schools1recognized1by1the1
Government11
3. Widow1and1minor1children1of1an1alien1
who1has1declared1his1intention1but1dies1
before1naturalization1
2. File1petition.1
citizens1of1the1Philippines1who1
personally1know1the1petitioner1as1
character1witnesses.1
3. Publication1of1Petition1
a. Petition1and1Notice1of1hearing1
b. Once1a1week1for131consecutive1weeks1in1
the1O.G.1and1in1a1newspaper1of1general1
circulation1in1the1province1where1the1
applicant1resides1
c. Copies1posted1in1the1office1of1Clerk1of1
Court1or1in1the1building1where1the1same1
is1located1
d. Indicate1names1of1witnesses11
K Publication1is1a1jurisdictional1
requirement.1NonKcompliance1whether1
it1be1the1fault1of1the1applicant1or1clerk1of1
court1is1fatal.1
K Contents1of1notice1of1hearing1and1
petition1must1be1complete,1copied1
verbatim.1Incompleteness1is1no1
publication1at1all.1
4. Actual1residence1during1proceedings1
 6. Promulgation1of1decision1
7. Hearing1after1two1years1proving:1
a. Applicant1has1not1left1the1Philippines1
b. Dedicated1himself1continuously1to1a1
lawful1calling1or1profession1
c. Not1convicted1of1any1offense1or1
violation1of1rules1
d. Not1committed1an1act1prejudicial1to1the1
interest1of1the1nation1or1contrary1to1any1
Government1announced1policies1
8. Oath1taking1and1issuance1of1Certificate1of1
Naturalization1
1
What1are1the1Effects1of1Naturalization?1
1. Vests1citizenship1on1wife1if1she1may1be1
lawfully1naturalized1
2. Minor1children1born1IN1the1Philippines1
before1naturalization1are1considered1
citizens1of1the1Philippines1
3. Minor1child1born1OUTSIDE1the1Philippines1
who1as1RESIDING1in1the1Philippines1at1the1
time1of1naturalization1is1considered1a1
Filipino1Citizen1
4. Minor1child1born1OUTSIDE1the1Philippines1
before1naturalization1shall1be1considered1
Filipino1ONLY1during1minority1unless1he1
begins1to1reside1permanently1in1the1
Philippines1
5. Child1born1OUTSIDE1the1Philippines1after1
naturalization1shall1be1considered1a1Filipino1
provided1that1he1registers1as1such1before1
any1Philippine1consulate1within1one1year1
after1attaining1majority1age1and1takes1his1
oath1of1allegiance.1
1 CA14731
What1are1the1grounds1for1denaturalization?1
50! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1. Naturalization1certificate1is1obtained1
fraudulently1or1illegally1
2. If1within151years,1he1returns1to1his1native1
country1or1to1some1foreign1country1and1
establishes1residence1there.1
K 11year1stay1in1the1native1country,1or121
year1stay1in1a1foreign1country1shall1be1
prima1facie1evidence1of1intent1to1take1
up1residence1in1the1same1
3. Invalid1declaration1of1intent1
4. Minor1children1failed1to1graduate1through1
the1fault1of1parent1either1by1neglecting1to1
support1or1transferring1them1
5. Allowed1himself1to1be1used1as1a1dummy1
What1are1the1effects1of1denaturalization?1
1. If1the1ground1affects1the1intrinsic1validity1of1
proceedings11divests1wife1and1children1of1
their1derivative1naturalization1
2. If1personal1to1denaturalized11wife1and1
children1shall1retain1
1
When1is1there1naturalization1by1direct1legislative1
action?11
1It1is1discretionary1and1usually1conferred1on1an1alien1
who1has1made1outstanding1contributions1to1the1
country.1
1
What1is1Administrative1Naturalization?1
1It1is1a1law1granting1Philippine1Citizenship1by1
administrative1proceedings1to1aliens1BORN1and1
RESIDING1in1the1Philippines.1
RA191391
Judicial1 Administrative1
Cognized1by1Courts1 Cognized1by1Special1
Committee1on1
 Naturalization1 Good1moral1Character,1 Same1
Aliens1of1any1class1 NativeKborn1aliens1who1 believes1in1constitution,1
lived1in1the1Philippines1 conducted1himself1in1
all1their1lives1 proper1and1
Lived1in1Philippines1 Lived1in1the1Philippines1 irreproachable1manner1
continuously1for110/51 all1throughout1their1lives1 in1relation1with1
years1 government1and1
1 community1
Have1received1primary1or1 Same1
Intention1of1the1legislature1was1to1make1the1 secondary1education1in1
process1of1acquiring1Philippine1Citizenship1less1 any1public1or1private1
tedious,1less1technical1and1more1encouraging.1 institution1which1teaches1
history,1government1and1
Nonetheless,1nativeKborn1aliens1have1the1choice1to1 civics.1As1well1as1minor1
apply1for1judicial1or1administrative1naturalization.1 childred1
Known1lucrative1 Same1
1 business,1profession1or1
occupation1
What1is1the1Special1Committee1on1naturalization?1 Able1to1read,1write1and1 Able1to1read,1write1and1
speak1Filipino1AND1any1 speak1English1or1
1It1is1the1committee1which1has1the1power1to1 of1the1dialects1of1the1 Spanish1and1any1
approve,1deny1or1reject1applications1for1 Philippines1 principal1Filipino1
naturalization1under1RA19139.1It1is1composed1of:1 languages1
Mingled1with1Filipinos1 Same1
1 and1envinced1a1desire1to1
Solicitor1General1 learn1and1embrace1the1
1 (Chairman)1 customs1and1traditions1
1 and1ideals1of1the1Filipino1
people1
1 Secretary1of1Foreign1 Nauonal1Security1 1
Aairs1or1 Adviser11
Representauve1
1 (Member)1 (member)1 Disqualifications1

1 1Same1as1CA14731

Qualifications1visKaKvis1CA14751 1

1 Procedure1

RA191391 CA14731 1. File1petition1with1Special1Committee1

Born1in1the1Philippines1 Need1not1be1born1here,1 2. Publication1of1pertinent1portions1of1petition1
and1residing1since1birth1 resided1continuously1 once1a1week1for131consecutive1weeks1in1a1
for110/51years1 newspaper1of1general1circulation.1
Not1less1than1181years1of1 Not1less1than1211years1 3. Copies1posted1in1any1public1or1conspicuous1
age1at1the1time1of1FILING1 at1the1time1of1HEARING1
area1
petition1 of1the1petition1

51! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 4. Copies1furnished1to1DFA,1Bureau1of1
Immigration1and1Deportation1and1Civil1
registrar,1NBI1who1shall1post1copies1of1
petition1in1any1public1or1conspicuous1areas.1
5. Within1301days1from1posting,1submit1to1
Committee1a1report1stating1whether1
applicant1has1derogatory1record1on1file1or1
any1information1adverse1to1petitioners1
application1
6. Within1601days,1committee1shall1review1
information1and1allow1applicant1to1explain,1
answer1or1refute1the1information1
7. Committee1approves1or1denies1the1
0petition1
8. Within1301days,1applicant1shall1pay1
P100,0001to1committee1
9. Applicant1takes1the1oath1of1allegiance1and1a1
certificate1of1naturalization1shall1issue1
10. Within151days1after1the1applicant1has1taken1
the1oath,1Bureau1of1Immigration1shall1
forward1a1copy1of1the1oath1to1the1proper1
local1civil1registrar1and1thereafter1cancel1the1
petitioners1alien1certificate1of1registration1
1 Citizenship1
Status1of1Alien1wife1and1Children1
1They1may1file1a1petition1for1cancellation1of1their1
alien1certificates1of1registration1with1the1
Committee1subject1to1payment1of1fees.11
1But1if1the1applicant1is1a1married1WOMAN,1her1
husband1does1not1benefit1from1naturalization.1But1
her1minor1children1may1still1file1a1petition1for1
cancellation1of1their1alien1registration1certificate.1
1 Except1when1the1Philippines1is1at1war1
Cancellation1of1Certificate1of1Naturalization1
1 Special1Committee1may1cancel1certificates1
of1naturalization1in1the1following1cases:1
52! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1. False1statement1or1misrepresentation1or1
any1violation1of1law,1rules1and1
regulations1in1connection1with1the1
petition1or1if1he1obtains1Philippine1
citizenship1fraudulently1or1illegally1
2. If1within151years,1he1shall1establish1
permanent1residence1in1foreign1country.1
K Remaining1for111year1in1his1country1of1
origin1or121years1in1any1foreign1country1
is1prima1facie1evidence1of1intent1to1
permanently1reside1therein1
3. If1allowed1himself1or1his1wife1or1child1to1
be1used1as1a1dummy1
4. If1he,1wife,1child,1commits1any1act1
inimical1to1national1security1
Loss1and1Reacquisition1of1Philippine1Citizenship1
Loss1of1Citizenship1
1. Naturalization1in1foreign1country.1
K Take1note1of1RA192251which1declares1
that1all1Philippine1citizens1who1become1
citizens1of1another1country1shall1not1be1
deemed1to1have1lost1their1Philippine1
K NaturalKborn1citizens1who1lost1
citizenship1may1reKacquire1citizenship1
upon1taking1an1oath1of1allegiance.1
1
2. Express1renunciation1of1citizenship1
K Must1be1expressly1made1
1
3. Subscribing1to1an1oath1of1allegiance1to1
support1the1constitution1of1a1foreign1
country1upon1attaining1the1age1of121.1
with1that1country.1(Principle1of1indelible1
allegiance)1
 4. Rendering1service1to1or1accepting1
commission1in1the1armed1forces1of1a1 Legislative*
foreign1country.1Except:1
a. Philippines1has1a1defensive1or1
Department!
offensive1pact1of1alliance1with1the1
said1foreign1country;1OR1 The1Legislative1Power1
b. Said1foreign1country1maintains1 1. The1Power1to1propose,1enact,1amend1and1
repeal1laws1
armed1forces1in1Philippines1with1the1
2. Vested1in1the1Congress,1except1to1the1extent1
consent1of11Philippines1 reserved1to1the1people1by1the1provision1on1
5. Cancellation1of1certificate1of1 initiative1and1referendum.1
naturalization1 1
6. Having1been1declared1by1competent1 Reserved1to1the1People1K11is1not1a1selfKexecuting1
authority1as1a1deserter1of1the1Armed1 provision,1but1is1a1mandate1by1the1constitution.1
forces1in1time1of1war.1 In1this1light,1Congress1has1enacted1RA167351
which1is1limited1only1to1Initiatives1on1
1 Statutes.1(DefensorKSantiago1vs.1COMELEC)1
1
1 Initiative! Referendum!
Propose1amendments1 Power1of1the1electorate1
to1Constitution1or1to1 to1approve1or1reject1
propose1and1enact1 legislation1through1an1
legislation1through1an1 election1called1for1the1
election1called1for1the1 purpose1
purpose1
K Initiative1on1 K Referendum1on1
Statute1 Statutes1
K Initiative1on1 K Referendum1on1
Local1 Local1Laws1
Legislation1
K Indirect1
initiative11
exercise1of1
initiative1by1the1
people1through1
a1proposition1
sent1to1
Congress1or1
local1legislative1
body1for1action1
Cannot1be1subject1to1both1I1and1R:1
1. Petition1embracing1more1than1one1
subject11
2. Statutes1involving1emergency1measures1
1

53! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1 Nominees!
1 Qualifications1
Local1Initiative:1 Natural1Born1 Natural1Born1 Natural1Born1
1. Not1less1than12,0001registered1voters1in1 Citizen1 Citizen1 citizen1
case1of1autonomous1regions1 At1least1251years1 At1least1351 At1least1251
2. Not1less1than11,0001in1case1of1provinces1 old1 years1old1 years1old1
and1cities1 Youth1sector:1
3. 1001in1municipalities1 cannot1be1
4. 501in1case1of1barangays1 older1than1301
File1a1petition1with1the1Regional1Assembly1 Read1and1Write1 Read1and1 1
or1local1legislative1body,1respectively,1 (except1party1list1 Write1
proposing1the1adoption,1enactment,1repeal,1 representative)1
or1amendment1of1any1law,1ordinance1or1 Registered1voter1 Registered1 Bona1fide1
resolution.1 in1the1district1in1 Voter1 member1of1
Limitations1 which1he1shall1be1 the1party1or1
1. Shall1not1be1exercised1more1than1once1a1 elected1 organization1
year1 which1he1
2. Shall1extend1only1to1subjects1or1matters1 seeks1to1
which1are1within1the1legal1powers1of1the1 represent1for1
local1legislative1bodies1to1enact1 at1least1901
3. At1any1time,1before1initiative1is1held,1the1 days1
local1legislative1body1shall1adopt1in1toto1the1 preceding1the1
proposition1presented.1 day1of1the1
1 election1
1 Resident1in1the1 Resident1of1the1 1
1 district1for1a1 Philippines1for1
1 period1of1not1less1 not1less1than121
Congress1 than1one1year1 years1
1The1legislative1power1shall1be1vested1in1the1 preceding1the1 immediately1
Congress1of1the1Philippines1which1shall1consist1of1a1 day1of1the1 preceding1the1
senate!and!a!house!of!representatives,1except1to1 election1 day1of1the1
the1extent1reserved1to1the1people1by1the1provision1 election.1
on1initiative1and1referendum.1(Section11.1Article1VI)1 Term1
1 Three1years1 Six1years,1 31years11
Shows1a1BiKcameral1Congress.1 commencing1at1 commencing1
BiKCameral1Conference1Committee11 noon1on1the130th1 at1noon1on1the1
Compromises1differences1between1the1 day1of1June1next1 30th1day1of1
senate1and1the1HR.1Members1of1which1 following1their1 June1next1
come1from1both1houses.1As1such,1it1can1go1 election1 following1their1
beyond1the1mandate1of1both1houses.1 elections1
(Philippine1Judges1Assoc.1Vs.1Prado)1 Limitation1
1 Shall1not1serve1 No1senator1 1
1 for1more1than131 shall1serve1for1
1 consecutive1 more1than121
1 terms.1 consecutive1
House!of!Rep.! Senate! Party\List! terms.1
54! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 Voluntary1 1 representativ
renunciation1 20%!of! es1shall1be1
of1office1for1 the!total! filled1as1
any1length1of1 number! provided1by1
time1shall1not1 of! law,1by1
be1considered1 represent selection1or1
as1an1 atives!! election1from1
interruption1in1 INCLUDIN labor,1
the1continuity1 G!THOSE! peasant,1
of1his1service1 UNDER! urban1poor,1
for1the1full1 THE! indigenous1
term1for1which1 PARTY! cultural1
elected.1 LIST.!1 communities,1
1 So:1 women,1youth1
District! and1such1
HR!=!200! other1sectors1
+ as1may1be1
Party\List!
=!!20! provided1by1
Composition++ =!220! law.1Except1
220!x!20%! the1religious1
1
=!44.1!1 sector.1
Senate!!
1The1Senate1shall1be1composed1of1twenty\four! Simply!
Senators1who1shall1be1elected1at1the1large1by1the1 put:!4:11
qualified1voters1of1the1Philippines,1as1may1be1 !
provided1by1law.1(Section12.1Article1VI)1 Veterans!
1 Federation!vs.!
House!of!Representatives! COMELEC!!NO!
1Not1more1than12501members,1unless!otherwise! ROUND\OFF!
provided!by!law1consisting1of:1 If!will!
1 violate!
1 20%!
District1 PartyKlist1 Sectoral1 threshold.1
Representativ representatives1 Representativ 1
es1 es1 1
Elected1from1 Shall1constitute1 (For131 1
legislative1 20%!of!the!total! consecutive1 1
districts1 number!of! terms1after1 1
apportioned1 representatives,1 the1 unless1otherwise1provided1by1law11taken1
among1the1 elected1through1a1 ratification1of1 in1relation1with1Sec.151(4)1Art.1VI1on1
provinces,1 partyKlist1system1 the1 Reapportionment1of1Legislative1districts.1So1
cities,1and1 of1registered1 Constitution)1 strictly1speaking,1may1be1less1may1be1more.1
metropolitan1 national,1 One1hald1of1 1
Manila1area1 regional,1and1 the1seats1 The1creation1of1a1new1province1by1a1
sectoral1parties1 allocated1to1 Regional1Assembly1of1ARMM1is1
or1organizations1 partyKlist1 unconstitutional1as1it1is1not1within1its1
powers.1Its1power1to1create1government1
55! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 units1extends1only1to1Barangays1and1
Municipalities.1Only1congress1has1the1power1
to1create1provinces.,1and1consequently1
another1position1for1a1representative.11
(SEMA1vs.1COMELEC)1
Requisites:1
1. In1accordance1with1the1LGC1
2. Plebiscite1
3. Not1contrary1to1the1Constitution1
! majority1of1the1cities1and1provinces1
Apportionment!of!legislative!districts!
1 Sectoral11organized1group1of1citizens1
1A1justiciable1question.1
1Apportionment1shall1be1made1in1accordance1with1
the1number1of1respective1inhabitants,1on1the1basisi1
of1a1uniform1and1progressive1ratio:1
i. Each1city1with1not1less1than1250,0001
inhabitants1shall1be1entitled1to1at1
least1one1representative11
ii. Each1province,1irrespective1or1
number1of1inhabitants1is1entitled1to1
at1least1one1representative1
iii. Each1legis.1District1shall1comprise1
contiguous,1compact1and1adjacent1
territory.1To1prevent1
Gerrymandering1
GerrymanderingO$is1a1practice1that1attempts1
to1establish1a1political1advantage1for1a1
particular1party1or1group1by1manipulating1
geographic1boundaries1to1create1partisan,1
incumbentKprotected1districts.11
1 election1purposes.1
The!Party\list!System!(RA!7941)!
1A1mechanism1of1proportional1representation1in1the1
election1of1representatives1to1the1HR1from1national,1
regional1and1sectoral1parties1or1organizations1or1
coalitions1thereof1registered1with1the1COMELEC.1
1 system1to1those1not1yet1part1of1the1system.1
1Definition1of1Terms1
1. Party11either1a1political1party1or1a1
sectoral1party1or1a1coalition1of1parties11
2. Political1party11organized1group1of1
citizens1advocating1an1ideology1or1
platform,1principles1and1policies1for1the1
general1conduct1of1government1and1
which,1as1the1most1immediate1means1of1
56! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
securing1their1adoption,1regularly1
nominates1and1supports1certain1of1its1
leaders1and1members1as1candidates1for1
public1office.11
National11constituency1is1spread1over1the1
geographical1territory1of1at1least1a1majority1
of1the1regions1
Regional11Its1constituency1is1spread1over1
the1geographical1territory1of1at1least1a1
comprising1the1region1
belonging1to1any1of1the1following1sectors:1
a. Labor1
b. Peasant1
c. Fisherfolk1
d. Urban1poor1
e. Indigenous1cultural1communities1
f. Elderly1
g. Handicapped1
h. Women1
i. Youth1
j. Veterans1
k. Overseas1workers1and1professionals1
Sectoral1organization11group1of1citizens1or1
a1coalition1of1groups1of1citizens1who1share1
similar1physical1attributes1or1characteristics,1
employment,1interests1or1concerns1
Coalition11an1aggrupation1of1duly1
registered1national,1regional,1sectoral1
parties1or1organizations1for1political1and/or1
1
ANG1BAGONG1BAYANI1vs.1COMELEC11
PartyKlist1system1is1a1borrowed1concept1
from1the1Parliamentary1form1of1
government.1It1opens1up1our1political1
It1is1a1Social1justice1tool1to1give1more1law1to1
those1who1have1less1in1life.1SO1that1Justice1
may1at1least1be1approximated.11
1
Registration;!Manifestation!to!Participate!in!the!
Party\List!System!
1Any1organized1group1of1persons1may1register1as1a1
party,1organization1or1coalition1for1purposes1of1the1
partyKlist1system1by:1
1. Filing1a1petition1with1the1COMELEC1
2. Not1later1than1901days1before1the1
election1
3. Petition1must1be1verified1by1its1
president1or1secretary1stating1its1desire1
to1participate1in1the1partyKlist1system1as1
a1national,1regional1or1sectoral1party,1
organization1or1coalition1
Any1party1already1registered,1need1not1
register1anew,1but1must1file1within1901days1
before1the1election1a1manifestation1of1its1
desire1to1participate1in1the1partyKlist1system.1
1 to1COMELEC1except:1
Refusal!and/or!Cancellation!!
1. Motu1proprio1or1upon1verified1
complaint.1
2. Refuse,1cancel1after1due1notice1and1
hearing,1the1registration1of1any1national,1
regional1or1sectoral1party1on1the1ff.1
Grounds:1
a. Religious1sect/1denomination1
b. Advocates1violence1or1unlawful1
means1to1seek1its1goal1
c. Foreign1party1or1organization1
d. Receiving1support1from1any1foreign1
govt,1foreign1political1party1whether1
directly1or1indirectly1for1partisan1
election1purposes1
e. Violates1or1fails1to1comply1with1
election1rules1and1regulations1
f. Declares1untruthful1statements1in1its1
petition1
g. Ceased1to1exist1for1at1least1one1year1
h. Fails1to1participate1in1the1last1two1
preceding1elections1or1fails1to1obtain1
at1least12%1of1the1votes1cast1under1
the1partyKlist1system1in1the1two1
preceding1elections1for1the1
constituency1in1which1it1has1
registered.1
1 coalitions1receiving1at1least12%1
Nomination!of!party\list!representatives!
57! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1. Each1party1shall1submit1to1COMELEC1not1
later1than1451days1before1the1election1
2. List1of1names,1not1less1than151from1
which1partyKlist1representatives1shall1be1
chosen1in1case1it1obtains1the1required1
number1of1votes.11
Limitations:1
a. Person1may1be1nominated1in1one1list1
only1
b. Consent1of1such1person1must1be1
obtained1
c. No1candidate1for1elective1office1or1a1
person1who1has1lost1his1bid1for1an1
elective1office11
d. No1change1allowed1unless1submitted1
K Nominee1dies1
K Withdraws1in1writing1
his1nomination1
K Incapacitated1
K In1which1case,1the1
name1of1the1
substitute1nominee1
shall1be1replaced11
1
Manner!of!Voting!
1. Every1voter1entitled1to1two1votes1
i. Candidate1for1HR1in1his1legislative1
district1
ii. Vote1for1the1party,1organization1
or1coalition1he1wants1
represented1in1HR1
Number!
1PartyKlist1representatives1shall1constitute120%1of1
the1total1number1of1the1members1of1HR1including1
those1under1partyKlist.1
1Procedure1for1allocating1votes:1
a. Parties,1organizations1and1
coalitions1shall1be1ranked1from1
the1highest1to1the1lowest1based1
on1the1number1of1votes1they1
garnered1during1the1elections1
b. Parties,1organizations1and1
of1the1total1votes1cast1for1the1
 partyKlist1system1shall1be1entitled1
to1oneKseat1each1
K Provided1that1those1
garnering1more1than1
2%1of1the1votes1shall1
be1entitled1to1
additional1seats1in1
proportion1to1their1
total1number1of1votes1
K Provided1further1that1
each1party,1
organization1or1
coalitions1shall1be1
entitled1to1not1more1
than131seats.1
1 Votes1cast1for1First1Party1
Four!Inviolable!parameters!(Veterans!Federation!
Party!vs.!COMELEC)!
a. The120%1allocation11the1combined1
number1of1all1partyKlist1congressmen1
shall1not1exceed120%1of1the1total1
membership1of1the1HR1(INCLUDING1THE1
PARTY1LIST)1
1 HELD:1STRAY1VOTES.11
b. The12%1threshold11Only1those1parties1
garnering1at1least12%1of1total1valid!votes!
cast1for1the1partyKlist1system1are1
qualified1to1have1a1seat1in1the1house1
o Example:11
10M1votes1cast1
2%1x110M1=1200k1
For1every1200k1=111seat1
But1only1to1the1extent1of131
seats.1
o What1do1you1do1with1remaining1
seats:1
COMELEC:1Give1it1to1unqualified,1as1
is1expected1in1a1democratic1society.1
SC:1NO!1The1issue1of1democracy1lies1
with1congress,1not1with1COMELEC.11
The1201%11allocation1is1merely1a1
ceiling,1not1mandatory.1
1 registered1as1a1political1party.1But,1a1
c. The13Kseat1limit11each1qualified1party,1
regardless1of1the1number1of1votes1it1
58! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
actually1obtained,1is1entitled1to1a1
maximum1of131seats1
K 11qualifying1
K 21additional1
o To1avoid1one1partyKlist1getting1all1the1
seats1
1
d. Proportional1representation11
Additional1seats1which1a1qualified1party1
is1entitled1to1shall1be1computed1in1
proportion1to1their1total1number1of1
votes1
o Formula1for1additional1seats=1111
1Votes1cast1for1Qualified1Party111111111111111111
x1111111Alloted1seats1for1First1P11
1
1
2nd1ANG1BAGONG1BAYANI1CASE1vs.1
COMELEC1
Issue:1What1do1you1do1with1the1votes1cast1
for1the1unqualified1party,1are1the1VALID1or1
STRAY1VOTES?1
1. RA179411expressly1provides1that1votes1
cast1for1an1Unqualified1Party1shall1NOT1
be1counted.11
2. The1Labo1Doctrine1is1not1applicable1on1
disenfranchisement1is1not1applicable1
because1the1doctrine1involves1SINGLE1
elective1positions.11
1
1
Guidelines!for!entitlement!of!seats!
1. Represent1marginalized1and1underK
represented1sectors1
2. Major1political1parties1must1comply1with1
this1statutory1policy1
3. Party1must1be1subject1to1the1express1
constitutional1prohibition1against1religious1
sects1
o Religious1denominations1cannot1be1
religious1individual1may1run1in1an1
elective1position.11
 4. Party1must1not1be1disqualified1under1RA1
74911
5. Party1must1not1be1an1adjunct1of1an1entity1or1
project1funded1by1the1government1
6. Party1and1nominees1must1comply1with1the1
requirements1of1the1law1
7. Nominee1must1also1represent1a1
marginalized1or1underKrepresented1sector1
8. Nominee1must1be1able1to1contribute1to1the1
formulation1and1enactment1of1appropriate1
legislation1that1will1benefit1the1nation1
(Ang1Bagong1Bayani11OFW1Labor1Party1vs.1
COMELEC)1
! 1Penalty1of1Prision1correccional1shall1be1imposed1
Choosing!Party\list!Representatives!
1Proclaimed1by1the1COMELEC1based1on1the1list1of1
names1submitted1by1the1respective1parties,1
according1to1their1raking1
Effect1of1change1of1affiliation1
1Forfeit1his1seat.1Provided1that1if1changes1political1
party1or1sectoral1affiliation1within161months1before1
an1election,1he1shall1not1be1eligible1for1nomination1
as1partyKlist1representative1under1his1new1party1or1
organization.1
! prision!mayor!or!Higher!
Vacancy!
1Shall1be1automatically1filled1by1the1next1
representative1from1the1list1of1nominees1in1the1
order1submitted1to1the1COMELEC1by1the1same1
party1who1shall1serve1the1unexpired1term.1If1list1is1
exhausted,1the1party1shall1submit1additional1
nominees.1
! may!be!subject!to!Disciplinary!actions.1
Election!
1. Regular11
2. Special11elected1member1shall1serve1
only1for1the1unexpired1portion1of1the1
term1
Salaries!
1. Determined1by1law1
2. No1increase1until1after1the1expiration1of1
the1full1term1of1all1member1of1Congress.11
! hold1any1other1office1or1employment1in1the1
Privileges!
1. Freedom1from1arrest1
59! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
K In11all1offenses1punishable1by1
not!more!that!6!years!
imprisonment1
K While1Congress1is1in1Session1
1Under1the1RPCK1VIOLATION1OF1PARLIAMENTARY1
IMMUNITY1
1
1Penalty1of1Prision11mayor1shall1be1imposed1upon1
any1person1who1shall1use1force,1intimidation,1
threats1or1fraud1to1prevent1any1member1of1
National1Assembly1from1attending1the1meetings1of1
the1Assembly1or1of1any1of1its1committees...1from1
expressing1his1opinions1or1casting1his1vote.1
upon1any1public1officer1or1employee1who1shall,1
while1the1Assembly1is1in1regular1or1special1session:1
a. Arrest1or1search1any1member1thereof1
except:1
K Such1member1has1committed1
a1crime1punished1by1a1
penalty1higher!than!prision!
mayor.!(6!years!and!1!day!to!
12!years)!
To!reconcile,!it!must!be!a!penalty!of!
2. Privilege1of1Speech1and1of1debate11
No1member1shall1be1questioned1nor1be1
held1liable1in1any!other!place!for1any1
speech1or1debate1in1the1congress1or1in1
any1committee1thereof.1
Any!other!place!!Even1in1Courts1
But!if!delivered!in!the!Senate!or!HR,!he!
(Osmena!vs.!Pendaton)1
Member1of1Congress1may1be1held1to1
account1for1such1speech1or1debate1by1the1
HR1to1which1it1belongs1
!
Disqualifications!
!
1. Incompatible1Office1
1No1Senator1or1Member1of1the1HR1may1
Government1or1any1subdivision,1agency,1or1
instrumentality1thereof1including1GOCC1or1
 their1subsidiaries1during1his1term1without1 Notify1the1house1of1any1potential1conflict1of1
forfeiting1his1seat.1 interest1that1may1arise1from1the1filing1of1a1
Forfeiture1of1the1seat1shall1be1automatic1 proposed1legislation1of1which1they1are1
Except1when1member1holds1office1in1exK authors.1
officio1capacity.1 1
2. Forbidden1Office1 Sessions!
Neither1shall1he1be1appointed1to1any1office1 !
which1may1have1been1created1or1the1 Regular! Special!
emoluments1thereof1increased1during1the1 Once1a1year1on1the1 Called1by1the1
th
term1for1which1he1was1elected.1 4 1Monday1of1July,1 President1at1any1
The1ban1shall1last1only1for1the1duration1of1 unless1a1different1 time,1usually1to1
the1term1for1which1the1member1of1Congress1 date1is1fixed1by1law,1 consider1legislative1
was1elected.1 and1shall1continue1 measures1which1the1
1 for1such1number1of1 president1may1
Incompatible1Seat1 Forbidden1Office1 days1as1it1may1 designate1in1his1call1
Member1of1Congress1 Even1if1he1is1willing1 determine1until1301 1
may1be1validly1 to1forfeit1his1office,1 days1before1the1
appointed1to1an1 he1may1NOT1be1 opening1of1its1next1
incompatible1office.1 appointed.11 regular1session,1
But1if1he1accepts,1he1 exclusive1of1
automatically1forfeits1 Saturdays,1Sundays1
his1seat.1 and1legal1Holidays.1
1 1
Other!Inhibitions! !
1. Cannot1appear1as1counsel1before1any:1 Joint!Sessions!
a. Court1of1justice1 !
b. Electoral1Tribunal11 Voting!Separately! Voting!Jointly!
c. QuasiKjudicial1or1administrative1 1. Choosing1the1 Revoke1or1extend1
Bodies1 president1 proclamation1
2. Directly1or1Indirectly1be1interested1 2. Determine1 suspending1the1
financially1in1any:1 Presidents1disability1 privilege1of1the1Writ1
a. Contract11 3. Confirming1 of1Habeas1Corpus1or1
b. Franchise1 nomination1of1the1 placing1the1
c. Privilege1 VP1 Philippines1under1
Granted1by1the1Government,1during1 4. Declaring1the1 martial1Law1
his1term1of1office1 existence1of1state1of1 1
He1shall1not1intervene1in1any1matter1before1 war1
any1office1of1the1Government1for1his1 5. Proposing1
pecuniary1benefit1or1where1he1may1be1 constitutional1
called1upon1to1act1on1account1of1his1office.1 amendments1
What1is1prohibited1is1PERSONALLY1 1
appearing1as1counsel1 !
Upon1assumption1of1Office,1must1make1a1 Adjournment!
full1disclosure1of1financial1and1business1 !Neither1House1during1the1sessions1of1Congress1
interest.1 shall,1without1the1consent1of1the1other1adjourn1for1

60! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
more1than131days,1nor1to1any1other1place1than1that1
in1which1the121Houses1shall1be1Sitting.1
! 1
Officers!
1. Senate1President1
2. Speaker1of1the1House1
Majority1vote1of1all1its1respective1members1
Each1house1shall1choose1such1other1officers1
as1it1may1deem1necessary1
! each1
Quorum!
!Majority1of1each1House,1but1a1smaller1number1may1
adjourn1from1day1to1day1and1may1compel1the1
attendance1of1absent1members1in1such1manner1and1
under1such1penalties1as1such1House1may1
determine.1
The1basis1in1determining1the1existence1of1a1
quorum1in1the1Senate1shall1be1the1total1
number1of1senators1who1are1in1the1country1
and1within1the1coercive1jurisdiction1of1the1
Senate.1
Discipline!of!members!
!House1may1punish1members1for1disorderly1
behaviour.1
1Suspend1a1member1with1concurrence1of12/31of1all1
its1members1for1not1more1than1601days1or1expel1a1
member.1
Grounds1for1disorderly1behaviour1is1a1
Political1question.1
!
Records!and!books!of!account!
1Preserved1and1open1to1the1public1in1accordance1
with1law.1
1Audited1by1COA1which1shall1publish1annually1an1
itemized1list1of1amounts1paid1to1and1expenses1
incurred1for1each1member.1
! the1Chief1Justice1(1Judicial1
Legislative!journal!and!Congressional!Record!
Matters1which,1under1the1constitution1are1to1be1
entered1into1the1journal1
1. Yeas1and1nays1on13rd1and1final1reading1of1a1
bill1
2. Veto1message1of1the1President1
3. Yeas1and1Nays1on1the1repassing1of1a1bill1
vetoed1by1the1President1
61! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
4. Yeas1and1Nays1on1any1question1at1the1
request1of11/51of1members1present1
These1will1prevail1over1enrolled1Bill1
1
Enrolled!Bill!Theory!!
1. Duly1introduced1and1finally1passed1by1both1
Houses1
2. Authenticated1by1the1proper1officers1of1
3. Approved1by1the1President1
Conclusive!upon!the!courts!as!regards!
tenor!of!measure!passed!by!Congress!and!
approved!by!the!President.!
No1nee1d1to1look1into1whether1the1bill1was1
duly1or1regularly1enacted,1by1virtue1of1
Separation1of1Powers.1!
Court1is1bound1under1the1doctrine1of1Sep.1
Of1powers1by1the1contents1of1a1duly1
authenticated1measure1of1the1legislature1
Enrolled1Bill1prevails1over1Journal1Entry,1
except!to!matters!which,!under!the!
Constitution!are!required!to!be!entered!in!
the!Journal\such!as!those!enumerated!
above.!(Arroyo1vs.1De1Venecia)!
!
Congressional1Record11Each1House1shall1
also1keep1a1Record1of1its1proceedings.1
Bodies+Attached+to+Congress+
1. Electoral!Tribunals!
2!Electoral!Tribunals,!SET!and!HRET!!9!
members!each!
1Composition1
K 31SC1justices11designated1by1
Component)1
K 61members1of1House1
concernedK1chosen1on1the1
basis1of1proportional1
representation1from1political1
parties1registered1under1the1
partyKlist1system1represented1
therein.1(Legislative1
Component)1
 K Senior1justice11Chairman1 The1COA1is1independent1of1the1two1Houses1
HRET1is1a1non1partisanKcourt11independent1 of1Congress.1Its1employuees1are1not1
of1Congress1and1devoid1of1partisan1 technically1employees1of1Congress.1
influence1and1consideration.1 1
Disloyalty1to1the1party1and1breach1of1party1 Has1the1power1to1promulgate1its1own1rules1
discipline1are1not1valid1grounds1for1 and1regulations1
expulsion1 1
Members1of1HRET1enjoy1security1of1tenure1
1 !
1Power1 1
1Sole1judge1of1all1contests1relating1to1the1election,1 Powers!of!Congress!
returns1and1qualifications1of1their1respective1 I. General!Legislative!Power11
members.1 power1to1propose,1enact,1amend1
HRET1may1assume1jurisdiction1only1after1the1 and1repeal1laws.1
winning1candidate1shall1have1been1duly1 a. Limitations1
proclaimed,1taken1his1oath,1and1assumed1 Substantive1
functions1of1office1 Express1
Decision!of!HRET!reviewable!by!Certiorari! K Bill1of1Rights1
under!Rule!65! K On1Taxation1
! K Constitutional1appellate1
2. Commission!on!Appointments! jurisdiction1of1the1SC1
25!Members! K No1law1granting1a1title1of1
1Composition1 royalty1or1nobility1shall1be1
K Senate1president11ex1officio1 pass1
Chairman1 1Implied1
K 121senators11 K NonKdelegation1of1powers1
K 121members1of1HR11 K Prohibition1against1passage1
Only1LEGISLATIVE1COMPONENTS1 of1irrepealable1laws.1
A1tool1for1CHECKS1and1BALANCES1 1Procedural1
1. Only1one1subject1to1be1expressed1
Elected11by1each1house1on1the1basis1or1
in1the1title1thereof1
proportional1representation1from1the1
political1parties1registered1under1the1partyK Liberal1Interpretation1on1TitlesK1Need1not1be1
list1system1represented1therein.1 an1Index,1otherwise1a1Kilometric1Title1will1
Chairman1shall1not1vote1except1in1case1of1a1 result.11
tie1 Purpose1of1Titles:11
1 o Prevents1Riders1
1Powers1 o Prevents1Hodge1podge1or1Log1Rolling1
Act1on1all1appointments1submitted1to1it1 o Apprise1People1of1Subject1of1
Legislation1
within1301days1of1Congress1from1their1
1
submission.11
2. Three1readings1on1separate1days1
Commission1shall1rule1by1a1majority1vote1of1
1except1when1president1
its1members1
certifies1to1its1immediate1
Shall1meet1only1while1congress1is1in1session1
enactment1to1meet1a1public1
at1the1call1of1chairman1or1a1majority1of1all1its1
calamity1or1emergency1
members1
b. Legislative1Process1
1
62! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 A. Requirements1as1to1bills1 the!
1. Only1one1subject1to1be1expressed1 House!
in1the1title1thereof1 o Certified!
2. The1following1shall1always1 o Transmitted!
originate1from1HR1 to!the!
K Appropriation1 President!
K Revenue/1Tariff1Bills1 which!then!
K Bills1authorizing1increase1of1 becomes!an!
public1debt1 Enrolled!Bill!
K Bills1of1local1application1 !
K Private1Bills1 If!Nays!Prevail!
Tolentiono1vs.1Secretary1of1Finance11Senate1 o Bill!is!not!
has1the1power1to1concur1with1amendments.1 Killed!
Even1Amendments1by1substitution.1Only1the1 o Another!Bi\
BILL1must1originate1from1the1HR.11 cameral!
B. 31readings1 Committee!is!
K No1Bill1shall1become1a1law1 convened!to!
unless1it1has1passed131 come!up!with!
readings1on1separate1days1 the!version!
and1printed1copies1thereof1in1 applicable!to!
its1final1form1have1been1 Both!Houses.!
distributed1to1its1members131 !
days1before1its1passage.1
Except1when1president1 !
certifies1to1its1immediate1 !
eneactment1to1meet1a1public! C. Approval1of1Bills11
calamity!or!emergency.! K Bill1becomes1a1law1in1any1of1
Bi\Cameral!Conference! the1following1cases:1
Committee! 1. President1approves1and1signs1
o Results!may!go! the1Bill1
beyond!its!mandate.!! 2. President1Vetoes1the1Bill11
o From!the!Bi\Cameral! 21Kinds1of1Veto1
Committee,!send!the! a. General1Veto1
bill!back!to!Both! b. Line1Veto11line1veto1or1
Houses.!! partial1veto1is1invalid.1It1is1
o No!need!to!undergo! allowed1only1for1
3!readings! particular1items1in1an1
o Subject!to!votation! appropriation,1revenue1
! or1tariff1bill.1(Bengzon1vs.1
o If!Yeas!Prevail! Drilon)1
Signed!by:! Effects1of1Veto1
o Senate! a. Does1not1Become1a1Law1
Presid b. Send1Back1to1original1
ent! House1with1Objections1
o Speake
r!of!

63! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 Veto1is1Overriden1by1
vote1of12/31of1all1its1
Members.11
Doctrine1of1Inappropriate1
Provision1
Concerns1General1
Appropriation1Bill1
This1is1a1result1of1
vetoing1an1
appropriate1provision1
otherwise,1the1
doctrine1applies.11
Such1vetoed1
Inappropriate1
provision1does1not1
affect1those1which1
the1President1does1
not1veto1or1object1to.1
Such1provision1then1
becomes1an1ITEM1
3. President1fails1to1act1upon1
the1Bill1301days1from1receipt1
The1Bill1automatically1
becomes1a1Law1
There1is1no1Pocket1Veto11
Pocket1VetoK11
Available1in1American1
Government1where1
the1President1does1
not1act1and1congress1
adjourns,1in1which1
case1the1bill1does1not1
become1a1law.11
1 E. Constitutional1limitations1
! on1Special1Appropriation1
II. Power!of!Appropriation!
K The1power1of1the1purse1
belongs1to1congress,1subject1
only1to1the1veto1power1of1the1
president.!
K Power1of1appropriation1
carries1with1it1the1power1to1
specify1the1project1or1activity1
to1be1funded1under1the1
appropriation1law.1It1can1be1
64! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
as1broad1as1Congress1wants1it1
to1be.!
A. Need1for1appropriation1
No1money1shall1be1paid1
out1of1the1Treasure1
except1in1pursuance1of1an1
appropriation1made1by1
law.1
B. Appropriation1Law1
Statute,1the1primary1and1
specific1purpose1of1which1
is1to1authorize1the1
release1of1public1funds1
from1the1Treasury1
C. Classification1
a. General1
Appropriation1Law11
Passed1annually1to1
provide1for11the1
financial1operations1
of1the1entire1
government1during1
one1fiscal1period1
b. Special1appropriation1
law11designed1for1a1
specific1purpose1
D. Implied1limitations1on1
appropriation1measures1
a. Devoted1to1Public1
Purpose1
b. Sum1must1be1
determinate1or1at1
least1determinable1
measures1
a. Specify1public1
purpose11
b. Supported1by1funds1
actually1available1as1
certified1by1National1
Treasurer1
F. Constitutional1Rules1on1
General1Appropriations1
Law1
 a. Congress1may1not1
increase1the1
appropriations1
recommended1by1the1
President11
b. The1form,1content1
and1manner1of1
preparation1of1the1
budget1shall1be1
prescribed1by1law1
c. No1provision1or1
enactment1shall1be1
embraced1unless1it1
relates1specifically1to1
some1particular1
appropriation1
d. Strictly1follow1the1
procedure1for1
approving1
appropriations1for1
other1departments1
and1agencies1
e. Prohibition1against1
transfer1of1
appropriation1
f. Prohibition1against1
appropriation1for1
sectarian1benefit1
g. Automatic1
appropriation1
G. Impoundment11refusal1
by1the1president1for1
whatever1reason1to1
spend1funds1made1
available1by1congress.1
Failure1to1spend1or1
obligate1budget1authority1
of1any1type.1
1 may1validly1refuse1to1
III. Power!of!Taxation!
Limitations1
1. Uniform1and1equitable.1
Progressive1system1of1
Taxation.1
2. Charitable1institutions1etc.1All1
lands,1buildings1ADE1used1for1
65! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
religious,1charitable,1or1
educational1purposes1
exempt1from1taxation1
3. All1revenues,1assets1on1nonK
stock,1nonKprofit1educational1
institutions1used1ADE1for1
educational1purposes1
exempt1from1taxes1and1
duties1
4. Law1granting1tax1exemption1
shall1be1passed1only1with1the1
concurrence1of1the1majority1
of1all1the1members1of1
congress.!
1
IV. Congressional!Oversight!Power!
1. Legislative!Scrutiny!
a. Budget1Hearing!
b. Question1Hour1!
Heads1of1department1
may1upon1their1own!
initiative,1with1the1
consent1of1the1
President1or1upon1
request1of1either1
House,1appear1before11
and1be1heard1by1such1
House1on1any1matter1
pertaining1to1their1
departments.1
o Own1initiative1
1Borrowed1
from1the1
Parliamentary1
form1of1
Government11
Executive1Officers1or1
Cabinet1Members1
appear1if1called1
without1the1consent1
of1the1president.1This1
is1not1Mandatory.1
!
c. Confirmation1of1
Appointments!
 Nomination1made1by1
the1President1in1the1
event1of1a1vacancy1in1
the1office1of1VP,1from1
among1the1members1
of1Congress1
confirmed1by1a1
majority1vote1of1all1
the1members1of1both1
houses1of1Congress,1
separately.1
! powers.1
2. Power!of!Legislative!
investigation.!!
K Congress1may1conduct1
inquiries1in1aid1of1legislation,1
in1accordance1with1duly1
published1rules1of1procedure.!
K Rights1of1persons1appearing1
therein1or1affected1by1such1
inquiry1shall1be1respected.!
K You1cannot1expect1congress1
to1enact1good1laws1if1you1
deny1it1the1power1to1
investigate.1!
K Even1if1this1is1not1found1in1
the1Constitution,1the1power1
still1exists1as1it1is1Inherent!
(Arnault!vs.!Nazareno)!
1 joint1session1assembled,1voting1
11Limitations:11
a. In1aid1of1legislation1
b. In1accordance1with1duly1
published1rules1of1procedure1
c. Rights1of1persons1appearing1
in1or1affected1by1such,1
inquiry1shall1be1respected1
! determination1of1the1
! authenticity1and1due1
3. Legislative!Supervision!
K Scrutinize1exercise1of1
delegated1lawKmaking1and1
permits1the1congress1to1
retain1such1power.1!
K Excercised1through:!
66! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
o Legislative1Veto11the1
legislature1can1block1
or1modify1
administrative1action1
taken1under1a1
statute.1May1be1
negative1or1
affirmative.1Subject1
to1serious1questions1
involving1the1principle1
of1separation1of1
Power1to1Punish1contempt1
May1include1
imprisonment,1for1the1
duration1of1the1
session.1Senate1being1
a1continuing1body,1
may1order1
imprisonment1for1an1
indefinite1period.1But1
always1consider1due1
process.1
Cannot1be1pardoned1
1by1virtue1of1
separation1of1powers1
1
4. War!Powers!
Vote1of12/31of1both1Houses1in1
separately,1may1declare1
existence1of1a1state1of1war.1
!
5. Board!of!Canvassers!in!
election!of!President!
K Congress1may1validly1
delegate1the1initial1
execution1of1the1certificates1
of1canvass1to1a1joint1
Congressional1Committee1
composed1of1The1HR1and1of1
the1Senate.11
1
 6. Power!to!call!special!
election!for!President!and! Executive)Department!
Vice!president!
!
1Section11.1The1executive1power1shall1be1vested1in1
7. Power!to!judge!Presidents!
physical!fitness!to!discharge! the1President1of1the1Philippines.1
the!functions!of!the! Sec.111is1the1most1powerful1provision1because:1
presidency!
! It1is1a1source1of1all1inherent1powers1
8. Power!to!revoke!or!extend!
suspension!of!the!privilege! Political1Authority1of1the1president1is1the1
of!the!Writ!of!Habeas! People1
Corpus!or!declaration!of!
martial!law! U.S Biak Malolo 193511 197 198
! .1 KnaK s1 31 71
9. Power!to!concur!in! Bat
presidential!amnesties.! o1
Concurrence!of!majority!of!
all!the!members!of!congress.! A1 The1 The1 A11 The1 The1
! (Commonwealt
10. Power!to!concur!in!treaties! h1government1
or!international!agreements.! eh)1
Concurrence!of!at!least!2/3!
of!all!the!members!of!the! 1
Senate! 1
!
11. Power!of!Impeachment! The+President+
! 1
12. Power!relative!to!natural!
resources! Qualifications:11
!
13. Power!to!propose! 1. NaturalKborn1citizen1of1the1Philippines1
amendments!to!the! 2. Registered1voter1
constitution1 3. Able1to1read1and1write1
1 4. At1 least1 401 years1 old1 on1 the1 day1 of1 the1
1 election1
1
5. Resident1 of1 the1 Philippines1 for1 at1 least1 ten1
1
1 years1immediately1preceding1such1election1

Election1

a. Regular1ElectionK1Second1Monday1of1May1
b. Congress1as1canvassing1board1

67! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 c. Supreme1 court1 as1 Presidential1 Electoral1
Tribunal1
Term1of1Office1
a. No1 reKelectionK1 No1 person1 who1 has1
succeeded1 as1 President1 and1 has1 served1 as1
such1 for1 more1 than1 four1 years1 1 shall1 be1
qualified1 for1 election1 to1 the1 same1 office1 at1
any1time.11
b. The1 61 year1 term1 of1 President1 and1 Vice1
President1is1for1purposes1of1synchronization1
of1elections.1
1 performed1 in1 the1 exervcise1 of1 official1
Oath1of1Office1
11 I1 do1 solemnly1 swear1 9or1 affirm)1 that1 I1 will1
faithfully1 and1 conscientiously1 fulfil1 my1 duties1 as1
President1(or1Vice1President1or1Acting1President)1of1
the1 Philippines,1 preserve1 and1 defend1 its1
Constitution,1 execute1 its1 laws,1 do1 justice1 to1 every1
man,1 and1 consecrate1 myself1 to1 the1 service1 of1 the1
Nation.1 So1 help1 me1 GOD.1 (In1 case1 of1 affirmation,1
last1sentence1will1be1omitted)1
Borrowed1from1the1US1
So1 help1 me1 God1 1 was1 introduced1 by1
George1Washington1
Clinton1 vs.1 Jones1 1 A1 suit1 can1 be1 filed1
1What1it1covers:1
against1 the1 president1 if1 the1 conduct1 is1
not1 related1 to1 the1 offices1 official1
functions1
Benjamin1 Franklin1 introduced1 prayer1 in1
Congress1 in1 the1 17871 Constitutional1
Convention.1
Privileges1
a. Official1residence1
68! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
b. Salary1 1 determined1 by1 law,1 shall1 not1 be1
decreased1 during1 tenure.1 No1 increase1 until1
after1 the1 expiration1 of1 the1 term1 of1 the1
incumbent1 during1 which1 such1 increase1 was1
approved.1
c. Immunity1 from1 suit1 1 while1 immune1 from1
suit,1president1may1still1institute1suit1
Immune1from1civil1liability1
After1 tenure,1 President1 cannot1 invoke1
immunity1 from1 suit1 fro1 civil1 damages1
arising1out1of1acts1done1by1him1while1he1
was1 president1 which1 were1 not1
duties1
Alter1 ego1 of1 president1 cannot1 invoke1
immunity1 from1 suit1 because1 the1
questioned1 acts1 are1 not1 the1 acts1 of1 the1
President1 but1 merely1 those1 of1 a1
department1secretary1
1
d. Executive1 PrivilegeK1 1 the1 right1 of1 the1
president1 and1 highKlevel1 executive1 branch1
officials1 to1 withhold1 information1 from1
Congress,1 the1 courts1 and1 ultimately1 the1
public.11
Does1 not1 Attach1 to1 the1 Person,1 but1 to1
the1Act1or1Information1
1
1. State1Secrets1
K Disclosure1 would1 subvert1 military1
affairs1
2. Informer1
K NonKdisclosure1 of1 identities1 of1
persons1who1give1information1
3. Generic1 Principles1 for1 Internal1
Deliberation1
 K Recommendations,1 deliberations,1 e. May1 not1 appoint1 spouse1 or1 relatives1 by1
intraKgovernment1 documents,1 consanguinity1 or1 affinity1 within1 the1 4th1 civil1
advisory1opinions1 degree1as1members1of:1
1 K Constitutional1Commissions1
Cannot1 be1 pried1 open1 by1 a1 coKequal1 K Office1of1the1Ombudsman1
branch1of1the1government1 K Secretaries1
Being1an1exemption1from1the1obligation1 K Under1Secretaries1
to1 disclose1 information,1 the1 necessity1 K Chairmen1 or1 heads1 of1 bureaus1 or1
for1withholding1the1information1must1be1 offices,1 including1 GOCC1 and1 their1
of1 such1 a1 high1 degree1 as1 to1 outweigh1 subsidiaries1
public1 interest1 1 an1 indication1 of1 a1
1
DEMOCRATIC1AND1REPUBLICAN1STATE1
1 Succession1

Prohibitions/Inhibitions11 a. Vacancy1at1the1beginning1of1the1term:1
Cause! Succession!
a. Shall1 not1 receive1 any1 other1 emoluments1
Death1 or1 Vice1President1elect1
from1the1government1or1any1other1source1 permanent1 Not1 merely1
b. Unless1 otherwise1 provided1 in1 this1 disability1 ACTING1 but1
Constitution,1shall1not1hold1any1other1office1 AS1president1
or1employment1 Fails1to1qualify1 Vice1President1elect1shall1
The1VP1may1be1appointed1to1the1Cabinet1 act1 as1 president1 until1
without1the1need1of1confirmation1by1the1 PresidentKelect1 shall1
have1qualified1
Commission1on1Appointments1
Not1chosen1 Vice1President1elect1shall1
EO12841which1allowed1cabinet1members1 act1 as1 president1 until1 a1
to1hold1two1other1offices1in1government1 president1 shall1 have1
is1 unconstitutional1 ,1 in1 direct1 been1 chosen1 and1
contravention1of1Sec.113,1Art.1VII.1 qualified1
Executive1 official1 s1 may1 occupy1 posts1 in1 No1 President1 President1 of1 the1 Senate,1
and1 vice1 or1in1case1of1his1inability,1
an1exKofficio1capacity1without1additional1
president1 the1 Speaker1 of1 the1 HR1
compensation1 and1 as1 required1 by1 the1
chosen1 nor1 shall1 shall1 act1 as1 president1
primary1 functions1 of1 the1 said1 officials1 have1qualified1or1 until1 a1 president1 and1
office.1 both1 shall1 have1 vice1president1shall1have1
c. Shall1not1directly1or1indirectly:1 died1 or1 become1 been1 chosen1 and1
K Practice1any1other1profession1 permanently1 qualified.1In1the1event1of1
K Participate1in1any1business1 disabled1 inability1 of1 the1 officials1
mentioned,1 congress1 by1
K Be1financially1interested1in1any1contract1
law1 shall1 provide1 for1 a1
with1 or1 in1 any1 franchise1 or1 special1 manner1 in1 which1 one1
privilege1granted1by1the1government11 who1 is1 to1 act1 president1
d. Strictly1 avoid1 conflict1 of1 interest1 in1 the1 shall1 be1 selected1 until1 a1
conduct1of1their1office1 president1 or1 VP1 shall1

69! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 have1qualified.1
11
b. Vacancy1during1the1term1
Cause!
Death,1 permanent1 disability,1 removal1 from1 Vice1 President1 shall1 become1 the1
office,1resignation1
Death,1 permanent1 disability,1 removal1 from1 Senate1 President,1 his1 office,1
office,1or1resignation1of1P1and1VP1
1 1
c. Temporary1disability1
President1 transmits1 to1 the1 Senate1
President1and1the1Speaker1his1WRITTEN1
DECLARATION1 that1 he1 is1 unable1 to1
discharge1 the1 powers1 and1 duties1 of1 his1
office.11
Until1 he1 transmits1 to1 them1 written1
declaration1 to1 the1 contrary,1 such1
powers1 and1 duties1 shall1 be1 discharged1
by1the1VP1as1acting1President1
1
Majority1 of1 all1 the1 members1 of1 the1
Cabinet1 transmits1 to1 the1 Senate1
president1and1the1Speaker1their1written1
declaration1that1the1president1is1unable1
to1 discharge1 the1 powers1 and1 duties1 of1
his1 office,1 VP1 shall1 immediately1 assume1
powers1 and1 duties1 of1 the1 office1 as1
ACTING1PRESIDENT1
1 3. Within1 71 days1 enact1 a1 law1 calling1 for1 a1
When1president1transmits1to1the1Senate1
President1 and1 Speaker1 his1 written1
declaration1 that1 no1 inability1 exists,1 he1
shall1reassume1the1powers1and1duties1of1
his1office.11
70! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1
Within151days,1majority1of1the1members1
of1 the1 Cabinet1 transmit1 to1 the1 Senate1
president1 and1 Speaker1 their1 written1
Succession!
declaration1that1the1president1is1unable1
president1 to1 discharge1 the1 powers1 and1 duties1 of1
in1 case1Congress1 shall1 decide1 the1
o1 inability,1
Speaker1 of1 HR1 issue.11
shall1 act1 as1 President1
until1 a1 P1 or1
1 VP1 shall1 be1 elected1 and1
qualified.1Congress1by1law,1shall1provide1
For1 this1 purpose,1 the1 Congress1 shall1
for1the1manner1in1which1one1is1to1act1as1
convene,1 if1 1 not1 in1 session,1 within1 481
President1in1the1event1of1inability1of1the1
hours.11
officials1mentioned1above.1
If1within1101days1from1receipt1of1the1last1
written1declaration1or;1
1
If1 not1 in1 session,1 within1 121 days1 after1 it1
is1 required1 to1 assemble,1 Congress1
determines1 by1 a1 2/31 vote1 of1 both1
Houses,1 voting1 separately1 that1 the1
president1 is1 unable1 to1 discharge1 the1
powers1 and1 duties1 of1 his1 office,1 the1 VP1
shall1act1as1President.11
1
Otherwise1 the1 president1 shall1 continue1
exercising1 the1 powers1 and1 duties1 of1 his1
office1
1
d. Constitutional1 duty1 of1 Congress1 in1 case1 of1
vacancy1in1the1offices1of1President1and1VP1
1. At1 10:001 AM1 of1 the1 3rd1 day1 after1 the1
vacancy1occurs1
2. Congress1 shall1 convene1 without! the!
need!of!a!call1
special1election1to1elect1a1president1and1
VP1
4. To1be1held1not1earlier1than1451nor1later1
than1601days1from1the1time1of1such1call1
 5. The1 Bill1 shall1 be1 deemed1 certified1 and1 1
shall1 become1 law1 upon1 its1 approval1 on1 Inquiry!of!Impeachment!!!Direct!Resolution!
third1reading1by1Congress1 !Resolution!
1
6. Convening1 of1 Congress1 cannot1 be1 Any1member1of1the1
1
suspended1 nor1 the1 special1 election1 HR1or1Citizen1of1the1
postponed1 1 Philippines1upon1
7. No1special1election1shall1be1called1if1the1 resolution1or1
vacancy1 occyrs1 within1 181 month1 before1 1
endorsement1by1any1
the1 date1 of1 the1 next1 presidential1 1 member1of1the1HR1
election.11
1 FILES1A1VERIFIED1
! COMPLAINT1
1
Removal!of!the!President!
1
1Impeachment1 1
1 Include1in1the1order1
Article1XI1 1 of1business1of1HR1
1 1 within1101session1
Sec.121 1 Referred1to1
1 1 JUDICIARY1
Who1may1be1impeached?11 1 COMMITTEE1within131
1. President1 1
2. VP1 session1days1
1
3. Members1of1SC1 1
4. Members1of1Constitutional1Commissions1 1 Judiciary1committee1
5. Ombudsman1 1 HOLDS1HEARINGS1
1 1 and1INVESTIGATES1
On1what1ground?1 1 CHARGES1
1. Culpable1violation1of1the1Constitution1 1
2. Treason1 1
3. Bribery1 1
4. Graft1and1Corruption11 1
5. Other1high1crimes1 1
6. Betrayal1of1public1trust1 1
Sec.131 1
1 1 COMMITTEE1after1
Who1may1initiate1case1of1impeachment?1 1 hearing1and1
1 1 MAJORITY1VOTE1of1all1
Only1 the1 House1 of1 1 its1members1
Representatives/citizen1 upon1 resolution1 1 SUBMITS1REPORT1to1
or1 endorsement1 by1 any1 member1 of1 the1 1 HR1within1601session1
HR1 1
1 1
What1is1the1process1of1impeachment?1 1
CALENDARED1for1
71! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 CONSIDERATION1by1
1 HR1within1101session1
days1
1 b. As1 the1 administrative1 head1 of1 the1
1 Government,1 the1 President1 is1 vested1
1 with1 the1 power1 to1 execute,1 administer1
1
and1 carry1 out1 laws1 into1 practical1
1
1 operation.1
1 At1least11/31of1all1 c. Power1 of1 carrying1 out1 the1 laws1 into1
1 members1of1HR1 practical1 operation1 and1 enforcing1 their1
1 AFFIRMS1or1 due1observance1
1 OVERRIDES1Article1of1 Authority1to1reorganize1the1Office1of1the1
1 President1 by1 virtue1 of1 Administrative1
ARTICLES OF IMPEACHMENT is SENT to the SENATE
1
which have the sole power to try and decide all cases Code1of119871(EO1292).11
of
1
impeachment. Sec.!31!(1)! ! Sec.! 31! (2)! (3)!
1
1 Prosecutors: Fixed number of members of HR President!Proper! Outside! of! the!
1 Office! of!
1 Jurors: FULL SENATE President!Proper!
1 Abolishing,1 Limited1 to1 merely1
When the President of the Philippines is on trial, the Chief
1 consolidating1 or1 transferring1
Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside, but shall not vote.1
1 merging1 units1 or1 functions1 or1
1 by1 transferring1 agencies1 from1 the1
1 functions1from1one1 Office1 of1 the1
1 unit1to1another1 President1 to1
1 Departments1 or1
1 Agencies1 and1 vice1
1 SENATE VOTES in OPEN SESSION on each Articles of versa1
Impeachment1 1
1
1 !
1
1 !
CONVICTION upon concurrence of 2/3 vote of ALL the
1 MEMBERS OF THE SENATE1
1 2. Appointments!
1
Appointment11selection,1by1authority1vested1with1
1
1 the1 power,1 of1 an1 individual1 who1 is1 to1 exercise1 the1
functions1of1a1given1office.11

Powers+of+the+President+ Designation1 1 the1 imposition1 of1 additional1 duties,1

Not1 limited1 merely1 to1 the1 provisions1 of1 usually1 by1 law,1 on1 a1 person1 already1 in1 the1 public1
the1Constitution.11 service.11

1. Executive!Power! Commission11written1evidence1of1appointment1

a. Power1 to1 enforce1 and1 administer1 the1 Classifications1of1Appointments1

laws.111
Permanent! Temporary!
Extended1 to1 persons1 Given1 to1 persons1
72! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
possessing1 the1 without1 such1 eligibility,1 cannot1 be1
qualifications1 and1 revocable1 at1 will1 and1 withdrawn1 once1
requisite1 eligibility1 and1 without1 the1 necessity1 of1 qualified.1 Ad1
are1 thus1 protected1 by1 just1 cause1 or1 a1 valid1 interim1
Security1of1Tenure1 investigation1 made1 on1 appointments1
the1 understanding1 that1 are1 permanent1
the1 appointing1 power1 until1
has1not1yet1decided1on1a1 disapproved1
permanent1 appointee1 during1 the1 next1
and1 that1 the1 temporary1 session1 of1
appointee1 maybe1 congress.11
replaced1 at1 any1 time1 a1 APPLICABLE!ONLY!WHEN!APPOINTMENT!
permanent1 choice1 is1 REQUIRES!CONFIRMATION!
made.11 Such1as:1
1 1. Provided1by1Constitution:11
a. Heads1of1Executive1Departments1
Regular! Ad! Interim! In! the! mean! Except1Vice1President11
time! b. Ambassadors1or1other1public1
One1 made1 by1 the1 One1 made1 by1 the1 president1 ministers1and1consuls1
president1 while1 while1 congress1 is1 not1 in1 c. Officers1of1the1armed1forces1
Congress1 is1 in1 session,1 takes1 effect1 from1the1rank1or1colonel1or1naval1
session1 takes1 effect1 immediately,1 but1 ceases1 to1 captain1
only1 after1 be1 valid1 if1 disapproved1 by1 Not1applicable1to1PNP,1as1the1same1is1
confirmation1 by1 the1 the1 Commission1 on1 under1the1DILG1
Commission1 on1 Appointments1 or1 upon1 the1 d. Those1other1officers1whose1
Appointments.1 Once1 next1 adjournment1 of1 appointments1are1vested1in1him1
approved1 continues1 Congress.11 in1the1Constitution.1(Sarmiento1
until1the1end1of1term1 vs.1Mison)K1Such1as:1
of1the1appointee1 i. Members1of1the1
NOMINATES1 not1 Appoints1 Constitutional1
appoint1 Commission1
Appointment1 is1 not1 Appointment1 is1 ii. 41regular1members1
immediately1 Immediately1 executoryK1 but1 of1the1JBC1
executoryK1 awaits1 RESOLUTORY.1 Calderon1vs.1Carale11The1enumeration1
the1 confirmation1 of1 1 is1exclusive,1congress1may1not1amend1to1
the1 Commission1 on1 Summers1 vs.1 add/1reduce.11
Appointments.11 Ozaeta1 1 Ad1 2. Officers1whose1appointments1are1not1
interim1 provided1by1law1
appointments1 3. Vested1by1Congress11
are1 permanent.1 1
But1 conditional,1
subject1 to1 Steps1in1appointing1process1
disapproval.11
Matibag1 vs.1 1. Nomination1by1the1President1
Benipayo1 1 2. Confirmation1 by1 the1 Commission1 on1
appointment1 Appointments1

73! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 3. Issuance1of1the1commission11
4. Acceptance1by1the1appointee1
1
Discretion1of1Appointing1Authority1
1Appointment1 is1 essentially1 a1 discretionary1 power1
and1must1be1performed1by1the1officer1in1which1it1is1
vested1 according1 to1 his1 best1 lights,1 the1 only1
condition1being1that1the1appointee1should1possess1
the1minimum1qualifications.11
1Discretion1 also1 includes1 determination1 of1 the1
nature1or1character1of1the1appointment.11
1 1General1 Rule:1 Implied1 from1 the1 power1 of1
Special1 Constitutional1 Limitations1 on1 the1
Presidents1appointing1power:1
1. Nepotism1K1May1not1appoint1his1spouse1and1
relatives1by1consanguinity1or1affinity1within1
the1 fourth1 civil1 degree1 as1 Members1 of1 the1
Constitutional1 Commissions,1 as1
ombudsman,1 or1 as1 Secretaries,1
undersecretaries,1 chairmen1 or1 heads1 or1
bureaus1or1offices,1including1GOCC1
2. Appointments1 by1 ACTING1 president1 shall1
remain1 effective1 unless1 revoked1 by1 the1
ELECTED1 president1 within1 901 days1 from1 his1
assumption1of1office1
3. 21 months1 immediately1 before1 the1 next1
presidential1elections,1and1up1to1the1end1of1
his1 term,1 a1 President1 or1 acting1 President1
shall1 NOT1 make1 appointments1 except!
temporary! appointments! to! executive!
positions! when! continued! vacancies! will!
prejudice!public!service!or!endanger!public!
safety!
IN1 RE:1 Valenzuela/1 Vallerta1 1 The1
prohibition1 is1 directed1 against1 21
appointments:1
74! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1. Buying1 Votes1 1 The1 soK
called1 Midnight1
Appointments1
2. Partisan1 Consideration11
K1 preKempting1 the1
president1 of1
prerogative1of1incoming1
president1
De1 Castro1 vs.1 JBC1 1 Will1 not1 apply1 to1
Judicial1 Appointments.1 BUT1 take1 note,1
this1does1not1fall1under1the1EXCEPTIONS.1
!
3. The!power!of!removal!
appointment.1 For1 cause1 and1 in1 accordance1 with1
prescribed1administrative1procedure.1
1Exception:1 When1 constitution1 prescribes1 certain1
methods1for1separation1of1such1officers1from1public1
service.1
1
4. The!power!of!control!
1Control11power1of1an1officer1to1alter1or1modify1or1
nullify1 or1 set1 aside1 what1 a1 subordinate1 officer1 had1
done1 in1 the1 performance1 of1 his1 duties1 and1 to1
substitute1his1judgement1for1that1of1the1latters.1
1Supervision11overseeing,1or1the1power1or1authority1
of1 an1 officer1 to1 see1 that1 subordinate1 officers1
perform1their1duties1and1if1the1latter1fail1or1neglect1
to1 fulfil1 them,1 then1 the1 former1 may1 take1 such1
action1or1steps1as1prescribed1by1law1to1make1them1
perform1these1duties.1
Power! of! General! Supervision! over! local!
governments!\!Can1only1interfere1in1the1affairs1and1
activities1 of1 a1 local1 government1 unit1 if1 he1 or1 she1
finds1that1the1latter1had1acted1contrary1to1law.1!
 Ganzon1 vs.1 CA1 1 Investigation1 s1 not1 Appeal!
inconsistent1with1General1Supervision1
1Decisions1 of1 subordinate1 executive1 officers1 are1
Alter!Ego!Principle! appealable1 to1 the1 President.1 This1 completes1 the1
exhaustion1of1administrative1remedies.11
Headed!by!Cabinet!Secretaries!!
1Except1 when1 the1 doctrine1 of1 qualified1 political1
1Doctrine1of1qualified1political1agency1 agency1 applies1 in1 which1 case1 the1 decision1 of1 the1
1Recognizes:1 cabinet1secretary1carries1the1presumptive1approval1
of1 the1 president1 then1 there1 is1 no1 need1 to1 appeal1
1. The1 establishment1 of1 a1 single1 executive1 the1decision1to1the1president1in1order1to1complete1
and1 administrative1 organizations1 are1 exhaustion1of1administrative1remedies.1
adjuncts1of1the1Executive1Department;1
2. The1 heads1 of1 the1 various1 executive1 1
departments1 are1 assistants1 and1 agents1 5. Military!Powers!
of1the1Chief1Executive1
3. Except1in1cases1where1Chief1executive1is1 1The1 President1 shall1 be1 the1 commander1 in1 chief1 of1
required1 by1 the1 constitution1 or1 law1 to1 all1armed1forces1of1the1Philippines1and1whenever1it1
act1 in1 person1 or1 the1 exigencies1 of1 the1 becomes1 necessary,1 he1 may1 call1 out1 such1 armed1
situation1demand1that1he1act1personally,1 forces1 to1 prevent1 or1 suppress1 lawless1 violence,1
the1 administrative1 functions1 are1 invasion1 or1 rebellion.1 In1 cases1 of1 invasion1 or1
performed1 by1 and1 through1 the1 rebellion,1 when1 the1 public1 safety1 requires1 is,1 he1
executive1 departments1 and1 the1 acts1 of1 may,1 for1 a1 period1 not1 exceeding1 601 days,1 suspend1
the1 Secretaries1 of1 such1 departments1 the1privilege1of1the1writ1of1habeas1corpus1or1palce1
performed1 and1 promulgated1 in1 the1 the1 Philippines1 or1 any1 part1 thereof1 under1 martial1
regular1 course1 of1 business1 are,1 unless1 law.1
disapproved1or1reprobated1by1the1Chief1
Calling\out! Suspension! of! Martial!Law!
Executive1 presumptively1 the1 acts1 of1 the1
powers! the! Privilege!
Chief1executive.1 of! the! Writ! of!
! Habeas!
Administrative!Code!of!1987! Corpus!
Executive1 Bureau1 Office1 Grounds:11 Grounds:11 Grounds:11
Department1 a. Lawle 1 1
Any1 Principal1 Major1 ss! a. Invasio a. Invasio
Executive1 Subdivision1 Functional1 n,1 n,1
violen
Department of1 Unit1 of1 when1 when1
ce!1 public1 public1
s1created1by1 Departmen Department
Law1 t1 /1Bureau1 b. Invasi safety1 safety1
Ex.1DILG1 Ex.1PNP1 Ex.1 Regional1 on1 requir require
Offices1 of1 c. rebelli es1it1 s1it1
PNP1 on1 b. Rebelli b. Rebelli
! IB on,1 on,1
when1 when1
75! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 P1 public1 public1 de VOTIN basis1 of1
vs.1 safety1 safety1 nt.1 G1 the1
Za requir require 1 JOINTL proclamati
es1it1 s1it1 Y.1 on1
m
1 1 3. SC1 4. SC1 must1
or Duration:1 601 Duration:1601days,1 may1 promulgat
a11 days,1 following1which,1it1 review1 e1 decision1
Th following1 shall1 be1 lifted1 by1 in1 an1 within1 301
e1 which,1 it1 shall1 congress.11 appro days1 from1
cal be1 lifted1 by1 1 priate1 filing.1
lin congress.11 Procedure:1 procee 5. Does1 not1
1 1. President1 ding1 impair1 the1
g1
Procedure:1 Reports1 filed1 right1 to1
ou 1. Presid action1 to1 by1ANY1 bail1
t1 ent1 congress1 citizen1 6. Suspensio
po Report PERSONAL the1 n1 applies11
we s1 LY1 or1 in1 sufficie to1 those1
r1is1 action1 WRITING1 ncy1 of1 JUDICIALLY1
a1 to1 within1 481 the1 charged1
congre hours.1 factual1 for1
po
ss1 2. Congress1 basis1 rebellion1
liti PERSO may1 of1 the1 or1
cal1 NALLY1 revoke1 or1 suspen offenses1
qu or1 in1 extend1 sion.1 inherent1in1
est WRITI effectivity11 4. SC1 or1 directly1
io NG1 of1 must1 connected1
within1 proclamati promu with1
n.1
481 on1 by1 a1 lgate1 invasion.1
Th hours.1 MAJORITY1 decisio 7. Any1
e1 2. Congre VOTE1 of1 n1 person1
dis ss1 may1 ALL1 its1 within1 arrested1
cr revoke1 members1 301 shall1 be1
eti or1 VOTING1 days1 judicially1
on1 extend1 JOINTLY.1 from1 charged1
effecti 3. SC1 may1 filing.1 within1 31
sol
vity11of1 review1 in1 5. Does1 days,1
ely1 procla an1 not1 otherwise1
ve mation1 appropriat impair1 released.1
ste by1 a1 e1 the1
d1 MAJO proceedin right1
in1 RITY1 g1 filed1 by1 to1bail1
th VOTE1 ANY1 6. Suspen
of1 ALL1 citizen1 the1 sion1
e1
its1 sufficiency1 applies11
Pr memb of1 the1 to1
esi ers1 factual1 those1

76! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 JUDICI Ability1 of1 the1 President1 to1 require1 a1
ALLY1 military1 official1 to1 secure1 prior1 consent1
charge before1appearing1in1congress1
d1 for1
Most1 crucial1 to1 the1 democratic1 way1 of1
rebelli
on1 or1 life,1to1civil1supremacy1over1the1military,1
offens and1 to1 the1 general1 stability1 of1 our1
es1 representative1system1of1government.11
inhere b. To1call1out1such1armed1forces1to1prevent1or1
nt1 in1 suppress1 lawless1 violence,1 invasion1 or1
or1 rebellion1
directl
c. The1 power1 to1 organize1 courts1 martial1 for1
y1
connec the1discipline1of1the1members1of1the1armed1
ted1 forces,1 create1 military1 commissions1 for1 the1
with1 punishment1of1war1criminals.1
invasio
n.11 !
7. Any1
person1 !
arreste
6. Pardoning!Power!
d1 shall1
be1 1Except1 in1 cases1 of1 impeachment,1 or1 as1 otherwise1
judicial
provided1 in1 the1 constitution,1 the1 president1 may1
ly1
charge grant1 reprieves,1 commutations,1 and1 pardons,1 and1
d1 remit1fines1and1forfeitures,1after1conviction1by1final1
within1 judgment.1 He1 shall1 also1 have1 the1 power1 to1 grant1
31days,1 amnesty1 with1 the1 concurrence1 of1 a1 majority1 of1 all1
other the1members1of1the1Congress.1
wise1
releas 1
ed.11
Political1 Justiciable1 Justiciable1 Pardon! Commu Reprieve! Parole! Amne
Question1 Question1 Question1 tation! sty!
1 Act1 of1 Reducti Postpon Release1 Act1 of1
grace1 on1 or1 ement1 from1 grace1
Olaguer!Doctrine!!Even1during1!Martial1 which1 Mitigati of1 imprison concur
Law,1military1courts1cannot1try1civilians1 exempts1 on1 of1 executio ment,1 red! in!
when1civil1courts1are1able1to1function.1! the1 the1 n1 of1 the1 but1 by! the!
individu penalty1 DEATH1 without1 legisla
Commander\in!chief!Clause! al1 on1 penalty.1 full1 ture,1
whom1 it1 restorati usually1
1 is1 on1 of1 extend
a. The1 president1 shall1 be1 the1 commander1 in1 bestowe liberty.1 ed1 to1
chief1of1the1Philippines.1 d1 from1 1 groups1

77! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
punishm Remit1 of1 5. Cannot1 absolve1 the1 convict1 of1 civil1
ents11 FInes1 person liability1
1 s1 who1 6. Cannot1restore1public1offices1forfeited1
Presiden commi
t1 cannot1 tted1 1
grant1 politic
pardon1 al1 Classifications1of1Pardon1
on1 offens
disciplin es,1 1. Plenary1or1Partial1
ed1 which1 2. Absolute1or1Conditional1
judges1 puts1
as1 this1 is1 into1 Amnesty1
an1 oblivio
encroac n1 the1 Totally1extinguishes1criminal1liability1
hment1 offens One1must1admit1his1guilt1of1the1offense1
on1 the1 e1itself11 covered1by1the1proclamation1
power1 1 1
of1 the1 No1
SC.11 need1 Amnesty! Pardon!
for1 Political1Offenses1 Infractions1 of1 peace1 of1
the1State1
Convic
Classes1of1Persons1 Individuals1
tion1by1
No1need1for1distinct1acts1 Acceptance1necessary1
Final1 of1acceptance1
Juedg Requires1 concurrence1 of1 Does1Not1
ment1 Congress1
Public1 Act1 which1 the1 Private1 Act1 which1 must1
1 courts1 may1 take1 judicial! be1pleaded1and1proved1
notice!of!!because!this!
Discretionary1 upon1 the1 president1 and1 is! the! official! act! of! the!
may1not1be1controlled1by1the1legislature,1 president1
reversed1by1the1courts1unless1there1is1a1 Looks1 backward1 and1 Looks1 forward1 and1
constitutional1violation.11 puts1 into1 oblivion1 the1 relieves1 the1 pardonee1
offense1 of1 the1 consequences1 of1
Limitations1on1Exercise1 the1offense1
Monsanto! vs.! Factoran:1 Llamas! vs.! Orbos:!
1. Cannot1 be1 granted1 in1 cases1 of1 Pardonee1 is1 not1 entitled1 Pardon1 is1 also1 available1
impeachment11 to1 reinstatement/1 to1 one1 1 guilty1 of1
2. Cannot1 be1 granted1 in1 cases1 of1 violation1 backwages1 because1 the1 administrative1 offense,1
of1 election1 laws1 without1 the1 favourable1 pardon1 only1 there1 is1 no1 distinction1
recommendation1of1the1COMELEC1 extinguishes1the1penalty,1 by1the1constitution.11
but1she1is1still1a1convict.111
3. Can1be1granted1only1after1conviction1by1
1
final1judgment1
4. Cannot1be1granted1in1cases1of1legislative1 !
contempt1or1civil1contemot1

78! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 7. Borrowing!Power! A1quagmire1was1faced1as1to1which1
constitutional1provision1should1govern:1
1The1 president1 may1 contract1 or1 guarantee1 foreign1
loans1on1behalf1of1the1Republic.1 Art.1XVIII,1Sec.125111After1the1
expiraration1in119911of1the1Agreement1
1. Prior1concurrence1of1Monetary1Board1
between1the1RP1and1the1US1concerning1
2. Subject1to1limitations1under1the1law1
military1bases,1foreign1military1troops,1
3. MB1shall1within1301days1from1the1end1of1
bases,1facilities1shall1not1be1allowed1in1
every1quarter,1submit1to1the1congress1a1
the1Philippines1except1under1a1treaty!
complete1 report1 of1 its1 decisions1 on1
duly!concurred!in!by!the!senate1and1
applications1for1loans1which1would1have1
when1the1congress!so!requires,!ratified!
the1effect1of1increasing1the1foreign1debt.1
by!a!majority!of!the!votes!cast!by!the!
8. Diplomatic!Power! people!in!a!national!referendum1held1
for1that1purpose,1and1recognized1as1
Treaty\making!power.! treaty1by1the1other1contracting1state.1

1No1treaty1or1international1agreement1shall1be1valid1 Art.1VII,1Sec.12111No1treaty1or1international1
and1effective1unless1concurred1in1by1at1least12/31of1 agreement1 shall1 be1 valid1 and1 effective1
all1the1members1of1the1SENATE.1 unless1concurred1in1by1at1least12/31of1all1the1
members1of1the1SENATE.!
Treaty! International!
Agreement! Art.! XVIII,! Sec.! 25! is1 applicable1 as1 it1 is1 a1
Involves1 political1 issues1 Adjustment1 of1 details1
special1 provision1 applicable1 to1 treaties1
or1 changes1 of1 national1 carrying1 out1 well1
involving1military1bases.1
policy11 established1 national1
policies1and1traditions11 !
Involving1 international1 Involving1 international1
agreements1 of1 a1 agreements1of1a1more1or1 9. Budgetary!Power!
permanent1character1 less1temporary1nature1
Formal1documents1 Binding1 through1 1. President1 shall1 submit1 to1 congress1
require1ratification1 executive1action1 within1 301 days1 from1 the1 opening1 of1
Ratified1by1the1SENATE1 Not1 subject1 to1 every1 regular1 session1 as1 the1 basis1 of1
concurrence1 of1 the1
General1Appropriations1Act1
SENATE1
2. A1 budget1 expenditures1 and1 sources1 of1
Same1Binding1Effects1(BAYAN1vs.1ZAMORA)1
! financing,1 including1 receipts1 from1
existing1 and1 proposed1 revenue1
Exchange!of!Notes!!Form1of1Executive1 measures1
agreement.1So1it1is1binding1without1the1 !
need1of1the1vote1of1senate.11!
Congress1cannot1increase,1only1reduce1
BAYAN1vs.1Zamora11VFA1is1a1treaty1not1 budget.1!
a1mere1executive1agreement!
10. Informing!Powers!

79! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1The1 president1 shall1 address1 the1 congress1 at1 the1 3. Able1to1read1and1write1
opening1of1its1regular!session.1He1may1also1appear1 4. At1 least1 401 years1 old1 on1 the1 day1 of1 the1
before1it1at1any!other!time.1 election1
5. Resident1 of1 the1 Philippines1 for1 at1 least1
SONA114th1Monday1of1July1
ten1 years1 immediately1 preceding1 such1
Instances1when1the1congress1may1 election1
convene1without1the1call1of1the1 1
president:!
Election1
1. Martial1Law!
2. Suspension1of1privilege1of1writ1of1 a. Regular1 ElectionK1 Second1 Monday1 of1
Habeas1Corpus! May1
3. Impeachment1cases! b. Congress1as1canvassing1board1
4. Canvassing1elections1for1President1
c. Supreme1 court1 as1 Presidential1 Electoral1
and1Vice1President!
5. Schedule1Special1elections1for1 Tribunal1
President1and1Vice1President.1!
Term1of1Office1
!
161 years.1 But1 no1 VP1 shall1 server1 for1 more1 than1 21
Other!Powers!
successive1terms.1
1. Call1congress1to1a1special1session1
In1 case1 of1 vacancy,1 President1 shall1
2. Power1to1approve1or1veto1bills1
nominate1 a1 Vice1 president1 from1 among1
3. Consent1 to1 deputation1 of1 government1
the1members1of1the1Senate1and1the1HR1
personnel1by1the1COMELEC1
who1 shall1 assume1 office1 upon1
4. Discipline1such1deputies1
confirmation1 by1 a1 majority1 vote1 of1 all1
5. Emergency1 powers,1 tariff1 powers1
the1 members1 of1 both1 Houses1 of1
delegated1by1the1Congress1
Congress1voting1separately.1
6. Genereal1 supervision1 over1 LGU1 and1
autonomous1regional1governments1
7. Unstated1 Residual1 Powers1 (Marcos1 vs.1 !
Manglapus)1
8. Power1of1Impoundment11refusal1of1the1
president1for1whatever1reason1to1spend1
funds1appropriated1by1congress.1

Vice+President+
1
Qualifications:11

1. NaturalKborn1citizen1of1the1Philippines1
2. Registered1voter1

80! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Judicial(Department!
The1 Least1 Dangerous1 Branch1 of1 the1
Government11because1it1possesses1neither1
the1power1of1purse1nor1the1sword.11
Yet,1 is1 important1 because1 of1 the1 power1 of1
Education1and1Judgment.11
1 Powers1to1amend1and1control1its1processes1
Sec.1 11 1 Judicial1 Power1 shall1 be1 vested1 in1
ONE1 supreme1 court1 and1 in1 such1 lower1
courts1as1may1be1established1by1law.11
Constitutional1Court11Supreme1Court1
Statutory1Courts:1
1. CA1
2. RTC1
3. MTC,1MeTC,1MCTC1
4. Sandiganbayan1
5. Sharia1
1 1
Judicial1Power1
1Includes1 the1 duty1 of1 the1 courts1 of1 justice1 to1 settle1
actual1 controversies1 involving1 rights1 which1 are1
legally1 demandable1 and1 enforceable,1 and1 to1
determine1 whether1 or1 not1 there1 has1 been1 a1 grave1
abuse1of1discretion1amounting1to1lack1or1excess1of1
jurisdiction1 on1 the1 part1 of1 any1 branch1 or1
instrumentality1of1the1government.1(Introduced1by1
Robert1Concepcion)11
21types1of1Judicial1Power1
81! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1. Traditional1 1 settle1 actual1 controversies1
involving1 rights1 which1 are1 legally1
demandable1and1enforceable1
2. ExpandedK1 determine1 whether1 or1 not1
there1 has1 been1 a1 grave1 abuse1 of1
discretion1 amounting1 to1 lack1 or1 excess1
of1jurisdiction1on1the1part1of1any1branch1
or1instrumentality1of1the1government.1
and1 orders1 includes1 the1 right1 to1 reverse1
itself.1
SC1can1look1into1factual1basis1
1
1
Where1Vested1
1In1one1Supreme1Court1and1in1such1lower1courts1as1
may1be1established1by1law1
SC1 was1 called1 Supreme1 Council1 of1 Grace1
and1Justice1in1the1BiaKnaKBato1Constitution1
Called1 the1 Supreme1 Court1 in1 Malolos1
Constitution1
Jurisdiction!
1The1power1to1hear1and1decide1a1case1
Congress1has1the1power1to1define,1prescribe1
and1apportion1the1jurisdiction1of1the1various1
courts,1 but1 may1 not1 deprive1 the1 SC1 of1 its1
jurisdictions1over1cases11
Section1 5.1 The1 Supreme1 Court1 shall1 have1 the1
following1powers:1
1.1 Exercise1 original1 jurisdiction1 over1 cases1
affecting1 ambassadors1 other1 public1 ministers1 and1
consuls,1 and1 over1 petitions1 for1 certiorari,1
prohibition,1mandamus,1quo1warranto,1and1habeas1
corpus.1
12.1 Review,1 revise,1 reverse,1 modify,1 or1 affirm1 on1
appeal1or1certiorari1as1the1law1of1the1Rules1of1Court1
may1 provide,1 final1 judgments1 and1 orders1 of1 lower1
courts1in:1
a. All1 cases1 in1 which1 the1
constitutionality1 or1 validity1 of1
any1 treaty,1 international1 or1
executive1 agreement,1 law,1
presidential1 decree,1
proclamation,1 order,1 instruction,1
ordinance,1 or1 regulation1 is1 in1
question.1
b. All1cases1involving1the1legality1of1
any1 tax,1 impost,1 assessment,1 or1
toll,1 or1 any1 penalty1 imposed1 in1
relation1thereto.1
c. All1cases1in1which1the1jurisdiction1
of1any1lower1court1is1in1issue.1
d. All1 criminal1 cases1 in1 which1 the1
penalty1 imposed1 is1 reclusion1
perpetua1or1higher.1
e. All1 cases1 in1 which1 only1 an1 error1
or1question1of1law1is1involved.1
1 impeachment1
3. Assign1 temporarily1 judges1 of1 lower1
courts1 to1 other1 stations1 as1 public1
interest1 may1 require.1 Such1 temporary1
assignment1shall1not1exceed1six1months1
without1 the1 consent1 of1 the1 judge1
concerned.1
1
4.11Order1a1change1of1venue1or1place1of1trial1
to1avoid1a1miscarriage1of1justice.1
5.1 Promulgate1 rules1 concerning1 the1
protection1 and1 enforcement1 of1 constitutional1
rights,1 pleading1 practice,1 and1 procedure1 in1 all1
courts,1 the1 admission1 to1 the1 practice1 of1 law,1 the1
82! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Integrated1 Bar,1 the1 legal1 assistance1 to1 the1
underprivileged.1 Such1 rules1 shall1 provide1 a1
simplified1 and1 inexpensive1 procedure1 for1 the1
speedy1disposition1of1cases,1shall1be1uniform1for1all1
courts1 of1 the1 same1 grade,1 and1 shall1 not1 diminish,1
increase,1 or1 modify1 substantive1 rights.1 Rules1 of1
procedure1 of1 special1 courts1 and1 quasiKjudicial1
bodies1shall1remain1effective1unless1disapproved1by1
the1Supreme1Court.1
6.1 1 Appoint1 all1 officials1 and1 employees1 of1
the1 Judiciary1 in1 accordance1 with1 the1 Civil1 Service1
Law.1
1
No1 law1 shall1 be1 passed1 increasing1 the1
appellate1 jurisdiction1 of1 the1 SC1 as1 provided1
in1 the1 Constitution1 without1 its1 advice1 and1
concurrence1
1
Constitutional!Safeguards!
1. SC1 is1 a1 constitutional1 body,1 it1 may1 not1 be1
abolished1by1the1legislature1
2. Members1 of1 the1 SC1 are1 removable1 only1 by1
3. SC1 may1 not1 be1 deprived1 of1 its1 minimum1
original1 and1 appellate1 jurisdiction.1 While1
appellate1jurisdiction1may1not1be1increased1
without1its1advice1and1concurrence.1
4. Supreme1 Court1 has1 administrative1
supervision1 over1 all1 inferior1 courts1 and1
personnel1
5. SC1 has1 the1 exclusive1 power1 to1 discipline1
judges/justices1of1inferior1courts1
6. Members1 of1 the1 Judiciary1 have1 security1 of1
tenure1
7. Members1 of1 the1 Judiciary1 may1 not1 be1
designated1to1any1agency1performing1quasiK
judicial1or1administrative1functions1
 8. Salaries1 of1 judges1 may1 not1 be1 reduced,1 the1
judiciary1enjoys1fiscal1autonomy1
Fiscal1Autonomy11Full1flexibility1to1allocate1
and1utilize1their1resources1with1the1wisdom1
and1dispatch1that1their1needs1require.1
9. The1 SC1 alone1 may1 initiate1 and1 promulgate1
the1Rules1of1Court1
10. The1SC1alone1may1order1temporary1detail1of1
judges1
11. The1 SC1 can1 appoint1 all1 officials1 and1
employees1of1the1judiciary1
Power!of!Judicial!Review!
3. Judicial1Review11Power1of1the1courts1to1test1
the1validity1of1executive1and1legislative1acts1
in1 light1 of1 their1 conformity1 with1
Constitution.1 This1 is1 not1 an1 assertion1 of1
superiority1 by1 the1 courts1 over1 the1 other1
departments1 but1 merely1 an1 expression1 of1
the1supremacy1of1the1Constitution1
4. Judicial1 Power1 1 includes1 the1 duty1 of1 the1
courts1 of1 justice1 to1 settle1 actual1
controversies1 involving1 rights1 which1 are1
legally1 demandable1 and1 enforceable1 and1
determine1whether1or1not1there1has1been1a1
grave1abuse1of1discretion1amounting1to1lack1
or1 excess1 of1 jurisdiction1 on1 the1 part1 of1 any1
branch1or1instrumentality.1
Functions!
5. Checking1
6. Legitimating1
7. Symbolic1
Requisites!
5. Actual! Case! or! controversy1 1 conflict1 of1
legal1 rights,1 an1 assertion1 of1 opposite1 legal1
claims1which1can1be1resolved1on1the1basis1of1
existing1law1and1jurisprudence.1
83! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
A1 request1 for1 advisory1 opinion1 is1 not1 an1
actual1case1or1controversy.11
ICJ1may1render1advisory1opinions1
c. To1resolve1contention1cases1
d. Directed1 to1 General1 Assembly,1 Security1
Council,1other1organs1of1the1UN.1
Must1not1be1moot1and1academic1K1One1that1
ceases1 to1 present1 a1 justiciable1 controversy1
by1virtue1of1supervening1events1
Exceptions1to1the1rule1on1Mootness:1
e. Grave1violation1of1the1Constitution1
f. Exceptional1 Character1 of1 the1 situation1
and1 paramount1 public1 interest1 is1
involved1
g. Constitutional1 issues1 raised1 require1
formulation1 of1 principles1 to1 guide1 the1
bench,1the1bar1and1the1public1
h. Case1is1capable1of1repetition1yet1evasive1
of1review.11
1
6. Question!must!be!raised!by!a!proper!party!
1One1who1has1sustained1or1is1in1imminent1
danger1of1sustaining1an1injury1as1a1result1of1
the1act1complained1of.1Locus1Standi1
K Locus1 Standi1 1 a1 right1 of1
appearance1 in1 a1 court1 of1 justice1
on1a1given1question.1
K Direct1Injury1Test11a1person1who1
impugns1the1validity1of1a1statute1
must1 have1 a1 personal1 and1
substantial1 interest1 in1 the1 case1
such1that1he1has1sustained1or1will1
sustain1direct1injury1as11a1result.1
K Liberal1Approach:1
f. Constitutional1Issues1
g. Taxpayers1 1 claim1 of1 illegal1
disbursement1of1public1funds1
 h. Voters1 1 obvious1 interest1 in1
the1 validity1 of1 the1 election1
law1
i. Concerned1 citizens1 1
transcendental1importance1
j. Legislators1 1 Official1 action1
complained1of1infringes1their1
prerogatives1as1legislators1
K Facial1 Challenge1 1 exception1 to1
the1 rule1 that1 a1 party1 can1
question1the1validity1of1a1statute1
only1 if1 as1 applied1 to1 him1 is1
unconstitutional.1 May1 be1
invoked1 only1 to1 challenge1 a1
statue1 when1 it1 operates1 in1 the1
area1of1freedom1of1expression.1
K Overbreadth1 Doctrine1 1 permits1
a1 party1 to1 challenge1 the1 validity1
of1 a1 statue1 even1 though,1 as1
applied1 to1 him,1 it1 is1 not1
unconstitutional1 but1 may1 be1 to1
others.11
K VoidKforKVagueness1 1 a1 law1 is1
facially1invalid1if1men1of1common1
intelligence1 must1 necessarily1
guess1 at1 its1 meaning1 and1 differ1
as1to1its1application.1
7. Raised! at! the! earliest! opportunity1 1
Pleadings1
8. Decision! of! Constitutional! question! is!
determinative! of! the! case! itself1 1 on1 the1
basis1of1Separation1of1Powers.1
1 judicial1review1 review1
Political!Questions!
Types!
1. Decided! by! the! People! in! their! Sovereign!
Capacity!
84! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
a. LGC,1 the1 power1 of1 Recall1 1 Political1
question1of1the1first1type.1(Evardone1vs.1
COMELEC)1
b. Peoples1Revolution11
Lawyers1 League1 of1 the1 Philippines1 vs.1 Cory1
Aquino1 1 SC1 no1 longer1 has1 the1 power1 to1
inquire1 into1 the1 motives1 of1 the1 people1 in1
going1 to1 EDSA1 as1 the1 international1
community1 has1 already1 given1 it1 a1 de1 jure1
status1and1Cory1government1took1control1of1
the1government1without1resistance1
Estrada1 vs.1 Desierto1 1 Lawyers1 league1
ruling1is1not1applicable1because:1
Lawyers! league! Estrada! vs.!
vs.!Cory!Aquino! Desierto!
Cory1 Government1 GMA1 took1 her1
was1 established1 in1 oath1 under1 the1
defiance1 of1 19731 19871constitution1
constitution1
Revolutionary1 Not1 a1
GovernmentK1 it1 revolutionary1
orbits1 out1 of1 the1 government1
constitutional1loop1
EDSA1111was1extraK EDSA1 21 was1 intraK
constitutional1 constitutional1
Political1Question1 Legal1Question1
Not1 subject1 to1 Subject1 to1 judicial1
1
2. Full! discretion! is! delegated! to! the!
Executive/Congress!
 a. CallingKout1power11unclouded1intent1of1
the1constitution1to1delegate1such1power1
to1the1president.1
1. Does1 not1 tie1 the1 hands1 of1 the1
president1
2. Unless1 it1 can1 be1 shown1 that1 such1
power1 was1 gravely1 abused,1 it1 shall1
not1be1subject1to1judicial1review.11
Randy1 David1 vs.1 GMA1 1 GMA1 used1 the1
calling1 out1 power1 to1 suppress1 lawless1
violence.1Now1generally,1this1should1remain1
as1 a1 Political1 question.1 However1 it1 fell1 into1
the1 ambit1 of1 expanded1 jurisdiction1 of1 the1
Supreme1Court1because1the1acts1prohibited1
by1 GMA1 clearly1 showed1 grave1 abuse1 of1
discretion.1 HOWEVER,1 the1 blunder1 of1 the1
petitioners1is1that1the1FAILED1to1show1such1
grave1abuse1of1discretion.11
Appointment!to!Judiciary!
Qualifications1
1. Of1 proven1 competence,! integrity,!
probity!and!independence1
2. SC1
a. Natural1Born1citizen1
b. At1least1401years1of1age1
c. 151years1or1more1a1judge1of1a1lower1
court1 or1 engaged1 in1 the1 practice1 of1
law1in1the1Philippines1
1 Does1not1require1confirmation1
3. Lower1Collegiate1Courts1
a. Natural1Born1citizen1
b. Member1of1the1Philippine1Bar1
c. Congress1 may1 prescribe1 other1
qualifications1
1
85! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
4. Lower1Courts1
a. Citizen1of1the1Philippines1
b. Member1of1Philippine1Bar1
c. Congress1 may1 prescribe1 other1
qualifications1
Procedure1for1Appointment1
1. Appointed1 by1 the1 President1 of1 the1
Philippines1 from1 among1 a1 list1 of1 at1 least1
three1nominees1prepared1by1the1Judicial1Bar1
Council1 for1 every1 vacancy1 the1 appointment1
shall1need1no1confirmation1
2. 1Any1vacancy1in1the1SC1shall1be1filled1within1
901days1from1the1occurrence1thereof1
3. For1 lower1 courts,1 the1 President1 shall1 issue1
the1 appointment1 within1 901 days1 from1
submission1by1the1JBS1of1such1list1
1
Judicial!and!Bar!Council!
Recommend1and1Screen1Judges1
In1 19351 and1 19731 constitutions,1 the1 role1
belonged1to1Commission1on1Appointments1
Composition1
1. ExKofficio1members1
a. Chief1justice11Chairman1
b. Secretary1of1Justice1
c. Representative1of1Congress1
1
1
2. Regular1members1
a. Representative1of1the1IBP11
b. Professor1of1Law1
c. Retired1Justice1of1SC1
d. Representative1of1private1Sector1
Requires1confirmation1
Appointment!
1Regular1members11appointed1by1the1President1for1
a1term1of141years1with1the1consent1of1Commission1
on1Appointments.1
Powers/Functions!!
1. Principal1 function1 of1 recommending1
appointees1to1the1judiciary1
2. May1 exercise1 such1 other1 functions1 and1
duties1as1the1SC1may1assign1it1
The!Supreme!Court!
Composition1
1. A1chief1justice1
2. 141Associate1Justices1
1 1. All1
May1 sit1 en1 banc1 or1 in1 its1 discretion,1 in1
divisions1of13,151or171members1
Any1 vacancy1 shall1 be1 filled1 within1 901 days1
from1occurrence1thereof1
En!banc/division!cases!
En1banc1
1. All1 cases1 involving1 the1 constitutionality1 of1
treaty,1 international1 or1 executive1
agreement1or1law1
2. Constitutionality,1 application1 or1 operation1
of1 presidential1 decrees,1 proclamations,1
orders,1 instructions,,1 ordinances1 and1 other1
egulations1
1 5. All1 cases1 in1 which1 only1 an1 error1 or1
Division1
Other1 cases1 or1 matters1 may1 be1 heard1 in1
division1 and1 decided1 or1 resolved1 with1 the1
concurrence1 of1 a1 majority1 of1 the1 members1
who1 actually1 took1 part1 in1 the1 deliberations1
on1the1issues1and1voted1thereon,1but1in1no1
case1 without1 the1 concurrence1 of1 at1 least1 31
such1members.1
1
1
Powers!
1. Adjudicative!Power!
Original1Jurisdiction1
1. Cases1 affecting1 ambassadors,1 other1
public1ministers1and1consuls1
2. Petitions1 for1 certiorari,1 prohibition,1
mandamus,1 quo1 warranto1 and1
habeas1corpus1
1Appellate1Jurisdiction1
cases1 in1 which1 the1
constitutionality1 or1 validity1 of1 any1
treaty,1 international1 or1 executive1
agreement,1law,1presidential1decree,1
proclamation,1 order,1 instruction,1
ordinance1 or1 regulation1 is1 in1
question1
2. All1cases1involving1the1legality1of1any1
tax,1 impost,1 assessment1 or1 toll,1 or1
any1 penalty1 imposed1 in1 relation1
thereto1
3. All1cases1in1which1the1jurisdiction1of1
any1lower1court1is1in1issue1
4. All1 criminal1 cases1 in1 which1 the1
penalty1 imposed1 is1 reclusion1
perpetua1or1higher1
question1of1law1is1involved1
1
2. Temporary!assignment!of!judges!
1Assignment1 shall1 not1 exceed1 six1 months1 without1
the1consent1of1the1judge1concerned1

86! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Order!change!of!venue!
1To1avoid1miscarriage1of1justice1
1
3. Rule!Making!Power!
1Promulgate1 rules1 concerning1 the1 protection1 and1
enforcement1 of1 constitutional1 rights1 pleading,1
practice1and1procedure1in1all1courts,1the1admission1
to1 the1 practice1 of1 law1 the1 IBP1 and1 legal1 assistance1
to1the1underprivileged1
Rules1of1Court1
Legal1Ethics1
Writs1
MCLE1
1Limitations1
1. Provide1 a1 simplified1 and1 inexpensive1
procedure1for1the1speedy1disposition1of1
cases1
2. Must1 be1 uniform1 for1 all1 courts1 of1 the1
same1grade1
3. Must1 not1 diminish,1 increase1 or1 modify1
substantial1rights1
1Integrated1 Bar1 1 StateKorganized1 Bar,1 to1 which1
every1 lawyer1 must1 belong1 as1 distinguished1 from1 a1
bar1 association1 organized1 by1 individual1 lawyers1
themselves,1membership1In1which1is1voluntary.1
1
4. Writ!of!Amparo!!
1Effective1 and1 inexpensive1 instrument1 for1 the1
protection1 of1 constitutional1 rights.1 Of1 Mexican1
Origin1 and1 spread1 throughout1 the1 Western1
Hemisphere1where1it1gradually1evolved1into1various1
87! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
forms,1 depending1 on1 the1 particular1 needs1 of1 each1
country.1
1Available1to1 any1 person1 whose1 right1 to1 life,1liberty1
and1security1is1violated1or1threatened1with1violation1
by1an1unlawful1act1or1omission1of1a1public1official1or1
employee,1or1of1a1private1individual1or1entity.1
1Sec.1141of1the1Rule1allows1the1grant1by1the1court1of1
interim1 reliefs,1 which1 may1 either1 be1 a1 temporary1
protection1 order,1 inspection1 order,1 production1
order1or1a1witness1protection1order1
1No1writ1of1amparo1may1be1issued1unless1there1is1a1
clear1 allegation1 of1 the1 supposed1 factual1 and1 legal1
basis1of1the1right1sought1to1be1protected.11
1Shall1not1issue1when1applied1for1as1a1substitute1for1
the1 appeal1 or1 certiorari1 process1 or1 when1 it1 will1
inordinately1interfere1with1these1processes.1
5. Writ!of!Habeas!Data!
1Independent1 remedy1 to1 protect1 the1 right1 to1
privacy,1 especially1 the1 right1 to1 informational1
privacy.11
1Remedy1 available1 to1 any1 person1 whose1 right1 to1
privacy1 in1 life,1 liberty1 or1 security1 is1 violated1 or1
threatened1 with1 violation1 by1 an1 unlawful1 act1 or1
omission1 1 of1 a1 public1 official1 or1 employee,1 or1 of1 a1
private1 individual1 or1 entity1 engaged1 in1 the1
gathering,1 collecting,1 or1 storing1 of1 data1 or1
information1 regarding1 the1 person,1 family,1 honor1
and1correspondence1of1the1aggrieved1party.1
!
!
6. Power!of!Appointment!
1SC1 appoints1 all1 officials1 and1 employees1 of1 the1
Judiciary1in1accordance1with1the1Civil1Service1Law1
 7. Power!of!Administrative!Supervision! 1On1 the1 ground1 of1 expediency,1 practicality,1
convenience1 and1 docket1 status1 of1 the1
1SC1 shall1 have1 administrative1 supervision1 over1 all1
courts.1
courts1and1the1personnel1thereof1
1
8. Annual!Report! 1It1 cannot1 incorporate1 findings1 of1 fact1 and1
the1 conclusions1 of1 the1 law1 by1 lower1 courts1
1SC1shall1submit1within1301days1from1the1opening1of1 only1by1means1of1remote1reference1which1is1
each1 regular1 session1 of1 Congress,1 to1 the1 President1 to1 say1 that1 the1 challenged1 decision1 is1 not1
and1 to1 Congress1 an1 annual1 report1 on1 the1 easily1 and1 immediately1 available1 to1 the1
operations1and1activities1of1the1Judiciary1 person1reading1the1memo1decision.11
1 1Memorandum1 should1 actually1 embody1 the1
findings1 of1 facts1 and1 conclusions1 of1 law1 of1
Consultations/Decisions!of!SC! the1lower1court1in1an1annex1attached1to1and1
made1an1indispensable1part1of1the1decision.1
a. Conclusion1 is1 any1 case1 submitted1 to1 it1
1
for1 decision1 shall1 be1 reached1 in1
c. No1 petition1 for1 review1 or1 motion1 for1
consultation1before1the1case1is1assigned1
reconsideration1 shall1 be1 refused1 due1
to1 a1 member1 for1 the1 writing1 of1 the1
course1 or1 denied1 without1 stating1 the1
opinion1of1the1court.11
legal1basis1therefor.1
1A1 certification1 to1 this1 effect1 signed1 by1 the1 Chief1
1
Justice1shall1be1issued.11
Tenure!of!Judges/!Justices!
1This1 requirement1 is1 also1 applicable1 to1 lower1
collegiate1courts1 1. SC1 justices1 may1 be1 removed1 only1 be1
impeachment1
Not1applicable1to1administrative1cases1
2. Lower1 court1 judges1 shall1 hold1 office1
1
during1 good1 behaviour1 until1 they1 reach1
b. Decision1shall1state1clearly1and1distinctly1
the1 age1 of1 701 years1 or1 become1
the1 facts1 and1 the1 law1 on1 which1 it1 is1
incapacitated1to1discharge1the1duties1of1
based1
their1office.1
Not1 applicable1 to1 minute1 resolution1
a. SC1 en1 banc1 shall1 have1 the1 power1 to1
dismissing1 a1 petition1 for1 habeas1 corpus,1
discipline1 judges1 of1 lower1 courts,1 or1
certiori1or1mandamus,1provided1a1legal1basis1
order1 their1 dismissal1 by1 a1 vote1 of1 a1
is1given1
majority1 of1 the1 members1 who1 actually1
Not1applicable1to1administrative1cases.1 took1 part1 in1 the1 deliberations1 on1 the1
1 issues1and1voted1thereon.1
Memorandum1decisions1 b. No1law1shall1be1passed1reorganizing1the1
1 judiciary1 when1 it1 undermines1 the1
1Valid1as1it1adopts1by1reference1the1findings1 security1of1tenure1of1its1members.1
of1 fact1 and1 conclusions1 of1 law1 contained1 in1
the1decisions1of1inferior1tribunals.11 Salaries!
88! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1Fixed1 by1 law,1 may1 not1 be1 decreased1 during1 their1
continuance1in1office.1 Constitutional*
Periods!for!Decision! Commissions!
1. All1 cases1 filed1 after1 the1 effectivity1 of1 the1
Constitution1 must1 be1 decided1 or1 resolved1 1935! 1973! 1987!
COMEL COMEL COMEL
from1date1of1submission1within:1
EC1 EC1 EC1
K SC:1241months1 General1 COA1 COA11
K Lower1Collegiate1Courts1121months1 Auditin CSC1 CSC1
K All1lover1courts:131months1 g1Office1
2. Despite1expiration1of1the1mandatory1period,1 1
the1 court,1 without1 prejudice1 to1 such1 General!Provisions!
responsibility1as1may1have1been1incurred1in1 $
The1independent1constitutional1commissions1are:1
consequence1 thereof,1 shall1 decide1 or1
1
resolve1 the1 case1 or1 matter1 submitted1 to1 it1 1. Civil1Service1Comm11
without1further1delay.11 2. COMELEC11
K The1court1does1not1lose1jurisdiction1over1 3. Commission1on1Audit1
the1 case1 despite1 the1 lapse1 of1 the1 1
mandatory1 period,1 but1 the1 erring1 judge1 Safeguards! ensuring! the! independence! of!
or1 justice1 may1 be1 subjected1 to1 Commissions:!
1
administrative1sanctions1for1the1delay1
1. They1 are1 constitutionally! created;1 may1
1 not1be1abolished1by1statute1
2. Independent!!
1
3. Conferred1 w/1 powers1 which1 cannot1 be1
reduced1by1statute11
4. Chairmen1&1mem.1may1not1be1removed1
(except1by1impeachment)11
5. Fairly1long!termK171yrs11
6. Chairmen1 and1 mem.1 May1 not! be!
reappointed! or! appointed! in! an! acting!
capacity!!
7. Salaries\1 relatively1 high,1 may1 not1 be1
decreased1during1continuance1in1office11
8. Fiscal!autonomy!!
9. May1 promulgate1 its1 own1 procedural!
rules,1 provided1 they1 do1 not1 diminish,1
increase,1 modify1 substantive1 rights1
(though1subject1to1disapproval1by1SC)11
10. Chairmen1 &1 memK1 subject1 to1 certain1
disqualifications111

89! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 11. May1 appoint! their! own! officials/1 CIVIL+SERVICE+COMMISSION+
employees1 in1 accordance1 w/1 Civil1 1
Service1Laws1 Composition:!
1 Chairman1+121CommissionersK1
INHIBITIONS/1DISQUALIFICATIONS1 1. Natural1born1citizens1
Shall1not,1during1tenure:1 2. At1least1351y/o1at1the1time1of1appointment1
1. Hold1any1other1office/1employment1 3. Proven1capacity1for1public1administration1
2. Engage1in1practice1of1any1profession11 4. Must1 not1 have1 been1 candidates1 for1 any1
3. Engage1 in1 active1 management/1 ctrl1 of1 elective1 position1 in1 the1 election1
any1 business1 w/c1 in1 any1 way1 may1 be1 immediately1preceding1appointment1
affected1by1the1functions1of1his1office11 5. Appointed1 by1 the1 President1 w/1 consent1 of1
4. Be1financially1interested1in1any1contract1 Commission1on1Appointments1for1a1term1of1
w/,1 or1 in1 any1 franchise/1 privilege1 71yrs1w/o1reappointment1
granted1 by1 the1 govt/1 6. In1 no1 case1 shall1 any1 member1 be1 appointed1
subdivisions/agencies1 or1 designated1 ina1 temporary1 or1 acting1
1 capacity1
1 1
1 Constitutional!Objectives/!Functions!
1 1As1the1central1personnel1agency1of1the1Govt:1
Rotational1scheme1of1Appointments:1 1. To1 establish1 a1 career1 service1 &1 adopt1
1First1 appointees1 shall1 serve1 terms1 of1 7,1 5,1 and1 31 measures1 to1 promote1 morale,1 efficiency,1
years.1 After1 1st1 commish1 are1 appointed,1 the1 integrity,1 responsiveness,1 progressiveness,1
rotational1 scheme1 is1 intended1 to1 prevent1 the1 and1courtesy1in1the1civil1service.11
possibility1 of1 11 President1 appointing1 all1 the1 2. To1strengthen1the1merit1&1rewards1system,1
Commissioners1 integrate1all1human1resources1development1
1 programs1 for1 all1 levels1 and1 ranks1 and1 to1
1 institutionalize1 a1 management1 climate1
Decisions1 conducive1 to1 public1 accountability1 [Sec.1 3,1
1 Art.1IXK1B]11
a. Shall1 be1 by1 majority1 vote1 of1 ALL1 its1 1
members1 &1 decided1 w/in1 601 days1 from1 Enjoys1 a1 wide1 latitude1 of1 Discretion1 and1
the1 date1 of1 submission1 for1 decision1 (if1 may1 not1 be1 compelled1 by1 mandamus1 to1
its1a1case)1or1resolution1(if1its1a1matter)1 issue1such1eligibility.11
b. Any1 decision,1 order1 or1 ruling1 of1 each1 Under1the1Administrative1Code1of11987,1the1
Commission1 may1 be1 brought1 to1 SC1 on1 CSC1 has1 the1 power1 to1 hear1 &1 decide1
certiorari1by1the1aggrieved1party1w/in1301 administrative1 cases1 instituted1 before1 it1
days1from1receipt1of1a1copy1thereof.1 directly1 or1 on1 appeal,1 including1 contested1
1 appointments.1 The1 Omnibus1 Rules1
Enforcement1Of1Decision1 implementing1 the1 Administrative1 Code1
1Final1decisions1of1the1CSC1are1enforceable1by1a1writ1 provides,1 among1 others,1 that1
of1execution1that1the1CSC1may1itself1issue1 notwithstanding1 the1 initial1 approval1 of1 an1
! appointment,1the1same1may1be1recalled1for1
! violation1of1other1existing1Civil1Service1laws,1
rules1 and1 regulations.1 The1 power1 of1 CSC1
includes1 the1 authority1 to1 recall1 an1
appointment1 initially1 approved1 in1 disregard1
90! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 of1 applicable1 provisions1 of1 the1 CS1 law1 &1 Security1of1Tenure1in1the1Career1Executive1Service,1
regulations1[Mathay1v.1CSC]1 requisites:1
Commission1 has1 orig1 jurisdiction1 to1 hear1 &1 1. Career1executive1service1eligibility11
decide1 a1 complaint1 for1 cheating1 in1 the1 Civil1 2. Appointment1 to1 the1 appropriate1 career1
Service1 examinations1 committed1 by1 govt1 executive1service1rank11
employees.1The1fact1that1the1complaint1was1 1
filed1by1the1CSC1itself1does1not1mean1that1it1 It1 must1 be1 stressed1 that1 the1 security1 of1
cannot1be1an1impartial1judge.1[Cruz1v.1CSC]1 tenure1of1employees1in1the1career1executive1
No1 appellate1 jurisdiction1 incase1 of1 service1 (except1 first1 &1 second1 level1
separation1from1government1service11 employees1in1the1civil1service)1pertains1only1
1 to1 rank1 and1 not1 to1 the1 office1 or1 to1 the1
Scope!Of!Civil!Service! position1 to1 which1 they1 may1 be1 appointed.1
1All1 branches,1 subdivisions,1 instrumentalities1 and1 Thus,1 a1 career1 executive1 officer1 may1 be1
agencies1 of1 the1 Govt1 including1 GOCC1 w/1 original1 transferred1or1reassigned1from111position1to1
charters.1[Sec.121(1)1Art.1IX1B]1 another1 w/out1 losing1 his1 rank1 w/c1 follows1
1 him1 wherever1 he1 is1 transferred1 or1
Classes!Of!Service! reassigned.11
1 1
A. Career!Service! B.!Non\Career!Service!(NCS)!
1 1
Characterized1 by1 entrance1 based1 on1 merit1 Characterized1by1
and1 fitness1 to1 be1 determined,1 as1 far1 as1 1. Entrance1 on1 bases1 other1 than1 those1 of1 the1
practicable1by1competitive1examinations,1or1 usual1tests1utilized1for1the1career1service1
based1on1highly1technical1qualifications;11 2. Tenure1 limited1 to1 that1 specified1 by1 law1 or1
Opportunity1 for1 advancement1 to1 higher1 which1 is1 coterminous1 with1 that1 of1 the1
career1positions;1and1security1of1tenure.1 appointing1 authority1 or1 subject1 to1 his1
111 pleasure,1or1
Positions1Included1in1Career1Service:1 3. Which1is1limited1to1duration1of1a1project1for1
a. Open1 career1 positions1 where1 prior1 w/c1purpose1the1employment1was1made.1
qualification1 in1 an1 appropriate1 examination1 1
is1required1 Officers1&1Employees1Embraced1in1NCS:1
b. 1Closed1 career1 positions,1 e.g.,1 scientific1 or1 1. Elective1officials1
highly1technical1in1nature1 2. Department1 1 heads1 and1 officials1 of1 Cabinet1
c. Career1 Executive1 Service,1 e.g.,1 rank1who1hold1office1at1the1pleasure1of1the1
undersecretaries,1bureau1directors,1etc1 President,1 &1 their1 personal1 &1 confidential1
d. Career1Officers1(other1than1those1belonging1 stuff1
to1 the1 Career1 Executive1 Service)1 who1 are1 3. Chair1 &1 mem.1 Of1 commissions1 and1 boards1
appointed1 by1 the1 President,1 e.g.,1 those1 in1 w/1fixed1terms1of1office11
foreign1office1 4. Contractual1 personnel1 or1 those1 whose1
e. Positions1 in1 the1 AFP,1 although1 governed1 by1 employment1 in1 the1 government1 is1 in1
separate1merit1system1 accordance1 w/1 a1 special1 contract1 to1
f. Personnel1of1GOCC1w/1orig1charters1 undertake1 a1 specific1 work1 or1 job1 requiring1
g. Permanent1 laborers1 whether1 skilled,1 semiK special1or1technical1skills1not1available1in1the1
skilled,1or1unskilled1 employing1agency,1to1be1accomplished1w/in1
1 a1 specific1 period1 not1 exceeding1 11 year,1

91! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 under1 their1 own1 responsibility,1 w/1 the1
minimum1direction1&1supervision11
5. Emergency1&1seasonal1personnel111
1 and1 appropriate1 eligibility.1 If1 he1 does,1 his1
Appointments!In!The!Civil!Service!
1Made1 only1 according1 to1 merit1 &1 fitness1 to1 be1
determined1 as1 far1 as1 practicable,1 and1 except1 to1
positions1 w/c1 are1 policy1 determining,1 primarily1
confidential,1 or1 highly1 technical,1 by1 competitive1
examination1[Sec.121(2)1Art.1IXKB]1
1 Disqualifications!
Permanent1appointment1can1issue1only1to1a1
person1who1possesses1all1the1requirements1
for1 the1 position1 to1 which1 he1 is1 appointed.1
An1 exception1 to1 this1 rule1 is1 where,1 in1 the1
absence1 of1 appropriate1 eligibles,1 he1 or1 she1
may1 be1 appointed1 temporarily1 for1 a1 period1
of1121months.11
1 tenure1[Sec171(1)1Art.1IX1B]1
1Exempt!from!competitive!examination!
1. Policy1determining1K11where1 officer1 lays1
down1 principal1 or1 fundamental1
guidelines1 or1 rules1 or1 formulates1
method1of1action1for1govt1or1any1of1its1
subdivisions1e.g.1department1head1
2. Primarily1 Confidential1 K1 1 1 1 denoting1 not1
only1 confidence1 in1 the1 aptitude1 of1 the1
appointee1 for1 the1 duties1 of1 the1 office1
but1primarily1close1intimacy1w/c1ensures1
freedom1 of1 intercourse1 w/out1
embarrassment1 or1 freedom1 from1
misgivings1 or1 betrayals1 on1 confidential1
matters1of1the1state;1or1one1declared1to1
be1 so1 by1 the1 President1 upon1
recommendation1of1CSC1
3. Highly1TechnicalK1requires1possession1of1
technical1 skills1 or1 training1 in1 a1 superior1
degree.1e.g.1PNB1legal1counsel1
1 considered1as1not1having1left1his1office,1and1
Discretion!Of!Appointing!Authority!
1Appointing1authority1has1the1right1of1choice1w/c1he1
may1exercise1freely1according1to1his1best1judgment,1
deciding1 for1 himself1 who1 is1 best1 qualified1 among1
those1 eligibles.1 Final1 choice1 of1 appointing1
authority1 should1 be1 respected1 and1 left1
undisturbed.1
92! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1
Role!of!Csc!
1Check1if1the1appointee1possesses1the1qualifications1
appointment1 is1 approved;1 it1 is1 not,1 if1 disapproved.1
The1committees1work1is1recommendatory1and1does1
not1 fix1 a1 stringent1 formula1 regarding1 the1 mode1 of1
choosing1from1among1thee1candidates.111
11
1
a. No1 candidate1 who1 has1 lost1 in1 any1 election1
shall,1w/in111yr1after1such,1be1appointed1to1
any1office1in1the1GOVT/1gocc1[Sec16,1Art1IX1
B]1
b. No1 elective1 official1 shall1 be1 eligible1 for1
appointment1or1designation1in1any1capacity1
to1 any1 public1 office1 or1 position1 during1 his1
c. Unless1 otherwise1 allowed1 by1 law1 or1 by1 the1
primary1 functions1 of1 his1 position,1 no1
appointive1 official1 shall1 hold1 any1 other1
office1 or1 employment1 in1 the1 Govt1 or1 any1
subdivision,1 agency,1 instrumentality,1
including1GOCC/1subsidiary1[Sec171(2)1Art1IXK
B]1
1
Security!Of!Tenure!
No1 officer1 or1 employee1 of1 the1 CS1 shall1 be1
removed1 or1 suspended1 except1 for1 cause1
provided1by1law1[Sec121(3)1Art1IX1B]1
Unconsented1 transfer1 of1 the1 officer,1
resulting1in1demolition1in1rank1or1salary,1is1a1
violation1of1the1security1of1tenure1clause1in1
the1Constitution.11
When1an1employee1is1illegally1dismissed,1&1
his1 reinstatement1 is1 later1 ordered1 by1 the1
Court,1for1all1legal1intents1&1purposes1he1is1
notwithstanding1the1silence1of1the1decision,1
he1 is1 entitled1 to1 backwages1 [Del1 Castillo1 v.1
CSC]1
Security1 of1 tenure1 in1 Career1 Executive1
Service1pertains1to1rank,1not1to1the1position1
to1 which1 the1 employee1 may1 be1 appointed1
[General1v.1Roco]1
 Reorganization1 of1 office1 does1 not1
necessarily1 result1 in1 abolition1 of1 the1 office,1
and1 does1 not1 justify1 the1 replacement1 of1
permanent1 officers1 &1 employees.1 But1
where,1 as1 a1 result1 of1 the1 reorganization,1
employees1 were1 effectively1 demoted1 by1
their1 assignment1 to1 positions1 lower1 than1
those1 they1 previously1 held,1 there1 is1
violation1of1security1of1tenure,1and1CSC1may1
order1reinstatement.1
Under1 ROC,1 a1 career1 service1 officer1 or1 ee1
unlawfully1ousted1from1his1office1has111yr1to1
file1 an1 action1 in1 court1 to1 recover1 his1 office,1
otherwise1it1prescribes.1
1 employee1 shall1 receive1 additional,1 double,1 or1
1 indirect1 compensation1 unless1 specifically1
1 authorized1by1law,1nor1accept1w/out1the1consent1of1
Partisan!political!Activity!
1No1 officer1 or1 employee1 in1 the1 CS1 shall1 engage,1 in1
any1 electioneering1 or1 partisan1 political1 campaign1
[Sec121(4)1Art1IX1B]1
The1 CS1 Law1 prohibits1 engaging1 directly1 or1
indirectly1in1any1partisan1political1activity1or1
taking1part1in1any1election1except1to1vote,1or1
use1official1authority1to1coerce1the1political1
activity1of1any1person1or1body.1But1this1does1
not1prevent1expression1of1views1on1current1
political1 issues,1 or1 mention1 the1 names1 of1
candidates1 for1 public1 office1 whom1 the1
public1officer1supports.1
Military1is1covered1by1this1provision1
Exempt1from1this1provision1are1the1mem1of1
the1Cabinet1and1public1officers1&1employees1
holding1political1offices1(who1are1allowed1to1
take1 part1 in1 political1 &1 electoral1 activities,1
except1 to1 solicit1 contributions1 from1 their1
subordinates1 or1 commit1 acts1 prohibited1
under1Election1Code)1
1 1. Natural1born1Fil1cit.1
Right!To!Self\!Organization!
1This1 right1 shall1 not1 be1 denied1 to1 govt1 employees1
[Sec.121(5)1Art1IX1B]1
But1 they1 may1 not1 engage1 in1 strikes1 to1
demand1changes1in1the1terms1&1conditions1
of1their1employment1
1
93! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Protection!to!temporary!employees!(TE)!
TE1shall1be1given1such1protection1as1may1be1
provided1by1the1law1[Sec121(6)1Art1IX1B]1
1
Standardization!Of!Compensation!
1Congress1 shall1 provide1 for1 standardization1 of1
compensation1of1government1official1&1employees,1
including1 those1 in1 GOCC1 w/1 orig1 charters,1 taking1
into1 account1 the1 nature1 of1 responsibilities1
pertaining1 to1 and1 the1 qualifications1 required1 for1
their1positions.1[Sec151Art1IX1B]1
!
DOUBLE!COMPENSATION!
1No1 elective1 or1 appointive1 public1 officer1 or1
Congress,1 any1 present1 emoluments,1 office1 or1 title1
of1any1kind1from1any1foreign1government.1Pensions1
and1gratuities1shall1not1be1considered1as1additional,1
double1or1indirect1compensation.1[Sec181Art19B]1
1
Oath!Of!Allegiance!
1All1pub.1Off/1ee1shall1take1an1oath1or1affirmation1to1
uphold1&1defend1the1Constitution1
(
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
COMELEC+
Composition1
a. Chairman1+161Commisioners:11
2. At1least1351yo1
3. Holders1of1college1degree1
4. Have1 not1 been1 candidates1 in1 the1
immediately1preceding1election1
5. Majority,1 including1 the1 Chairmen,1 must1
be1mem.1Of1the1Phil1Bar1who1have1been1
 engaged1 in1 the1 practice1 of1 law1 for1 at1
least1101yrs.1
6. They1shall1be1appointed1by1the1Pres.1w/1
the1 consent1 of1 the1 CoA1 for1 a1 term1 of1
7yrs1 w/o1 reappointment.1 No1 member1
shall1 be1 appointed1 or1 designated1 in1 a1
temporary1or1acting1capacity.1
1 K File1 motion1 for1 Reconsideration1 firstK1
En1Banc1&1Division1Cases1
1It1 may1 sit1 en1 banc1 or1 in1 21 divisions,1 &1 shall1
promulgate1 its1 rules1 of1 procedure1 in1 order1 to1
expedite1disposition1of1election1cases,1including1pre1
proclamation1controversies.1All1such1election1cases1
shall1be1heard1&1decided1in1division,1provided1that1
motions1 for1 reconsideration1 shall1 be1 decided1 en1
banc1
1 1
1Division1 Cases1 (QuasiKJudicial1 or1 adjudicatory1
functions)1
a. All1 election1 cases1 including1 preK1
proclamation1 contests,1 originally1
cognizable1 by1 the1 Commission1 in1 the1
exercise1 of1 its1 powers1 under1 sec.1 21 (2)1
Art1IX1C1of1the1Constitution.1
b. Over1 petition1 to1 cancel1 a1 certificate1 of1
candidacy1
c. Cases1appealed1from1RTC1or1MTC1
d. Petition1 for1 certiorari1 filed1 w/1 the1
commission1 from1 a1 decision1 of1 the1 RTC1
or1MTC11
1 1
1 RecallK1termination1of1official1relationship1of1
1EN1BANC1(Administrative)1
1. Promulgation1 of1 rules1 concerning1
pleadings1 &1 practice1 before1 it1 but1 they1
must1 not1 diminish,1 increase1 or1 modify1
substantive1rights.1
2. Petition1 for1 correction1 of1 manifest1
errors1 since1 it1 alleges1 an1 erroneous1
copying1 of1 figures1 from1 the1 election1
return1 to1 the1 Statement1 of1 Votes1 by1
precinct.1 Such1 error1 which1 merely1
requires1 a1 clerical1 correction1 without1
opening1 the1 ballot1 boxes1 or1 examining1
the1ballots1demands1only1the1exercise1of1
administrative1power1of1the1COMELEC1
94! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
3. Manifest1 errors1 in1 tabulation1 or1 tallying1
of1results.1
4. Prosecution1of1violation1of1election1laws1
5. Power1to1declare1Failure1of1Elections1
1
Only1 decisions1 of1 COMELEC1 en1 banc1 are1
reviewable1by1the1SC1
Doctrine1 of1 Exhaustive1 Administrative1
Remedies1
1
Constitutional!Powers!And!Functions!
A. Enforce1 and1 administer1 all1 laws1 &1
regulations1 relative1 to1 the1 conduct1 of1 an1
election,1 plebiscite,1 initiative,1 referendum1
or1recall1
1InitiativeK1 power1 of1 people1 to1 propose1
amendments1 to1 the1 Constitution1 or1 to1
propose1 and1 enact1 legislation1 through1 an1
election.1
1. Initiative1on1the1Constitution1
2. Initiative1on1Statutes1
3. Initiative1on1local1legislation1
1
ReferendumK1 power1 of1 electorate1 to1
approve1 or1 reject1 legislation1 through1 an1
election1called1for1the1purpose1
(referendum1 on1 statutes1 &1 ref.1 on1 local1
laws)1
a1local1elective1official1for1loss1of1confidence1
prior1 to1 the1 expiration1 of1 his1 term1 through1
the1will1of1the1electorate.11
1
PlebisciteK1 submission1 of1 Constitutional1
amendments1 or1 impt1 legislative1 measures1
to1the1people1for1ratification1
1
B. Exclusive1 Original1 jurisdiction1 over1 all1
contests1 relating1 to1 the1 election,1 returns1 &1
qualifications1 of1 all1 elective1 regional,1
provincial1 and1 city1 officials.1 Exclusive1
appellate1 jurisdiction1 over1 all1 contests1
involving1elective1barangay1officials1decided1
 by1 the1 MTC,1 and1 decisions1 therein1 shall1 be1 punish1 contempt1 inquire1 into1 financial1 records1 of1
final,1executor1and1unappealable.1 candidates,1 groups,1 etc.,1 prescribe1 forms1 to1 be1
1 used1 in1 elections,1 procure1 supplies1 and1 materials1
C. Decide,1 save1 those1 involving1 the1 right1 to1 needed1for1the1election,1enlist1nonK1partisan1groups1
vote,1 all1 questions1 affecting1 elections,1 to1assist1it,1fix1period1for1preKelection1requirements,1
including1 determination1 of1 the1 number1 &1 etc.1
location1 of1 polling1 places,1 appointment1 of1 a. Power1to1declare1failure1of1election;1call1for1
election1 officials1 and1 inspectors,1 &1 special1elections1
registration1of1voters.1 b. Exclusive1 orig1 juris1 over1 all1 preK1
1 proclamation1controversies1
D. Deputize,1w/1concurrence1of1President,1law1 1
enforcement1 agencies1 &1 instrumentalities1 Party!List!System!
for1 the1 exclusive1 purpose1 of1 ensuring1 free,1 1 A1 free1 and1 open1 party1 list1 system1 shall1 be1
orderly,1 honest,1 peaceful1 and1 credible1 allowed1 to1 evolve1 according1 to1 the1 free1 choice1 of1
elections.1 the1people.11
1 1
E. Register,1 after1 sufficient1 publication,1 1
political1parties,1organizations,1or1coalitions1 Election!Period!
w/c1must1present1their1platform1or1program1 1 Unless1 otherwise1 fixed1 by1 the1 Commission1 in1
of1govt;1accredited1citizens1arms1 special1 cases,1 shall1 commence1 901 days1 before1 the1
1 day1of1the1election1&1shall1end1301days1thereafter.1
F. File,1 upon1 a1 verified1 complaint,1 or1 on1 its1 1
own1 initiative,1 petitions1 in1 court1 for1 the1 Judicial!Review!Of!Comelec!Decisions!!
inclusion1or1exclusion1of1voters;1investigate,1 1 A1 petition1 for1 certiorari1 under1 Rule1 651 of1 the1
and1 where1 appropriate,1 prosecute1 cases1 of1 RoC,1filed1w/1the1SC1w/in1301days1from1receipt1of1a1
violations1of1election1laws1 copy1of1final1order,1or1decision1of1the1Commission1
1 en1banc.1
G. Recommend1 to1 Congress1 effective1
measures1 to1 minimize1 election1 spending,1
including1 limitation1 of1 places1 where1 COMMISSION+ON+AUDIT+
propaganda1 materials1 shall1 be1 posted,1 and1 $
to1prevent1and1penalize1all1forms1of1election1 Composition,!Appointment!
frauds,1 offenses,1 malpractice,1 and1 nuisance1 1
candidates.11 Chairman1&121Commissioners,1who1shall1be1
1 a. Natural1born1Filipino1citizens1
H. Submit1 to1 the1 President1 and1 Congress1 a1 b. At1least1351
comprehensive1 report1 on1 the1 conduct1 of1 c. CPAs1 w/1 not1 less1 than1 101 yrs1 of1 auditing1
each1 election,1 plebiscite,1 ref.,1 initiative1 or1 experience1 OR1 mem1 of1 the1 Phil1 bar1 w/1 at1
recall1 least1101yr1practice1of1law1
1 d. Must1 not1 have1 been1 candidates1 in1 the1
! election1 immediately1 preceding1 the1
Statutory!Powers! appointment1
1 e. At1no1time1shall1all1mem1belong1to1the1same1
1 BP1881K1Exercise1supervision1&1ctrl1over1officials1 profession1
required1to1perform1duties1relative1to1the1conduct1 f. Appointed1by1the1Pres1w/1CoA1consent1for1a1
of1 elections,1 promulgate1 rules1 &1 regulations,1 term1of171yrs1w/o1reappointment1

95! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1
Powers,!Duties! Accountability,of,
a. Examine,1 audit,1 &1 settle1 all1 accounts1
pertaining1to1the1revenue1and1receipts1of,1&1 Public'Officers!
expenditures1or1uses1of1funds1and1property1
owned1or1held1in1trust1or1pertaining1to,1the1
1
Govt1
19351 19731 19871
b. Keep1 the1 gen.1 accts1 of1 the1 govt1 and1
preserve1 vouchers1 and1 supporting1 papers1 VIRTUES1
for1such1period1as1provided1by1law1 None1 Highest1 Utmost1
c. Authority1 to1 define1 the1 scope1 of1 its1 audit1 Degree1 Responsibi
and1 examination,1 establish1 techniques1 and1 of1 lity1
methods1required1therefor.1 Respons Integrity1
d. Promulgate1accounting1and1auditing1rules1&1 ibility1 Loyalty1
regulations1 including1 those1 for1 the1 Integrit Efficiency1
prevention1 &1 disallowance1 of1 irregular,1 y1 Patriotism1
unnecessary,1 expensive,1 extravagant,1 or1 Loyalty1 Justice1
unscionable1 expenditures1 or1 uses1 of1 Efficienc Modest1
government1funds1or1property.1 y1 lives1
1 IMPEACHMENT1
Jurisdiction!of!the!commission! Grounds:1 Grounds:1 Grounds:1
1 No1law1shall1be1passed1exempting1any1entity1of1 Culp Culpabl Culpable1
Govt,1or1any1investment1of1public1funds,1from1the1 able1 e1 violation11
jurisdiction1of1the1CoA.1 violat violatio of1the1
CoA1 has1 the1 authority1 to1 investigate1 ion1 n1of1the1 constitutio
whether1directors,1officials1or1employees1of1 of1 constitu n1
governmentKowned1 and1 contro0lled1 the1 tion1 Treason1
corporations,1 receiving1 additional1 const Treason1 Bribery1
allowances1and1bonuses1are1entitled1to1such1 itutio Bribery1 Graft1and1
benefits1under1applicable1laws.11 n1 Other1 Corruption1
1 Treas High1 Other1High1
1 on1 crimes1 Crimes1
1 Bribe Graft1 Betrayal1of1
1 ry1 and1 Public1
1 Othe Corrupti trust1
1 r1 on1 Who:1
1 High1 Who:1 President1
1 crim Preside Vice1
1 es1 nt1 President1
1 Who:1 Chief1 Chief1
1 Presi Justice1 justice1and1
1 dent1 and1 associate1
Chief1 associat justices1of1
Justic e1 the1SC1
e1 justices1 Chair1and1
Audit of1SC1 members1
96! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 or1 (am1not1 of:1 What1 is1 the1 process1 of1
Gene sure)1 K ConK impeachment?1
ral1 Chair1 Com1 1
and1 K Ombu Inquiry!of!Impeachment!!!Direct!
membe dsman1 Resolution!
rs1of1 !Resolution!
ConK 1
Com1 1 Any1member1of1the1
TANOD1BAYAN1 1 HR1or1Citizen1of1the1
None1 Yes1 Yes1 1 Philippines1upon1
1 1 resolution1or1
1 1
endorsement1by1any1
Statement!of!Policy! 1
member1of1the1HR1
$ Public$office$is$public$trust.$Public$Officers$and$ 1
employees$must$at$all$times$be$accountable$to$the$ 1
FILES1A1VERIFIED1
Include1in1the1order1
people,$serve$them$with$utmost$responsibility,$ 1
COMPLAINT1
of1business1of1HR1
integrity,$loyalty,$and$efficiency,$act$w/$patriotism$ 1
and$justice$and$lead$modest$lives$ 1
within1101session1
$ 1
Impeachment$ 1
1 A1national1inquest1into1the1conduct1of1public1 1
men1 1 Referred1to1
1 1 JUDICIARY1
Impeachable!officers:! 1
COMMITTEE1within131
Judiciary1committee1
1 session1days1
1. Pres1
2. VP1 HOLDS1HEARINGS1
1
3. CJ1and1assoc1justices1of1SC1 1
and1INVESTIGATES1
4. Chair1&1mem1of:1 1 CHARGES1
a. 1ConCom1 1
b. 1Ombudsman1 1
1 1
Exclusive11 1
1 1
Grounds1for1impeachment1(exclusive1enumeration)1 1
1. Culpable1violation1of1the1Consti1 1
COMMITTEE1after1
1
2. Treason1
3. Bribery1 1hearing1and1
4. Graft1&1corruption1 MAJORITY1VOTE1of1all1
1
5. Other1high1crimes1 1
its1members1
6. Betrayal1of1pub.1Trust1 1
SUBMITS1REPORT1to1
1 1
HR1within1601session1
Who1may1initiate1case1of1impeachment?1 1
1Only1the1House1of1Representatives/citizen1upon1 1
resolution1or1endorsement1by1any1member1of1the1 1
CALENDARED1for1
1
HR.1
1 CONSIDERATION1by1
1
HR1within1101session1
97! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 days1
1
 1 1
1 EFFECT1OF1CONVICTION1
1 Removal1from1office1&1disqualification1
1 to1hold1any1office1under1Republic1of1the1
At1least11/31of1all1
1 Philippines.1But1the1party1convicted1
members1of1HR1
1 shall1be1liable1&1subject1to1prosecution,1
1AFFIRMS1or1 trial1&1punishment1accdg1to1law1
1
OVERRIDES1Article1of1 $
1 !
1 SANDIGANBAYAN!
1 !
ARTICLES OF IMPEACHMENT is SENT to the SENATE
1 1The1present1antiK1graft1court1known1as1the1
which have the sole power to try and decide all cases of
1 impeachment. sandiganbayan1shall1continue1to1function1and1
1 exercise1its1jurisdiction1as1now1or1hereafter1may1be1
1 Prosecutors: Fixed number of membersprovided1by1law1
of HR
1 !
Jurors: FULL SENATE
1 Composition!
1 When the President of the Philippines is Presiding1justice1+1141Assoc1Justices,1w/1the1rank1of1
on trial, the Chief
1 Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside,Justice1of1CA.1it1sits1in131divisions1of131mem1each1
but shall not vote.1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 SENATE VOTES in OPEN SESSION on each Articles of
Jurisdiction1
Impeachment1
1 a. Offense1committed1is1violation1of1RA13019,1
1 RA11379,1Chap121Sec121Title171Book121of1RPC,1
1 EO11,12,1141and1141A1issued1in11986,1or1other1
1 CONVICTION upon concurrence of 2/3 vote of offenses1or1felonies1whether1simple1or1
ALL the
1 MEMBERS OF THE SENATE1 complexed1w/1other1crimes1
1 b. Offender1committing1abovementioned1
1 offenses1is1a1public1official1or1employee1
LIMITATION1ON1INITIATING1OF1IMPEACHMENT1 holding1any1of1the1positions1enumerated1in1
CASE1 par.1A1sec141RA182491
1 Not1more1than1once1w/in1a1period1of111yr1 c. Offense1committed1is1in1relation1to1the1
against1the1same1official1 office1
1 1
TRIAL1&1DECISION111 Decisions/1Review1
SenateK1sole1power1to1try1&1decide1all1 1Unanimous1vote1of1all1the131mem1shall1be1required.1
cases1of1impeachment1 Reviewable1by1SC1by1certiorari1
When1sitting1for1that1purpose,1the1 1
Senators1shall1be1on1oath1or1affirmation.1 !
When1Pres1of1the1Phil1is1on1trial,1the1CJ1 OMBUDSMAN(
of1the1SC1shall1preside,1but1shall1not1 $
vote.1A1decision1of1conviction1must1be1 a. Composition1
concurred1by1at1least12/31of1all1the1 1. Ombudsman1to1be1known1as1
members1of1the1Senate1 Tanodbayan1

98! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 2. One1overall1deputy1and;11 3. Shall1not1be1financially1interested1in1any1
3. At1least111deputy1each1for1Luzon,1 contract1w/1or1in1any1franchise1or1
Visayas1and1Mindanao.11 privilege1granted1by1the1government11
4. A1separate1deputy1for1the1military1 4. Not1be1qualified1to1run1for1any1office1in1
establishment1may1likewise1be1 the1election1immediately1succeeding1
appointed1 their1cessation1from1office1
1 1
b. Qualifications:1 h. Powers1and1duties1
Ombudsman1and1Deputies1must1be1:1 1
1. Natural1born1citizens1of1the1RP1 1Section1 121 The1 Ombudsman1 and1 his1
2. 1At1least1401years1old1 Deputies,1 as1 protectors1 of1 the1 people,1 shall1 act1
3. Of1recognized1probity1and1independence1 promptly1 on1 complaints1 filed1 in1 any1 form1 or1
4. Member1of1Philippine1Bar1 manner1against1public1officials1or1employees1of1the1
5. Must1not1have1been1candidates1for1any1 Government,1 or1 any1 subdivision,1 agency1 or1
elective1office1in1the1immediately1preceding1 instrumentality1 thereof,1 including1 government1
election1 owned1 or1 controlled1 corporation,1 and1 shall,1 in1
6. Ombudsman1must1have1been1a1judge1or1 appropriate1 cases,1 notify1 the1 complainants1 of1 the1
engaged1in1the1practice1of1law1for11at1least1 action1taken1and1the1result1thereof.1
101yrs1 1
1 1Section1 131 The1 office1 of1 the1 Ombudsman1
c. Appointment1of1the1Ombudsman1&1his1 shall1 have1 the1 following1 powers,1 functions1 and1
deputies1 duties:1
1By1the1President1from1a1list1of1at1least161nominees1 1
prepared1by1the1JBC,1&1from1a1list1of1at1least131 1.1Investigate1 on1 its1 own,1 or1 on1
nominees1for1every1vacancy1thereafter.1All1 complaint1 by1 any1 p1 1 erson,1 any1 act1 or1
vacancies1to1be1filled1in131mos.1 omission1 of1 any1 public1 official,1
1 employee,1 office1 or1 agency,1 when1 such1
d. Term1of1Office1 action1or1omission1appears1to1be1illegal,1
71yrs1w/o1reappointment1 unjust,1improper,1or1inefficient.1
e. Rank1&1Salary1 2.Direct,1 upon1 complaint1 or1 at1 its1 own1
That1of1Chair1&1mem1of1the1ConCom.1 instance,1any1public1official1or1employee1
SalaryK1not1be1decreased1during1their1 of1 the1 government,1 or1 any1 subdivisions1
term1of1office1 agency1 or1 instrumentality1 thereof,1 as1
1 well1 as1 of1 any1 government1 owned1 or1
f. W/Fiscal1Autonomy1 controlled1 corporation1 with1 original1
1 charter,1 to1 perform1 and1 expedite1 any1
g. 1Disqualifications/1Inhibitions1 act1 or1 duty1 required1 by1 law,1 or1 to1 stop,1
1During1tenure,11 prevent,1 and1 correct1 any1 abuse1 or1
1. Shall1not1hold1any1other1office1or1 impropriety1 in1 the1 performance1 of1
employment;11 duties.1
2. Shall1not1engage1in1the1practice1of1any1 3.Direct1 the1 officer1 concerned1 to1 take1
profession1or1in1the1active1management1 appropriate1 action1 against1 a1 public1
or1ctrl1of1any1business1w/c1in1any1way1 official1 or1 employee1 at1 fault,1 and1
may1be1affected1by1the1functions1of1his1 recommend1 his1 removal,1 suspension,1
office;11 demotion,1fine1censure,1or1prosecution,1
and1ensure1compliance1therewith.1

99! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 4.Direct1 the1 officer1 concerned,1 in1 any1 in1which1they1have1controlling1interest1during1their1
appropriate1 case,1 and1 subject1 to1 such1 tenure1
limitations1 as1 may1 be1 provided1 by1 law,1 1
to1 furnish1 it1 with1 copies1 of1 documents1 !
relating1 to1 contracts1 or1 transactions1 !
entered1 into1 by1 his1 office1 involving1 the1 Statement!of!assets,!liabilities!and!net!worth!
disbursement1 or1 use1 of1 public1 funds1 or1 1A1public1officer1or1employee1shall1upon1assumption1
properties,1 and1 report1 any1 irregularity1 of1 office1 and1 as1 often1 as1 thereafter1 as1 may1 be1
to1 the1 Commission1 on1 Audit1 for1 required1by1law,1submit1a1declaration1of1oath1of1his1
appropriate1action.1 assets,1liabilities1and1net1worth.1
5.Request1 any1 government1 agency1 for1 1In1 the1 case1 of1 P,1 VP,1 Cabinet,1 ConKCom,1 SC1
assistance1and1information1necessary1in1 Congress,1 and1 other1 constitutional1 offices1 and1
the1 discharge1 of1 its1 responsibilities1 and1 officers1 of1 AFP1 of1 general1 or1 flag1 rank,1 the1
to1 examine,1 if1 necessary,1 pertinent1 declaration1 shall1 be1 disclosed1 to1 the1 public1 in1 the1
records1and1documents.1 manner1provided1by1law.1
6.Publicize1 matters1 covered1 by1 its1 1
investigation1 when1 circumstances1 so1 Allegiance!to!the!State!and!to!the!Constitution!
warrant1and1with1due1prudence.1 1Public1 officers1 and1 employees1 owe1 the1 State1 and1
7.Determine1 the1 causes1 of1 inefficiency,1 this1 Constitution1 allegiance1 at1 all1 times,1 and1 any1
red1 tape,1 mismanagement,1 fraud1 and1 public1 officer1 or1 employee1 who1 seeks1 to1 change1
corruption1in1the1Government1and1make1 citizenship1or1acquire1the1status1of1an1immigrant1of1
recommendations1 for1 their1 elimination1 another1 country1 during1 his1 tenure1 shall1 be1 dealt1
and1the1observance1of1high1standards1of1 with1by1law.11
ethics1and1efficiency.1 1
8.Promulgate1its1rules1of1procedure1and1
exercise1 such1 other1 powers1 or1 perform1
such1 functions1 or1 duties1 as1 may1 be1
provided1by1law.1
1
Ill\Gotten!Wealth!
1The1 Right1 of1 the1 state1 to1 recover1 properties1
unlawfully1 acquired1 by1 Public1 officials1 or1
employees,1 from1 them1 or1 from1 their1 nominees1 or1
transferees,1 shall1 not1 be1 barred1 by1 prescription,1
laches1or1estoppel.1
1
Applies1only1to1civil1actions1for1recovery1
and1not1to1criminal1cases1
1
Restriction!on!Loans!
1No1 loan,1 quaranty1 or1 other1 form1 of1 financial1
accommodation1 for1 any1 business1 purpose1 may1 be1
granted1 directly1 or1 indirectly1 by1 any1 governmentK
owned1or1controlled1bank1or1financial1institution1to1
the1 P,1 VP,1 members1 of1 the1 Cabinet,1 Congress,1 SC1
and1ConKCom,1Ombudsman1or1to1any1firm1or1entity1

100! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
National(Economy(
3. Citizenship1requirements1
Nature1 Citizenship1 Other1
Requirements1
and$Patrimony! 1.1CoK Filipino1Citizens1 Agreements1
production,1 or1 shall1not1
joint1venture1or1 Corporations1 exceed1a1
Goals!
production1 or1Associations1 period1of1251
1. More1equitable1distribution1of1
sharing1 at1least160%1of1 years,1
opportunities,1income1and1wealth1
agreements1for1 whose1capital1 renewable1for1
2. Sustained1increase1in1amount1of1goods1and1
exploration,1 is1Filipino1 another1251
services1produced1by1the1nation1for1the1
development1 owned.11 years1
benefit1of1the1people1
and1utilization1
3. Expanding1production1as1the1key1to1raising1
of1natural1
the1quality1of1life1for1all,1especially1the1
resources1
under1privileged.1
2.1Use1and1 Exclusively1for1 1
Full1industrialization1
enjoyment1of1 Filipino1Citizens1
Natural!resources!
the1nations1
1. Regalian1Doctrine11The1universal1feudal1
marine1wealth1
theory1that1all1lands1were1held1from1the1
in1its1
crown.1Ownership1is1vested1in1the1State1as1
archipelagic1
such1rather1than1in1the1head1thereof.1
waters,1
1
territorial1sea1
a. Sec.121All1lands1of1the1public1domain,1
and1EEZ1
waters,1minerals,1coal,1petroleum1and1other1
Alienable1lands1 Filipino1 FC:1not1more1
mineral1oils,1all1forces1of1potential1energy,1
of1the1public1 Citizens,1 than1121
fisheries,1forests1or1timber,1wildlife,1flora1or1
domain1 Private1 hectares1by1
fauna,1and1other1natural1resources1are1
(agricultural1 Corporations1 purchase,1
owned1by1the1state.1With1the1exception1of1
lands)1 homestead1or1
agricultural1lands,1all1other1natural1
grant1or1lease1
resources1shall1not1be1alienated.1
not1more1than1
1
5001hectares.1
2. Imperium1and1Dominium11
1
Imperium1 Dominium1
PC:1lease1not1
Government1authority1 Capacity1to1own1or1
more1than1
possessed1by1the1State1 acquire1property.1With1
1,0001hectares1
which1is1appropriately1 reference1to1lands1held1
for1251years,1
embraced1in1sovereignty1 by1the1state1in1its1
renewable1for1
proprietary1character.11
another1251
May1provide1for1the1
years.1
exploitation1and1use1of1
Certain1Areas1 Filipino1citizens1 Congress1may1
lands1and1other1natural1
of1investment1 or1corporations1 prescribe1a1
resources1including1
(determined1by1 60%1of1whose1 higher1
their1disposition,1except1
the1Congress)11 capital1is1 percentage1of1
as1limited1by1the1
Filipino1owned1 Filipino1
constitution.1
ownership1
1
Franchise,1 Filipino1Citizens1 Franchise1shall1

101! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
certificate1or1 or1corporations1 not1be1 distributive1justice1and1to1intervene1when1
authorization1 at1least160%1of1 exclusive1for1a1 the1common1good1so1demands.1
for1the1 whose1capital1 period1more1 1
operation1of1 is1FilipinoK than1501years1 Private!Lands!
public1utility1 owned1 and1shall1hbe1 1Rule:1No1private1lands1shall1be1transferred1or1
subject1to1 conveyed1except1to1individuals,1corporations1or1
amendment,1 associations1qualified1to1acquire1or1hold1lands1of1
alteration1or1 the1public1domain.1
repeal1by1 1Reason1for1the1rule:1Conservation1of1the1national1
Congress.11 economy1and1patrimony1
1 Any1sale1in1violation1of1such1provision1is1null1
4. Classification1of1lands1of11the1Public1Domain.1 and1void1
a. Agricultural1 1
b. Forest1 Two1exceptions1
c. Timber1 1. Hereditary1Succession11Does1not1apply1
d. Mineral1 to1testamentary1succession1
e. National1Parks1 2. Natural1Born1citizen1of1the1Philippines1
Classification1is1a1function1of1the1executive1 who1has1lost1his1Philippine1citizenship1
branch1of1government,1specifically1the1 may1be1a1transferee1of1private1lands,1
Director1of1Land1Management1Bureau.1The1 subject1to1limitations1provided1by1law.1
decision,1when1approved1by1the1Secretary1 RA8179.11Former1natural1born1Filipino1
of1DENR1as1to1questions1of1fact1is1conclusive1 Citizens1may1acquire15,0001sq.1m.1For1urban1
upon1the1courts.11 land1and131hectares1for1rural1land.1Such1land1
Congress1shall1determine1the1specific1limits1 may1now1be1used1for1business1and1for1other1
of1forest1lands1and1national1parks,1marking1 purposes1
clearly1their1boundaries1on1the1ground.1 K The1previous1law1was1BP11851which1
1 granted:1
19351 19731 19871 10001sq.1m1for1urban1and111hectare1for1
K1 K1Agricultural1 K1 Rural1which1can1be1used1for1residential1
Agricultural1 K1Timber1 Agricultural1 purposes1only1
K1Timber1 K1Mineral1 K1Forest1 Remedies!to!recover!private!land!from!
K1Mineral1 K1Industrial/1 K1Timber1 disqualified!alien!
Commercial1 K1Mineral1 1. Escheat1proceedings1
K1Residential11 K1National1 2. Action1for1reversion1
Resettlement1 Parks1 3. Action1for1recovery1filed1by1the1former1
Grazing1Lands1 Filipino1owner,1the1pari1delicto1doctrine1
1 having1been1abandoned,1unless1the1land1is1
1 sold1to1an1American1citizen1prior1to1July13,1
5. Stewardship1Concept11The1use1of1property1 19741and1the1amreican1citizen1obtained1title1
bears1a1social1function,1and1all1economic1 thereto.1
agents1shall1contribute1to1the1common1 Preference!for!Filipino!Labor!!
good.1Individuals1and1private1groups,1shall1 1The1state1shall1promote1the1preferential1use1of1
have1the1right1ot1own,1establish1and1 Filipino1labor,1domestic1materials1and1locally1
operate1economic1enterprises1subject1to1 produced1goods,1and1adopt1measures1that1help1
the1duty1of1the1State1to1promote1 make1them1competitive.1
1

102! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
Practice!of!Profession!
1The1practice1of1all1professions1in1the1Philippines1
shall1be1limited1to1Filipino1Citizens,1save1in1cases1
prescribed1by1law.1
1
Cooperatives!
1The1congress1shall1create1an1agency1to1promote1the1
viability1and1growth1of1cooperatives1as1instruments1
for1social1justice1and1economic1development.1
1
1 1The1state1shall1give1priority1to1education,1science1
Monopolies!
1Policy:1the1state1shall1regulate1or1prohibit1
monopolies1when1the1public1interest1so1requires.1
No1combinations1in1restraint1of1trade1or1unfair1
competition1shall1be1allowed.11
1MonopolyK1privilege1or1peculiar1advantage1vested1
in1one1or1more1persons1or1companies,1consisting1in1
the1exclusive1right1to1carry1on1a1particular1business1
or1trade,1manufacture1a1particular1article,1or1
control1the1sale1of1a1particular1commodity.11
Not1per1se1prohibited1by1only1regulated1
with1a1higher1level1of1State1regulation.11
Central!Monetary!Authority!
1CENTRAL1BANK1OF1THE1PHILIPPINES1
1The1congress1shall1establish1an1independent1central1
monetary1authority,1the1members1of1whose1
governing1board1must1be:1
1. NaturalKborn1Filipino1citizens;1
2. Known1probity,1integrity1and1patriotism;1
3. Majority1of1whom1shall1come1from1the1
private1sector.1
1Authority/Power:1
1. Provide1direction1in1the1areas1of1money,1
banking1and1credit1
2. Supervision1over1the1operations1of1
banks1and1exercise1such1regulatory1
powers1
Education,+Science+
And$Technology,(Arts,(
Culture'And'Sports!
103! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
What1is1education:1Not1merely1knowledge1
but1development1of:1
K Critical1
K Artistic1
K Moral1Sensitivity1to1the1needs1of1others1
State!Policy!
and1technology,1arts,1culture1and1sports1to1foster1
patriotism1and1nationalism,1accelerate1social1
progress,1and1promote1total1human1liberation1and1
development.1
1
1. The1State1shall1protect1and1promote1the1
right1of1all1citizens1to1quality1education1
at1all1levels1and1shall1take1appropriate1
steps1to1make1such1education1accessible1
to1all.1
Includes:1NMAT1examinations,1
licensure1examinations1and1other1
regulations.1Also,1Government1
authorization1for1school1operation.1
1
2. Constitutional1mandate1for1the1State1to1
esteablish1adequate1and1relevant1
education,1free1public1elementary1and1
high1school1education,1scholarship1
grants1and1loan1programs,1outKofKschool1
study1programs,1and1adult1education.1
3. Constitutional1objectives1of1Education:1
a. Inculcate1patriotism1and1nationalism1
b. Foster1love1for1humanity1
c. Respect1for1human1rights1
d. Appreciation1of1the1role1of1national1
heroes1in1the1historical1development1
of1the1country1
e. Teach1the1rights1and1duties1of1
Citizenshio1
 f. Strengthen1ethical1and1spiritual1 mission1 1/31of1 endowm
values1 boards,1 the1 ents,1
g. Develop1moral1character1and1 but1 enrolm donation
Congre ent1in1 s1and1
personal1discipline1
ss1may1 any1 contribut
h. Encourage1critical1and1creative1
increas school.1 ions.1
thinking1 e1 Except1 Used1ADE1
i. Broaden1scientific1and1technological1 require school for1
knowledge1 d1 s1for1 educatio
j. Promote1Vocational1Efficiency1 Filipino1 foreign1 nal1
4. Optional1Religious1instruction1 equity1 diplom purposes1
particip atic1
a. Expressed1in1writing1by1parent1or1
ation1 person
guardian1 nel1
b. Public1elementary1and1high1Schools1 and1
c. Within1regular1class1hours1 their1
d. Instructors1designated1or1approved1 depen
by1religious1authorities11 dents1
e. Without1additional1cost1to1the1 and1for1
other1
government1
foreign1
1 tempo
rary1
5. Educational1Institutions1 reside
Owners Control1 Alien1 Tax1 nts1
hip1 and1 School Exemptio 1
Administ s1 ns1 6. Highest1budgetary1priority1to1education1
ration1 1Merely1directory.1
Solely1 Citizens1 None1 All1
by1 of1the1 shall1 revenue1 1
Filipino1 Philippin be1 and1asses1
Citizens1 es.1 establi of11 Academic!Freedom!
or1 shed1 K N 1Enjoyed1in1all1institutions1of1higher1learning.1
corpor exclusi o
121views:1
ations1 vely1 n1
60%1 for1 st 1
Filipino1 aliens,1 oc
owned.1 and1no1 k1 Educational1Institution1 Members1of1Academe1
Except1 group1 K N Freedom1of1the1university1 Freedom1of1the1
those1 of1 o to1determine:1 teacher1to1investigate1
establis aliens1 nK K Who1may1teach1 and1discuss11the1
hed1by1 shall1 pr K What1to1teach1 problems1of1his1science1
religiou compri of K How1to1teach1 and1to1express1his1
s1 se1 it1 K Who1may1be1 conclusions1whether1
groups1 more1 As1well1as1 admitted1 through1publication1or1
or1 than1 grants,1
104! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 in1the1instruction1of1
students1without1
interference1from1
political1or1
ecclesiastical1authority1
or1from1admin.1
Officials1of1the1
institution1in1which1he1
is1employed1unless1
methods1are1found1by1
qualified1bodies1to1be1
completely1
incompetent1or1
contrary1to1
professional1ethics.11
1 maximum1of1three1years1probation1period1
1Limitation1
a. Police1Power1
b. Social1interests1of1the1community1
1 period1was1satisfactory1in1accordance1with1
K The1school1may1not1be1forced1to1reopen1at1
the1instance1of1the1striking1students.1
(Capitol1Medical1Center1vs.1cA1
K UP1Baguio1was1setup1as1tertiary1institution1
and1the1High1School1was1set1up1only1as1an1
incident1to1its1tertiary1functions.1(UP1vs.1
Judge1Ayson)1
K Termination1of1contract1can1no1longer1be1
used1as1a1valid1ground1to1deny1readmission1
or1reKenrolment1to1students1who1had1led1or1
participated1in1student1mass1actions1against1
the1school.1(Non1vs.1Dames)1
K Minimum1standards1of1procedural1due1
process1in1schools:1
a. Students1informed1in1writing1of1the1
nature1and1cause1of1the1accusation1
against1them;1
b. Right1to1answer1the1charges1with1the1
assistance1of1counsel1if1desired;1
c. Informed1of1the1evidence;1
105! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
d. Right1to1adduce1evidence1in1their1own1
behalf;1
e. Evidence1duly1considered1by1
investigating1committee1or1official1
designated1by1the1school1authorities.1
(Ateneo1vs.1Capulong)1
K PRC1cannot1interfere1with1the1conduct1of1
review1that1review1schools1and1centers1
believe1would1best1enable1their1enrolees1to1
meet1the1standards1required1before1
becoming1fullKfledged1public1accountants.1
(Lupangco1vs.1CA)1
K While1DECS1regulations1prescribe1a1
for1teachers,1the1termination1of1the1threeK
year1period1does1not1result1in1the1automatic1
permanent1status1for1the1teacher.1It1must1
be1conditioned1on1a1showing1that1the1
teachers1services1during1the1probationary1
the1employers1standards.1(Cagayan1Capitol1
College1vs.1NLRC)1
Language!
1. Filipino1
2. For1purposes1of1communication1and1
instruction:1Filipino1and1English1(unless1
otherwise1provided1by1law).1
3. Regional1languages:1auxiliary1official1
languages1in1the1regions1and1shall1serve1
as1ancillary1media1of1instruction1
4. Spanish1and1Arabic:1voluntary1and1
optional1
5. Constitution1shall1be1promulgated1in1
Filipino1and1English1and1shall1be1
translated1into1major1regional1
languages.1
Science!and!Technology! 1Section115.11Arts1and1letters1shall1enjoy1the1
1 patronage1 of1 the1 State.1 The1 State1 shall1 conserve,1
promote1 and1 popularize1 the1 nations1 historical1 and1
1Section1 10.1 Science1 and1 technology1 are1 cultural1 heritage1 and1 resources,1 as1 well1 as1 artistic1
essential1 for1 national1 development1 and1 progress.1 creations.1
The1 State1 shall1 give1 priority1 to1 research1 and1 1
development,1 invention,1 innovation,1 and1 their1 1Section116.1All1countrys1artistic1and1historic1
utilization;1and1to1support1indigenous,1appropriate1 wealth1 constitutes1 the1 cultural1 treasure1 of1 the1
and1 selfKreliant1 scientific1 and1 technological1 nation1 and1 shall1 be1 under1 the1 protection1 of1 the1
capabilities,1 and1 their1 application1 to1 the1 countrys1 State,1which1may1regulate1its1disposition.1
productive1systems1and1national1life.1 1
1 1Section1 17.1 The1 State1 shall1 recognize,1
1Section1 11.1 1 The1 Congress1 may1 provide1 for1 respect,1 and1 protect1 the1 rights1 of1 indigenous1
incentives,1 including1 tax1 deductions,1 to1 encourage1 cultural1communities1to1preserve1and1develop1their1
private1 participation1 in1 programs1 of1 basic1 and1 cultures,1 traditions,1 and1 institutions.1 It1 shall1
applied1 scientific1 research.1 Scholarships,1 grantsKinK consider1these1rights1in1the1formulation1of1national1
aid1 or1 other1 forms1 of1 incentives1 shall1 be1 provided1 plans1and1policies.1
to1 deserving1 science1 students,1 researchers,1 1
scientists,1 inventors,1 technologists,1 and1 specially1 1Section1 18.1 The1 State1 shall1 ensure1 equal1
gifted1citizens.1 access1 to1 cultural1 opportunities1 through1 the1
1 educational1 system,1 public1 or1 private1 cultural1
1Section1 12.1 The1 State1 shall1 regulate1 the1 entities,1 scholarships,1 grants1 and1 other1 incentives,1
transfer1and1promote1the1adaptation1of1technology1 and1 community1 cultural1 centers,1 and1 other1 public1
from1 all1 sources1 for1 the1 national1 bebefit.1 It1 shall1 venues.1
encourage1 the1 widest1 participation1 of1 private1 1
groups,1 local1 governments,1 and1 community1 based1
organizations1 in1 the1 generation1 and1 utilization1 of1
science1and1technology.1 Sports!
1 1Section119.1The1State1shall1promote1physical1
1Section1 13.1 The1 State1 shall1 protect1 and1 education1 and1 encourage1 sports1 programs,1
secure1 the1 exclusive1 rights1 of1 scientists,1 inventors,1 leagues,1 competitions,1 to1 foster1 selfKdiscipline,1
artists,1and1other1gifted1citizens1to1their1intellectual1 teamwork,1 and1 excellence1 for1 the1 development1 of1
property1 and1 creations,1 particularly1 when1 a1healthy1and1alert1citizenry.1
beneficial1to1the1people,1for1such1period1as1may1be1 1All1 educational1 institutions1 shall1 undertake1
provided1by1law.1 regular1 sports1 activities1 throughout1 the1 country1 in1
1 cooperation1with1athletic1clubs1and1other1sectors.1
1

Arts!and!Culture! 1
1Section1 14]1 The1 State1 shall1 foster1 the1
preservation,1 enrichment,1 and1 dynamic1 evolution1 1
of1a1Filipino1national1culture1based1on1the1principle1
1
of1unity1in1diversity1in1a1climate1for1free1artistic1and1
1
intellectual1expression.1
1
1
1
1
106! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1 4. The1right1of1families1or1family1
1 association1to1participate1in1the1
1 planning1and1implementation1of1policies1
1
and1programs1that1affect1them.1
1
1 1
1 1Section1 4.1 The1 family1 has1 the1 duty1 to1 care1
1 for1 its1 elderly1 members1 but1 the1 State1 may1 also1 do1
1 so1through1just1programs1of1social1security.1
1
!
The$Family!
General'Provisions!
1
Flag1
1Section1 1.1 The1 State1 recognizes1 the1 Filipino1
family1a1the1foundation1of1the1nation.1Accordingly,1 1Red1white1and1Blue,1with1a1sun1and1three1stars1as1
it1 shall1 strengthen1 its1 solidarity1 and1 actively1 consecrated1and1honoured1by1the1people1and1
promote1its1total1development.1 recognized1by1law.1
1
1Section1 2.1 Marriage,1 as1 an1 inviolable1 social1 Name1
institution,1is1the1foundation1of1the1family1and1shall1
be1protected1by1the1State.1 1Congress1may,1by1law,1adopt1a1new1name1for1the1
1 country,1a1national1anthem1or1a1national1seal1which1
1Section13.1The1State1shall1defend:1 shall1be1truly1reflective1and1symbolic1of1the1ideals1
1
history1and1traditions1of1the1people.11
1. The1right1of1spouses1to1found1a1family1in1
accordance1with1their1religious1 1Such1law1shall1take1effect1only1upon1its1ratification1
convictions1and1the1demands1of1 by1the1people1in1a1national1referendum.1
responsible1parenthood;1
AFP1
1
2. The1right1of1children1to1assistance,1 1The1AFP11shall1be1composed1of1a1citizen1armed1
including1proper1care1and1nutrition,1and1 force1which1shall1undergo1military1training1and1
special1protection1from1all1forms1of1 serve1as1may1be1provided1by1law.1
neglect,1abuse,1cruelty,1exploitation,1
and1other1conditions1prejudicial1to1their1 1. Oath1or1affirmation1to1uphold1and1
development;1 defend1Constitution1
2. Professionalism1and1adequate1
1
remuneration1shall1be1a1prime1concern1
3. The1right1of1the1family1to1a1family1living1 of1the1State.1
wage1and1income;1and1 3. Shall1not1at1any1time1be1appointed1or1
designated1in1any1capacity1to1any1
1

107! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 civilian1position1in1the1government1
including1GOCC1
4. Laws1on1retirement1shall1not1allow1
extension1of1their1services1
5. Officers1and1men1of1the1regular1force11of1
the1armed1forces1shall1be1recruited1
proportionately1from1all1provinces1and1
cities1as1far1as1practicable.1
National1Police1Force1
1One1Police1Force1which1shall1be1national1in1scope1
and1civilian1in1character.11
1Administered1and1controlled1by1National1Police1
Commission..1
1Authority1of1local1executives1over1the1police1units1
in1their1jurisdiction1shall1be1provided1by1law.1
1 renewed1or1extended1without1the1
Mass1Media1and1Advertising1Industry1
1. Mass1media11Ownership1limited1to1
citizens1of1the1Philippines.1Or1
corporations1whollyKowned1and1
managed1by1citizens.1Congress1shall1
regulate1or1prohibit1monopolies.1
2. Advertising1Industry11Filipino1citizens1or1
corporations1or1associations1at1least1
70%1FilipinoKowned1shall1be1allowed1to1
engage1in1the1advertising1industry.1All1
executives1and1managing1officers1of1
such1entities1must1be1citizens1of1the1
Philippines.1
1 Career1Civil1Service1
Transitory*Provisions!
Elections1
108! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
1First1elections1of1Congress:1Second1Monday1of1May1
19871
1First1Local1Elections:1Determined1by1President1
1
1Synchronization:1Members1of1Congress1and1Local1
Officials1first1elected1shall1serve1until1noon1June130,1
1982.1The1six1year1term1of1incumbent1President1
and1VP1in1the1Feb.17,119861elections1is1extended1
until1noon1of1June130,11992.1
Existing1Laws1and1Treaties1
1. If1not1inconsistent1with1the1Constitution,1
shall1remain1operative1until1amended,1
repealed1or1revoked.1
2. All1treaties1or1international1agreements1
which1have1not1been1ratified1shall1not1be1
concurrence1of1at1least12/31of1all1the1
members1of1the1Senate.1
Reserved1Executive1Powers1
1President1may1fill1by1appointment1from1a1list1of1
nominees1by1the1repective1sectors,1the1seats1
reserved1for1sectoral1representatives.1
1President1may1constitute1the1Metropolitan1
authority1to1be1composed1of1the1heads1of1all1local1
government1units1comprising1the1Metropolitan1
Manila1Area.1
1
1. Those1separated1from1service1not1for1
cause1but1as1a1result1of1the1
reorganization1pursuant1to1
Proclamation1No.131dated1March125,1
19861and1the1reorganization1following1
the1ratification1of1the1Constitution1shall1
 be1entitled1to1appropriate1separation1
pay1and1to1retirement1and1other1
benefits.1
Sequestration1
1. Sequestration1or1freeze1orders1relative1
to1the1recovery1of1illKgotten1wealth1shall1
remain1operative1for1not1more1than1181
months1after1the1ratification1of1this1
Constitution.1Congress1may1extend1such1
period.1
K Issued1upon1showing1of1prima1facie1
case.11
K Filed1within161months1from1ratification1
or1if1issued1after1ratification,1within161
months1from1such1issue1
K Order1deemed1automatically1lifter1if1no1
judicial1action1or1proceeding1is1
commenced1as1provided1herein.1
1 b. Capitalization1or1shares1that1
Failure1of1PCGG1to1commence1the1
proper1judicial1action1or1to1implead1
respondents1therein1within1the1
period1prescribed1by1the1
Constitution,1the1sequestration1
1
orders1issued1were1deemed1
automatically1lifter.1But1the1lifting1of1
sequestration1orders1does1not1ipso1
facto1mean1that1sequestered1
property1are1not1illKgotten.1The1
effect1of1the1lifting1will1merely1ne1
the1termination1of1the1role1of1
government1as1conservator1of1the1
property.1(PCGG1vs.1Sandiganbayan).1
PCGG1cannot1perform1acts1of1strict1
ownership1of1sequestered1property.1
It1is1a1mere1conservator.1It1may1not1
vote1the1shares1in1a1corporation1and1
elect1the1members1of1the1BOD.1The1
only1conceivable1exception1is1in1a1
109! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
case1of1takeKover1of1a1business1
belonging1to1the1government1or1
whose1capitalization1comes1from1
public1funds1but1which1landed1in1
private1hands.1(Cojuangco1vs.1Roxas)1
Two1tiered1test:11
a. Whether1there1is1a1prima1facie1
evidence1showing1that1the1said1
shares1are1illKgotten1and1thus1
belong1to1the1state1
b. Immediate1danger1of1dissipation1
thus1necessitating1their1
continued1sequestration1(PCGG1
vs.1Cojuangco)11
Exceptions1to1twoKtiered1test:1
a. Government1shares1are1taken1
over1by1private1persons1or1
entities1which1registered1them1in1
their1own1names.11
were1acquired1by1public1funds1
somehow1landed1in1private1
hands1(Republic1vs.1
Sandiganbayan)1
2. In1the1absence1of1express1prohibition,1
the1rule1on1amicable1settlements1or1
compromise1agreements1in1the1Civil1
Code1is1applicable1to1PCGG1cases1
pending1before1Sandiganbayan.1
3. PCGG1may1investigate1and1file1
corresponding1information1provided:1
a. It1must1relate1to1illKgotten1wealth1
b. Of1the1late1President1Marcos,1
immediate1family,1relatives,1
subordinates1and1close1associates1
c. Who1took1advantage1of1their1public1
office1or1power.1(Romualdez1vs.1
Sandiganbayan)1
 An1invalid1P.I.1does1not1impair1
validity1of1criminal1information.1It1
merely1suspends.1
1
4. While1Philippine1Casino1Operators1
Corporation1was1sequestered,1the1fact1
of1sequestration1alone1did1not1
automatically1oust1RTC1of1its1jurisdiction1
to1decide1the1question1of1ownership1to1
be1recovered1by1PAGCOR.1In1order1to1
invoke1Sandiganbayan,1the1PCGG1must1
be1a1party1to1the1suit.1The1instant1case1
involves1only1PAGCOR,1PCOC1and1
Marcelo.11(PAGCOR1vs.1CA)1
5. The1office1of1the1SolKGen1may1validly1call1
the1PCGG1for1assistance1and1ask1it1to1
respond1to1a1motion1for1a1bill1of1
particulars,1considering1that1PCGG1has1
the1complete1records1of1the1case1and1in1
being1charge1of1the1investigation,1is1
more1knowledgeable1and1better1
informed1of1the1facts1of1the1case.1(Virata1
vs.1Sandiganbayan)1

110! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1
1
 Manner(of(Creation(
General'Principles' 1

1. Constitutional1 provision1 1 ombudsman,1 CHR,1 NEDA,1

A. ADMINISTRATIVE,LAW, NAPOLCOM1
, The1most1powerful1administrative1agency1is1lodged1in1
1 one1person,1the1President.11
Branch1of1public1law1which:1 2. Legislative1 enactment1 1 Administrative1 Code,1 Special1
1 :1 fixes1 organization1 &1 determines1 the1 competence1 of1 Charters1
administrative1authorities1 3. Authority1 of1 law1 1 delegation1 by1 the1 legislature1 to1
1 :1indicates1to1the1individual1remedies1for1violation1of1rights1 president1through1reorganization.11
1 Reorganization1 1 process1 of1 restructuring1 to1 make1 it1
Branch1 of1 modern1 law1 under1 which1 the1 executive1 more1 viable1 in1 terms1 of1 economy,1 efficiency1 and1
department1 of1 the1 government1 acting1 in1 a1 quasi1 effectiveness1 and1 to1 make1 it1 more1 responsive1 to1 the1
legislative1 or1 quasi1 judicial1 capacity1 interferes1 with1 needs1of1the1clientele.1
the1 conduct1 of1 the1 individual1 for1 the1 purpose1 of1 1
promoting1the1well1being1of1the1community.11 Presidential1 power1 to1 create1 an1 office1 outside1 the1
1 legislature1is1problematic1especially1if1what1is1created1
KINDS:'' is1not1a1part1of1the1office1of1the1creating1officer.11
1 1
a) statutes1setting1up1administrative1authorities1
Reasons:1
b) rules,1regulations1or1orders1of1such1admin1authorities1
promulgated1pursuant1to1purposes1for1which1created1 a. Unclogging1court1dockets1
c) 1determinations,1 decisions1 &1 orders1 of1 such1 b. Meet1the1growing1complexities1of1the1modern1world1
administrative1 authorities1 made1 in1 the1 settlement1 of1 c. Help1regulation1
controversies1arising1in1their1particular1fields1 d. Specialization1
d) body1 of1 doctrines1 &1 decisions1 dealing1 w/1 creation,1 1
effect1&1operation1of1determinations1&1regulations1of1 1
such1administrative1authorities1
All1offices1created1by1the1legislature1are1wholly1under1
1
ADMINISTRATION:, the1legislatures1power.1
, If1 created1 by1 constitution,1 only1 amendment1 may1
a)1Meaning1(21Senses)1 abolish1it.11
1.!As!function:! 2.!As!an!organization!
Execution1 in1 non:1 judicial1 That1 group1 of1 persons1 in1 whose1 Weaknesses:1
matters1of1the1law1&1will1of1the1 hands1 the1 reins1 of1 the1 govt1 are1
State1 as1 expressed1 by1 for1the1time1being1 Arbitrariness1
competent1authority1 Lack1of1aptitude1
1
Susceptibility1to1pressure1
b)1Kinds1
Internal! External! Disregard1to1safeguards1
Legal1side1of1Public1admin.1 Problems1of1govt1regulations1 Absence/lack1of1uniformity1of1rules11
E.g.1 Matters1 concerning1 :regulation1 of1 lawful1 calling1 or1
personnel,1 fiscal1 &1 planning1 profession,1industries/1business1 1
activities1 CRITERION,
1 A1body/1agency1is1administrative1where:1
B. ADMINISTRATIVE,BODIES,OR,AGENCIES, :1its1function1is1primarily!regulatory!even!if!it!conducts!hearings!&!
, determines!controversies!to1carry1out1its1regulatory1duty.1
1 Organ1 of1 govt1 other1 than1 a1 court1 &1 other1 than1 a1 :1 as1 to1 rule:making1 authority,1 when1 it1 does! not! have! discretion! to!
legislature1 w/c1 affects1 the1 rights1 of1 private1 parties1 either1 through1 determine! what! the! law! shall! be! but1 merely1 prescribes1 details1 for1
adjudication1or1rule:making.11 the1enforcement1of1law1
1 1
Types:!!
Definition( Bodies1set1up1to1function1in1situations:1
1 a.1where1the1govt1offers1some1gratuity,1grant1of1spcl,privilege1(e.g.1
Bureau1of1Lands)1
Organ1 of1 government1 other1 than1 a1 court1 &1 other1 than1 a1 b.1 wherein1 the1 govt1 is1 seeking1 to1 carry1 on1 certain1 of1 the1 actual1
business1of1govt1(e.g.1BIR)11
legislature1 w/c1 affects1 the1 rights1 of1 private1 parties1 either1 through1
c.1 wherein1 the1 govt1 is1 performing1 some1 business1 service1 for1 the1
adjudication1or1rule:making.1 public1(e.g.1MWSS)1

1! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1

1
d.1 wherein1 the1 govt1 is1 seeking1 to1 regulate1 businesses1 affected1 w/1 the!provisions!of!the!law!so1it1must1not1override1but1
public1interest1(e.g.1LTFRB)1 must1 remain1 consistent1 with1 the1 law1 they1 seek1 to1
e.1 wherein1 the1 govt1 is1 seeking1 under1 the1 police1 power1 to1 regulate1 apply1&1implement.111111
private1business1&1individuals1(e.g.1SEC)1
1
f.1 wherein1 the1 govt1 is1 seeking1 to1 adjust1 individual1 controversies1
because1of1a1strong1social1policy1involved1(e.g.1ECC)1 1
g.1to1make1the1govt1a1private1party1(e.g.1GSIS)1 1
1
' a. Kinds!of!Administrative!rules!or!regulations!

Powers'of'Administrative' a.! supplementary! b.!interpretative! c.!contingent!

or!detailed!
Bodies' fixes1 the1 details1 in1 construes1 /1 interprets1 the1 made1 on1 the1
the1 execution1 &1 provisions1 of1 a1 statute1 to1 existence1 of1
enforcement1 of1 a1 be1enforced1 certain1 facts1 or1
Quasi&legislative, policy1 set1 out1 in1 Need1not1be1 things1 upon1 w/c1
Exercise1of1delegated1power1involving1no1discretion1as1 the1law,1e.g.,1Rules1 published.11 the1
to1what1the1law1shall1be,1but:1 &1 regulations1 enforcement1 of1
o Merely1 the1 authority1 to1 fix1 the1 details1 in1 the1 implementing1 the1 the1law1depends1
enforcement1of1a1policy1set1out1in1the1law1itself.1 Labor1Code1 1
1 1
Power1 to1 make1 rules1 &1 regulations1 w/c1 results1 in1
delegated1 legislation1 that1 is1 w/in1 the1 confines1 of1 the1 b. Requisites!for!Validity!!
granting1statute1&1the1doctrine1of1non:1delegability1&1 !
separation1of1powers1 (RAPS)1
1
Cannot1be1delegated:1 a. Issued1under1the1authority1of1the1law1
1 b. Within1the1scope1of1the1law1
a. Whether1or1not1there1should1be1a1law1 c. Reasonable1
d. Publication1 in1 the1 Official1 Gazette1 or1 in1 a1 newspaper1
b. Policy1or1purpose1to1be1served1by1the1law1
of1general1circulation1
c. Fixing1 of1 limits1 within1 which1 the1 law1 should1 HOWEVER,1interpretative1rules1&1regulations1or1those11
operate1 Non:publication1makes1the1regulation1unenforceable1
1
Tests1of1Validty1in1delegation1 Non1 necessary1 in1 interpretative1 regulations1 1
1. Completeness1 1 law1 is1 complete1 when1 it1 leaves1 the1 applicability1 needs1 nothing1 further1 than1 its1 bare1
legislature1(US1vs.1Ang1Tang1Ho)1 issuance.111
1
2. Sufficiency1 of1 standards1 test1 1 criterion,1 limits,1 Administrative, Rules, With, Penal, Sanctions,, Additional,
boundaries,1 circumstances,1 framework,1 guideposts,11 Requirements,,
1
intelligible1principles1
a) the1 law1 must1 itself1 declare1 as1 punishable1 the1 violation1 of1
o Have1 been1 merged1 into1 one1 in1 the1 Philippine1 the1administrative1rule1or1regulation1
scene1(Pelaez1vs.1Auditor1General)1 b) law1 must1 define1 or1 fix! the! penalty1 for1 violation1 of1 the1
1 administrative1rule1or1regulation1
(US.1vs.1Panlilio)1
Rules1 &1 regulations1 issued1 by1 administrative1 1
authorities1pursuant1to1the1powers1delegated1to1them1 1
have! the! force! &! effect! of! law.1 They1 are1 binding1 on1 Notice!&!Hearing!
all1 persons1 subject1 to1 them1 &1 the1 courts1 will1 take1 1
judicial1notice1of1them.1 Generally1not1needed1unless1the1statute1itself1requires1it.11
1 o If1law1is1silent,1and1if1practicable1then1notice1and1
The1function1of1promulgating1rules1&1regulations1may1 hearing1is1encouraged.1
be1 legitimately1 exercised1 only1 for1 the1 purpose1 of1 1
Note:11
carrying1 out1 the1 law1 into1 effect.1 Hence,1 Admin1
o Hearing1 not1 necessary1 in1 the1 promulgation1 of1 a1
regulations1 cannot1 extend1 the1 law1 or1 amend1 the1 general1regulation1by1an1administrative1body.1
legislative1 enactment,1 for1 settled! is! the! rule! that!
administrative! regulations! must! be! in! harmony! w/!

2! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1

1
 o Notice1 not1 necessary1 where1 the1 rule1 is1 Quasi&judicial,power,,
procedural1or1merely1a1legal1opinion1 Proceedings1 partake1 of1 the1 character1 of1 judicial1
o Notice1 not1 necessary1 in1 the1 preparation1 of1 proceedings.1
substantive1rules1where1the1class1to1be1affected! 1
is! large! &! the! questions! to! be! resolved! involve! Administrative1 body:1 normally1 granted1 authority1 to1
the! use! of! discretion! committed! to! the! promulgate1its1own1rules1of1procedure,1provided:1they1do1
rulemaking!body.! not1 increase,1 diminish1 or1 modify1 substantive1 rights,1 &1
Administrative1rule1in1the1nature1of1subordinate1legislation1 subject1 to1 disapproval1 by1 SC.1 [Sec1 51 (5),1 Art1 VII1
is1designed1to1implement1a1law1by1providing1its1details,1&1 Constitution].1 The1 requisites1 of1 procedural1 due1 process1
before1it1is1adopted1there1must1be1a1hearing.1 must1be1complied1with.1
When1 an1 administrative1 rule1 substantially! adds! to! the! 1
burden! of! those! concerned,! an! administrative! agency! QuasiNJudicial!power! Judicial!Power!
must!accord!those!directly!affected!a!chance!to!be!heard! Power1 to1 hear1 and1 Power1 to1 hear1 try1 and1
before!its!issuance.! determine1 and1 ascertain1 determine1 cases,1 receiving1
Rule! !Interpretation! facts1 and1 decide1 by1 the1 of1 evidence,1 ascertainment1
Has1 the1 force1 and1 legal1 effect1 No1statutory1force1 application1 of1 rules1 of1 law1 of1 facts,1 determining1 what1
of1law1 to1 the1 facts1 ascertained1 in1 law1 is1 and1 legal1 rights1 and1
Makes1a1new1law1 Renders1 an1 Opinion1 or1 statement1 the1enforcement1of1law1 decided1 controversy1 and1
of1policy1 render1judgment1
Binding1to1courts1 Merely1advisory1 Judicial1Exercised1by1person1 By1the1Judge1
! other1than1the1judge1
Incidental1 to1 power1 of1 Not1merely1incidental1
Rate!Fixing!Power1 regulation1 but1 is1 expressly1
conferred1 by1 law1 or1
Essentially1legislative.11 constitution1
Function1 is1 primarily1 Duty1 is1 primary1 not1
In1 delegating,1 the1 only1 standard1 is1 that1 the1 rate1 must1 be1 administrative,1 and1 power1 incidental1
reasonable1and1not1confiscatory.1 to1 hear1 is1 granted1 only1 as1
incident1
On1Notice1and1hearing:1 Limited1 by1 expertise1 on1 Expertise1 is1 determination1
decisive1facts1 of1legal1questions1
QuasiNLegislative! QuasiNJudicial!(Adjudicative!)! 1
Rates1 are1 meant1 to1 apply1 to1 Rates1 are1 meant1 to1 apply1 to1 a1 QuasiNLegislative! QuasiNJudicial!
enterprises1of1given1kind11 particular1party11 Prospective1 Retrospective1
Notice1and1hearing1not1required1 Required1 Unnamed,1 or1 is1 of1 general1 Applies1 to1 named1 or1 specified1
applicability1 parties1or1situations1
Prohibition1will1not1lie1 Prohibition1will1lie1
(Maceda1vs.1ERB)1 Notice1 and1 hearing1 not1 Necessary1
necessary1
1
Reviewable1before1the1RTC1 Reviewable1 before1 the1 Appellate1
courts1
Provisional/Temporary1 Rates1 1 No1 need1 for1 notice1 and1
Exhaustion1does1not1apply1 Exhaustion1applies1
hearing1 because1 they1 are1 necessarily1 temporary.1 But1 1
subject1to1final1disposition.1 2! Basic! Conditions! of! proper! exercise! of! QuasiNJudicial!
Power!
But1in1Philcomsat1vs.1Alcoas1 1
1. Jurisdiction1 1 1 Power1 or1 capacity1 to1 entertain,1 hear,1
Maceda! Alcoas! and1 determine1 certain1 controversies1 and1 render1
Made1applicable1to1all1 Provisional1 Rate1 applicable1 to1 judgment1thereon.1
particular1 telecommunications1 1
company1 o Quasi:1Judicial1tribunals1have1limited1jurisdiction.1
1 Interpreted1strictly1
Must1be1limited1to1what1is1incidental1to1
Discretionary1authority1cannot1be1subject1to1delegation.1 the1 performance1 of1 administrative1
duties.11
1 No1 uniform1 rules1 across1 the1 board.1
Each1has1their1own1unique1rules.1
1
Investigative! power! is! a! tool! in! the! exercise! of! QuasiNJudicial!
Power.!

3! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1

1
 ! Denial!of!Notice!and!hearing!renders!proceedings!void.!!
Important!Components!of!Investigative!Power! !
! Exceptions:!
o Power!to!issue!subpoena!! !
Not1inherent.1Only1when1the1law1allows1it.1 1. Urgency1of1Administrative1action1
: Requisites! 2. Tentativeness1of1action1
o Inquiry! is! within! the! authority! of! 3. Right1is1offered1but1not1claimed1
agency! 4. Exercise1of1Police1power1
o Demand!is!not!too!indefinite! a. Grant1 of1 provisional1 authority1 for1 increased!
o Information! is! reasonably! rates,1 or1 to1 engage1 in1 a1 particular1 line1 of1
relevant! business;1
! b. Summary1 proceedings1 of1 distraint! &! levy1 upon1
! the1property1of1a1delinquent1taxpayer;1
o Power!To!Punish!Contempt! c. Cancellation! of! a! passport1 where1 no1 abuse1 of1
May1be1exercised1only1if1expressly!conferred!by1 discretion1is1committed1by1Sec1of1Foreign1Affairs;1
law,1 &1 when1 admin1 body1 is1 engaged1 in1 the1 d. Summary1 abatement! of! a! nuisance! per! se1 w/c1
performance1of1its1quasi:judicial1powers1 affects1immediate1safety1of1persons1&1prop;1
: Used1 only1 in1 connection1 of1 Quasi:Judicial1 e. Preventive! suspension1 of1 pub1 officer1 or1
Power.11 employee1 pending1 investigation1 of1 admin1
: Not1vindictive1but1on1preservative1principle1 charges1filed1against1him.1
1 1
! No! requirement! of! strict! adherence! to! technical! rules! of!
Rule!of!Procedure! procedure.! Nonetheless,! must! comply! with:! ! (Ang1 Tibay1
: Implied1 power1 to1 prescribe1 own1 rules1 of1 vs.1CIR)1
procedure.1No1need1for1express1conferment1
by1law.11
(HED:SHIP)1
: If1statute1is1silent,1admin1agency1adopts1any1
REASONABLE1 method1 to1 carry1 out1 its1
1. Right1to1a1hearing1
functions.1
2. Tribunal1must1consider1evidence1presented1
1
3. Decision1must1have1something1to1support1itself1
1
4. Evidence1must1be1substantial1
2. Due!Process!!
5. Decision1 must1 be1 based1 on1 the1 evidence1
!
adduced1at1the1hearing,1or1at!least!contained!in!
a. Administrative!Due!Process!
the!record!&!disclosed!to!the!parties.1
Not1a1statutory1right1but1constitutional1right.11
6. Board1 or1 its1 judges1 must1 act1 on1 its1 or1 their1
1
independent1consideration1of1the1facts1&1the1law1
!
of1 the1 case1 &1 not1 simply1 accept1 the1 views1 of1 a1
Notice1
subordinate1in1arriving1at1a1decision1
How1effected?1
7. Decision1 must1 be1 rendered1 in1 such1 a1 manner1
Summons1
that1the1parties1to1the1controversy1can1know1the1
Constructive1notice1by1publication1
various1 issues1 involved1 &1 the1 reasons1 for1 the1
: If1there1is1no1previous1notice,1not1a1violation1
decision1rendered1
of1 due1 process.1 What1 is1 prohibited1 is1 the1
1
absolute1absence1and1lack1of1opportunity1to1
be1heard.1If1party1was1shown1to1be1given1an1
1
opportunity1to1explain1his1side,1then1there1is1
compliance1with1due1process.1For1example,1
1
Motion1for1Reconsideration1is1curative.1
Hearing!
Elements:1 !
1. Full1and1fair11 Air!Manila!Inc.!vs.!Balatbat!(DONT)1
!
o Right1to1present1case1and1submit1evidence;1
o Right1to1know1claims1and1meet1opposing1party;1 1. Right1to1notice1be1it1actual1or1constructive1of1institution1of1
o Right1 to1 cross1 examine1 and1 full1 disclosure1 of1 proceedings1which1affect1legal1right;1
facts;1 2. Reasonable1 opportunity1 to1 appear1 and1 defend1 his1 rights1
and1 to1 introduce1 witnesses1 and1 relevant1 witnesses1 in1 his1
o Right1to1submit1rebuttal1evidence.1
2. No1need1to1be1adversarial1 favor;1
o Only1when1there1are1issues1of1facts1when1a1trial: 3. Right1to1a1tribunal1so1constituted1to1give1them1reasonable1
type1hearing1is1done1 awareness1of1honesty1and1impartiality;1
!

4! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1

1
 4. Right1 to1 a1 finding1 or1 decision1 supported1 by1 substantial1 1
evidence1 presented1 in1 the1 hearing1 or1 contained1 in1 the1
record1disclosed1to1the1parties.11 Does1 not1 apply1 in1 administrative1 adjudication1 relative1 to1
! citizenship1
! 1
Right!Against!SelfN!Incrimination! 1 On1 questions1 of1 citizenship,1 the1 doctrine1 of1 res1 judicata1
1 May1 be1 invoked1 by1 respondent1 when1 called1 by1 can1apply1only1when1the1ff.1conditions1obtain:1
complainant1as1witness;1but1if1he1voluntarily1takes1the1witness1stand,1 1. Question1 of1 citizenship1 is1 resolved1 by1 a1 court1 or1 an1
he1 can1 be1 cross1 examined;1 but1 he1 may1 still1 invoke1 the1 right1 at1 the1 admin1body1as1material1issue1in1the1controversy1after1
time1the1question1w/c1calls1for1an1answer1w/c1incriminates1him1of1an1 a1full:blown1hearing1
offense1other1than1that1w/c1is1charged1is1asked11 2. With1active1participation1of1Sol1Gen1and1
! 3. Finding1made1by1admin1body1on1the1citizenship1issue1
1 is1affirmed1by1SC1
1
b. Administrative!Appeal!and!Review!
Fact&finding,,investigative,and,rate&fixing,powers,
Appeal1 from1 administrative1 determination1 may1 be1 made1
1
to1 a1 higher1 or1 superior1 admin1 officer1 or1 body,1 where1
provided1by1law1
By1 virtue1 of1 power1 of1 control1 w/c1 the1 President1 exercises1 ENABLING! DIRECTING!POWERS!
over1all1exec1depts.,1the1President:1by1himself:1or1through1 To1 permit! or! CORRECTIVE,1ordering1of1an1act1to1be1done1
the1 Department1 secretaries1 (pursuant1 to1 the1 Alter1 Ego1 allow! 1
doctrine),1may1affirm,1modify,1alter,1or1reverse1the1admin1 something1 E.g.1 NLRC1 compels1 reinstatement1 of1 dismissed1
decision1of1subordinate1officials1&1employees1 w/c1 the1 law1 employees!
Appellate1 admin1 agency1 may1 conduct1 additional1 hearings1 undertakes1 to1 DISPENSING! EXAMINING! SUMMARY!
in1the1appealed1case,1if1necessary1 regulate,1 To1 exempt! Investigatory! Power1 to1
1 Business1 from!a!general! power;! apply! force! or!
1 prohibition,1 or1 consists1 in1 compulsion!
Guidelines:1
E.g.1 grant1 or1 relieve1 an1 requiring1 against1
1. Authority1 of1 the1 higher1 administrative1 office1 to1 denial1 of1 individual1 or1 production1 of1 persons1 or1
reverse1must1be1exercised1sparingly;1 licenses1 to1 corporation1 books,1 papers,1 property1 to1
2. Review1must1not1be1arbitrary;1 engage1 in1 a1 from1 an1 etc.,1 effectuate1
3. Administrative1review1is1a1review1de1novo;1 particular1 affirmative1 attendance1 of1 legal1 purpose1
4. Reviewing1officer1must1be1other1than1the1officer1 ! duty;1 witnesses1 &1 w/o1 a1 judicial1
whose1decision1is1reviewed1 1 compelling1 warrant1 to1
1 their1testimony1 authorize1such1
5. Final1 and1 executory1 decisions1 shall1 not1 be1
1 action1
subject1to1review1 1
: Unless1the1statute1so1provides.11 E.g.1 authority1 ! E.g.1 in1 the1
1 of1 zoning1 fields1 of1
Appeals1to1the1President1 boards1 to1 vary1 health1
: Period1 is1 not1 merely1 mandatory1 but1 is1 provisions1 of1 inspections,1
jurisdictional1 zoning1 abatement1 of1
ordinances,1 or1 nuisances,1etc.1
the1 authority1
Administrative!DecisionsN!Not1Part1of1the1Legal1System!
of1 the1
1
Acceptance1
c. Administrative!Res!Judicata!
Board1 of1 the1
Phil1 Army1 to1
o Decisions1 &1 orders1 of1 administrative1 agencies1 relieve1 certain1
have1 upon1 their1 finality:1 the! force! and! binding! persons1 from1
effect! of! a! final! judgment;1 they1 are1 conclusive1 military1
upon1the1rights1of1the1affected1parties11 training111
1 1
o Forbids1 the1 reopening1 of1 a1 matter1 once1
determined1 by1 competent1 authority1 acting1 w/in1 1
their1exclusive1jurisdiction1
1 1

o Applies1to1adversary1admin1proceedings1 1

5! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1

1
Exhaustion'of'
Administrative'Remedies'
Doctrine, of, primary, administrative,
jurisdiction,
Also1 known1 as1 the1 doctrine1 of1 primary1 admin1
jurisdiction:1 Where1 there1 is1 competence1 or1
jurisdiction1 vested1 upon1 an1 admin1 body1 to1 act1
upon1 a1 matter,1 no1 resort1 to1 the1 courts1 may1 be1
made1 before1 such1 admin1 body1 shall1 have1 acted1
upon1the1matter.1
Calls1 for1 determination1 of1 administrative1
questions1 which1 ordinarily1 are1 questions1 of1
FACT.11
Only1Quasi:Judicial11
,Doctrine, of, Exhaustion, of, administrative,
remedies,
Whenever1 there1 is1 an1 available1 admin1 remedy1
provided1by1law,1no1judicial1recourse1can1be1made1until1all1
such1remedies1have1been1availed1of1and1exhausted.1
Administrative1 decisions1 must1 first1 be1 appealed1
to1 administrative1 superiors1 up1 to1 the1 highest1
level.11
Give1 administrative1 agency1 the1 opportunity1 to1
correct1itself1
Only1Quasi:Judicial1
1 12. Due!process1of1law1is1clearly1violated1
REASONS!
1 14. Writ1of1Amparo1
1. Relieves1Delay1
2. Review1 is1 normally1 in1 the1 nature! of! a! Special! Civil! action1
which1 commonly1 provides1 that:1 There1 is1 no1 appeal1 or1
plain,1 speedy1 or1 adequate1 remedies1 available1 to1 the1
aggrieved1party.1
3. Admin1agency1should1be1given1a1chance!to!correct!its!error1
4. Principle1of1comity!&!convenience1require1that1courts1stay1
their1 hand1 until1 the1 administrative1 processes1 are1
completed1
1
It! must! be! noted! however,! that! only! those!
decisions! of! administrative! agencies! made! in!
the!exercise!of!quasiNjudicial!powers!are!subject!
to! the! rule! on! exhaustion! of! admin! remedies.!
Thus,! where! what! is! assailed! is! the! validity! or!
constitutionality! of! a! rule! or! regulation! issued!
by! the! admin! agency! in! the! performance! of! its!
quasiNlegislative! function,! the! regular! courts!
1
have!jurisdiction!to!pass!upon!the!same.!
!
Effect!Of!Failure!To!Exhaust!Admin!Remedies!
!
6! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1
1
Jurisdiction1 of1 the1 court1 is1 not1 affected,1 but1 the1
complainant1is1deprived1of1a1cause1of1action1which1is1a1ground1for1a1
motion1to1dismiss.1However,1if1no!motion!to!dismiss!is!filed!on!this!
ground,!there!is!deemed!to!be!a!waiver.!
!
!
Exceptions!to!the!Doctrine!
!
(PLACQUE:FLINS:JAD)1
1. Doctrine1of1Qualified!Political1agency1
Decision1of1the1Department1head1is1presumed1to1
be1the1act1of1the1president1UNLESS1disapproved1
by1him.11
But1appeal1should1still1be1observed1if1APPEAL1to1
the1PRESIDENT1is1RECOGNIZED1by1the1statute.11
2. Where1admin1remedy1is1fruitless1
3. Estoppels1on1part1of1admin1agency1
4. Issue1involved1is1purely1a1legal!question1
Awarding1 damages1 is1 not1 within1 the1 power1 of1
Administrative1Agencies.1
5. Administrative1action1is1patently!illegal1amounting1to1lack1
or1excess1of1jurisdiction1
6. Unreasonable!delay1or1official1inaction1
7. Irreparable! injury1 or1 threat1 thereof,1 unless1 judicial1
recourse1is1immediately1made1
8. In1land1cases,1where1the1subject1matter1is1private!land1
Lands1of1the1Public1Domain1
9. Where1 the1 law1 does1 not1 make1 exhaustion1 a1 condition1
precedent1to1judicial1recourse1
10. Where1 observance1 of1 the1 doctrine1 will1 result1 in1 the1
nullification1of1the1claim.1
11. Special! reasons1 or1 circumstances1 demand1 immediate1
court1action1
13. Rule1does!not!provide1a1plain,1speedy1&1adequate1remedy1
15. Arbitrary1Action1
Doctrine,of,Finality,of,administrative,action,
1
No1 resort1 to1 the1 courts1 allowed1 unless1 the1 admin1 action1
has1been1completed1&1there1is1nothing1left1to1be1done1in1the1admin1
structure.1
1
Courts1 are1 averse1 to1 review1 interim1 steps,1
preliminary1or1procedural1orders1as1such1review1
would1afford1opportunities1of1constant1delay.1
1
1
1
Judicial'Review'of'
Administrative'Decisions'
Review:1reconsideration1or1re:examination1for1purposes1of1
correction1
 Judicial1Review1Administrative1Law1:1Any1form1of1scrutiny1
which1arises1when1an1action1is1brought1before1the1court.1
Modes11depends1on1the1nature1of1the1act1
1. Administrative1or1executive1capacity1or1rulemaking1or1
quasi1legislative:1To1court1of1General1Jurisdiction1
2. Adjudicatory11Appellate1Courts1
Judicial1review111re:examination1or1determination1of1the1
courts1in1the1exercise1of1judicial1power1in1appropriated1
cases1instituted1by1a1party1aggrieved1as1to1whether1the1
questioned1act1rule1or1decision1has1been1validly1or1invalidly1
issued1or1whether1the1same1should1be1nullified1affirmed1or1
modified.11
Sources:!
1. Constitution1
o Sec.171Art.19:A11Decisions1of1Con1Com1brought1
to1SC1within1301days.11
2. Statutes1
o Charters1of1Administrative1agencies11
o BP112911CA1may1review1resolutions1of1RTC1AND1
all1Quasi:Judicial1Bodies1except1those1
mentioned.1
o RA1112511:Creating1court1of1tax1appeals:1
Decisions1of1Commissioner1of1BIR1is1appealable1
to1CTA.11
If1congress1by1law1provides1that1the1determination1of1
Admin1agency1shall1be1final1and1not1reviewable,1there1is1no1
deprivation1of1due1process.1Because1it1is1not1one1of1the1
requisites1under1the1Ang1Tibay1Doctrine.1
3. General1Principles1of1Law1
Even1if1no1right1is1given1by1statute1
Power1is1inherent1and1cannot1be1withdrawn1by1the1
legislature.1Administrative1actions1are1reviewable1by1
courts1only1when1provided1by1Law,1Constitutions1or1
the1questions1involve1pure1questions1of1law.111
Methods!
1. Specific:11when1the1individual1charter1provides1
: As1stated1in1the1Administrative1Code11
7! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1
1
2. General11in1the1absence1of1specific1rules1
: Special1Civil1Actions1under1the1Rules1of1
Court.1
Jurisdiction!
Depends1on1the1Statute1
If1silent:1CA1has1jurisdiction1by1virtue1of1Rules1of1Court1
Scope!
Does1not1import1a1trial1de1novo1
Decision1can1only1be1set1aside1by1GADALEJ,1so1long1as1
supported1by1substantial1Evidence1
Questions!subject!to!Judicial!Review!
1. Questions!of!Law11appealable1even1without1
permission1from1the1law1or1even1against1the1
laws1express1prohibition1
Not1subject1to1same1inhibitions1in1the1
factual1questions1context.1Because1
courts1are1better1prepared1to1
determine1questions1of1law.11
2. Questions!of!Fact11depends1on1the1law1creating1
the1agency1or1the1remedy1
Findings1of1fact1of1Admin1agency1are1
binding1upon1the1courts1because1of1
specialization.11
Guidelines!in!Exercise!of!Judicial!Review!of!Finding!of!
Fact:!
1. May1be1expressly1allowed1by1statute,1if1authorized1by1
law,1Court1may1weigh1the1conflicting1evidence1and1
substitute1its1own1finding1of1fact1
2. In1the1absence1of1a1law,1finding1of1fact1of1Admin1
agency1is1conclusive1if1supported1by1substantial1
evidence1
3. Even1when1courts1are1precluded1courts1may1make1
judicial1review1when1there1is1fraud,1arbitrariness,1
collusion1or1grave1abuse1of1discretion1
4. Even1when1courts1are1allowed1to1review,1courts1
should1generally1defer.1
5. Determination1of1legal1questions1is1essentially1a1
judicial1power1and1may1not1be1withheld1by1legislation1
 6. Rulings1of1Administrative1Agency1on1questions1of1law1
are1persuasive1

7. A1question1of1fact1is1necessarily1a1question1of1
evidence1

8. Question1of1law1involves1the1application1and1proper1
interpretation1of1law1

9. Where1one1person1purports1to1be1a1finding1of1fact1is1
so1involved1in1a1question1of1law,1court1may1examine1
entire1records1including1the1evidence1even1if1the1
question1of1fact1is1ordinarily1non:reviewable1:1
Brandeis1Doctrine1of1Assimilation1of1Facts.1

Conditions!before!Judicial!Review!may!be!had!

1. Doctrine1of1Finality1of1Administrative1Action1:1No1resort1to1the1
courts1allowed1unless1the1admin1action1has1been1completed1&1
there1is1nothing1left1to1be1done1in1the1admin1structure.1
1
2. Doctrine1of1Exhaustion1of1Administrative1Remedies1

8! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1

1
General'Principles' 1
Eligibility'&'Qualification'
A.##PUBLIC#OFFICE#
#
The1 right,1 authority1 or1 duty1 created1 &1 conferred1 by1 law1 by1 w/c1 for1 a1 given1 A. QUALIFICATION##
period,1either:1 #
1 1 UNDERSTOOD1IN121DIFFERENT1SENSES1
a. fixed1by1law1or11 1. May1 refer1 to1 endowments,1 qualities1 or1 attributes1 w/c1 make1 an1
b. enduring1 at1 the1 pleasure1 of1 the1 creating1 power,1 an1 individual1 is1 individual1eligible1for1public1office1e.g.,1citizenship1
invested1w/1some1sovereign1power1of1govt1to1be1exercised1by1him1
for1the1benefit1of1the1public1 When1 used1 in1 the1 sense1 of1 endowments,1 qualities1 or1 attributes,1 the1
1 individual1must1possess1the1qualifications1at1the1time1of1appointment1or1
1 Elements:) election1&1continuously1for1as1long1as1the1official1relationship1continues1
a. Created1by1law/1authority1of1law1
2. May1refer1to1the1act1of1entering1into1the1performance1of1the1functions1
b. Possess1a1delegation1of1a1portion1of1the1sovereign1powers1of1the1
of1a1public1office,1e.g.,1taking1the1oath1of1office1
govt1to1be1exercised1for1the1benefit1of1the1public1
c. Powers1 conferred1 &1 duties1 imposed1 must1 be1 defined1 directly1 or1 Failure1 of1 officer1 to1 perform1 an1 act1 required1 by1 law1 could1 affect1 the1
impliedly1by1the1legislature1or1by1legislative1authority1 officers1title1to1the1given1office11
d. Duties1must1be1performed1independently1&1without1the1control1of1
a1 superior1 power1 other1 than1 the1 law,1 unless1 they1 be1 those1 of1 an1 1
inferior1 or1 subordinate1 office1 created1 or1 authorized1 by1 the1 AUTHORITY!TO!PRESCRIBE!QUALIFICATIONS!
legislature,1 and1 by1 it1 placed1 under1 the1 general1 control1 of1 a1 !
superior1office1or1body1and,1 1.!When!qualific.!are!prescribed!by! 2.!by!statute!
e. Must1have1permanence1or1continuity1 ConstiH!
1 Generally1exclusive1unless1otherwise1 Congress1 has1 plenary1 powers1 to1
1 Creation:) provided1by1Consti1 prescribe,1provided1that:1
a. By1the1Consti1e.g.1office1of1the1President1 1.1 qualific.1 are1 germane1 to1 the1
b. Valid1 statutory1 enactments,1 e.g.1 Office1 of1 the1 Insurance1 objectives1 for1 w/c1 the1 public1 office1
Commissioner1 was1created1
c. By1authority1of1law,1e.g.1Davide1Commission1 2.1 qualific.1 are1 not1 too1 specific1 as1 to1
# fit1 a1 particular,1 identifiable1 person,1
B. PUBLIC#OFFICER# because1 that1 would1 deprive1 the1
# appointing1 authority1 of1 discretion1 in1
A1person1who1holds1public1office1(oo1nga1naman.)1 the1selection1of1appointee11
1. Distinguished1from1public1officer1as1understood1in1criminal1law1 1
B. DISQUALIFICATIONS#
a. In1Art.1203,1RPCQ1any1person,1whoQ1 #
Qby1direct1provision1of1law,11 Authority1to1prescribe:1Legislature.1Must1not1violate1Constitution1
1
Qpopular1election1or11 GENERAL! SPECIFIC!
Qappointment1of1competent1authority,1 a. No1 candidate1 who1 lost1 in1 a. The1 Pres,1 VP,1 Cabinet1 Mem1 &1 their1
an1 election1 shall,1 w/in1 11 deputies/1 asst1 shall1 not,1 unless1
shall1take1part1in1performance1of1public1functions1in1the1Govt1,1or1 yr1 after1 such,1 be1 otherwise1 provided1 in1 the1 Consti,1
shall1perform1in1said1govt1or1any1of1its1branches,1public1duties1as1 appointed1 to1 any1 govt1 hold1 any1 other1 ofc1 or1 employment1
an1employee,1agent,1or1subordinate1official,1of1any1rank1or1class,1 office1 during1their1tenure1
shall1be1deemed1to1be1a1public1officer1
b. No1 elective1 official1 shall1 b. No1 Sen/1 Mem1 of1 HR1 may1 hold1 any1
b. Under1sec121RA13019Q1the1term1public1officer1includes1elective1&1 be1 eligible1 for1 other1 ofc1 or1 employment1 in1 the1
appointive1officials1&1employees1w/c1are:1 appointment1 or1 govt,1its1agency,1etc1
designation1 in1 any1
Qpermanent1or1temporary,11 capacity1to1any1public1ofc1 c. SC1 mem1 &1 other1 courts1 established1
or1 position1 during1 his1 by1law1shall1not1be1designated1to1any1
Qclassified,1 unclassified1 or1 exempt1 service1 (now1 Career1 &1 Non1 agency1 performing1 quasiQjudicial1 or1
Career1PD807)1 tenure1
administrative1functions.1
Qreceiving1compensation,1even1nominal,1from1the1government1 c. Unless1 otherwise1
provided1by1law1or1by1the1 d. No1 mem1 of1 ConCom1 shall,1 during1
2. Distinguished1from1clerk1or1employee1 primary1 functions1 of1 his1 tenure,1 hold1 any1 other1 office1 or1
position,1 no1 appointive1 employment1
1 Officer1refers1to1a1person1whose1duties,1not1being1of1a1clerical1or1
official1 shall1 hold1 any1 e. Ombusman1 &1 deputies1 must1 not1
manual1nature,1involve1the1exercise1of1discretion1in1the1performance1of1
other1position1in1the1govt1 have1 been1 candidates1 for1 any1
the1functions1of1the1govt.11
elective1 position1 in1 the1 elec1
1 When1 used1 w/1 reference1 to1 a1 person1 having1 authority1 to1 do1 a1 immediately1 preceding1 their1
particular1 act1 or1 perform1 a1 function1 in1 exercise1 of1 govtal1 power,1 appointment1
officer1includes1any1govt1employee,1agent1or1body1having1authority1
to1do1the1act1or1exercise1that1function1 f. Mem1 of1 Concom,1 Ombudsman1 &1
dep1 must1 not1 have1 been1 candidates1
! for1 eny1 elective1 position1 in1 the1 elec1
immediately1preceding1appointment1
1
1! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1
1
 g. Concom1 mem,1 Ombudsman1 &1 depQ1 DESIGNATION1 Q1 Imposition1 of1 additional1 duties,1 usually1 by1 law1 on1 a1 person1
appointed1 to1 7yr1 term,1 w/o1 already1in1public1service.1
reappointment1
2. Classification1
h. Spouse1 &1 rel1 by1 consanguinity1 &1 1
th
affinity1 w/in1 4 1 civil1 degree1 of1 the1 Permanent! Temporary!
Pres1 shall1 not1 during1 his1 tenure1 be1 Extended1 to1 11 possessing1 the1 Acting1 appointment1 to1 11 who1 may1
appointed1as1 requisite1qualifications,1including1the1 not1 posses1 required1 qualifications1
eligibility1required1for1the1position1&1 and1 is1 revocable1 at1 will1 w/o1
Qmembers1of1the1Concom1or1in1
thus1 protected1 by1 constitutional1 necessity1 of1 just1 cause1 or1 valid1
QOffice1of1Ombudsman1or1as11 guaranty1of1security1of1tenure1 investigation1
Regular! Ad!Interim!
Qsec,1 undersec,1 chairmen1 or1 Made1 by1 Pres1 while1 Congress1 is1 in1 Made1while1congress:1not1in1session,1
heads1 of1 bureaus1 or1 offices,1 session1 after1 the1 nomination1 is1 before1 confirmation1 by1 CoA.1
including1GOCC1 confirmed1 by1 CoA1 &1 continues1 until1 Immediately1 effective1 &1 ceases1 to1
1 the1end1of1the1term1 be1 valid1 if1 disapproved1 or1 bypassed1
11 by1 CoA1 upon1 next1 adjournment1 of1
1 Congress1
1 1
1
De'Facto'Officers' 3. Steps1in1appointing1process1
1
Regular!appointment!! Appointments!w/c!do! Career!Service!of!
A. DEFINITION# not!need!confirmation! Civil!Service!!
# a. Nomination1by1Pres1 a. Appointment1by1 Attestation1 of1 CSC1
Has1the1reputation1of1being1the1officer1that1he1assumes1to1be,1&1yet1is1not1a1 b. Confirmation1by1CoA1 appointing1authority1 required1
good1ofcr1in1point1of1law.He1mustve1acted1as1an1ofcr1for1such1length1of1time1 c. Issuance1of1 b. Issuance1of1
under1color1of1title1&1reputation1or1acquiescence1by1public1&1pub1authorities1 commission1 commission1
as1to1afford1a1presumption1of1election1or1appointment1&1induce1people1w/o1 d. Acceptance1 c. Acceptance1by1
inquiry1&1relying1on1the1supposition1that1he1is1the1officer1he1assumes1to1be,1 In1case1of1ad1interim1 appointee1
to1submit1to1or1invoke1his1action1 appointmentQ1the1 1
# nomination,1issuance1&1
B. LEGAL#EFFECT#OF#ACTS# acceptance1precede1the1
# confirmation1by1CoA1
Valid,1binding,1w/full1legal1effect.1(For1the1protection1of1public1&1indiv.1who1 11
get1involved1in1the1official1acts1of1persons1discharging1the1duties1of1a1public1 For1appointment1to1be1valid,1the1position1must1be1vacant.1
office)1 1
111 Discretion! of! Appointing! Authority! Qappointment1 is1 essentially1 a1
C. ELEMENTS# discretionary1power1&1must1be1performed1by1the1officer1in1whom1it1is1
# vested1 accdg1 to1 his1 best1 lights,1 the1 only1 condition1 being1 that1 the1
1. validly1existing1public1ofc1 appointee1 should1 possess1 the1 min.1 qualification1 requirements1 by1 law1
2. actual1phys1possession1of1said1ofc1 for1the1position1
3. color1of1title1to1the1ofc1 1
1 C. APPOINTMENTS#TO#THE#CIVIL#SERVICE#
D. ENTITLEMENT#TO#SALARIES# #
# Scope:1 embraces1 all1 branches,1 subdivisions,1 instrumentalities1 &1 agencies1 of1
GR:11 rightful1 incumbent1 may1 recover1 from1 de1 facto1 ofcr1 the1 salary1 rcvd1 by1 the1govt1including1GOCC1w/1original1charters.1
the1 latter1 during1 the1 time1 of1 his1 wrongful1 tenure,1 even1 though1 he1 1
entered1into1the1ofc1in1good1faith1&1under1color1of1title1 CLASSES:1
1 1 1
However,1where1there1is1no1de1jure1pub1ofcr,1the1ofcr1de1facto1is1legally1 CAREER!SERVICE! NONHCAREER!SERVICE!
entitled1to1the1emoluments1 Characterized1by1entrance1based1on1 Characterized1 by1 entrance1 on1 bases1
1 merit1&1fitness1to1be1determined,1as1 other1 than1 those1 of1 the1 usual1 tests1
Commencement'Of'Official'Relations' far1 as1 practicable1 by1 competitive1 utilized1for1the1career1service,1tenure1
exams,1 or1 based1 on1 highly1 technical1 limited1 to1 a1 period1 specified1 by1 law,1
qualify.,1 opportunity1 for1 or1 coQterminous1 w/1 that1 of1 the1
advancement1 to1 higher1 career1 appointing1authority1or1subject1to1his1
A. HOW?##
positions,1&1security1of1tenure.1 pleasure,1 or1 limited1 to1 duration1 of1
a. 1by1appointment1#
Positions1include:1 particular1project.1
b. by1election#
a. Open1career1positions1 Include:1
#
b. Closed1career1 a. Elective1officials1
B. APPOINTMENT#
c. Career1executive1service1 b. Dept1 heads1 &1 officials1 of1
#
d. Career1officers1 Cabinet1 rank1 who1 hold1
1. Definition1of1terms:1
e. AFP1positions1 office1 at1 the1 pleasure1 of1
1
f. Personnel1 of1 GOCC1 w/1 the1 President1 &1 their1
!APPOINTMENT! H! Selection,1 by1 the1 authority1 vested1 with1 the1 power1 of1 an1
orig1charter,1and1 personal1 &1 confidential1
indicidual1who1is1to1perform1the1functions1of1a1given1office1
g. Permanent1 laborers1 staff1
COMMISSION!H!!Written1evidence1of1appointment1 whether1 skilled,1 semiQ c. Chairmen1 &1 members1 of1
skilled1or1unskilled1 commissions1&1boards1w/1
fixed1terms1of1office1

2! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1
1
 d. Contractual1 personnel1 or1 1
whose1 employment1 in1 5. Detail!!
govt1is1in1accordance1w/a1 Mvmt1 of1 an1 employee1 from1 11 agency1 to1 another1 w/o1 issuance1 of1 an1
spcl1 contract1 to1 appointment,1 &1 shall1 be1 allowed1 only1 for1 a1 limited1 period1 in1 case1 of1
undertake1a1specific1work1 employees1occupying1professional,1technical1&1scientific1positions1
or1 job1 requiring1 spcl1 skills1 1
not1 available1 in1 the1 6. Reassignment!
employing1agency1 QMust1not1involve1reduction1in1rank,1status1or1salary1
e. Emergency1 or1 seasonal1 QA1management1prerogative1vested1in1the1CSC1
personnel1 Qdoes1not1constitute1removal1w/o1cause1
1 1
Requisites:11 7. Reemployment!
1 Names1 of1 persons1 who1 have1 been1 appointed1 permanently1 to1
Made1only1according1to1merit1&1fitness1to1be1determined1as1far1as1 positions1 in1 the1 career1 service1 &1 who1 have1 been1 separated1 as1 a1
practicable,1and1except1to1positions1w/c1are1policy1determining,1primarily1 result1 of1 reduction1 in1 force1 and/or1 reorganization,1 shall1 be1
confidential,1or1highly1technical,1by1competitive1examination1[Sec.121(2)1Art.1 entered1 in1 a1 list1 from1 w/c1 selection1 for1 reemployment1 shall1 be1
IXQB]1 made1
1 1
Exempt1from1competitive1exam:1 !
1. Policy!determining!
Q where1officer1lays1down1principal1or1fundamental1guidelines1 Powers'&'Duties'Of'Public'Officers'
or1rules1or1formulates1method1of1action1for1govt1or1any1of1
its1subdivisions11 e.g.1department1head1
2. Primarily!Confidential! A. AUTHORITY#OF#PUBLIC#OFFICERS#
Q denoting1not1only1confidence1in1the1aptitude1of1the1 #
appointee1for1the1duties1of1the1office1but1primarily1close1 Consists1of1the1ff1powers1
intimacy1w/c1ensures11 freedom1of1intercourse1w/out1 a. expressly1conferred1upon1him1by1the1act1appointing1him1
embarrassment1or1freedom1from1misgivings1or1betrayals1on1 b. expressly1annexed1to1the1office1by1law1
confidential1matters1of1the1state;1or1one11 declared1 c. attached1to1the1office1by1common1law1as1incidents1to1it.1
to1be1so1by1the1President1upon1recommendation1of1CSC1 1
3. Highly!Technical! DOCTRINE!OF!NECESSARY!IMPLICATION!
Q requires1possession1of1technical1skills1or1training1in1a1 All1 powers1 necessary1 for1 the1 effective1 exercise1 of1 the1 express1 powers1
superior1degree.1e.g.1PNB1legal1counsel1 are1deemed1impliedly1granted1
1 !
D.#OTHER#PERSONNEL#ACTIONS# B. POWERS1
# #
1. Promotion! Ministerial# Discretionary#
Q movement1 from1 one1 position1 to1 another1 w/1 increase1 in1 Discharge1 of1 w/c1 by1 the1 officer1 Imposed1by1law1upon11a1public1officer1
duties1 and1 responsibilities1 as1 authorized1 by1 law1 &1 usually1 concerned1 is1 imperative1 &1 requires1 wherein1 the1 officer1 has1 the1 right1 to1
accompanied1by1increase1in1pay1 neither1judgment1nor1discretion1 decide1how1&1when1the1duty1shall1be1
performed1
a. NextHinHrank!rule! #
Person1 next1 in1 rank1 shall1 be1 given1 preference1 in1 C. DUTIES#
promotion1when1the1position1immediately1above1his1is1 #
vacated.1 But1 appointing1 authority1 still1 exercises1 #
discretion1 &1 is1 not1 bound1 by1 this1 rule,1 although1 he1 is1 D. PROHIBITIONS#
required1 to1 specify1 the1 special1 reason1 for1 not1 #
appointing1the1officer1next1in1rank.1 1. partisan1political1activity1
2. additional1or1double1compensation1
b. Automatic!reversion!rule! 3. prohibition1 against1 loans1 (by1 Pres,1 VP,1 Cabinet1 members,1
Disapproval1of1the1appointment1of1a1person1proposed1 Congress,1SC,1ConCom,1&1Ombudsman)1
to1a1higher1position1invalidates1the1promotion1of1those1 4. limitation1on1laborers1
in1the1lower1positions1&1automatically1restores1them1to1 5. detail1or1reassignment1
their1former1positions.1 6. NepotismQ1all1appointments1in1favor1of1a1relative1of1appointing1or1
1 recommending1authority1are1prohibited1
2. Appointment!through!Certification! 1
Q Certification1 is1 issued1 to1 11 selected1 from1 a1 list1 of1 qualified1 1
persons1certified1by1the1CSC1from1an1appropriate1register1of1
eligibles,1 &1 who1 meets1 all1 the1 qualifications1 prescribed1 for1 Liability'Of'Public'Officers'
the1position1
1
3. Transfer! Public1officer1is1not1liable1for1injuries1sustained1by1another1as1a1consequence1
Movement1 from1 11 position1 to1 another1 w/c1 is1 of1 equivalent1 rank,1 of1 official1 acts1 done1 within1 the1 scope1 of1 his1 official1 authority1 except1 at1
level1or1salary1w/o1break1in1service.1Transfer1may1be1imposed1as1 otherwise1provided1by1law.1
an1administrative1penalty1 1
1 1. Public1officer1shall1not1be1civilly1liable1for1acts1done1in1the1performance1
4. Reinstatement! of1his1official1duties1unless1there1is1a1clear1showing1of1bad1faith,1malice1
Any1 11 permanently1 to1 a1 position1 in1 the1 career1 service1 &1 who1 has,1 or1negligence1
through1no1delinquency1or1misconduct,1been1separated1therefrom,1may1
be1reinstated1to1a1position1in1the1same1level1for1w/c1he1is1qualified.1

3! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1
1
2. Liable1only1for1willful1or1negligent1acts1done1by1him1which1are1contrary1 !
to1 law,1 morals,1 public1 policy1 and1 good1 customs1 even1 if1 e1 acted1 under1 !
orders1or1instructions1of1his1superiors1
1
1
Rights'Of'Public'Officers'
3. Sec.1241of1LGC11LG1and1officials1are1not1exempt1from1liability1for1death1
or1injury1to1persons1or1damage1to1rpoerty.1

1 !
Right!to!Office!
! !
Statutory1Liability1
Term! Tenure!
1. Art.127,1CC11any1person1suffering1moral1or1material1loss1because1a1
Period1during1which1the1officer1may1 Period1during1which1the1officer1
public1 officer1 refuses1 or1 neglesct,1 without1 just1 cause,1 to1 perform1
claim1to1hold1the1office1as1of1right1 actually1hold1offie1
his1 official1 duty,1 may1 file1 an1 action1 for1 damages1 and1 other1 relief1
against1 the1 public1 officer.1 Without1 prejudice1 to1 administrative1 !
disciplinary1action1against1the1officer1 Right!to!Salary!
Q Personal1compensation1to1be1paid1to1public1officer1for1his1services,1
2. Art.1 32,1 CC1 1 Liability1 of1 Public1 Officer1 for1 violation1 of1 generally1a1fixed1annual1or1periodical1payment1!
Constitutional1Rights1of1Individuals1 !
Salary! Wage!
3. Art.1 34,1 CC1 1 Liability1 of1 peace1 officers1 who1 fail1 to1 respond1 or1
Given1to1officers1of1higher1degree1of1 Lower1Degree1
refuse1to1give1assistance1to1persons1in1danger1of1injuriy1to1life1or1
employment11
property.11
Compensation1per1annum1 Day1by1Day1or1week1by1week1
4. Sec.1 38,1 Admin1 Code1 1 Without1 just1 cause1 neglects1 to1 perform1 a1 !
duty1 within1 a1 period1 fixed1 by1 law1 or1 regulation,1 or1 within1 a1 1A1de1facto1officer1is1entitled1to1salary1if1he1possessed1the1office1in1
reasonable1 period1 in1 none1 I1 fixed,1 shall1 be1 liable1 for1 damages1 to1 good1faith1and1has1discharged1duties1thereof!
the1 private1 party1 concerned1 without1 prejudice1 to1 such1 other1 Salary1cannot1by1garnishment,1attachment1or1order1of1execution1
liability1as1may1be1prescribed1by1law.1 be1seized1before1being1paid1and1appropriated1to1the1payment1of1
his1debts.1Assignment1of1unearned1salaries1or1fees1is1also1
1
prohibited1by1public1policy.!
Liability1on1Contracts1
1
Q Personally1liable1if1he1enters1into1if1he1acted1without1or1exceeded1
Constitutional!Provisions!affecting!salaries!
his1authority.1
1
Liability1for1Tort1 a. NO1increase1in1the1salaries1of1Congress1until1after1the1expiration1of1
Q Personally1 liable1 if1 he1 goes1 beyond1 the1 scope1 of1 his1 authority1 or1 the1full1term1of1the1members1of1the1senate1and1HR1who1approved1
exceeds1the1powers1conferred1upon1him1by1law1 the1increase1
1 b. Salaries1of1P1and1VP1shall1be1fixed1by1law1and1shall1not1be1
Presidential1Immunity1from1Suit1 decreased1during1their1tenure.11No1increase1shall1take1effect1until1
1. Chief1 executive1 cannot1 invoke1 immunity1 from1 suit1 for1 civil1 after1the1expiration1of1the1term1on1the1incumbent1during1which1
damages1 arising1 out1 of1 acts1 done1 by1 him1 while1 President1 which1
such1increase1was1approved.1
were1not1performed1in1the1exercise1of1official1duties1
2. President1may1instituted1suit.1Though1immune1from1civil1liability1 c. Salary1of1the1Members1of1the1judiciary1shall1not1be1decreased1
1 during1continuance1in1office.11
Threefold1Liability1Rule1 d. Additional,1double1or1indirect1compensation1are1prohibited1unless1
1. Criminal1 specifically1authorized1by1law.1
2. Civil1 e. Standardization1of1Compensation.11
3. Administrative1
f. Separation1pay1to1be1given1to1career1civil1service1employees1who1
1
are1separated1from1the1service1not1for1cause1but1by1reason1of1
Can1proceed1independently1of1the1others1
Dismissal1 of1 criminal1 action1 does1 not1 foreclose1 the1 institution1 of1 reorganization.1
an1administrative1action1
Relief1 from1 criminal1 liability1 does1 not1 carry1 with1 it1 relief1 from1 Preventive!Suspension!and!the!right!to!Salary!
administrative1liability.11
1 21kinds:1
Liability1of1Ministerial1Officers1
1. NonfeasanceQ1 Neglect1 or1 Refusal1 to1 perform1 an1 act1 which1 is1 the1 1. Preventive1suspension1pending1investigation1
officers1legal1obligation1to1perform1 Qno1right1to1compensation1even1if1exonerated1
2. MisfeasanceQ1Failure1to1use1that1degree1of1care,1skill1and1diligence1 2. Preventive1suspension1pending1appeal1!
required1in1the1performance1of1official1duty1
Right!to!Back!Salaries!of!illegally!dismissed!employee!
3. Malfeasance1 1 The1 doing,1 through1 ignorance,1 inattention1 or1
malice,1an1act1which1he1had1no1legal1right1to1perform1
Q 1Entitled1to1back1wages1and1other1monetary1benefits1from1the1
1 time1of1illegal1dismissal1up1to1his1reinstatement!
Command1Responsibility1 Q No1workQno1pay1cannot1be1applied.1!
Q Head1 of1 a1 department1 or1 a1 superior1 officer1 shall1 not1 be1 civilly1
liable1 for1 the1 wrongful1 acts,1 omissions1 of1 duty,1 negligence1 or1 Right!to!Additional!Allowances!and!Benefits!
misfeasance1of1his1subordinates,1unless1he1has1actually1authorized1
by1written1order1the1specific1act1or1misconduct1complained1of1
Right!to!Preference!in!promotion!
!

4! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1
1
 Q Does1not1prevail1over1the1discretion1of1the1appointing1authority! Q When1the1law1fixes1a1specific1date1for1the1end1of1the1term,1there1is1
an1implied1prohibition1against1holdQover1
Right!to!Vacation!and!Sick!Leave!
1
Right!to!Maternity!Leave!
Reaching!the!Age!Limit!
Right!to!Retirement!Pay!
1 Compulsory1retirement1age:1
Q Liberally1construed1in1favor1of1the1retiree!
Q 7011Judiciary1
Others! Q 6511Other1government1officers1and1employees1

1. Right1to1reimbursement1for1expenses1incurred1in1the1due1 Resignation!
performance1of1his1duty1
2. Right1to1be1indemnified1against1any1liability1which1they1may1incur1 Q The1act1of1giving1up1or1the1act1of1a1public1officer1by1which1he1
in1the1bona1fide1discharge1of1duties1 declines1his1office1and1renounces1the1further1right1to1use1it.11
3. Right1to1longevity1pay.1 Q Expression1of1the1incumbent1in1some1form,1express1or1implied,1of1
the1intention1to1surrender,1renounce1and1relingquish1the1office1
Termination'Of'Official'Relationship' 1.
and1the1acceptance1thereof1by1competent1and1lawful1authority.1
Voluntariness11may1be1repudiated1if1procured1by1fraud,1or1
duress.1A1courtesy1resignation1lacks1the1element1of1voluntariness1
Modes1of1terminating1official1relationship1 2. Acceptance11Must1be1accepted1by1competent1authority,1
expressly1or1impliedly1
1. Expiration1of1term1or1tenure1 3. Accepting1Authority11Acceptance1shall1be1made1by1competent1
2. Reaching1the1age1limit1 authority1
3. Resignation1
4. Recall1 To!whom! Who!
5. Removal1 President1 Governors,1VG,1M1and1VM1of1
6. Abandonment1 Highly1urbanized1cities1and1
independent1component1
7. Acceptance1of1an1incompatible1office1
cities1
8. Abolition1of1Office1 Governor11 Municipal1M1and1VM1of1
9. Prescription1of1the1right1to1offie1 component1cities1
10. Impeachment1 Sanggunian1 Sanggunian1members1
11. Death1 City1or1Municipal1Mayor1 Barangay1officials1
12. Failure1to1assume1elective1office1within161months1from1 Appointing1Authority1 Appointive1officials1
proclamation1 Congress1 P1and1VP1
13. Conviction1of1a1crime1 Respective1Houses1 Congress1
14. Filing1of1a1certificate1of1candidacy1 1

Expiration!of!Term! 4. Effective1date1of1resignation1:1
o Date1specified1in1tender1
1 Commencement1of1term:1 o If1none,1when1public1officer1receives1notice1of1
acceptance11
Q According1to1statute1
Q If1none,1from1date1of1appointment1or1election1 Recall!!
Q If1ambiguous,1the1one1that1fixes1the1term1at1the1shortest1period1
Q Person1elected1or1appointed1to1fill1vacancy1in1such1office1shall1 Termination1of1official1relationsjip1of1an1elective1official1for1loss1of1
hold1the1same1only1for1unexpired1portion1if1duration1is1fixed1by1 confidence1prior1to1the1expiration1of1his1term1subject1to1such1recall1
constitution1or1law1 belongs.11
Q If1office1created1for1purposes1of1single1act,1the1accomplishment1of1
1. By1whom1exercised11registered1voters1of1LGU1
act1terminates1the1term1
2. Initiation1of1recall1process11By1the1registered1voters1of1LGU1
1 o No1more1Preparatory1Recall1Assembly1
3. Procedure1
HoldQOver1 Provincial,1City,1municipal1or1Barangay1
a. Initiated1upon1petition1by1at1least125%1of1total1number1of1
Q In1the1absence1of1any1expressed1or1implied1constitutional1or1 registered1voters1
statutory1provision1to1the1contrary,1the1public1officer1is1entitled1to1 o Written1petition1for1recall11
hold1his1office1until1his1successor1shall1have1been1duly1chosen1and1 o Duly1signed1before1election1registrar1
qualified.1 o In1the1presences1of1representative1of1petitioner1and1
Q Purpose1is1to1prevent1hiatus1in1public1service1 official1sought1to1be1recalled1
Q During1the1holdQover1period,1public1officer1is1a1de1jure1officer1 o Public1Place11

5! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1
1
 o Filed1with1the1COMELEC1through1its1office1in1the1LGU1
o COMELEC1shall1cause1the1publication1of1petition1in1a1
public1and1conspicuous1place1for1a1period1of1not1less1
than1101days1nor1more1than1201days1for1verification1of1
authenticity1and1genuineness1and1required1percentage1
of1voters1
b. Upon1lapse1of1the1period,1COMELEC1shall1announce1
acceptance1of1candidates1to1the1position1and1prepare1a1list1
of1candidates1which1shall1include1the1name1of1official1sought1
to1be1recalled1
4. Election1of1Recall11
o COMELEC1shall1set1the1date1for1the1election1on1recall1
which1shall1not1be1later1than1301days1after1the1filing1of1
resolution1(Barangay1and1Municipal)1451days1
(Provincial)1
o Official1or1officials1sought1to1be1recalled1shall1
automatically1be1considered1as1a1duly1registered1
candidate1to1pertinent1positions1and1shall1be1entitled1
to1be1voted1upon1
5. Effectivity1of1Recall1
o Effective1only1upon1the1election1and1proclamation1of1a1
successor1in1the1person1of1the1candidate1receiving1the1
higest1number1of1votes1cast1during1the1election1on1
recall1
o Confidence1is1affirmed1when1the1candidate1sought1to1
be1recalled1receives1the1highest1number1of1votes1
6. Prohibition1from1resignation1
7. Limitations1
o Once1only1during1term1of1office1for1loss1of1confidence1
o Shall1not1take1place1within1one1year1from1the1date1of1
the1assumption1to1office1or1one1year1preceding1a1
regular1local1election.1
Removal!
1 No1officer1of1the1Civil1Service1shall1be1removed1or1suspended1
except1for1cause1provided1by1law.1
1 Grounds:1
Sec.136.1Discipline:)General)Provisions.)6)(a)1No1officer1or1employee1
in1 the1 Civil1 Service1 shall1 be1 suspended1 or1 dismissed1 except1 for1
cause1as1provided1by1law1and1after1due1process.1
1 intention1of1terminating1his1possession1and1control1thereof1
The1following1shall1be1grounds1for1disciplinary1action:1
11
1.11Dishonesty;11
2.11Oppression;11
3.11Neglect1of1Duty;11
4.11Misconduct;11
5.11Disgraceful1and1immoral1conduct;11
6.11Being1notoriously1undesirable;11
7.11Discourtesy1in1the1course1of1official1duties;11
8.11 Inefficiency1 and1 incompetence1 in1 the1 performance1
of1official1duties;11
9.11 Receiving1 for1 personal1 use1 of1 a1 fee,1 gift1 or1 other1
valuable1 thing1 in1 the1 course1 of1 official1 duties1 or1 in1
connection1 therewith1 when1 such1 fee,1 gift,1 or1 other1
valuable1 thing1 is1 given1 by1 any1 person1 in1 the1 hope1 or1
expectation1 of1 receiving1 a1 favor1 or1 better1 treatment1
than1 that1 accorded1 other1 persons,1 or1 committing1 acts1
punishable1under1the1antiQgraft1laws;11
10.11Conviction1of1a1crime1involving1moral1turpitude;11
6! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1
1
11.11 Improper1 or1 unauthorized1 solicitation1 of1
contributions1 from1 subordinate1 employees1 and1 by1
teachers1or1school1officials1from11
school1children;11
12.11Violation1of1existing1Civil1Service1Law1and1rules1or1
reasonable1office1regulations;11
13.11Falsification1of1official1document;11
14.11 Frequent1 unauthorized1 absences1 or1 tardiness1 in1
reporting1 for1 duty,1 loafing1 or1 frequent1 unauthorized1
absences1from1duty1during1regular1office1hours;11
15.11Habitual1drunkenness;11
1
16.11Gambling1prohibited1by1law;11
17.11Refusal1to1perform1official1duty1or1render1overtime1
service;11
18.11Disgraceful,1immoral1or1dishonest1conduct1prior1to1
entering1the1service;11
19.11 Physical1 or1 mental1 incapacity1 or1 disability1 due1 to1
immoral1or1vicious1habits;11
20.11 Borrowing1 money1 by1 superior1 officers1 from1
subordinates1 or1 lending1 by1 subordinates1 to1 superior1
officers;11
21.11Lending1money1at1usurious1rates1of1interest;11
22.11Willful1failure1to1pay1just1debts1or1willful1failure1to1
pay1taxes1due1to1the1government;11
23.11Contracting1loans1of1money1or1other1property1from1
persons1 with1 whom1 the1 office1 of1 the1 employee1
concerned1has1business1relations;11
24.11Pursuit1of1private1business,1vocation1or1profession1
without1 the1 permission1 required1 by1 Civil1 Service1 rules1
and1regulations;11
25.11Insubordination;11
26.11 Engaging1 directly1 or1 indirectly1 in1 partisan1 political1
activities1by1one1holding1nonQpolitical1office;11
27.11 Conduct1 prejudicial1 to1 the1 best1 interest1 of1 the1
service;11
28.11Lobbying1for1personal1interest1or1gain1in1legislative1
halls1and1offices1without1authority;11
29.11 Promoting1 the1 sale1 of1 tickets1 in1 behalf1 of1 private1
enterprises1 that1 are1 not1 intended1 for1 charitable1 or1
public1welfare1purposes1and1even1in1the1latter1cases1if1
there1is1no1prior1authority;11
30.11Nepotism1as1defined1in1Section1491of1this1Decree.11
!
Abandonment!
1 Voluntary1relinquishment1of1an1office1by1the1holder1with1the1
Abandonment1 Resignation1
Species1of1Resignation1 Formal1Relinquishment1
Voluntary1Relinquishment1through1 1
nonQ1user1
NonQuser11neglect1to1use1a1privilege1or1a1right1or1to1exercise1an1
easement1or1an1office.1
1
Acceptance!of!an!Incompatible!Office!
1. Test1of1Incompatibility1Q11by1the1nature1and1relation1of1the1
two1offices1to1each1other,1they1ought1not1to1be1held1by1one1
person1from1the1contrariety1and1antagonism1which1would1
result1in1the1attempt1by1one1person1to1faithfully1and1
impartially1discharge1the1duties1of1one,1toward1the1
incumbent1of1another.1
 2. Acceptance1of1incompatible1office1ipso1facto1vacates1the1
other.1There1is1no1necessity1for1any1proceeding1to1declare1or1
complete1the1vacation1of1the1first1office.11
o Exception11where1the1public1officer1is1authorized1by1
law1to1accept1the1other1office1
The1Sec.1of1Justice1who1is,1by1express1
provision1of1the1Constitution,1a1member1of1
the1JBC1
1. When1the1penalty1imposed1upon1conviction1carries1with1it1
the1accessory1penalty1of1disqualification,1conviction1by1final1
judgment1automatically1terminates1official1relationship1
o Plenary1pardon1will1not1restore1the1public1office1to1the1
officer1convicted.1He1must1be1given1a1new1
appointment1

Abolition!of!Office!

1 Congress1has1the1right1to1abolish1an1office,1even1during1the1term1
for1which1an1existing1incumbent1may1have1been1elected1

a. Constitutional1offices1cannot1be1abolished1by1
Congress1
b. No1law1shall1be1passed1reorganizing1the1Judiciary1
when1it1undermines1the1security1of1tenure1of1its1
members1
c. Valid1abolition1of1office1does1not1constitute1
removal1of1incumbent1
d. It1is1within1the1legal1competence1of1the1city1
council1to1create,1consolidate1and1reorganize1city1
offices1and1positions1wholly1supported1by1local1
funds.11

Requisites1

1. Good1Faith1
2. Clear1intent1to1do1away1with1the1office1not1for1
personal1or1political1reasons1and1cannot1be1
implemented1ina1manner1contrary1to1law1

Prescription!of!the!right!to!office!

1. Instituted1within1one1year1from1the1date1the1petitioner1is1
unlawfully1ousted1from1his1office1
o Reason:1title1to1public1office1should1not1be1subjected1to1
continued1uncertainty1and1the1peoples1interest1
requires1that1such1right1should1be1determined1as1
speedily1as1possible1
o Filing1an1action1for1administrative1remedy1does1not1
suspend1the1period1for1filing1the1appropriate1judicial1
proceeding1(quo1warranto)1
o Unless1there1are1strong,1compelling1special1
Circumstances1to1warrant1a1different1course,1courts1
will1not1entertain1a1petition1for1reinstatement1filed1
beyond1the111year1period.1

Failure!to!assume!office!!

1 Office1of1any1official1elected1who1fails1or1refuses1to1take1his1oath1
of1office1within161months1from1his1proclamation1shall1be1considered1vacant,1
unless1said1failure1is1for1a1cause1or1causes1beyond1his1control.1

Conviction!of!a!Crime!

7! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1
1
Local&Government& government+

General&Principles& C.
+
Municipal+Corporation+
1. Elements+
a. Legal+Creation+or+Incorporation+
b. Corporate+Name+
Principles!of!Local!Autonomy! c. Inhabitants+
A. Principles+ d. Territory+
1. Sec.+25,+Art+II:+The+State+shall+ensure+the+autonomy+of+local+governments+ +
Sec.+2,+Art+X:+The+territorial+and+political+subdivisions+shall+enjoy+local+autonomy+
2. Dual+ nature+ and+ functions:+ + Body+ Politic+ and+ corporate+ endowed+ with+ powers+ to+ be+
2. Decentralization+ + does+ not+ make+ local+ governments+ sovereign+ within+ the+ state+ or+ an+ exercised+by+it+in+conformity+with+law.+
imperium+in+imperio+ U It+shall+exercise+powers+as+a+political+subdivision+of+the+National+Government+and+a+
+ corporate+entity+representing+the+inhabitants+of+its+territory+
Public+or+Governmental+ Private+or+Proprietary+
3. Exercise+of+local+autonomy+is+subject+to+the+power+of+control+by+congress,+and+the+power+of+
general+supervision+by+the+President.+ Acts+as+an+agent+of+the+State+for+the+ Agent+of+the+community+in+the+
+ government+of+the+territory+and++the+ administration+of+local+affairs.+Separate+
Only+if+president+finds+that+the+latter+had+acted+contrary+to+law.++ inhabitants+ entity,+for+its+own+purposes+and+not+as+
+
a+subdivision+of+the+State+
B. Corporation+
1. Definition+ +
a. +Artificial+being+created+by+Operation+of+Law+ 3. Municipal+Corporations++
b. Having+ the+ right+ of+ succession+ and+ the+ powers+ and+ attributes+ and+ properties+ Province+ City+ Municipality+ Barangay+ ARMM+ Special+
expressly+authorized+by+law+or+incident+to+its+existence+ Metropolitan+
2. Classification+ Subdivisions+
Public+ Private+ QuasiUpublic+
Composed+of+ Composed+of+ Composed+of+ Basic+Political+ Autonomy+may+ Congress+
Organized+for+the+ Formed+for+some+private+ Private+corporation+that+ cluster+of+ more+ group+of+ Unit.+SERVES+ either+be+ may+create+
government+of+a+portion+of+ purpose,+benefit,+aim+or+ renders+public+service+or+ municipalities+ urbanized+and+ barangays.+ AS+THE+ Decentralizatio special+
the+State+ end+ supplies+public+wants+ and+component+ developed+ SERVES+AS+A+ PRIMARY+ n+of+ metropolitan+
cities,+as+a+ barangays.+ GENERAL+ PLANNING+AND+ administration+ political+
+ political+and+ SERVES+AS+A+ PURPOSE+ IMPLEMENTIN or+ subdivision+
corporate+unit+of+ GENERAL+ GOVERNMENT+ G+UNIT+OF+ Decentralizatio subject+to+a+
+ the+government+ PURPOSE+ FOR+THE+ GOVERNMENT+ n+of+Power.++ plebiscite+but+
3. Criterion+to+determine+
SERVES+AS+A+ GOVERNMENT+ COORDINATIO POLICIS,+ the+
U Relationship+ of+ the+ corporation+ to+ the+ State,+ if+ created+ by+ the+ State+ as+ its+ own+
DYNAMIC+ FOR+THE+ N+AND+ PLANS,+ + component+
agency+to+help+the+State+in+carrying+out+its+governmental+functions,+then+it+is+public+
4. Classes+ MECHANISM+ COORDINATIO DLEIVERY+OF+ PROGRAMS,+ cities+and+
QuasiUCorporation+ Municipal+Corporation+ FOR+ N+AND+ BASIC,+ PROJECT+AND+ Dec.+of+Admin.+ municipalitie
DEVELOPMENTA DELIVERY+OF+ REGULAR+AND+ ACTIVITIES+IN+ s+shall+retain+
Created+by+the+State+for+a+narrow+or+ Body+Politic+and+corporate+constituted+by+ L+PROCESSES+ BASIC,+ DIRECT+ THE+ To+broaden+the+ their+basic+
AND+EFFECTIVE+ REGULAR+AND+ SERVICES+AND+ COMMUNIT+ base+of+ autonomy+
limited+purpose+ the+incorporation+of+the+inhabitants+for+
GOVERNANCE+ DIRECT+ EFFECTIVE+ AND+AS+A+ governmental+ and+shall+be+
the+purpose+for+the+purpose+of+local+

1! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+

+
OF+LOCAL+ SERVICES+AND+ GOVERNANCE+ FORUM+ power.+ entitled+to+ IncomeU+sufficient,+based+on+acceptable+standards+to+provide+for+all+essential+
GOVERNMENT+ EFFECTIVE+ OF+THE+ WHEREIN+THE+ their+own+ government+facilities+and+services+and+special+functions+commensurate+with+the+size+of+
UNITS+WITHIN+ GOVERNANCE+ INHABITANTS+ COLLECTIVE+ + local+ the+population.+
+
ITS+TERRITORIAL+ OF+THE+ WITHIN+ITS+ VIEWS+OF+THE+ executives+
Dec.+of+Power+ Population++determined+as+the+total+number+of+inhabitants+within+the+territorial+
JURISDICTION+ INHABITANTS+ JURISDICTION.+ PEOPLE+MAY+ and+ jurisdiction++
WITHIN+ITS+ BE+EXPRESSED,+ legislative+ +
JURISDICTION+ CRYSTALLIZED+ Abdication+by+ assemblies+ Land+AreaU+Contiguous,+unless+separated+comprises+two+islands+or+is+separated+by+a+local+
AND+ the+national+ government+unit+independent+of+others.+Proprely+identified+by+metes+and+bounds+with+
CONSIDERED+ government+of+ technical+description+and+sufficient+to+provide+for+such+basic+services+and+facilities+to+
AND+WHERE+ political+power+ meet+the+requirements+of+its+populace.+
in+favor+of+the+ +
DISPUTES+MAY+
Local+ +
BE+AMICABLY+
SETTLED.+ Government.+
+
ARMM+is+an+
+ Barangay+ Municipality+ City+ Highly+ Province+
example+of+Dec.+
Urbanized+City+
of+
Administration.+ Income+ + P2.5M+ P100M+ P50M+ P20M+

+ Population++ 2,000+ 25,000+ 150,000+ 200,000+ 250,000+

D. Creation+and+Dissolution+
(5,000+in+
1. Authority+ to+ Create:+ created,+ divided,+ merged,+ abolished+ or+ its+ boundaries+ substantially+
altered+ MM)+
Law+ Ordinance+
Land+Area+ + 50km2+ 100km2+ + 2,000km2+
Province,+City,+Municipality+or+any+other+ Barangay+located+within+its+territorial+
political+subdivision+ jurisdiction.+ +

Attested+to+by+the+Department+of+Finance,+NSO,+Land+Management+Bureau+of+the+DENR.+
+
+
2. Requisites/Limitations+on+creation+or+conversion+
+
a. Sec.+10,+Art.+X.+In+accordance+with+the+criteria+established+in+the+local+government+code+ Other+ limitations+ may+ be+ found+ in+ the+ Bill+ of+ Rights+ affording+ protection+ to+ rights,+
and+ subject+ to+ approval+ by+ a+ majority+ of+ the+ votes+ cast+ in+ a+ plebiscite+ in+ the+ political+ property+and+contracts+of+inhabitants.+
units+directly+affected.+ +
+ 3. Beginning+of+corporate+existence+
Plebiscite+Requirement+ U Election+and+qualification+of+its+chief+executive+and+majority+of+the+members+of+its+
U Approved+by+a+majority+of+votes+cast+in+a+plebiscite+called+for+the+purpose+in+the+ sanggunian,+ unless+ some+ other+ time+ is+ fixed+ therefor+ by+ the+ law+ or+ ordinance+
Political+Unit+or+units+directly+affected.+ creating+it+
U Conducted+by+COMELE+within+120+days+from+the+date+of+effectivity+of+the+law+or+ 4. Abolition+
ordinance+effecting+such+action,+unless+said+law+or+ordinance+fixes+another+date+ a. Division+and+Merger++same+requirements+provided+that+such+division+shall+not+reduce+
+ the+income,+population+or+land+area+to+less+than+the+minimum.+
b. Abolition++when+its+income,+population,+or+land+area+has+been+irreversibly+reduced+to+
b. Sec.+ 7.+ RA+ 7160.+ Based+ on+ verifiable+ indicators+ of+ viability+ and+ projected+ capacity+ to+ less+than+the+minimum+standards+prescribed+for+its+creation+as+certified+by+the+national+
provide+services.+ agencies+mentioned.+Law+shall+specify+the+province,+city+or+municipality+with+which+the+
+ local+government+unit+sought+to+be+abolished+will+be+incorporated+or+merged.++
5. De+facto+municipal+Corporations+

2! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+

+
 a. Valid+law+authorizing+incorporation+ A. Powers+
b. Attempt+in+good+faith+to+organize+under+it+ 1. Sources+
c. Colorable+compliance+with+the+law+ a. Sec.+25,+Art.+II,+Sec+5,6,7+Art.+X+of+Constitution+
d. Assumption+of+corporate+powers+ b. Statutes+
+ c. Charter+
d. Doctrine+of+the+right+of+selfUgovernment+but+applies+only+to+states+which+adhere+to+
6. Attack+against+invalidity+ the+doctrine+
U Quo+Warranto+or+other+direct+proceeding+ 2. Classification+
U Reserved+to+the+State+ a. Express,+implied,+inherent+
U No+collateral+attack+ b. Public+or+Governmental,+private+or+proprietary+
U Applies+only+when+the+municipal+corporation+is,+at+least,+a+de+facto+corporation+ c. Intramural,+extramural+
+ d. Mandatory,+Directory:+ministerial,+discretionary+
3. Execution+of+Powers+
E. Local+Government+Code+ a. Prescribed+by+statute+
1. Effectivity:+January+1,+1992,+unless+otherwise+provided+herein,+after+its+complete+publication+ b. If+silent,+LGU+has+discretion+to+select+reasonable+means+and+methods+of+exercise.+
in+at+least+one+newspaper+of+general+circulation.+ +
2. Scope+ of+ Application+ + all+ provinces,+ cities,+ municipalities,+ barangays+ and+ other+ political+
subdivisions+as+may+be+created+by+law,+to+the+extent+herein+provided,+to+officials,+offices+or+ +
agencies+of+the+National+Government+
3. Declaration+of+Policy+ B. Governmental+Powers+
a. Territorial+and+political+subdivisions+shall+enjoy+ 1. General+ Welfare+ + all+ LGU+ shall+ exercise+ powers+ expressly+ granted,+ implied+ and+
U Genuine+and+meaningful+autonomy++ incidental+for+its+efficient+and+effective+governance+and+those+essential+to+promotion+of+
U To+enable+them+to+attain+their+fullest+development+as+ the+general+welfare.++
U SelfUreliant+communities++ Ensure+and+support+
U And+make+them+more+effective+partners+in+the+attainment+of+national+goals+
b. Ensure+ accountability+ of+ local+ government+ units+ through+ the+ institution+ of+ effective+ a. Preservation+and+enrichment+of+culture+
mechanisms++of+recall,+initiative+and+referendum+and+ b. Promote+health+and+safety+
c. Require+ all+ national+ agencies+ and+ offices+ to+ conduct+ periodic+ consultations+ with+ c. Enhance+the+right+of+the+people+to+a+balanced+ecology+
appropriate+ LGU,+ nonUgovernmental+ and+ peoples+ organizations+ and+ other+ concerned+ d. Encourage+and+support+development+of+appropriate+and+selfUreliant+scientific+and+
sectors+ of+ the+ community+ before+ any+ project+ or+ program+ is+ implemented+ in+ their+ technological+capabilities+
respective+jurisdictions+ e. Improve+public+morals+
4. Rules+of+Interpretation+ f. Enhance+prosperity+and+social+justice+
a. Liberally+interpreted+in+favor+of+LGU+and+in+case+of+doubt,+any+question+shall+be+resolved+ g. Promote+employment+among+its+residents+
in+favor+of+devolution+of+powers+and+of+the+LGU+ h. Maintain+peace+and+order+
b. Tax+ ordinance+ or+ revenue+ measureU+ construed+ strictly+ against+ LGU+ enacting+ it+ and+ i. Preserve+the+comfort+and+convenience+of+their+inhabitants+
liberally+in+favor+of+tax+payer.+ General+welfare+clause+is+a+statutory+grant+of+Police+Power+
Tax+exemption+construed+strictly+against+the+person+claiming+ Limitations+
c. Rights+ and+ obligations+ existing+ on+ the+ date+ of+ effectivity+ of+ LGC+ and+ arising+ out+ of+ a. Exercisable+within+territorial+limits+of+LGU+except+for+protection+of+water+supply+
contracts+ or+ any+ other+ source+ of+ prestation+ involving+ LGYU+ governed+ by+ original+ terms+ b. Equal+protection+clause+
and+conditions+of+said++contracts+or+the+law+in+force+at+the+time+such+rights+were+vested+ c. Due+Process+Clause+
d. In+ resolution+ of+ controversies+ arising+ under+ the+ Code+ where+ no+ legal+ provision+ or+ Valid+ordinance:+
jurisprudence+ applies,+ resort+ may+ be+ had+ to+ the+ customs+ and+ traditions+ in+ the+ place+ 1. Must+not+contravene+Constitution+and+Statute+
where+the+controversies+take+place.+ 2. Not+be+unfair+and+oppressive+
+ 3. Not+be+partial+or+discriminatory+
4. Not+prohibit+but+may+regulate+trade+

General&Powers&and&Attributes&of&LGU& 5.
6.
Not+be+unreasonable++
Must+be+general+in+application+and+consistent+with+public+policy+
+

3! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+

+
+ water+supply+ and+general+hygiene+
and+sanitation+
+ Infrastructure+ Muicipal+buildings+and+ Infrastructure+ +
facilities+ other+facilities+
2. Basic+Services+and+facilities+
a. LGU+shall+endeavor+to+be+selfUreliant+and+shall+continue+exercising+the+powers+and+ Information+and+ Infrastructure+facilities+ Low+cost+housing+ +
discharging+the+duties+and+functions+currently+vested+upon+them+ reading+center++
b. They+ shall+ also+ discharge+ the+ functions+ and+ responsibilities+ of+ national+ agencies+ Satellite+or+public+ Public+markets,+ Investment+support+ +
and+offices+devolved+to+them+to+this+Code.+They+shall+likewise+exercise+such+other+ market+ slautherhouses++ services+
powers+ and+ discharge+ such+ other+ functions+ as+ are+ necessary+ appropriate+ or+
+ Cemetery+ Modernization+of+tax+ +
incidental+ to+ efficient+ and+ effective+ provision+ of+ the+ basic+ services+ and+ facilities+
information+and+
enumerated+therein+
+ collection+services+
+ Tourism+ InterUmunicipal+ +
SEC.+17.+Basic&Services&and&Facilities.+++ telecommunications+
+ Sites+for+police+and+fire+ Tourism+development+and+ +
stations+and+municipal+ promotion+programs+
(a)+Local+government+units+shall+endeavor+to+be+selfUreliant+and+shall+continue+exercising+the+
powers+and+discharging+the+duties+and+functions+currently+vested+upon+them.+They+shall+also+discharge+ jails+
the+functions+and+responsibilities+of+national+agencies+and++offices+devolved+to+them+pursuant+to+this+ Devolution++Act+by+which+the+National+Government+confers+powers+and+authority+upon+
Code.+Local+government+units+shall+likewise+exercise+such+other+powers+and+discharge+such+other+ the+various+local+government+units+to+perform+specific+function+and+responsibilities.++
functions+and+responsibilities+as+are+necessary,+appropriate,+or+incidental+to+efficient+and+effective+ +
provision+of+the+basic+services+and+facilities+enumerated+herein++
3. Power+to+Generate+and+Apply+Resources+
+
(b)++Such+basic+services+and+facilities+include,+but+are+not++limited+to,+the+following:++
Fundamental+Principles+of+Taxation+
a. Taxation+shall+be+uniform+in+each+LGU+
Barangay! Municipality! Province! City! b. Equitable+and+based+as+far+as+practicable+on+the+taxpayers+ability+to+pay;+
Agricultural+support+ Research+Services+and+ Agricultural+extension+an+ Same+as+Province++ U Levied+and+collected+for+public+purpose;++
services+ facilities+related+to+ research+facilities+ U Not+unjust,+excessive,+oppressive+or+confiscatory;+
U Not+contrary+to+law,+public+policy,+national+economic+policy;+
agriculture,+fishery+and+
U Or+in+restraint+of+trade+
poultry+ c. Collection+cannot+be+left+to+any+private+person+
Health+and+social+ Community+based+ Industrial+research+and+ Adequate+ d. Revenue+collected+shall+inure+solely+to+the+benefit+of+and+subject+to+disposition+of+
welfare+services+ forestry+projects+ development+services+as+ communication+and+ LGU;+
well+as+transfer+of+ transportation++ e. Progressive+
appropriate+technology+ +
Hygiene+and+ Implementation+of+ Forestry+projects+ Support+for+education,+
Fundamental+Principles+of+Financial+Affairs+
sanitation+ programs+and+projects+ police+and+fire+services+
on+health+care+ and+facilities+ a. No+ money+ paid+ out+ of+ local+ treasury+ except+ in+ pursuance+ of+ an+ appropriation+
Maintenance+of+ Social+welfare+services+ Hospitals+and+tertiary+ + ordinance+or+law+
Katarungan+ which+include+ health+services+ b. LG+funds+spent+solely+for+public+purposes+
pambarangay+ programs+and+projects+ c. Local+ Revenue+ generated+ only+ from+ sources+ expressly+ authorized+ by+ law+ or+
on+child+an+youth+ ordinance,+and+collection+be+acknowledged+properly+
d. All+money+received+by+LG+officer+shall+be+accounted+for+
welfare+
e. Trust+fund+shall+not+be+paid+out+except+in+fulfillment+of+the+purpose+for+which+trust+
Barangay+roads+and+ Solid+waste+disposal+ Provincial+buildings+ + was+created+

4! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+

+
 f. Bonds+ of+ LG+ officer+ whose+ duty+ permits+ or+ requires+ the+ possession+ or+ custody+ of+ 1. Must+not+contravene+Constitution+and+Statute+
local+funds++ 2. Not+be+unfair+and+oppressive+
g. LG+shall+formulate+sound+financial+plans+ 3. Not+be+partial+or+discriminatory+
h. Local+Budget+plans+harmonized+with+National+development+plans+ 4. Not+prohibit+but+may+regulate+trade+
i. Local+budget+shall+operationalize+local+development+plans+ 5. Not+be+unreasonable++
j. LGU+ensures+that+budgets+incorporate+the+requirements+of+their+units+and+provide+ 6. Must+be+general+in+application+and+consistent+with+public+policy+
equitable+allocation+ +
k. National+planning+shall+be+based+on+local+planning+ +
l. Fiscal+responsibility+shared+by+all+exercising+authority+over+financial+affairs+ c. Approval+
m. Balanced+budget+in+each+fiscal+year+ U Ordinances+passed+by+SPL,+SPLU,+SB+shall+be+approved:+
+ 1. If+the+local+Chief+Executive+approves+the+same,+affixing+his+signature+on+each+
+ and+every+page+thereof+
4. Eminent+Domain+ 2. i.+Local+Chief+Executive+vetoes+the+same,+
Limitation+ ii.+Overridden+by+2/3+vote+of+all+members+of+the+sanggunian+
+
a. Exercised+by+Local+chief+executive+acting+pursuant+to+a+valid+ordinance+ Veto+shall+be+communicated+by+Local+Chief+Executive+to+the+sanggunian+within+15+days+
b. Public+use+or+purpose+or+welfare,+fro+the+benefit+of+the+poor+and+the+landless+ of+province+or+10+days+in+case+of+a+city+or+municipality,+otherwise,+the+ordinance+shall+be+
c. Only+after+a+valid+and+definite+offer+has+been+made+and+not+accepted+by+owner+ deemed+approved+as+if+he+signed+it+
+ Local+Chief+Executive+may+veto+the+ordinance+only+once+on+the+ground+that+ordinance+is+
ultra+vires+or+that+it+is+prejudicial+to+the+public+welfare.+
5. Reclassification+of+Lands+ +
U Ordinance+passed+after+conducting+public+hearings.+
+ d. Review+by+Sangguniang+Panlalawigan+
a. When+ the+ land+ ceases+ to+ be+ economically+ feasible+ and+ sound+ for+ agricultural+ U Within+3+days+after+the+approval+
purposes+ U Secretary+ of+ sangguniang+ panlungsod+ or+ sangguinag+ bayan+ shall+ forward+ to+
b. Land+ has+ substantially+ greater+ economic+ value+ for+ residential,+ commercial,+ or+ Sanggunian+ panlalawigan+ for+ review,+ copies+ of+ approved+ oridnances+ and+
industrial+purposes+as+determined++by+the+sanggunian.++ resolutions+approving+the+local+development+councils.+
+ U Sanggunian+Pnalalawigan+shall+review+the+same+within+30+days+
+ U Decree+as+invalid+or+valid.+If+no+action+is+taken+within+30+days,+valid.+
6. Closure+and+opening+of+Raods+ +
U Ordinance+
U Approved+by+at+least+2/3+of+all+the+members+of+sangguian+ +
U Substitute+for+public+facility+shall+be+provided++
Limitation+ e. Review+of+Barangay+Ordinances+
U Witin+10+days+
a. Adequate+provision+for+maintenance+of+public+safety+ U Sangguniang+barangay+furnishes+sangguinang+bayan+or+lungsod+for+review+
b. Temporary+closure+may+be+made+during+an+actual+emergency,+fiesta+celebrations,+ U Within+ 30+ days,+ return+ with+ comments+ and+ recommendations+ for+ adjustment,+
public+rallies+ amendment+ or+ modicifaction+ if+ inconsistent+ with+ law+ or+ city+ or+ municipal+
+ ordinances+
U If+no+action+is+taken+within+30+days,+it+is+deemed+approved.+
7. Local+Legislative+Power++Exercised+by+the+Local+Sanggunian+ +
+
a. Products+of+Legislative+Action+ +
1. Ordinance++Prescribes+a+permanent+rule+of+conduct+
2. Resolution++Temporary+character,+or+expresses+sentiment+ f. Enforcement+of+disapproved+ordinances/resolutions+
+ U Attempt+ to+ enforce+ a+ disapproved+ ordinance+ or+ resolution+ after+ disapproval+ shall+
be+sufficient+ground+for+the+suspension+or+dismissal+of+official+or+employee+
b. Requisites+ +

5! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+

+
+ +

g. Effectivity+ Local+Government+units+and+their+official+s+are+not+exempt+from+liability+for+death+or+injury+to+persons+or+
U 10+days+from+the+date+a+copy+thereof+is+posted+in+a+bulletin+board+at+the+entrance+ damage+to+property+
of+ the+ provincial+ capitol,+ or+ city,+ municipal+ or+ barangay+ hall,+ and+ in+ at+ least+ two+
other+conspicuous+places+in+the+local+government+unit+concerned.++ +
+
+ 1. Provisions+making+law+making+LGU+liable+
+ a. Article+2189+CC++LGU+is+liable+in+damages+for+death+or+injuries+suffered+by+reason+of+the+
8. Authority+over+Police+Units+ defective+condition+of+roads,+streets,+bridges,+public+buildings,+and+other+public+works+
+ b. Art.+2180+(6)+CC++The+state+is+responsible+when+it+acts+through+a+special+agent+
c. Art.+34+CC++The+LGU+is+subsidiarily+liable+for+damages+suffered+by+a+person+by+reason+of+
C. Corporate+Powers+ the+ failure+ or+ refusal+ of+ a+ member+ of+ the+ police+ force+ to+ render+ aid+ and+ protection+ in+
U Full+ Autonomy+ in+ the+ exercise+ of+ their+ proprietary+ functions+ and+ in+ the+ case+of+danger+to+life+and+property+
management+of+economic+enterprises,+subject+to+limitations+provided+in+the+code+ +
and+other+applicable+laws.+
1. Continuous+succession+in+its+corporate+name+ 2. Liability+for+Tort+
2. Sue+and+be+Sued++ a. If+the+LGU+is+engaged+in+governmental+functions,+it+is+not+liable+
U Commenced+by+the+Local+Executive+upon+the+authority+of+the+Sanggunian+except+ b. If+engaged+in+proprietary+functions,+LGU+is+liable+
when+the+City+Councilors+by+themselves+and+as+representatives+of+or+on+behalf+of+ +
the+City,+bring+the+action+to+prevent+unlawful+disbursement+of+City+funds.++
3. Have+and+use+a+corporate+seal+ 3. Liability+for+Violation+of+Law+
4. Acquire+and+convey+real+or+personal+property+ 4. Liability+for+Contracts+
5. Power+to+enter+into+contracts+ U Municipal+corporation,+like+an+ordinary+person,+is+liable+on+a+contract+it+enters+into+
+ provided+that+the+contract+is+intra+vires.+
Requisites+ U Private+individual+who+deals+with+a+municipal+corporation+is+imputed+constructive+
a. LGU+has+the+express,+implied+or+inherent+power+to+enter+into+the+particular+ knowledge+of+the+extent+of+the+power+or+authority+of+the+municipal+corporation+to+
contract+ enter+into+contracts+
b. Entered+into+by+the+proper+department,+board,+committee,+officer+or+agent.+ U Estoppel+does+not+lie+against+the+municipal+corporation+
Unless+ provided+ by+ the+ Code,+ no+ contract+ may+ be+ entered+ into+ by+ the+ local+ U The+doctrine+of+implied+municipal+liability++A+municipality+may+become+obligated+
chief+ executive+ on+ behalf+ of+ the+ local+ government+ unit+ without+ prior+ upon+an+implied+contract+to+pay+the+reasonable+value+of+the+benefits+accepted+or+
authorization+by+the+Sanggunian+concerned+ appropriated+by+it+as+to+which+it+has+the+general+power+to+contract.+
c. Comply+with+certain+substantial+requirements+ +
d. Comply+with+formal+requisites+
+
Local&Officials&
+

UltraUvires+ contract+ + entered+ into+ without+ compliance+ with+ the+ first+ and+ third+ +
requisites.+ Null+ and+ void.+ Cannot+ be+ ratified+ or+ validated.+ Ratification+ is+ possible+ only+
when+there+is+nonUcompliance+with+the+second+and/or+the+fourth+requirements+above.+ Provisions+applicable+to+elective+and+appointive+local+officials+
Ratification+may+either+be+express+or+implied.++
+ +

+ 1. Prohibited+Business+and+Pecuniary+Interest+
a. Engage+ in+ any+ business+ transaction+ with+ the+ LGU+ in+ which+ he+ is+ an+ official+ or+ an+

Municipal&Liability& employee+or+over+which+he+has+the+power+of+supervision+or+with+any+of+its+authorized,+

6! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+

+
 officials,+agents+or+attorneys+whereby+money+is+to+be+paid+or+property+or+any+other+thing+ Vice+Governor+ 23+
of+value+is+to+be+transferred+
b. Hold+such+interests+in+any+cockpit+or+other+games+licensed+by+the+LGU+ Sanggunian+Panlalawigan+ 23+
c. Purchase+any+real+estate+or+other+property+foereited+in+favor+of+the+LGU+for+unpaid+taxes+
or+assessment+or+by+virtue+of+a+legal+process+at+the+instance+of+the+LGU+
Mayor+(Highly+urbanized+cities)+ 23+
d. Be+a+surety+for+any+person+contracting+or+doing+business+with+the+LGU+for+which+a+surety+
is+required+
e. Possess+or+use+any+public+property+of+the+LGU+for+private+purpose+ Vice+Mayor+(Highly+Urbanized+Cities)+ 23+
f. Prohibitions+and+inhibitions+prescribed+in+RA+6713+
+ Sangguniang+Panlunsod+(Highly+Urbanized+cities)++ 23+

2. Practice+of+Profession+ Mayor++ 21+

a. All+ governors,! city! and! municipal! mayors+ are+ prohibited+ + from+ practicing+ their+
profession+ or+ engaging+ in+ any+ occupation+ other+ than+ the+ exercise+ of+ their+ functions+ as+ Vice+Mayor+ 21+
local+chief+executive+
b. Sanggunian+members+may+practive+their+profession,+engage+in+any+occupation,+or+teach+
in+school+except+during+session+hours.+Provided,+if+members+of+the+bar:+ Sangguniang+Panlungsod+ 18+
U Shall+not+appear+as+counsel+in+any+court+in+any+civil+case+wherein+the+LGU+or+any+
office+or+agency+of+government+is+the+adverse+party+ Sangguniang+Bayan+ 18+
U Appear+ as+ counsel+ in+ any+ criminal+ case+ wherein+ an+ officer+ or+ employee+ of+ the+
national+LG+is+accused+of+an+offense+in+relation+to+his+office+ Punong+Barangay+ 18+
U Collect+ any+ fee+ for+ their+ appearance+ in+ administrative+ proceedings+ involving+ + the+
LGU+of+which+he+is+an+official+ Member+of+Sangguniang+Barangay+ 18+
U Use+property+and+personnel+of+government+except+when+the+sangguinan+member+
concerned+is+defending+the+interest+of+the+government.++
SK+ 15U21+
c. Doctors+ of+ medicine+ may+ practice+ their+ profession+ even+ during+ official+ horus+ of+ work+
only+ on+ occasions+ of+ emergency,+ provide+ they+ do+ not+ derive+ monetary+ compensation+
therefrom.+ ++
3. Prohibition+against+appointment+ +
a. No+elective+or+appointive+local+official+shall+be+eligible+for+appointment+or+designation+in+ +
any+capacity+to+any+public+office+or+position+during+his+tenure+ 2. Disqualifications+
b. Except+for+losing+candidates+in+barangay+elections,+no+candidate+who+lost+in+any+election+ a. Sentenced+by+final+judgment+for+an+offense+involving+moral+turpitude+or+for+an+offense+
shall+within+one+year+after+such+election+be+appointed+to+any+office+in+the+government+or+ punishable+ by+ one+ year+ or+ more+ of+ imprisonment+ within+ two+ years+ after+ serving+
any+governmentUowned+or+controlled+corporation+or+their+subsidiaries.+ sentence+
+ b. Removed+from+office+as+a+result+of+an+administrative+case+
c. Convicted+by+final+judgment+for+violating+the+oath+of+allegiance+to+the+Republic+
Elective+Local+Officials+ d. Dual+Citizenship+
e. Fugitives+from+justice+in+a+criminal+or+nonUpolitical+cases+here+or+abroad+
1. Qualifications+ f. Permanent+residents+in+a+foreign+country+or+those+who+have+acquired+the+right+to+reside+
a. Citizen+of+the+Phlippines+ abroad+and+continue+to+avail+of+the+same+right+after+the+effectivity+of+the+Code+
b. Registered+voter+in+the+Barangay,+municipality,+city+or+province++ g. Insane+or+feeble+minded+
(if+Sanggunian,+in+the+district+where+he+intends+to+be+elected)+ +
c. Resident+therein+for+at+least+1+year+immediately+preceding+the+election+
d. Able+to+read+and+write+Filipino+or+any+other+local+language+or+dialect+ 3. Manner+of+Election+
e. + +
Governor+ 23+
a. Elected+at+large.+
b. Sanggunian+Panlalawiga,+panlungsod+and+bayanU+elected+by+district+as+may+be+provided+by+law+

7! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+

+
 c. Presidents+ of+ the+ leagues+ of+ Sanggunian+ members+ of+ component+ cities+ and+ municipalities+ U Physical+or+legal+reasons+
shall+serve+ex+officio+members+of+the+sangguniang+panlalawigan+concerned+
d. Presidents+of+liga+ng+mga+barangay+and+pederasyon+ng+mga+sangguinang+kabataan+shall+serve+ U Leave+of+absence+
as+ex+officio+members+of+the+sangguniang+panlalawiagan+panglungsod+or+bayan.+ U Travel+Abroad+
e. Sectoral+representatives+ U Suspension+from+office+
U Women+ +
U Workers+
U Urban+Poor+ +
U Indigenous+cultural+communities+
U Disabled+persons+ U VG+and+VM+or+highest+ranking+sanggunian+member+automatically+exercises+powers+
U Any+other+sector+ and+performs+duties+and+functions+of+Local+chief+executive+except:+
+ a. Power+ to+ appoint,+ suspend+ or+ dismiss+ employees+ + such+ power+ can+ be+
exercised+if+the+period+of+incapacity+exceeds+30+working+days.+
4. Date+of+Election+U++every+three+years+on+the+second+Monday+of+May+unless+provided+by+law+ +
5. Term+of+Office+ U If+local+chief+executive+is+travelling+within+the+country+but+outside+his+jurisdiction+
U 3+years++ for+a+period+not+exceeding+three+consecutive+days,+he+may+designate+in+writing+the+
U Cannot+serve+for+more+than+3+consecutive+terms+in+the+same+position+ officer+in+charge+of+the+said+office.+
U Barangay+officials+and+SKU++5+years++ +
+
7. Compensation+
It+ is+ not+ enough+ that+ an+ individual+ has+ served+ three+ consecutive+ terms+ in+ an+ elective+ U Determined+by+Sanggunian+concerned+subject+to+provisions+of+RA+6758+
local+office.+He+must+also+have+been+elected+to+the+same+position+for+the+same+number+ U Not+less+than+1,000+for+punong+barangay+
of+times+before+the+disqualification+can+apply.+ U Not+less+than+600+for+sanggunian+barangay+member+
Requisites+for+three+term+limit+ +
a. Official+ concerned+ has+ been+ elected+ for+ 3+ consecutive+ terms+ in+ the+ same+ local+
government+post+ 8. Resignation+
b. Served+3+consecutive+terms+ U Valid+only+if+accepted+
+ President+ Governors,+VG,+M+and+VM+of+Highly+
urbanized+cities+and+independent+
6. Succession+ component+cities+
a. Permanent+ Vacancies+ + arises+ when+ an+ elective+ official+ fills+ a+ higher+ vacant+ office,+
refuses+to+assume+office,+fails+to+qualify,+dies,+is+removed+from+office,+voluntarily+resigns+
Governor++ Municipal+M+and+VM+of+component+cities+
or+is+permanently+incapacitated+to+discharge+the+functions+of+his+office.+
+
Sanggunian+ Sanggunian+members+
U Governor+succeeded+by+Vice+Governor+
U Mayor+succeeded+by+Vice+Mayor+ City+or+Municipal+Mayor+ Barangay+officials+
+
+
U Vice+ governor/+ Vice+ Mayor+ succeeded+ by+ highest+ ranking+ sangguinan+ member+ or+
second+highest+ U Resignation+ shall+ be+ deemed+ accepted+ if+ not+ acted+ upon+ by+ the+ authority+
+ concerned+within+15+working+days+from+receipt+thereof.++
Ranking+shall+be+determined+on+the+basis+of++the+proportion+of+votes+obtained+by+each+ U Irrevocable+resignations+by+sanggunian+members+shall+be+deemed+accepted+upon+
winning+ candidate+ to+ the+ total+ number+ of+ registered+ voters+ in+ each+ district+ in+ the+ presentation+ before+ an+ open+ session+ of+ the+ sanggunian+ concerned+ and+ duly+
immediately+preceding+election.+ entered+in+its+records.++
+ 9. Grievance+Procedure+
b. Temporary+Vacancies+ U Local+ chief+ executive+ shall+ establish+ a+ procedure+ to+ inquire+ into+ resolve+ or+ settle+
complaints+and+grievances+presented+by+local+government+employees+

8! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+

+
 10. Discipline+ U Penalty+of+suspension+shall+not+exceed+his+unexpired+term,+or+a+period+of+6+months+
Grounds+ for+ every+ administrative+ offense+ nor+ shall+ be+ a+ bar+ to+ the+ candidacy+ of+ the+
a. Disloyalty+to+the+Philippines+ respondent+as+long+as+he+needs+he+meets+the+qualifications+required.+
b. Culpable+violation+of+the+Constitution+ +
c. Dishonesty,+oppression,+misconduct+in+office,+gross+negligence,+or+Dereliction+
d. Commission+of+any+offense+involving+moral+turpitude+or+offense+punishable+by+at+ +
least+prision+mayor.+
e. Abuse+of+authority+ Administrative+Appeal+
f. Unauthorized+ absence+ for+ 15+ consecutive+ working+ days+ except+ in+ the+ case+ of+
members+of+the+sangguniang+panlalawigan,+panlungsod+bayan+and+barangay+ U Within+30+days+
g. Application+for,+or+acquisition+of,+foreign+citizenship+or+residence+or+the+status+of+ +
an+immigrant+of+another+country.+
h. Such+other+grounds+as+may+be+provided+in+this+Code+and+other+laws+ Who+ To+Whom+
+
Decisions+of+Component+cities+SPLU+and+SB+ Sangguniang+Panlalawigan+
Complaints+
Decisions+of+SPL+and+SPLU+of+Highly+Urbanized+ President.+Final+and+executor+
+ +
cities+and+independent+component+cities+
Who+ To+Whom+
+
Provincial,+Highly+urbanized+city+or+independent+ Office+of+the+President+
+
component+city+elective+official+
Execution+pending+appeal+
Elective+municipal+officials+ Sangguninang+panlalawigan,+appealed+to+Office+of+
President+ U Shall+not+prevent+a+decision+from+being+executed+
U Respondent+ shall+ be+ considered+ as+ having+ been+ placed+ under+ preventive+
Elective+Barangay+officials+ Sangguniang+panlungsod+or+bayan.+Decision+shall+ suspension+during+the+pendency+of+the+appeal+
be+final+and+executory+ +

+ But+AO+18+so+long+as+not+repugnant+to+LGC,+authorizes+president+to+stay+the+execution+
pending+appeal+
Preventive+Suspension+ +

Effect+of+ReUelection+
U Imposed+by+the+President,+Governor,+Mayor+
U After+the+issues+are+joined+
U Bars+ the+ continuance+ of+ the+ administrative+ case+ against+ him+ inasmuch+ as+ the+ reU
U When+the+evidence+of+guilt+is+strong,+gravity+of+the+offense+
election+is+tantamount+to+condonation+by+the+people.+
U Great+probability+that+the+continuance+in+office+of+the+respondent+could+influence+
+
the+witnesses+or+pose+a+threat+to+the+safety+and+integrity+of+the+records+and+other+
evidence+
+
U Shall+not+extend+beyond+60+days+
U If+several+are+filed,+he+cannot+be+suspended+for+more+than+90+days+within+a+single+
Appointive+Local+Official+
year+ on+ the+ same+ ground+ or+ grounds+ existing+ and+ known+ at+ the+ time+ of+the+ first+
suspension+
+
+
+ Responsibility+for+human+resources+and+development+
Penalty+

9! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+

+
 U Local+Chief+Executive+shall+be+responsible++
U In+accordance+with+Constitution,+laws+including+policies,+guidelines+and+standards+
as+the+CSC+may+establish+
o Local+ Chief+ executive+ may+ employ+ emergency+ or+ casual+ employees+ or+
laborers+paid+on+a+daily+wage+or+piecework+basis+and+hired+through+job+
orders+for+local+projects+authorized+by+the+Sangguian+without+the+need+
of+approval+or+attestation+by+the+CSC+as+long+as+said+employment+shall+
not+exceed+6+months.+
Appointive+Officials+
If+ penalty+ imposed+ is+ suspension+ without+ pay+ for+ not+ more+
than+ 30+ days+ his+ decision+ shall+ be+ final+ if+ the+ penalty+
imposed+ is+ heavier,+ the+ decision+ shall+ be+ appealable+ to+ the+
CSC+ which+ shall+ decide+ the+ appeal+ within+ 30+ days+ from+
receipt.+
+
+

1. Secretary+to+Sangguinan+
2. Treasurer+
3. Assessor+
4. Accountant+
5. Budget+Officer+
6. Planning+and+Development+Coordinator+
7. Engineer+
8. Health+Officer+
9. Civil+Registrar+
10. Administrator+
11. Legal+Officer+
12. Agriculturist+
13. Social+Welfare+and+Development+Officer+
14. Environemnt+and+Natural+Resources+Officer+
15. Architect+
16. Information+Officer+
17. Cooperatives+Officer+
18. Population+Officer+
19. Veterinaria+
20. General+Sergices+Officer+
+

Administrative+Discipline+

U Investigation+and+adjudication+of+administrative+complaints+as+well+as+suspension+
and+ rmoval+ shall+ be+ in+ accordance+ with+ the+ Civil+ Service+ law+ and+ rules+ and+ other+
pertinent+laws+
o Preventive+ Suspension+ + Local+ Chied+ executive+ may+ preventively+
suspend+for+a+period+not+exceeding+60+days+any+subordinate+official+or+
employee+under+his+authority+pending+investigation+if+the+chargeagainst+
such+ official+ or+ employee+ involves+ dishonesty,+ oppression+ or+ grave+
misconduct+ or+ neglect+ in+ the+ performance+ of+ the+ duty+ or+ if+ there+ is+
reason+to+believe+that+the+respondent+is+guilty+of+charges+which+would+
warrant+his+removal+from+the+service.+
o Disciplinary+Jursidiction++Removal,+demotion+in+rank+suspension+for+not+
more+ than+ 1+ year+ without+ pay,+ fine+ in+ an+ amount+ not+ exceeding+ 6+
months+salary+or+reprimand.++

10! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+

+
 11! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+

+
 1. LGU,shall,promotre,establishment,and,operation,of,peoples,
Intergovernmental,Relations, and, NGO, to, become, active, partners, in, the, pursuit, of, Local,
Autonomy,
2. LGU, may, enter, into, joint, ventures, and, such, other,
National,Government, cooperative, arrangements, in, the, delivery, of, certain, basic,
services,
, 3. LGU, through, Local, Chief, Executive, and, concurrence, of,
sanggunian, concerned,, provide, assistance,, financial, or,
1. Power,of,General,Supervision,, otherwise,for,economic,,socially@oriented,,environmental,or,
@ Vested,on,the,President,over,LGU, cultural, projects, to, be, implemented, within, its, territorial,
@ To, ensure, their, acts, are, within, the, scope, of, prescribed, powers, jurisdiction,
and,functions, ,
@ Supervisory,authority,directly,over:,
o Provinces, Mandated,Local,Agencies,
o Highly,urbanized,cities,
o Independent,Component,cities, 1. Local,School,Board,
Through, the, province, with, respect, to, 2. Local,Health,Board,
component,cities,and,municipalities,, 3. Local,Development,Council,
Through, the, City, and, municipality, over, 4. Local,Development,Council,
barangays, 5. Local,Peace,and,Order,Council,
, ,
2. Coordination,with,national,agencies,,
@ National, agencies, and, offices, with, project, implementation, Settlement,of,Boundary,Disputes,
functions,
@ Coordinate,with,one,another,and,with,LGU,in,discharge,of,these, 1. Between,LGU,shall,be,settled,amicably.,
functions, ,
@ Ensure,participation,of,LGU,both,in,planning,and,implementation, Rules,
of,said,national,projects, , ,
, Involving, Resolved,by,

3. Consultation, Two,or,more,barangays,in, Sanggunian,Panlungsod,or,

@ Consultation,under,Sec.,2,and,26, the,same,city,or,municipality, Sangguniang,Bayan,
@ Prior,approval,of,Sanggunian,,
@ Occupants, in, areas, where, projects, are, to, be, implemented, shall,
not, be, evicted, unless, appropriate, relocation, sites, have, been,
provided,
, Two,or,more,municipalities,in, Sangguian,Panlalawigan,
the,same,province,
PNP,

@ Extent,of,Supervision,and,control,is,governed,by,RA,6795,,
Municipalities,or,Component, Jointly,referred,to,
,
cities,in,different,provinces, sanggunians,of,the,
Inter@Local,Government,Relations, provinces,concerned,

,
Component,city,or, Jointly,referred,to,
1. Province, through, governor,, shall, ensure, every, component, city, municipality,on,one,hand,and, respective,sanggunians,,
and, municipality, within, its, territorial, jurisdiction, acts, within, the,
a,highly,urbanized,city,on,the,
scope,of,its,prescribed,powers,and,functions,
@ Highly,urbanized,cities,and,independent,component,cities,shall,be, other,or,2,or,more,highly,
independent,of,the,province, urbanized,cities,
2. In, the, absence, of, a, municipal, legal, officer,, the, municipal,
government,may,secure,the,opinion,of,the,provincial,legal,officer, ,
and,in,his,absence,,provincial,prosecutor, 2. In, the, event, sanggunian, failt, to, effect, a,
3. City, or, municipality, through, mayor, shall, exercise, general, settlement, within, 60, days, from, , the, date, the,
supervision, over, component, barangays, to, ensure, that, said, dispute,was,referred,to,it:,
barangays, act, within, the, scope, of, their, prescribed, powers, and, Issue,a,certification,to,this,effect,
functions, Dispute, formally, tried, by, the,
4. LGU, may, through, ordinances, group, themselves,, consolidate, or, sanggunian, concerned, which, shall,
coordinate,efforts,,services,and,resourcesfor,purposes,commonly, decide, within, 60, days, from,
beneficial,to,the.,, certification,
, 3. Within, the, time, and, manner, prescribed, by, the,
ROC,, any, party, may, elevate, the, decision, fo,
Peoples,and,Non@Governmental,Organizations, proper,RTC,having,jurisdiction,over,the,area,and,
decide,the,appeal,within,1,year,from,filing,

12! Principles,of,Local,Autonomy,Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.,

,
 4. Boundaries,must,be:, Not, be, exercised, more, than, once, a,
Clear, for, they, define, the, limits, of, the, year,
territorial,jurisdiction, Extend, only, to, subjects, or, matters,
It, can, legitimately, exercise, its, powers, which, are, within, the, legal, powers, of,
only, within, the, limits, of, its, territorial, the,sanggunian,to,enact,
jurisdiction, If,any,time,before,initiative,is,held,,the,
Beyond,the,limits,,it,is,ULTRA,VIRES, sangguninan, adopts, in, toto, the,
, proposition, presented, and, the, local,
chief, executive, approves, the, same,,
the,initiative,shall,be,cancelled.,Those,
Local,Initiative,And, against, it, may, apply, for, initiative, in,
the,manner,herein,provided.,
Referendum, ,
On,Sanggunian,
Any, proposition, or, ordinance,
, approved, through, an, initiative, and,
referendum, shall, not, be, repealed,,
modified, or, amended, by, the,
, Local!Initiative!!The!legal!process!whereby!the!registered!voters!
sanggunian, within, 6, months, from, the,
of!a!LGU!may!directly!propose,!enact!or!amend!any!ordinance.!!It!may!be!
date,of,approval,
exercised!by!all!registered!voters!of!the!Provinces,!cities,!municipalities!and!
barangays.! May,be,amended,,modified,
or, repealed, within, 3, years,
, Procedure, thereafter,by,a,vote,of,,of,
all,its,members,
1. Not,less,than,2,000,registered,votes,in,the,region, In, case, of, Barangays,, 18,
o 1,000,,Provinces,and,Cities, months,after,approval,
o 100,,Municipalities, ,
o 50,,Barangays,
o May, file, a, petition, with, the, sanggunian, ,
concerned.,
, Local!Referendum!!Legal!process!whereby!the!registered!voters!
of!LGU!may!approve,!amend!or!reject!any!ordinance!enacted!by!the!
2. If, no, favorable, action, is, taken, within, 30, days,, the, sanggunian.!
proponents, may, invoke, the, power, of, initiative, giving,
notice,to,sanggunian, !
3. Proposition, numbered, serially, starting, from, Roman,
numeral,I.,, @ Held, under, the, control, and, direction, of, the, COMELEC,
4. Proponents, shall, have, the, following, periods, to, collect, within:!
required,number,of,signatures:, o 90,days,,Provinces!
o 90,days,,Provinces,and,Cities, o 45,days,,Muicipalities!
o 60,days,,Municipalities, o 30,days,,Barangays!
o 30,das,,Barangays,, @ COMELEC, shall, certify, and, proclaim, the, results, of, the,
5. Petition, signed, before, the, election, registrar, or, said,referendum!
representatives, and, in, the, presence, of, the, proponent, ,
and,a,representative,of,the,sangguninan,concerned,in,
a,public,place, Authority,of,Courts,
6. Upon, lapse, of, period,, COMELEC, shall, certify, whether,
the, required, number, of, signatures, have, been, , Proper,courts,may,declare,as,null,and,void,any,proposition,
obtained., Failure, to, obtain, such, number, defeats, the, approved,pursuant,hereto,for,violation,of,the,Constitution,or,want,of,
proposition, capacity,of,the,sanggunian,concerned,to,enact,said,measure.,
7. If, obtained,, COMELC, shall, set, a, date, for, initiative,
during, which, the, proposition, is, submitted, to, the,
registered,voters,inn,the,LGU,for,their,approval,within:, Local,Government,Units,
o 60,days,,Provinces,
o 45,days,,Municipalities,
o 30,days,,Barangays, Barangay,
8. If, proposition, approved, by, majority, of, votes, cast, it,
shall,take,effect,15,days,after,certification,by,COMELEC, 1. Chief,Officials,and,Offices,
as,if,affirnmative,action,had,been,taken,thereon, a. 7,sanggunian,barangay,members,
, b. SK,chairman,
c. Barangay,Secretary,
Limitation, d. Barangay,Treasurer,
, e. Lupong,Tagapamayapa,
2. Barangay,Assembly,
, On,the,Initiative, @ Composed,of,all,persons:,
o Residents,of,Barangay,for,at,least,6,months,

13! Principles,of,Local,Autonomy,Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.,

,
 o 15,years,of,age,or,over, 1. Liga,mg,mga,Barangay,,
o Filipino,Citizens, @ Primary,purpose,of,determining,representation,of,the,
o Duly, registered, in, the, list, of, barangay, Liga,in,the,sanggunians,,
assembly,members, @ Ventilating,articulating,and,crystallizing,issues,affecting,
@ Shall, meet, twice, a, year, to, hear, and, discuss, semestral, barangay,government,administration,
report, of, Sanggunian, barangay, concerning, activities, @ Securing,solutions,through,proper,and,legal,means,
and, finances, as, well, as, problems, affecting, the, 2. League,of,Municipalities,
barangay, @ Primary,purpose,of,determining,representation,of,the,
, Liga,in,the,sanggunians,,
@ Ventilating,articulating,and,crystallizing,issues,affecting,
3. Katarungang,Pambarangay, municipal,government,administration,
a. Lupong,Tagapamayapa, @ Securing,solutions,through,proper,and,legal,means,
@ Composed,of,Punong,Barangay,as,Chairman, 3. League,of,Cities,
@ 10,to,20,members, 4. League,of,Provinces,
@ Constituted,every,3,years, 5. League,and,Federation,of,Local,Elective,Officials,
@ Powers, ,
o Exercise, administrative, supervision, over,
conciliation,panels, ,
o Meet, regularly, once, a, month, to, provide, a,
forum, for, exchange, of, ideas, among, its,
members,and,the,public,of,matters,relevant,
to,the,amicable,settlement,of,disputes,,and,
to, enable, various, conciliation, panel,
members, to, share, with, one, another, their,
observations, and, experiences, in, effecting,
speedy,resolution,of,disputes,
o Exercise, such, other, powers, and, perform,
such, other, duties, functions, as, may, be,
prescribed,by,law,or,ordinance,
,
b. Pangkat,Tagapagsudo,
@ Constituted,for,each,dispute,brought,before,the,lupon,
a, conciliation, panel, to, be, known, as, pangkat,
tagapagsundo,
@ 3, members, who, shall, be, chosen, by, the, parties, to, the,
dispute,from,the,lsit,of,members,of,the,lupon,
@ Should, they, fail, to, agree,, draw, lots, by, the, lupon,
chairman,
,

4. Sangguninang,Kabataan,
@ Chairman,
@ Seven,Members,
@ Secretary,
@ Treasurer,
,

Katipunan,ng,Kabataan,
@ Filipino,Citizens,
@ Actually,residing,for,at,least,6,months,in,the,barangay,
@ 15,@21,
@ Duly,registered,in,the,SK,or,official,barangay,list,,
@ Meet, once, every, 3, months, or, at, the, call, of, the, SK,
chairman, or, upon, written, petition, of, at, least, 1/20, of,
its,members,
,

Pederasyon,ng,mga,SK,
@ Municipalities,,Pambayang,pederasyo,
@ Cities,,Pnlungsod,ng,pederasyo,
@ Provinces,,Panlalawigang,pederasyo,
@ Special, Mertropolitan, political, subdivisions, , pang,
metropolitan,pedrasyon,
@ National,Level,Pambansang,pederasyon,
,

Leagues,of,LGU,

14! Principles,of,Local,Autonomy,Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.,

,
PUBLIC'INTERNATIONAL'LAW'
1

!
!
!
!
!
'
'
'
'
'
General'Principles'
A. International!Law!defined!
!
Traditional1 Modern1
Branch1of1public1law1w/c:1 Law1w/c1deals1w/:1
Regulates1relations1of1States1&1of1other1entities1 D1Conduct1of1States1&1intl1org1
granted1intl1personality.11 D1Their1relations1w/1each1other1
[This1defn1focuses1on1subjects1w/c1are1entities1 D1&1their1relations1w/1persons,1natural1or1juridical1
possessing:1
D1intl1personality1&1
D1w/1rights1&1obligations1recognized1under1
international1law,1
As1against1objects)w/c1are1persons1or1things1in1w/c1
rights1are1held1&1oblig1assumed1by1the1subjects1of1intl1
law]1111
1
1
B. Basis!of!Intl!Law!
!
Law!of!Nature!School! Possitivist!School! Ecletic!or!Groatian!School!
Dnatural1 &1 universal1 principle1 of1 =Binding1force1of1intl1law:1derived1 Dconforms1 to1 the1 dictates1 of1 right1
right1&1wrong1 from1agreement1of1States1to1be1 reason1
Dindependent1 of1 mutual1 bound1by1it.1 Dthe1 voluntary1 law1 may1 be1 said1 to1
intercourse/1 compact1 w/c1 can1 be1 Dintl1 law1 is1 not1 a1 law1 of1 blend1 w/1 the1 natural1 law1 &1 be1 an1
discovered1 &1 recognized1 by1 every1 subordination)but)coordination! expression1of1it1
indiv.1through1the1use1of1his1reason1 Din1case1of1conflict,1the1natural1law1
&1conscience.1 prevails,1 being1 the1 more1
1111 fundamental1law!
!!
C. Public!International!Law!distinguished!from:!
!
Private!Int!Law! Intl! Intl!Comity! Intl!Diplomacy! Intl!Admin.!Law!
Morality/Ethics!
A.1As1to1nature:1 Govern1relations1of1 Rules1of1 Dobjects1of:1 Regulates1relations1
Intl1vs.1municipal1 States1from1the1 politeness/courtesy1 a)1intl1policy1&1 &1activities1of:1
B.1As1to1remedies:1 standpoint1of11 observed1by1States1 b)1conduct1of1 a)natl1&1
Intl1modes1vs.1local1 a.1Conscience11 in1their1relations1 foreign1affairs1 b)intl1agencies1
tribunals1 b.1Morality1 w/other1States1 w/respect1to1their:1
C.1As1to1parties:1 c.1Justice11 a)material1&1
Intl1entities1vs.1 d.1Humanity1 b)intellectual1
private1persons1 interests1
D.1As1to1 w/c1have1received1
enforcement:1 intl1recognition1
Intl1sanctions1vs.1
sheriff/1police1
1
1 Although1it1may1not1comply1w/John1Austins1concept1of1law,1i.e.,1enforced1by1sovereign1political1
authority,1nonetheless1it1is1still1a1true1law1
1
Application,)enforcement,)&)compliance.)
1 Absence1of1a1central1lawDmaking1authority1&1the1jurisdictional1defects,weaken1the1expectation1of1
compliance1in1comparison1w/1the1situation1in1the1domestic1plane.11
1 These1considerations1are,1however,1balanced1by1the1risk1of1political/1economic1retaliation1&1other1
sanctions1such1as1
a. adverse1public1opinion1
b. retorsions1
c. reprisals1
d. the1UN1machinery1
e. conviction1that1obedience1will1redound1to1the1public1good1
1

E. Relationship!w/!Municipal!Law!(ML)!
1

Monist! Dualist!
No1substantial1distinction1between1intl1law1&1 ML1 IL1
municipal1law.1 D1 issued1 by1 a1 political1 D1 not1 imposed1 but1
(oo1eto1lang1to)1 superior1 for1 observance1 adopted1 by1 states1 as1 a1
by1 those1 under1 its1 common1rule1of1action1
authority1 D1 derived1 from1 such1
D1consists1of1enactments1 sources1as1intl1customs,1
of1lawDmaking1authority11 conventions1 or1 gen.1
1 principles1of1law11
D1 regulates1 relations1 of1 Drelations1 between1
indiv.1among1themselves1 states1&1intl1persons1
Dviolations1are1redressed1 Dredressed1 through1
through1 local1 judicial1 &1 stateDtoDstate1
administrative1processes11 transactions1
Dbreaches1 entail1 indiv1 1
!
responsibility1 1Dcollective1responsibility1
!
!
Doctrine!of!Incorporation! Doctrine!of!transformation!
Expressed1in1S21Art21The1Phils.1Renounces1war1as1an1 Requires1the1enactment1by1the1legislative1body1of1
instrument1of1national1policy,1adopts1the1generally1 such1intl1law1principles1as1are1sought1to1be1part1of1
accepted1principles1of1international1law1as1part1of1the1 municipal1law1
law1of1the1land1&1adheres1to1thepolicy1of1peace1
!
Conflict!between!International!Law!&!Municipal!Law!
1
On!the!domestic!sphere,!w/a!local!court!deciding! International!sphere,!w/an!intl!tribunal!deciding!
a) if1conflict1is1w/Consti:1 International1law1is1superior1to1municipal1law,1
uphold1Consti1 because1intl1law1provides1the1standard1by1w/c1to1
b) if1conflict1is1w/statute:1 determine1the1legality1of1a1States1conduct.1
doctrine)of)incorporation)decrees1that1rules1of1
intl1law1are1given1equal1standing1w/,1but1not1
superior1to1national1legislative1enactments.1
 in1time,1will1usually1be1upheld1by1the1
municipal1tribunal11
!
F. Sources!of!Intl!Law!
!
1
Domestic!sphere! International!Plane!
Constitution,1legislative1enactments,1&1case1law1(stare1 Its1complicated1(hiyess!)1because1there1is1no1body1
decisis).1 likened1to1a1natl1legislature,1no1fundamental1law,1&1
the1doctrine1of1precedents1is1not1applicable.1
1
1 However,1most1authoritative1enumeration1is1found1in1Art.138,1Statute1of1the1Intl1Court1of1Justice1w/c1
provides1that1the1Court,1whose1function1is1to1decide1in1accordance1w/1Intl1Law1such1disputes1as1are1submitted1
to1it,1shall1apply:1
1
PRIMARY!SOURCES!

1. International1Treaties1&1conventions1
1
The1Rome1Statute1
D Signed1July117,119981
D Effective1July11,120021
D Based1on1the11principle1of1complementarity1
D Made1Philippines1part1of1the1International1Criminal1Court.1It1is1a1modern1initiative1and1rather1
ambitious1because1an1individual1can1be1tried1therein1and1he1cannot1invoke1immunity.1
D No1Retroactivity1
D Gives1primacy1to1local1courts1
D No1Death1Penalty1
1
2. International1Customs1
1
D Prevailing1practice1
D Repeated1over1considerable1period1of1time1
D Opinio1Juris1
1
3. General1Principles1of1law1
1
D Natural1Law1
D Observed1and1Organized1
1
To1these1may1be1added1the1principle1of1ex)aequo)et)bono)(what1is1good1&1just),1provided1that1the1
parties1to1the1dispute1agree1thereto,1as1provided1in1Art.)38)(1))Statute)of)the)International)Court)of)
Justice)
)
) )
)
Interpretation)of)Art.)38)D)Although1the1provision1is1silent1on1the1question1of1whether1the131primary1sources1
have1the1same1hierarchic1value,1by1practice,1treaties1take1precedence1over1customs,1&1customs1over1general1
principles1of1law,1except:1
)
! The!principle!of!jus!cogens!!1customary1intl1law1w/c1w/c1has1a1status1of1peremptory1(absolute,1
! Peremptory!normD1accepted1&1recognized1by1intl1community1of1states1as1a1rule1from1w/c1no1
derogation1is1permitted,1&1w/c1can1be1modified1only1by1a1subsequent1norm1having1the1same1character.1
1
1 Ex.1slave1trade,1piracy1&1terrorism1
11
SECONDARY!SOURCES!

1. Judicial1decisions11ICJ.1Whether1the1norm1has1been1accepted1as1a1rule1of1international1law.1
1
2. Writings1of1publicists11Fair1and1unbiased1representation1of1international1law1by1acknowledged1
authorities1in1the1field.1

Subjects'of'International'Law'
!
A. Distinction!between!subject!&!object!of!international!law!
!
Subject! Objects!
An1entity1that1has1rights1&1responsibilities1under1intl1 A1person1or1thing1in1respect1of1w/c1rights1are1held1&1
law;1 obligations1assumed1by1the1subject;1
Can1 be1 a1 proper1 party1 in1 transactions1 involving1 the1 Not1directly1governed1by1the1rules1of1intl1law;1
application1of1the1law1of1nations1among1members1of1 Its1rights1are1received,1&1its1responsibilities1imposed,1
the1intl1community.1 indirectly1 through1 the1 instrumentality1 of1 an1 intl!
Includes:1 agency.!
States,1 colonies,1 &1 dependencies,1 mandates1 &1 trust1
territories,1 the1 Holy1 See1 (Vatican1 City),1 the1 UN,1
belligerent1 communities,1 international1 administrative1
bodies,1&1to1a1certain1extent,1individuals.1
!
B. States!
!
1 Group1of1people1living1together1in1a1fixed1territory,1organized1for1political1ends1under1an1independent1
government,1&1capable1of1entering1into1intl1relations1w/1other1states.!
1
ELEMENTS)
)
a. PeopleD1both1sexes,1sufficient1in1number1to1maintain1&1perpetuate1themselves1
b. TerritoryD1fixed1portion1on1the1earths1surface11
c. GovtD1organized,1w/1ctrl1over1&1capable1of1maintaining1law1&1order1w/in1the1country1
d. Sovereignty/1independenceD1freedom1from1outside1ctrl1in1the1conduct1of1its1foreign1(&internal1affairs)1
1
Other1suggested1elements1of1a1state:1
1
a. civilization1
b. recognitionD1 wherein1 state1 acknowledges1 the1 existence1 of1 another1 state,1 govt,1 or1 belligerent1
community1&1indicates1its1willingness1to1deal1w/1the1entity1as1such1under1intl1law.1
1 1
THEORIES1ON1RECOGNITION:1

A. Constitutive1(majority1view)1
D Recognition1is1the1act1w/c1constitutes1the1entity1into1an1intl1person.11
 1
1 1 Recognition1 merely1 affirms1 an1 existing1 fact,1 like1 the1 possession1 by1 the1 state1 of1 essential1
elements.1
1 Its1discretionary1&1political1
1 1
BASIC1RULES1ON1RECOGNITION1

A. Its1a1political1act1
B. Discretionary1on1the1part1of1recognizing1authority1
C. Exercised1by1political1(executive)1department1of1state1
D. Legality1&1wisdomD1not1subject1to1judicial1review1
1
REQUIREMENTS1FOR1RECOGNITION1OF1GOVT1

1. Govt)is)stable)&)effective,)
2. )w/no)substantial)resistance)to)its)authority)
3. Govt)must)show)willingness)&)ability)to)discharge)intl)oblig.)
4. Govt)must)enjoy)popular)consent)or)approval)of)the)people))
)
Tobar/'Wilson'Doctrine' Stimson'Doctrine' Estrada'Doctrine'
Precludes1 recognition1 of1 any1 govt1 No1 recognition1 of1 a1 govt1 Since1 recognition1 has1 been1
established1 by1 revolutionary1 established1 through1 external1 construed1 as1 approval1 (&1 nonD
means1 until1 constitutional1 aggression1 recognition,1 disapproval)1 of1 govt1
reorganization1 by1 free1 election1 of1 established1 through1 judicial1
representatives1 upheaval,1 a1 state1 may1 not1 issue1 a1
declaration1 giving1 recognition1 to1
such1 govt,1 but1 merely1 accept1
whatever1 govt1 is1 in1 effective1
control1 w/o1 raising1 the1 issue1 of1
recognition.11
Dealing1 or1 not1 dealing1 w/the1 govt1
is1 not1 a1 judgment1 of1 legitimacy1 of1
the1said1govt1
)
1

KINDS!OF!RECOGNITION!

De)facto)
1
1 DExtended1by1the1recognizing1state1w/c1believes1that1some1of1requirements1for1recognition1are1absent.1
1 DRecognition1is1generally1provisional1and1limited1to1certain1juridical1relations.1
1 DDoes1 not1 bring1 about1 full1 diplomatic1 intercourse1 &1 does1 not1 give1 title1 to1 assets1 of1 the1 state1 held/1
situated1abroad1
1
De)Jure)
) DExtended1to1govt1fulfilling1requirements1for1recognition1
1 Dwhen1theres1no1specific1indication,1recognition1is1generally1considered1de1jure1
1 Drelatively1permanent1
1 Dbrings1about1full1diplomatic1intercourse1&1observance1of1diplomatic1immunities,1&11
1 Dconfers1title1to1assets1abroad1
))
1 Dright1to1sue1in1courts1of1recognizing1state1
1 Dimmunity1from1jurisdiction1
1 Dentitlement1to1property1w/in1the1recognizing1state11
1 Dretroactive1 validation1 of1 the1 acts1 of1 the1 recognized1 state/govt,1 such1 as1 acts1 of1 state1 and1 thus,1
sovereign1immunity1covers1past,1present1&1future1acts1
1
RECOGNITION1OF1BELLIGERENCY;1CONDITIONS1

1. Organized1civil1govt1having1ctrl1&1supervision1over1the1armed1struggle1
2. Serious1&1widespread1struggle1w/uncertain1outcome1
3. Occupation1of1substantial1portion1of1the1natl1territory1
4. Willingness1of1rebels1to1observe1to1observe1rules1of1war1
1
EFFECTS1OF1RECOGNITION1OF1BELLIGERENCY1

) Responsibility1for1acts1of1rebels1resulting1in1injury1to1nationals1of1the1recognizing1state1shall1be1shifted1
to1the1rebel1govt;1
1 Legitimate1govt1recognizing1the1rebels1shall1observe1the1laws1of1war1in1conducting1hostilities1
1 Third1states1recognizing1the1belligerency1shall1maintain1neutrality,1and1
1 Recognition1 is1 only1 provisional1 (for1 the1 duration1 of1 the1 armed1 struggle)1 &1 only1 for1 the1 purpose1 of1
hostilities1
1
CREATION1OF1STATES1

1. Revolution1
2. Unification1 1
3. Secession1 1
4. Assertion1of1independence1
5. Agreement1
6. Attainment1of1civilization1
)
PRINCIPLE1OF1STATE1CONTINUITY1

1 StateD1 continues1 as1 a1 juristic1 being1 notwithstanding1 changes1 in1 its1 circumstances,1 provided1 only1 that1
such1changes1do1not1result1in1loss1of1any1of1its1essential1elements1
1
1 Succession1of1States1 Succession1of1Governments1
1 1 1
Consequences1 D1 Political1 laws1 are1 D1 Rights1 of1 predecessor1
abrogated1 while1 municipal1 government1 are1 inherited1 by1
laws1remain1in1force1 successor1
D1Treaties1are1discontinued,1 D1 Where1 the1 new1 government1
except1 those1 dealing1 with1 was1 organized1 by1 virtue1 of1
local1rights1and1duties1such1 constitutional1reform1ratified1in1a1
as1 those1 establishing1 plebiscite,1 all1 obligations1 of1 the1
easements1and1servitudes1 predecessor1 are1 likewise1
D1 All1 rights1 of1 predecessor1 assumed,1 however,1 where1 the1
state1 are1 inherited1 but1 new1 government1 established1
successor1 state1 can1 through1 violence,1 the1 new1
assume1 and1 reject1 government1 may1 lawfully1 reject1
liabilities1at1its1discretion1 purely1 personal1 or1 political1
obligations1 of1 the1 predecessor,1
)

CLASSES1OF1STATES1

A. INDEPENDENT!
1
1 Has1freedom1to1direct1&1ctrl1foreign1relations1w/o1restraint1from1other1states.1May1be:1
1
Single1 Composite1
Single1central1govt,1w/power1over1internal1&1external1 2/1 more1 sovereign1 states1 joined1 together1 to1
affairs1 constitute111international1person,1w/c1may1be:1
Real1union1 Federal1union1
2/more1states1sre1 Combination1of12/more1
merged1under1a1unified1 states1w/c1uponmerger,1
authority1so1that1they1 cease1to1be1states,1
form1a1single1 resulting1in1the1creation1
international1person1 of1a1new1state1w/full1
through1w/c1they1act1as1 intl1personality1to1
11entity.1 represent1them1in1their1
The1sy=tates1retain1their1 external1relations1as1
separate1identities,1but1 well1as1a1certain1degree1
their1respective1 of1power1over1their1
international1 domestic1affairs1&1their1
personalities1are1 inhabitants.1
extinguished1&1blended1 Authority1over1
in1the1new1intl1person,1 international1affairs:1
e.g.,1the1former1United1 divided1between1federal1
Arab1Republic,1w/Egypt1 authorities11&1the1
&1Syria.1 memberDstates;1
Authority1over1external1
affairs:1handled1solely1
1
by1federal1authorities1
1
!
B. DEPENDENT!
1
1 An1entity1w/c1although1theoretically1a1state,1does1not1have1full1freedom1in1the1direction1of1its1external1
affairs,1 such1 as1 a1 protectorate1 (w/c1 is1 established1 at1 request1 of1 weaker1 state1 for1 the1 protection1 by1 a1 strong1
power)1or1a1suzerainty(result1of1a1concession1from1a1state1to1a1former1colony1thats1allowed1to1be1independent1
subject1to1the1retention1by1the1former1sovereign1of1certain1powers1over1the1external1affairs1of1the1latter.1E.g.,1
Bulgaria1&1Rumania,1both1suzerainties1of1the1Sultan1of1Turkey1by1virtue1of1Treaty1of1Verlin)1
!
C. NEUTRALIZED!
1
1 Independence1&1integrity1are1guaranteed1by1an1intl1treaty1on1the1condition1that1such1state1obligates1
itself1 never1 to1 take1 up1 arms1 against1 another1 (except1 selfDdefense),1 or1 to1 enter1 into1 an1 intl1 obli.1 as1 would1
indirectly1involved1it1in1war,1e.g.,1Switzerland,1Austria1
1
!
!
!
1 Holy1SeeD1has1all1constituent1elements1of1statehood1(people:1less1than110001individuals;1territory:1108.71
acres;1govt1w/the1Pope1as1head;1&1independence1by1virtue1of1Lateran1Treaty1of119291w/c1constituted1Vatican1
as1a1territory1under1sovereignty1of1Holy1See)1
1 It1has1all1the1rights1of1the1state,1including1diplomatic1intercourse,1immunity1from1foreign1jurisdiction,1
etc1
1
D. Colonies!&!Dependencies!
!
COLONY1 DEPENDENCY1
Dependent1 political1 community1 consisting1 of1 a1 Territory1 distinct1 from1 the1 country1 in1 w/c1 supreme1
number1 of1 citizens1 of1 the1 same1 country1 who1 have1 sovereign1 power1 resides,1 but1 belongs1 rightfully1 to1 it,1
migrated1 therefrom1 to1 inhabit1 another1 country1 but1 &subject1 to1 laws1 &1 regulations1 w/c1 sovereign1 may1
remain1subj1of1mother1state1 prescribe.11
1
E. Territories!under!Intl!court!/!supervision! !
!
1 NonDselfDgoverning1 territories1 placed1 under1 intl1 supervision/ctrl1 to1 insure1 their1 political,1 eco,1 soc1 &1
educ1advancement.1
1
1 Ex.1 mandates1 w/c1 are1 former1 territorial1 possessions1 of1 the1 states1 defeated1 in1 World1 War1 I1 &1 placed1
under1 the1 control1 of1 League1 of1 Nations.1 Many1 of1 these1 mandates)became1 trust1 territories1 placed1 under1 the1
trusteeship1council1of1the1UN1
1
F. The!United!Nations!
1
1. Historical1development.1
2. UN1charter1
1 1
1 D1Closest1to1Consti.1Governs1relations1of1intl1persons.1
1 DTechnically1 a1 treaty,1 a1 contract1 under1 doctrine1 of1 pacta) sunct) servanda) although1 it1 actually1 applies1
even1to1nonDmember1states,1at1least1in1so1far1as1may1be1necessary1for1maintenance1of1international1peace1&1
security1
1
1 Amendment:11 1
a. 2/31vote1of1GA1mem1&1ratified1by12/31of1UN1members.1
b. General1conference1called1by1majority1vote1of1GA1&1any191members1of1Security1Council1(SC),1may1
propose1amendments1by1a12/31vote1of1the1conference1&1shall1take1effect1when1ratified1by12/31of1
UN1mem1
1
1 Purpose:1 Prevention1 of1 war,1 maintenance1 of1 intl1 peace1 &1 security,1 devt1 of1 friendly1 relations1 among1
the1members1of1intl1community,1intl1cooperation,1harmony1of1actions1of1nation1
1
3. Membership:11 1
1
Classes1 Original1or1Elective1
Qualification1 Member1must1be1a1state,1peace1loving,1accept1the1obligation1under1the1charter1and1
be1able1and1willing1to1carry1out1these1obligations1
Admission1 Decision1of12/31of1those1present1and1voting1in1the1GA1upon1recommendation1of1at1
least191members1of1the1Security1Council1
Suspension1 Same1 vote1 as1 admission.1 Suspended1 member1 cannot1 participate1 in1 GA1 meetings.1
Cant1be1elected1to1or1continue1to1serve1in1the1Security1council,1Economic1and1social1
Expulsion1 2/31 vote1 of1 those1 present1 and1 voting1 in1 GA1 upon1 recommendation1 of1 qualified1
majority1of1SC1on1grounds1of1persistently1violating1principles1in1the1charter1
Withdrawal1 No1provision1on1withdrawal,1although1there1is1actually1no1compulsion1for1continued1
membership1 if1 the1 member1 feels1 constrained1 to1 withdraw1 due1 to1 exceptional1
circumstances1
1
4. Organs:1
1
A. General!AssemblyD1consists1of1all1members1of1organization,1each1of1w/c1is1entitled1to1send1not1more1
than151representatives1&151alternates.1Each1member1only1has111vote.11
1
1 Functions:1
1. Deliberative1
2. Supervisory1
3. Financial1
4. Elective1
5. Constituent1
1 !
B. Security!Council1D1key1organ1in1maintenance1of1intl1peace1&1security.1
1
.1 Functions:1
1. Maintain1int1peace1&1security1
2. Investigate1disputes1&1call1disputants1to1settle1their1differences1through1peaceful1means1
3. Recommend1methods1of1adjustment1of1disputes1
4. Determine1existence1of1threats1to1peace,1breach1of1peace,1acts1of1aggression,1&1make1appropriate1
recommendations1
5. Undertake1preventive1&1enforcement1actions11
1
Preventive!action! Enforcement!action!
Provisional1measures1to1prevent1a1conflict1from1worsening1 Deployment1of1air,1sea,1and1land1forces,1or1in1the1
Institution1of1a1blockade.1
11
11111Domestic1jurisdiction1clause1D1SC1may1take1necessary1steps1for1settlement1of1disputes1including1preventive1
or1enforcement1action.1The1only1limitation1is1that1the1dispute11 must1be1international,1not1domestic1in1
character.1

!
C. Economic!&!Social!Council!
! !
! Composed1of1541members1elected1by1GA1for1a13yr1term.1
1 1
1 Shall1exert1efforts1towards1higher1standards1of1living,1conditions1of1economic1&1social1progress1&1devt,1
solutions1of1intl1economic,1soc,11 health1&1related1problems1
1
D. Trusteeship!Council!
1
1 1
1 Duty1of1assisting1SC1&1GA1in1administration1of1Intl1Trusteeship1system.1
1
E. Secretariat!
! !
1
F. Intl!Court!of!Justice!
!
1 1Principal1judicial1organ1of1UN.1Composed1of1151mem,19yr1term,1must1be1of1high1moral1char1&1possess1
qualify1required1in1their1respective11 countries1for1appointment1to1their1highest1judicial1offices1
1 1
1 Jurisdiction1 of1 the1 Court1 is1 based1 on1 the1 consent1 of1 the1 parties1 in1 accdce1 w/the1 optional1 jurisdiction1
clause,1&1the1court1may1decide1on1interpretation1of1treaties,1any1question1of1intl1law,1the1existence1of1facts1
constituting1breach1of1intl1oblig1
1 1
G. Belligerent!Communities!
1
H. International!Administrative!Bodies!
' '
' Certain1admin1bodies1created1by1agreement1among1states,1may1be1vested1w/1intl1personality1provided1
they1are1nonDpolitical1&1are1autonomous1&1not1subj1to1ctrl1by1any1state1
1 >Unlike1States1w/c1possess1gen1competence,1intl1org1are1governed1by1the1principle)of)specialty,)that1is,1
they1are1invested1by1the1Stated11 w/c1create1them1w/powers,1the1limits1of1w/c1are1a1function1of1common1
interest1whose1promotion1those1states1entrust1to1them.1
1
I. Individuals!
!
D Objects,1not1subjects1of1intl1law1
D Granted1a1certain1degree1of1intl1personality1under1a1number1of1intl1agreements1like:1
D UN1 Charter1 provisions,1 Universal1 Declaration1 of1 Human1 Rights1 provision1 on1 inherent1 dignity1 &1
equal1&1inalienable1rights1of1all1members1of1human1family,1some1treaties1like1Treaty1of1Versailles,1
w/c1confer1on1individual1the1right1to1bring1suit1against1States1before1National1or1intl1tribunals1
!
!

Fundamental'Rights'of'State'
!
A. Existence!&!Self=!preservation!
!
1 The1 most1 basic1 &1 impt1 right.1 UN1 Charter:1 rt1 of1 state1 to1 individual1 &1 collective1 SD1 if1 an1 armed1 attack1
occurs1 against1 such1 state,1 until1 the1 SC1 has1 taken1 measures1 to1 maintain1 intl1 peace1 &1 security.1 Needs:1 clear1
showing1of1grave1&1actual1danger1and1must1be1limited1by1necessity1
1
) Aggression:) use1 of1 armed1 force1 by1 a1 state1 agaist1 sovereignty,1 territorial1 integrity,1 or1 political1
independence1 of1 another1 state1 inconsistent1 w/1 UN1 charter.1 The1 1st1 use1 of1 armed1 force1 by1 a1 state1 in1
contravention1of1UN1charter1is1prima1facie1evidence1of1an1act1of1aggression.1
1
B. Right!to!sovereignty!&!independence!
!
Sovereignty! Independence!
Totality1of1powers,1legal1competence1&1privileges1of1a1 Freedom1to1conduct1foregn1relations1w/o1outside1ctrl.1
state1 arising1 from1 customary1 intl1 law,1 &1 not1 Rt1to1independenceD1natural1aspiration1of1people1but1
dependent1on1the1consent1of1another1state1 not1an1absolute1freedom!
!
! !Intervention=!state1interferes1in1the1domestic1or1foreign1affairs1of1another1state1through1use1of1force/1
 !
1 What1 is1 really1 guaranteed1 is1 legal1 or1 sovereign1 equality.1 equal1 in1 law,1 rights1 of1 sovereignty,1
personality,1territorial1integrity1&1political1independence1respected1by1others.1
1
Act)of)State)Doctrine)
)
1 Every1 sovereign1 state1 is1 bound1 to1 respect1 the1 independence1 of1 every1 other1 state,1 &1 the1 courts1 of1 11
country1 will1 not1 sit1 in1 judgment1 on1 the1 acts1 of1 the1 govt1 of1 another,1 done1 w/in1 its1 territory.1 Redress1 of1
grievances1 by1 reason1 of1 such1 acts1 must1 be1 obtained1 through1 the1 means1 open1 to1 be1 availed1 of1 by1 sovereign1
powers1as1between1themselves1
1
Doctrine)of)State)Immunity)
1 As1a1consequence1of1independence,1territorial1supremacy1&1equality,1a1state1enjoys1immunity1from1the1
exercise1of1jurisdiction1(legislative,1executive1or1judicial)1by1another1state,1unless1it1has1given1consent,1waived1
its1 immunity,1 or1 voluntarily1 submitted1 to1 the1 jurisdication1 of1 the1 court1 concerned.1 Neither1 may1 its1 public1
property1be1attached11or1taxed,1nor1its1public1vessels1be1boarded,1arrested1or1sued.1
1 Based1on1the1principle1of1par)in)parem)non)habet)imperium.)
) )
Restrictive)application)of)the)doctrine)
) This1immunity1however1is1recognized1only1w/respect1to1sovereign1or1public1acts1of1the1state,1&1cannot1
be1invoked1w/1respect1to1private1or1proprietary1acts.1
1 Immunity) extends) to) diplomatic) personnel) to) the) UN,) its) organs,) &) specialized) agencies,) &) to) intl)
organizations.)
)
Waiver)of)immunity)
1. When1state1gives1consent1at1the1time1the1proceeding1is1instituted1
2. When1it1takes1steps1relating1to1the1merits1of1the1case1before1invoking1immunity11
3. When,1by1treaty1or1contract,1it1had1previously1given1consent1
4. When1 by1 law1 or1 regulation1 in1 force1 at1 the1 time1 the1 complaint1 arose,1 it1 has1 indicated1 that1 it1 will1
consent1to1the1institution1of1the1proceedings111
1
!

Right'To'Territorial'Integrity'&'Jurisdiction'
A. Territory!
!
1 Fixed1 portion1 on1 earths1 surface1 on1 w/c1 the1 State1 settles1 &1 over1 w/c1 it1 has1 supreme1 authority.1 The1
components1of1the1territory1of1the1State1are1the1terrestrial,1fluvial,1maritime1and1aerial1domains.1
!
B. Land!Territory!
Modes!of!acquisition!
1
Discovery1&1 Prescription1 Cession1 conquest1 accretion1
occupation1
Territory1 not1 Acquired1 through1 May1 be1 voluntary1 No1 longer1 Increase1 in1 land1
belonging1 to1 any1 continuous1 &1 through1 a1 treaty1 of1 recognized1 mode,1 area1 of1 State1 either1
State1 or1 terria) uninterrupted1 sale,1e.g.,1the1sale1of1 as1 UN1 charter1 through1 natural1
nullius) is1 placed1 possession1 over1 a1 Alaska1 by1 Russia1 to1 prohibits1 use1 of1 means1 or1 artificially1
under1 sovereignty1 long1period1of1time,1 the1US,1or1through1a1 force1 or1 threat1 through1 human1
of1 the1 claiming1 just1 like1 in1 civil1 law.1 treaty1of1donation.1 against1 territorial1 labor1
right;1 to1 the1 length1 of1 [Stimson1Doctrine]1
Must1 be1 followed1 time1needed.1
w/in1 a1 reasonable1 Grotius) doctrine) of)
time1 by1 effective1 immemorial)
occupation1 &1 prescription) )
administration.1 speaks1 of1
uninterrupted1
possession1 going1
beyond1memory.1
1
!

C. Maritime!Territory!1

1 1.1Internal1(national)1waters1
1 1 D1Bodies1of1water1w/in1the1land1mass1such1as1rivers,1lakes1canals,1gulfs,1bays1&1straits1
1 1 D1RiversD1may1be1natl,1boundary,1or1international1
1 Thalweg1 doctrineD1 for1 boundary1 rivers,1 in1 the1 absence1 of1 an1 agreement1 between1 the1 riparian1 States,1
the1boundary1line1is1laid1on1the1middle1of1the1main1navigable1channel1
11 1Middle1of1the1bridge1doctrineD1if1theres1a1bridge1over1a1boundary1river,1boundary1line1is1the1middle1or1
center1of1the1bridge1
1
2. Archipelagic1waters1
1 1
1 Vessels1may1be1allowed1innocent)passage)w/in1archipelagic1waters,1but1this1rt1may1be1suspended1after1
publication,1 in1 the1 interest1 of1 intl1 security.1 The1 coastal1 state1 may1 also1 designate1 archipelagic) sea) lanes) for1
continuous,1unobstructed1transit1of1vessels.1
1
3. Territorial1Sea1
1
1 Belt1 of1 sea1 between1 coast1 &1 internal1 waters1 of1 coastal1 state1 on1 one1 hand1 &1 high1 seas1 on1 the1 other,1
extending1up1to1121nautical1miles1from1low1watermark1or1in1the1case1of1archipelagic1states,1from1baselines)
1
4. Contiguous1Zone1
1
1 Extends1up1to1121nautical1miles1from1territorial1sea.1Technically1not1part1of1territory1of1state.1Coastal1
state1 may1 exercise1 limited1 jurisdiction1 over1 contiguous1 zone,1 to1 prevent1 infringement1 of1 customs,1 fiscal,1
immigration1or1sanitary1laws.1
1
5. Exclusive1Economic1Zone1
1
1 Extends1up1to12001nautical1miles1from1low1watermark1or1baselines,1as1the1case1may1be.1
1
6. Continental1Shelf1
1
1 SeaDbed1 &1 subsoil1 of1 submarine1 areas1 that1 extend1 beyond1 its1 territorial1 sea1 throughout1 the1 natural1
prolongation1of1its1land1territory1to1the1outer1edge1of1the1continental1margin1does1not1extend1to1that1distance.1
The1coastal1state1also1enjoys1the1right1of1exploitation1of1oil1deposits1&1other1resources1in1the1continental1shelf.1
1
7. High1seas1
1
1 Treated1as1res)communes)or)res)nullius1&1thus,1are1not1territory1of1any1particular1State.11
1 1
1 Freedom1of1navigation1refers1to1the1right1to1sail1ships1on1the1high1seas,1subject1only1to1intl1law1&1laws1
of1the1flag)state.1
)
Settlement)of)disputes)arising)from)the)UN)convention)on)the)Law)of)the)Sea)
1 Failing1 a1 bilateral1 settlement,1 Art.1 2861 provides1 that1 any1 dispute1 shall1 be1 submitted1 for1 compulsory1
settlement1to111of1the1tribunals1having1jurisdiction.))
)
D. Air!Territory!
!
1 Air1space1above1the1land1&1waters1of1the1state1
1 1
In1the1International)Convention)on)Civil)Aviation)(Chicago)convention))
)
1 The1 contracting1 parties1 recognize1 that1 every1 State1 has1 complete1 &1 exclusive1 sovereignty1 over1 the1
airspace1 above1 its1 territory1 but1 does1 NOT1 include1 outer1 space1 as1 it1 is1 considered1 as1 res) communes.) Other1
States1have1no1rt1of1innocent1passage1over1the1air1territory1of1another1State.1
1 1
5)Freedoms)(of)air)transportation)for)scheduled)International)services)
1. To1fly1across1the1territory1w/o1landing)
2. Land1for1nonDtraffic1purposes)
3. Land1to1put1down1passenger,1mail,1mail,1cargo1of1flag1territory)
4. Land1to1take1passenger,1mail,1mail,1cargo1of1flag1territory)
5. To1put1down1passenger,1mail,1&1cargo1from1these1territories)
1
Outer)space)
1 Rules1 governing1 high1 seas1 apply1 also1 to1 outer1 space,1 w/c1 is1 considered1 as1 res) communes.1 Under1
customary1int;l1law,1States1have1right1to1launch1satellites1in1orbit1over1the1territorial1air1space1of1other1states.1
Pursuant1to1Outer1Space1Treaty1of11967,1outer1space1is1free1for1exploration1&1use1by1all1states;1it1cannot1be1
annexed1by1any1State;1&1may1be1used1exclusively1for1peaceful1purposes1
1 1
Theories)of)where)outer)space)begins)
) Dlowest1 altitude1 for1 artificial1 earth1 satellites1 to1 orbit1 w/o1 being1 destroyed1 by1 friction1 (90kms1 above1
earth)1
1 Dtheoretical1limits1of1air1flights1(84kms)1
1 Dfunctional1approach,1i.e..1that1the1rules1shall1not1depend1on1the1boundaries1set1but1on1the1nature1of1
the1activity1undertaken1
E.!Jurisdiction!
1 1
1 Power/authority1exercised1by1State1over1land,1persons,1prop,1transactions1&1events.1
1
Bases1of1Jurisdiction1
)
Territorial'principle' Nationality' Protective'principle' Universality' Passive'personality'
principle'
State1 may1 exercise1 StateD1 w/juris1 over1 StateD1 w/juris1 over1 StateD1w/jurisdiction1 StateD1 jurisdiction1
juris1 only1 w/in1 its1 its1 nationals1 acts1 committed1 over1 offenses1 over1 crimes1 against1
territory.1 anywhere1 in1 the1 abroad1 (by1 considered1 as1 its1 own1 nationals1
Exceptionally,1 it1 world,1based1on1the1 nationals1 or1 universal1 crimes1 even1 if1 committed1
may1 have1 juris1 over1 theory1 that1 a1 foreigners)1 w/c1 are1 regardless1 of1 where1 outside1its1territory.1
persons1&1acts1done1 national1 is1 entitled1 prejudicial1 to1 its1 committed1 &1 who1 May1 be1 resorted1 to1
invokes.1 Applies1 to1 civil1 community1 as1 a1
No1 territorial1 limit1 matters.1 (art151 whole1 &1 are1
over1 civil1 matters,1 NCC)1 not1 to1 crim1 considered1 crim1
but1 the1 state,1 as1 a1 offenses1 offenses1 in1 all1
GR,1 has1 criminal1 countries,1
juris1 only1 over1 e.g.1 piracy,1 jure1
offenses1 committed1 gentium,1 genocide,1
w/in1 its1 territory1 white1 slave1 trade,1
except1over1 hiDjacking,1
a.1 Continuing1 terrorism,1 war1
offenses1 crimes.1
b.1acts1prejudicial1to1
the1 national1
security1of1state1
c.1universal1crimes1
d.1 offenses1 covered1
by1 special1
agreement1
(although1 this1 is1
now1obsolete)1
)
Exceptions)from)jurisdiction:)
a. doctrine1of1state1immunity1
b. acts1of1state1doctrine1
c. diplomatic1immunity1
d. immunity1of1the1UN,1its1organs,1specialized1agencies,1other1intl1org1&1its1officers1
e. foreign1merchant1vessels1exercising1the1rt1of1innocent1passage*1or1arrival1under1stress**1
navigation1through1the1territorial1sea1of1the1state1for1purpose1of1traversing1that1sea1w/o1entering1
internal1 waters,1 or1 of1 proceeding1 to1 internal1 waters,1 or1 making1 for1 the1 high1 seas1 from1 internal1
waters,1as1long1as1it1is1not1prejudicial1to1the1peace,1good1order1or1security1of1the1coastal1state.1
involuntary1 entrance,1 may1 be1 due1 to1 lack1 of1 provisions,1 unseaworthiness1 of1 vessel,1 inclement1
weather1or1other1force1majeure1such1as1pirate1pursuit1
1
f. foreign1armies1passing1through1or1stationed1in1the1territory1w/1permission1from1state1
g. warships1&1other1public1vessels1of1another1state1operated1for1nonDcommercial1purposes.1
1
1 They1are1generally1immune1from1local1jurisdiction1under1the1fiction1that1they1are1floating1territory1of1
the1flag1state.1Their1crew1mem1are1immune1from1jurisdiction1when1onshore1duty1but1this1immunity1will1not1
apply1if1the1crew1members1violate1local1laws1while1on1furlough1or1offDduty1
1
Jurisdiction)over)maritime)territory)
1
a. over1internal1waters1
1
1 Same1juris1as1over1the1land1area,1since1internal1waters1are1deemed1assimilated1in1land1mass.1In1case1of1
foreign1merchant1vessels1docked1in1a1local1port1or1bay,1the1coastal1State1exercises1jurisdiction1in1civil1matters,1
but1crim1juris1is1determined1accdg1to1the:1
1 1
I.1English1Rule1
1 Coastal1state1shall1have1jurisdiction1over1all1offenses1committed1on1board1vessel,1except1those1w/c1do1
not1compromise1the1peace1of1the11 port111
1 Flag1state1w/juris1over1all1offenses1committed1on1board1the1vessel,1except1those1which1compromise1the1
peace1of1the1port1
1
b. over1archipelagic1waters1
1
1 Same1rule1as1in1internal1waters,1save1for1innocent1passage1of1merchant1vessels1through1archipelagic1sea1
lanes1 1
1
c. over1territorial1sea1
1
1 Crim1juris1over1foreign1merchant1vessels1shall1be1determined1by1application1of1either1the1English1rule1or1
French1rule.1
Innocent1 passage1 &1 involuntary1 entrance1 are1 recognized1 exceptions,1 provided1 that1 in1 case1 of1 involuntary1
entrance,1the1distress1on1the1vessels1must1be1real.11
1
d. over1contiguous1zone1
1
1 Coastal1State1may1exercise1ctrl1necessary1to1prevent1infringement1of1its1customs,1fiscal,1immigration1&1
sanitary1regulations,1&1punish1the1said1infringement1
1
e. over1exclusive1economic1zone1
1
1 Coastal1State1has1sovereign1rts1over1EEZ1for1exploring1&1exploiting,1conserving1&1managing1the1natural1
resources,1whether1living1or1nonDliving,1of1the1seabed,1subsoil,1&1superjacent1waters,1as1well1as1production1of1
energy1 from1 water,1 current1 &1 wind.1 Other1 States1 shall1 have1 freedom1 of1 navigation1 &1 overDflight,1 to1 lay1
submarine1cables1&1pipes,1etc.111
1
f. over1continental1shelf1
1
1 State1enjoys1right1of1exploitation1of1oil1deposits1&1other1resources1in1such1
1
g. over1high1seas1
1
1 Juris1may1be1exercised1by1the1State1on1the1high1seas1over1the1ff:1
1 1.1Its1vessels1
1 2.1pirates1
1 3.1those1engaged1in1illicit1traffic1
1 4.1in1the1exercise1of1the1rt1to1visit1&1search1
1 5.1hot1pursuit1doctrine1
)
Jurisdiction)over)other)territories)(extraDterritorial)jurisdiction))
1 A1state1may,1by1virtue1of1customary1or1conventional1law,1extend1its1jurisdiction1to1territory1not1w/in1its1
sovereignty1in1the1ff1cases:1
1 a.1assertion1of1personal1juris1
1 b.1through1relations1w/other1states1
1 c.1consequence1of1waiver1of1jurisdiction1
1 d.1through1principle1of1exterritoriality1
1 e.1through1enjoyment1of1easements1&1servitudes1
1
Rome'Statute'of'the'Intl'Crim'Court'(ICC)'
'
1 DAs1of11D4D00,11241countries1signed1the1statute1although1only1251have1ratified1the1same.1
1 DJurisdiction1of1the1court:1limited1to1most1serious1crimes1of1concern1to1the1international1community1as1
a1whole.1
1 1 1 :1genocide,1crimes1angst1humanity,1war1crimes,1crimes1of1aggression1
1
1
1

Right'of'Legation'
!
A.!Right!of!legation!
!
1 A.k.a.1 right1 of1 diplomatic1 intercourse.1 This1 refers1 to1 the1 right1 of1 State1 to1 send1 &1 rcv1 diplomatic1
missions,1w/c1enables1the1States1to1carry1on1friendly1intercourse.1It1is1not1a1natural1or1inherent1right,1but1exists1
only1by1common1consent.1No1legal1liability1is1incurred1by1the1state1for1refusing1to1send1or1recv1diplomatic1rep.1
Governed1by1Vienna)Convention)on)Diplomatic)Relations)
1
1 Agents)of)diplomatic)intercourse)
a. Head1of1state)
b. Foreign1office)
1
1 Establishment)of)Resident)Missions)
States1 carry1 on1 diplomatic1 intercourse1 through1 permanent1 missions1 established1 in1 capitals1 of1 other1 states.1
Mission1is1composed1of:1
a. Head1of1mission1
Dambassadors/1nuncios,1envoys/ministers/internuncios,1charges1daffaires1
b. Diplomatic1staff1
c. Administrative1&1technical1staff1
d. Service1staff1
Dengaged1in1the1domestic1services1of1the1mission11
) )
) Diplomatic)corps)
Doyen1 or1 head1 of1 this1 bodyD1 Papal1 Nuncio1 or1 oldest1 ambassador,1 or1 in1 absence1 of1 amb,1 the1 oldest1 minister1
plenipotentiary1
11
) Appointment)of)envoys)
In1Phils.,1it1is1the1President1who1appoints,1sends1&1instructs1the1diplomatic1&1consular1representatives,1&1his1
prerogative1to1determine1the1assignment1of1countrys1diplomatic1rep1cant1be1questioned1
)
) Functions)&)duties)
a. Representing1the1sending1state1in1the1rcving1
b. Protecting1 in1 the1 receiving1 state1 the1 interests1 of1 the1 sending1 state1 &1 its1 nationals,1 w/in1 the1 limits1
allowed1by1intl1law1
c. Negotiating1w/the1govt1of1the1rcving1state1
d. Ascertaining1 by1 all1 lawful1 means1 the1 conditions1 in1 the1 rcving1 state1 &1 reporting1 these1 to1 the1 sending1
state1
e. Promoting1 friendly1 relations1 bet.the1 sending1 state1 &1 rcvng1 state1 &1 developing1 their1 eco,1 cultural1 &1
scientific1rel1
1
) Diplomatic)immunities)&)privileges)
 d. Immunity1from1local1juris1
e. Exemption1from1taxes1&1customs1duties1
f. Other1 privileges1 w/c1 include1 the1 freedom1 of1 mvmt1 &1 travel1 in1 the1 territory1 of1 the1 receiving1 state;1
exemtion1from1all1personal1services1&1military1obli1
1
) Duration)of)immunities)&)privileges)
Enjoyed1from1the1moment1he1enters1the1territory1of1rcvng1state1&1shall1cease1only1the1moment1he1leaves1the1
country,1or1on1expiry1of1a1reasonable1time1in1w/c1to1do1so;1although1w/respect1to1official1acts,1immunity1shall1
continue1indefinitely.11
Available1even1in1transitu1when1traveling1through1a13rd1state1on1the1way1to1or1from1the1receiving1state1
1
) Waiver)of)Immunities)
made1only1by1the1govt1of1sending1state1if1it1concerns1the1immunities1of1the1head1of1mission;1in1other1cases,1
the1waiver1may1be1made1by1either1the1govt1or1by1the1chief1mission.1Waiver1of1this1privilege1does1not1include1
waiver1of1immunity1in1respect1of1execution1of1judgment;1a1separate1waiver1for1the1latter1is1necessary1
1
) Termination)of)Diplomatic)mission)
Death,1 resignation,1 removal1 or1 abolition1 of1 office,1 recall1 by1 sending1 state,1 dismissal1 by1 rcvng1 state,1 war1
between1rcvng1&1sending1state,1or1extinction1of1the1state1
1
B.!Consular!relations!
ConsulsD1state1agents1residing1abroad1for1various1purposes1but1mainly1in1the1interest1of1commerce1&1
navigation1
KINDS1OF1CONSULS:1
a. Consules)missiD))
Professional1&1career1consuls,1&1nationals1of1appointing1state1
b. Consules)electiD)
Selected1by1appointing1state1either1from1its1own1citizens1or1from1among1nationals1abroad1
)
RANKS1
a. Consul1general1
b. Consul1
c. Vice1consul1
d. Consular1agent1
1
APPOINTMENT1
Letters1patent1
Exequatur1
1
FUNCTIONS1
1 Commerce1&1navigation,1issuance1of1visa,1etc1
1
IMMUNITIES1&1PRIVILEGES1
Freedom1of1communication1in1cipher1or1otherwise1
Inviolability1 of1 archives1 but1 not1 of1 the1 premises1 where1 legal1 processes1 may1 be1 served1 &1 arrests1
made1
Exempt1from1localjurisdiction1for1offenses1committed1in1the1discharge1of1official1functions1
Exempt1from1testifying1on1official1communications1or1on1matters1pertaining1to1consular1functions1
Exempt1from1taxes,1customs1duties,1military/jury1service1
May1display1their1natl1flag1in1the1consulate1
1
Treaties'
1
!
Treaty!!acc.1to1the11969!Vienna!Convention!on!the!Law!of!Treaties!=!!an1international1agreement1concluded1
bet1States1in1written1form1and1governed1by1international1law,1whether1embodied1in1a1single1instrument1or1in1
two1or1more1instruments,1and1whatever1its1particular1designation.1
1
Other1names1for1international1agreements:1convention,1pact,1protocol,1agreement,1arrangement,1accord,1final1
act,1general1act,1exchange1of1notes.1
1
Municipal1Law1concept:1executive)agreement)is1not1a1treaty1(Commish1of1Customs1v.1Eastern1Sea1Trading).1
International1law1standpoint:1equally1binding1as1treaties.1!
!
Form.!!
Art.!2!of!the!Vienna!Convention:1treaties1should1be1in1writing.1
Art.!3:!an1unwritten1treaty1does1not1affect1its1legal1force.1
19691Vienna1Convention:1only1treaties1executed1bet1States1
19861Vienna1Convention1on1Treaties1for1Internatl1Orgs:1treaties1bet1States1and1Intl1Orgs1
1
Requisites!for!validity.!
a. TreatyDmaking1capacity1
b. Competence1of1the1rep/organ1concluding1the1treaty1
c. Parties1must1freely1give1consent1
d. Object1and1subject1matter1must1be1lawful1
e. Ratification1in1accordance1with1constitutional1processes1of1the1parties1concerned1
!
Doctrine!of!Unequal!Treaties.11Treaties1which1have1been1imposed1thru1coercion1or1duress1of1an1unequal1
character1is1VOID.1
1
Doctrine!of!Jus!Cogens.!Customary1international1law1has1the1status1of1a1peremptory!norm1of1international1
law,1accepted1and1recognized1by1the1international1community1of1states1as1a1rule1from1which1no)derogation)
is)permitted.)Treaty1that1contravenes1jus1cogens1norms1are1invalid.1
1
Treaties!and!Executive!Agreements.!Treaties1require1Senate1concurrence1for1validity.1They1refer1to1a)1basic1
political1issue,1b)1change1in1national1policy,1c)1permanent1international1arrangements.1Executive1Agreements1
do1not1require1concurrence1and1refer1to1a)1adjustment1of1detail1carrying1out1wellDestablished1national1policies1
and1b)1temporary1arrangements.!
a. Bayan!v.!Exec!Sec.!We1cannot1require1the1US1to1submit1the1V.F.A.1to1the1US1Senate1for1concurrence.1It1
is1inconsequential1if1US1treats1the1VFA1as1a1mere1exec1agreement1bec.1under1international1law,1
executive1agreements1are1just1as1binding1as1treaties.!
b. Memo!Circ!No.!89.!W/N1an1international1agreement1is1purely1an1executive1agreement11matter1
referred1to1DFA1Secretary1who1shall1make1the1appropriate1recommendation1to1the1President.!
c. Exchange!of!Notes.!A1record1of1a1routine1agreement1similar1to1the1private1law1contract.1Agreement1
consists1of1the1exchange1of1two1documents,1each1of1them1signed1by1the1rep1of1the1other.1Signatories1
are1either1government1Ministers,1diplomats1or1department1heads.1This1technique1is1resorted1to1bec1of1
its1speedy1procedure1and1to1avoid1process1of1legislative1approval.!
!
2. Treaty=making!Process.!
a. Negotiation!!reps1usually1have1the1credentials1known1as1pleine)pouvoirs)(full1powers)1emanating1from1
b. Signing!of!the!treaty.!Principle1of1alternat))order1of1naming1the1plenipotentiary1is1varied.1Each1party1is1
named1and1its1plenipotentiary1signs1muna1his1own1copy.!
c. Ratification.!State1expresses1its1willingness1to1be1bound1by1the1treaty1thru1confirmation.1Our1President1
ratifies1the1treaty,1subject1to1the1concurrence1of12/31of1all1the1members1of1the1Senate.1President1is1vested1
with1authority1to1a)1deal1with1foreign1states,1b)1extend1or1withhold1recognition,1c)1maintain1diplomatic1
relations,1d)1enter1into1treaties,1and1otherwise1e)1transact1the1business1of1foreign1relations.1Kahit1signed1na1
by1the1rep,1President1still1has1the1discretion1of1w/n1to1ratify1a1treaty.1Without1his1signature,1the1Exec1Sec1or1
DFA1Sec1may1not1be1compelled1by1mandamus1to1transmit1copy1of1the1treaty1for1Senate1concurrence.!
d. Entry!into!force.!In1the1absence1of1a1provision1that1states1when1it1shall1take1force,1the1treaty1enters1into1
force1as1soon1as1the1consent1of1all1parties1to1bound1is1established.!
!
Accession/Adhesion11nonDsignatory1State1becomes1a1party1to1a1treaty1upon1invitation1or1permission1of1
the1contracting1parties.1
1
Reservation!!unilateral1statement1where1a1State1purports1to1exclude1or1modify1the1legal1effect1of1certain1
provisions1of1a1treaty.1If1the1reservation1is1compatible1with1the1object1and1purpose1of1the1treaty,1State1
remains1a1party.1
1
When!non=signatories!may!be!bound!by!a!treaty.!Pacta1tertiis1nocent1nec1prosunt.1Treaties1cannot1impose1
obligations1upon1States1not1parties1to1them.11Exceptions:1a)1Accession/Adhesion1and1b)1Most1Favored1Nation1
Clause1where1a1contracting1State1entitled1to1the1clause1may1claim1the1benefits1in1a1separate1agreement.1
1
Pacta!sunct!servanda,1treaties1must1be1observed1in1good1faith.1
State1may1even1modify1local1laws1to1make1them1conform1to1the1treaty1and1avoid1international1
embarrassment.1In1the1Philippines,1treaties1may1be1declared1invalid1if1contrary1to1the1Constitution.1
1
Rebus!sic!stantibus,!contracting1States1obligations1under1a1treaty1terminates1when1a1vital1or1fundamental1
change1of1circumstances1occurs.1State1is1allowed1to1unilaterally1withdraw1from1a1treaty1because1of1the1
disappearance1of1the1foundation1upon1which1it1rests.1RULE1DOES1NOT1OPERATE1AUTOMATICALLY.1
Requisites!for!valid!invocation:1
1) Change1is1so1substantial1that1foundation1of1the1treaty1has1altogether1disappeared1
2) Change1is1unforeseen1or1unforeseeable1at1the1time1of1the1perfection1of1the1treaty1
3) Change1was1not1caused1by1the1party1invoking1the1doctrine1
4) Doctrine1is1invoked1within1a1reasonable1time1
5) Duration1of1the1treaty1is1indefinite1
6) Doctrine1cannot1operate1retroactively,1i.e.1it1must1not1adversely1affect1provisions1already1complied1
with.1
1
Interpretation!of!Treaties!must1be1in1good1faith,1in1accordance1with1the1ordinary1meaning1given1to1the1terms1
in1their1context1and1in1light1of1its1objects1and1purposes.1
1
Amendment/Modification!require1the1consent1of1all1parties,1but1if1allowed1by1the1treaty1itself,1two1States1may1
modify1a1provision1only1insofar1as1they1are1concerned.1
1
Grounds!for!Termination!of!Treaties!
a) Expiration1of1term1or1Withdrawal1of1a1party1
b) Extinction1of1one1of1the1parties1in1a1bipartite1treaty1when1the1rights1and1obligations1under1the1treaty1
would1not1devolve1upon1the1State1succeeding1the1extinct1State1
c) Mutual1agreement1of1all1parties1
d) Denunciation1or1desistance1by1one1of1the1parties1(Right1of1Denunciation)1
e) Supervening1impossibility1of1performance1
 i) Rebus1sic1stantibus1
j) Outbreak1of1war1between1the1parties1UNLESS1the1treaty1precisely1relates1to1the1conduct1of1war1
k) Severance1of1diplomatic1relations1(only1if1indispensable1for1application)1
l) Doctrine1of1jus)cogens)or1the1emergence1of1a1new1peremptory1norm1
!
!

Nationality'and'Statelessness'
!
Nationality.!Membership1in1a1political1community1with1its1concomitant1rights1and1duties.1
1
1930!Hague!Convention:!
1) State1determines1who1its1nationals1are1under1its1own1law.1
2) Any1question1as1to1w/n1a1person1is1a1national1of1a1State1shall1be1determined1in1accordance1with1the1law1of1
that1State.1
1
Modes!of!acquiring!nationality!
1) Birth11jus1sanguinis1(by1blood)1and1jus1soli1(by1place1of1birth)1
2) Naturalization!1thru1a)1marriage,1b)1legitimation,1c)1option/election,1d)1acquisition1of1domicile,1e)1
appointment1to1govt1office,1f)1grant1on1application.1In!the!Philippines,1naturalization1is1thru11)1judicial1
process,12)1legislative1process,13)1election,1or14)1marriage.1However,1there1is1no1obligation1on1the1part1of1
the1State1to1recognize1a1persons1newly1acquired1nationality.1Municipal1law1may1een1prohibit1the1
renunciation1of1ones1nationality,1i.e.1the1doctrine)of)indelible)allegiance.1
3) Repatriation!!recovery1of1nationality1by1individuals1who1were1naturalDborn1citizens1but1have1lost1their1
nationality.1RA!8171!on1repatriation1of1women1who1lost1Filipino1citizenship1by1marriage1to1aliens1and1repat1
of1former1NBDFilipinos1who1lost1their1Filipino1citizenship.!
4) Subjugation!
5) Cession!
!
Loss!of!Nationality!
1)1Release1e.g.1German1nazis1
2)1Deprivation1e.g.1Filipinos1entering1into1military1service1of1another1State1
3)1Renunciation1e.g.1C.A.!No.!63!
4)1Substitution,1when1former1nationality1is1ipso1facto1lost1by1naturalization1abroad.1
1
Multiple!Nationality!!more1than1one1nationality1because1of1concurrent1application1of1the1municipal1law1of1
two1or1more1States.1In1the1Philippines,1dual1allegiance1is1inimical1to1national1interest.1Sec.15,1Art.1IV.1
1
Solutions!to!multiple!nationality!in1the119301Hague1Convention1on1the1Conflict1of1Nationality1Laws1
a) Person1may1be1regarded1as1its1national1by1each1of1the1States1
b) In1a1third1State,1a1person1shall1be1treated1as1if1he1only1had1one1nationality.1Principle)of)effective)
nationality:)either1where1he1habitually1and1principally1resides1or1where1he1appears1in1fact1to1be1most1
closely1connected.1
c) Person1may1renounce1one1of1them1with1the1permission1of1the1renounced1State.1Permission1shall1not1be1
refused1if1person1has1habitual1residence1abroad.1
1
Statelessness!=!status1of1having1no1nationality1as1a1consequence1of1being1born1without1it,1or1as1a1result1of1
deprivation1or1loss1of1nationality1
1
1954!Convention!Relating!to!the!Status!of!Stateless!Persons!
 c) Rationing1of1products1in1short1supply1
d) Elementary1education1
e) Public1relief1and1assistance1
f) Labor1legislation1and1social1security1
Also1accorded1treatment1relative1to1
a) Acquisition1of1movable1and1immovable1property1
b) Right1of1association1in1nonDpoli1and1nonDprofit1associations1and1trade1unions1
c) Gainful1employment1and1practice1of1liberal1professions1
d) Housing1and1public1education1other1that1elementary1education1
e) Freedom1of1movement1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Treatment'of'Aliens'
!
General!Rule,!no1State1is1under1obligation1to1admit1aliens1(flowing1from1its1right1of1existence1and1as1an1
attribute1of1sovereignty).1State1has1the1power1to1regulate1the1entry1and1stay1of1aliens.1
1
Expulsion!or!deportation!predicated1on1the1ground1that11)1the1stay1of1the1alien1is1a1menace1to1the1security1of1
the1State,12)1his1entry1was1illegal,13)1permission1to1stay1has1expired,1or14)1he1has1violated1any1limitation1or1
condition1prescribed1for1his1admission1and1continued1stay.1
1
Reconduction1is1the1forcible1conveying1of1aliens1back1to1their1home1State.1Destitute1aliens,1vagabonds,1aliens1
without1docs,1alien1criminals,1etc1may1be1reconducted1to1the1frontier1without1any1formalities.1
1
Doctrine!of!State!Responsibility.!State1is1under1obligation1to1make1reparations1to1another1State1for1the1failure1
to1fulfill1its1primary1obligation1to1afford,1in1accordance1with1international1law,1the1proper1protection1due1to1the1
alien1national1of1the1latter1State.1State1may1also1be1held1liable1for1injuries1and1damages1sustained1by1the1alien1
while1in1the1territory1of1the1State1if:1
1) The!act!or!omission!constitutes!an!international!delinquency!1amounting1to1an1outrage,1to1bad1faith,1
willfull1neglect1of1duty1or1insufficiency1of1government1action*!
2) The!act!or!omission!is!directly!or!indirectly!imputable!to!the!State!1State1does1not1make1reasonable1
efforts1to1prevent1injury,1or1having1done1so1unsuccessfully,1fails1to1repair1such1injury.!
a. Acts!of!Government!Officials!1acts1of1primary1agents1of1the1State1give1rise1to1direct)state)
responsibility.1If1officer1acts1beyond1his1authority,1it1is1an1act1of1a1private1individual.!
b. Acts!of!private!individuals!1must1be1shown1that1there1was1an1actual1or1tacit1complicity1of1the1
government1in1the1act,1either1by1directly1approving1it1or1in1the1patent1negligence1in1taking1
*International!Standard!of!Justice!1standard1of1the1reasonable1State1
Doctrine!of!Equality!of!Treatment!1laws1are1applicable1not1only11to1aliens1but1to1nationals1as1well1
1
Enforcement!of!Aliens!Claim!
1) Exhaustion!of!local!remedies!!requirement1may1be1dispensed1with1if1there1are1no1remedies1to1
exhaust,1the1courts1are1corrupt,1there1is1no1adequate1machinery1for1the1administration1of1justice,1or1
the1international1delinquency1results1from1an1act1of1State.!
a. Calvo!Clause!1stipulation1by1which1an1alien1waives1or1restricts1his1right1to1appeal1to1his1own1
state1and1agrees1to1limit1himself1to1the1remedies1available1under1local1laws.!
2) Resort!to!diplomatic!protection11after1exhaustion,1alien1must1avail1of1assistance1of1his1state!
a. Tie1of1nationality1must1exist1from1the1time1of1injury1until1the1time1claim1is1finally1settled.!
b. UN1may1file1a1diplomatic1claim1on1behalf1of1its1officials!
1
Modes!of!Enforcement!of!Claims!
Negotiation,1or1if1this1fails,1arbitration1or1judicial1settlement.1
When1responsibility1of1State1is1established,1he1must1make1reparation1thru1restitution,1satisfaction,1
compensation,1or1all1three1of1these1together.1
1
Extradition!is1the1surrender1of1a1person1by1one1state1to1another1state1where1he1is1wanted1for1prosecution1or,1if1
already1convicted,1for1punishment.1Surrender1is1made1at1the1request1of1the1latter1state1on1the1basis1of1an1
extradition!treaty.1Deportation1is1the1expulsion1of1an1alien1who1is1considered1undesirable1by1the1local1state.1
Deportation1is1the1unilateral1act1of1the1local1state1and1is1made1in1its1own1interests.1
1
In1the1absence1of1an1extradition1treaty,1the1local1state1may1grant1asylum1to1the1fugitive.1If1surrender1is1made,1
asylum1is1merely1a1gesture1of1comity.1
1
Fundamental!principles!of!Extraditon!
a) Based1on1consent11in1a1treaty1or1as1an1act1of1goodwill1
b) Principle1of1speciality11extradited1fugitive1may1be1tried1only1for1the1crime1specified1in1the1request1for1
extradition1and1crime1is1included1in1the1list1of1offenses1in1the1extradit1treaty1
NonDlist1type1of1extradition1treaties11offenses1punishable1under1both1states1by1imprisonment1
of1one1year1or1more1are1deemed1included1in1the1list1of1offenses.1
c) Any1person1may1be1extradited11whether1a1national1of1the1requesting1state1or1the1state1of1refuge1
d) Political1and1religious1offenders1are1generally1not1subject1to1extradition1
Political1121or1more1parties1in1the1state,1each1seeking1to1impose1the1government1of1their1own1
choice1on1the1other1
Attentat)clause11the1murder1of1the1head1of1state1or1any1member1of1his1family1is1not1a1political1
offense.1Neither1is1genocide.1
e) Offense1must1have1been1committed1within1the1territory1or1against1the1interest1of1the1demanding1state1
f) Act1for1which1the1extradition1is1sought1must1be1punishable1in1both1the1requesting1and1requested1states1
(The1Rule1of1Double1Criminality)1
!
Procedure!for!Extradition!
! 2)!!JUDICIAL!INVESTIGATION!
! 1) REQUEST! State1of1refuge1to1conduct1investigation1to1
! Made1thru1diplomatic1
ascertain1if1a)1crime1is1covered1by1the1treaty,1
Accompanied1with1necessary1
! channels1to1the1state1of1refuge1
and1b)1there1is1a1prima1facie1case1against1the1
papers1to1determine1identity1of1
! the1wanted1person1 fugitive1according1to1its1own1laws1
!
1
!
Government!of!Hongkong!v.!Olalia11constitutional1right1to1bail1
1
3)!WARRANT!OF!SURRENDER!DRAWN!
proceedings1where1the1innocence1or1guilt1of1the1detainee1is1not1in1issue.!
!
Standard!in!granting!bail!1clear1and1convincing1evidence1that1he1is1not1a1flight1risk1and1will1abide1with1all1
the1orders1and1processes1of1the1extradition1court.1
1
Abduction!of!the!fugitive!in1the1state1of1refuge1is1not1allowed,1as1it1constitutes1a1violation1of1the1territorial1
integrity1of1the1state1of1refuge.1If1abduction1is1effected1with1the1help1of1the1nationals1of1the1state1of1refuge,1the1
state1of1refuge1cannot1later1demand1to1return1of1the1fugitive.1Savarkar!case.1
1
Extradition!treaties!of!the!Philippines!
197611Indonesia1
198811Australia1
198911Canada1
198911Switzerland1
199011Micronesia11
!
Letters!Rogatory!1formal1communication1from1a1court1in1which1an1action1is1pending,1to1a1foreign1court,1
requesting1that1the1testimony1of1a1witness1residing1in1the1foreign1jurisdiction1be1taken1under1the1direction1of1
the1court,1addressed1and1transmitted1to1the1court1making1the1request.1Parang1international1bonggang1
deposition!1Sec.!12,!Rule!24.!
!
Asylum!1the1power1of1the1state1to1allow1an1alien1who1has1sought1refuge1from1prosecution1or1persecution1to1
remain1within1the1territory1and1under1its1protection.1HAS1NEVER1BEEN1RECOGNIZED1AS1A1PRINCIPLE1OF1
INTERNATIONAL1LAW.1
1
Principles1of1Asylum1
1) Territorial11exists1only1when1stipulated1in1a1treaty1or1justified1by1established1usage.1Depends1on1the1
liberal1attitude1of1the1receiving1state,1on1the1ground1of1territorial1supremacy1
2) Diplomatic11granted1within1narrowest1limits1or1when1life1or1liberty1of1person1is1threatened1by1
imminent1violence1
1
In1the1Philippines,1diplomatic1asylum1cannot1be1granted1EXCEPT1to1members1of1the1official1and1personal1
household11of1diplomatic1representatives.1Refuge1may1be1granted1however,1to1fugitives1whose1lives1are1in1
imminent1danger1from1mob1violence1(humanitarian1grounds)1
1
Refugees!
Any1person1who1is1outside1the1country1of1his1nationality,1or1if1he1has1no1nationality,1the1country1of1his1former1
habitual1residence,1due1to1a1wellDfounded1fear1of1prosecution(??1Parang1typo)1by1reason1of1his1race,1religion,1
nationality,1political1opinion.1Because1of1such1fear,1he1is1unable1or1unwilling1to1avail1of1the1protection1of1his1
government1or1his1former1habitual1residence.1
1
Elements:1
1) Outside1the1country1of1his1nationality1OR1if1stateless,1outside1habitual1residence1
2) Lacks1national1protection1
3) Fears1persecution1
1
Refugee1is1de1jure/de1facto1a1stateless1individual.1
Refugee1Convention1of119511does1not1deal1with1admission1but1with1nonDfoulement:1no1contracting1state1shall1
expel1or1return1a1refugee1in1any1manner1whatsoever1to1the1frontiers1of1territories1where1his1life1or1freedom1is1
threatened.1
!!
International1dispute11actual1disagreement1between1States1regarding1the1conduct1to1be1taken1by1one1of1them1
for1the1protection1or1vindication1of1the1interests1of1the1other.1A1situation1is1the1initial1stage1of1a1dispute.1

A. Pacific1or1amicable1modes11(art.1311of1UN1charter)1Parties1to1any1dispute,1the1continuance1of1which1is1
likely1to1endanger1the1maintenance1of1international1peace1and1security,1shall1first1of1all1seek1a1solution1
by:1
1. Negotiation1 1 states1 settle1 their1 differences1 through1 an1 exchange1 of1 views1 between1 diplomatic1
agencies1
2. Enquiry11Ascertainment1of1the1pertinent1facts1wand1issues1in1a1dispute1
3. Tender1 of1 good1 offices1 1 where1 a1 third1 party1 either1 alone1 or1 with1 others1 offers1 to1 help1 in1 the1
settlement1of1a1dispute1and1accepted.1
4. Mediation11A1third1party1offers1to1help1with1a1solution1usually1based1on1a1compromise.1Offers1a1
solution1not1merely1bring1the1parties1together1as1in1good1offices.1
5. Conciliation1 1 Active1 participation1 of1 a3rd1 party1 whose1 services1 are1 solicited1 by1 the1 disputants1 in1
the1effort1to1settle1the1conflict1but1the1conciliators1recommendations1are1not1binding.1
6. Arbitration1 1 Solution1 of1 a1 dispute1 by1 an1 impartial1 third1 party1 usually1 a1 tribunal1 created1 by1 the1
parties1themselves1under1a1charter1known1as1a1compromis.1
7. Judicial1 settlement1 1 D1 Similar1 to1 arbitration1 in1 the1 nature1 of1 the1 proceedings1 and1 in1 the1 binding1
character1of1the1reward.11 1
Judicial1Settlement1 Arbitration1

Judicial1body1is1preDexisting1 Ad1hoc1

Jurisdiction1is1usually1compulsory1and1law1 Not1so1
applied1is1independent1of1the1will1of1the1
parties1
Lodged1in1the1ICJ1 1Any13rd1party1

1
8. Resort1to1regional1agencies1or1arrangements11parties1may,1on1their1own1volition,1or1at1the1instance1
of1the1organization1itself,1assume1the1obligation1of1settling1the1dispute1
9. Or1other1peaceful1means1of1their1own1choice1
1

B. Hostile1Methods1
1
1. Severance1of1diplomatic1relations1
2. Retorsion11unfriendly1by1lawful1coercive1acts1done1in1retaliation1for1unfair1treatment1and1acts1of1
discrimination1of1another1state1(1the1levy1of1high1discriminatory1tariffs1on1goods)1
3. Reprisal1 1 unfriendly1 and1 unlawful1 acts1 in1 retaliation1 for1 the1 reciprocal1 unlawful1 acts1 of1 another1
state.1Reprisal1may1take1the1form1of1
a. Freezing1of1the1assets1of1the1nationals1of1the1other1state1
b. Embargo1 1 forcible1 detention1 or1 rsequestration1 of1 the1 vessels1 and1 other1 property1 of1 the1
offending1state1
c. Pacific1Blockade11prevention1of1entry1to1or1exit1from1the1ports1of1the1offending1state1by1means1
of1communication1and1transportation1
d. NonDintercourse1 1 (refraining1 to1 engage1 in1 coitus1 hehehe1 joke1 lang)1 suspension1 of1 all1
intercourse1with1the1offending1state1particularly1in1matters1of1trade1and1commerce1
e. Boycott1 1 (less1 than1 30%1 of1 the1 students1 in1 a1 class1 attended1 joke1 lang1 1 ulit)1 1 concerted1
suspension1 of1 commercial1 relations1 with1 the1 offending1 state1 with1 particular1 reference1 to1 a1
refusal1to1purchase1goods1
 Addressed1 to1 the1 Security1 Council,1 but1 may1 be1 taken1 over1 by1 the1 General1 Assembly1 under1 certain1
conditions.1
1

1. Security1CouncilD1jurisdiction1to1intervene1in1all1disputes1affecting:11
a. International1peace1and1security;1
b. All1disputed,1which1although1coming1under1the1domestic1jurisdiaciton1clause1have1been1submitted1
to1it1by1the1parties1for1settlement1
May1be1brought1to1Security1Council1itself,1General1Assembly,1Sectretary1General,1any1member1
of1the1UN1or1any1party1to1the1dispute.1
1
i. Security1 council1 will1 recommend1 appropriate1 measures1 considering1 any1 amicable1
measures1already1adopted1by1the1parties1or1that1the1dispute1be1referred1to1the1ICJ1
ii. If1 unsuccessful,1 Security1 Council1 itself1 may1 recommend1 such1 terms1 of1 settlement1 as1 it1
may1deem1appropriate1
iii. If1rejected,1the1Security1Council1may1take:1
a. Preventive1Action1
b. Enforcement1action1
2. General1Assembly11if1the1Security1Council,1because1of1lack1of1unanimity,1fails1to1exercise1its1primary1
responsibility1 to1 maintain1 peace1 and1 security,1 the1 General1 Assembly1 shall1 consider1 the1 matter1
immediately,1 with1 a1 view1 to1 making1 recommendations1 to1 the1 members1 for1 collective1 measure,1
including1the1use1of1armed1forces.1
1

War'and'Neutrality'
1

WarD11the1contention1between1two1states,1through1their1armed1forces1for1the1purpose1of1overpowering1the1
other1and1imposing1such1conditions1of1peace1as1the1victor1pleases.1War1does1not1mean1the1mere1employment1
of1force.11

1 If1a1nation1declares1war1against1another,1was1exists,1though1no1force1has1yet1been1used.1On1the1other1
hand,1in1case1of1reprisal,1force1may1already1be1used1but1no1state1of1war1may1yet1exist.1

1. Outlawry1of1War11condemnation1of1war1on1an1international1scale1
1
a. Covenant1of1the1League1of1the1Nations11provided1conditions1for1the1right1to1go1to1war1
b. KellogD1 Briand1 Pact1 of1 19021 1 General1 Treaty1 for1 the1 Renunciation1 of1 War,1 ratified1 by1 621 states1
which1forbade1war1as1an1instrument1of1national1policy.11
c. Charter1 of1 UN1 1 Article1 21 prohibits1 the1 threat1 or1 use1 of1 force1 against1 the1 territorial1 integrity1 or1
political1independence1of1a1state.11
2. Commencement1of1War11
a. Declaration1of1War1(Hague1Convention1of11907)1
b. With1the1rejection1of1an1ultimatum1(Hague1Convention)1
c. Commission1of1an1act1of1force1regarded1by1one1of1the1belligerents1as1an1act1of1war1
1
 a. Laws1of1peace1cease1to1regulate1relations1between1the1belligerents1and1superseded1by1the1laws1of1
war1while1third1states1are1governed1by1the1laws1of1neutrality1in1their1dealings1with1the1belligerents1
b. Diplomatic1 and1 consular1 relations1 are1 terminated1 and1 respective1 representatives1 are1 allowed1 to1
return1to1their1own1countries1
c. Treaties1of1a1political1nature1are1automatically1cancelled1except1those1intended1to1operated1during1
the1 war.1 Multipartite1 treaties1 dealing1 with1 technical1 or1 administrative1 matters1 are1 merely1
suspended1as1between1the1belligerents.11
d. Individuals1are1impressed1with1enemy1character1
Nationality1Test1 Domiciliary1test1 Activities1test1

If1they1are1nationals1of1the1 If1they1are1domiciled1aliens1 If1being1foreigners,1they1

other1belligerent,wherever1 in1the1territory1of1the1other1 participate1in1the1hostilities1
they1may1be1 belligerent1on1the1 in1favor1of1the1other1
assumption1that1they1 belligerent1
contribute1to1its1economic1
resources1
e. Corporations1 and1 other1 juridical1 persons1 are1 considered1 enemies1 where1 the1 controlling1
stockholders1 are1 national1 of1 the1 other1 belligerent1 or1 if1 incorporated1 in1 the1 territory1 or1 under1 the1
laws1of1the1other1belligerent,1and1may1be1not1be1allowed1to1continue1operations.1
f. Enemy1public1property1found1in1the1territory1of1the1other1belligerent1at1the1outbreak1of1the1war1is1
subject1to1confiscation,1private1property1is1subject1to1requisition.1
1

4. Participants1in1War1
a. Combatants11those1who1engage1directly1in1the1hostilities1
1. NonDprivileged1 1 spies,1 who1 under1 false1 pretenses1 try1 to1 obtain1 vital1 information1 from1 the1
enemy1ranks,1who1when1caught1are1not1considered1prisoners1of1war1
2. Privileged11when1captured,1enjoy1the1privileges11of1prisoners1of1war.11
a. Regular1Armed1Forces1
b. Ancillary1services1
c. Those1who1accompanied1armed1forces1
d. Levees1en1masse1
e. Franc1Tireurs/guerillas1
f. Officers1and1crew1of1merchant1vessels1who1forcibly1resist1attack1
Rights1of1POW11treated1humanely,1no1torture,1allowed1to1communicate1with1families,1receive1
food,1clothing,1religious1articles,1etc.1
b. Spies1
c. Mercenaries1
i. Specially1recruited1to1fight1for1a1particular1armed1conflict1
ii. Takes1direct1part1in1the1hostilities1
iii. Motivated1by1desire1to1gain1
1

5. Conduct1of1Hostilities1
a. Principle1of1Military1Necessity11Belligerent1may1employ1any1amount1of1force1to1compel1the1
complete1submission1of1the1enemy1with1the1least1possible1loss1of1lives1and1money1
b. Principle1 of1 Humanity1 1 Prohibits1 the1 use1 of1 any1 measure1 that1 is1 not1 absolutely1 necessary1
for1purposes1of1war1
c. Principle1 of1 Chivalry1 1 Prohibits1 belligerents1 from1 the1 employment1 of1 perfidious1 or1
treacherous1methods,1such1as1the1illegal1use1of1Red1Cross1emblems.1
1
1

1. Effects11no1change1in1sovereignty1but1the1exercise1of1the1powers1of1sovereignty1is1suspended.11
2. Rights1and1duties1of1belligerent1occupant1
a. ReDestablish1or1continue1the1processes1of1orderly1administration1including1enactment1of1laws1
b. Adopt1measures1for1the1protection1of1the1inhabitants1
c. Requisition1goods1and1services1in1nonDmilitary1projects1
d. Demand1taxes1and1contributions1to1finance1military1and1local1administrative1needs.1
e. Issue1legal1currency1
f. Use1enemy1property,1whether1public1or1private,1but1private1property1is1subject1to1indemnification1
or1return1at1the1end1of1the1war.1
3. Right1of1Angary11right1of1a1belligerent1state,1in1cases1of1extreme1necessity1to1destroy1or1use1neutral1
property1on1its1own1or1on1enemy1territory,1or1on1the1high1seas.1
1

NonDhostile1intercourse11

1. Flag1 of1 truce1 1 White1 in1 color,1 indicates1 the1 desire1 to1 communicate1 with1 the1 enemy,1 agent,1 called1
parlemetaire,1enjoys1inviolability1and1is1entrusted1with1the1duty1of1negotiating1with1the1enemy.1
2. Cartels11agreements1to1regulate1intercourse1during1the1war,1usually1on1the1exchange1of1prisoners1of1
war1
3. Passport1 1 written1 permission1 given1 by1 the1 belligerent1 government1 to1 the1 subject1 of1 the1 enemy1 to1
travel1generally1in1belligerent1territory1
4. SafeDconduct11Permission1given1to1an1enemy1subject1or1to1an1enemy1vessel1allowing1passage1between1
defined1periods1
5. SafeguardD11protection1granted1by1a1commanding1officer1either1to1enemy1persons1or1property1within1
his1command,1usually1with1an1escort1or1convoy1of1soldiers1providing1the1needed1protection1
6. License1 to1 trade1 1 permission1 given1 by1 competent1 authority1 to1 individuals1 to1 carry1 on1 trade1 though1
there1is1a1state1of1war1
1

Suspension1of1Hostilities1

1. Suspension1 of1 Terms1 1 temporary1 cessation1 of1 hostilities1 by1 agreement1 of1 the1 local1 commanders1 for1
such1purposes1as1gathering1of1the1wounded1and1burial1of1the1dead1
2. Armstice11suspension1of1hostilities1within1a1certain1area1or1in1the1entire1region1of1war,1agreed1upon1by1
the1belligerents,1usually1for1the1purpose1of1arranging1the1terms1of1peace1
3. CeaseDfire11unconditional1stoppage1of1all1hostilities,1usually1ordered1by1an1international1body1
4. Truce11Conditional1ceaseDfire1for1political1purposes1
5. CapitulationD1surrender1of1military1forces,1places,1or1districts,1in1accordance1with1the1rules1of1military1
honor1
1
1

Termination1of1War1
1. Simple1 cessation1 of1 hostilities1 1 Principle1 of1 uti1 possidetis,1 with1 respect1 to1 property1 and1 territoty1
possessed1by1the1belligerents,1is1applied1
2. Conclusion1of1a1negotiated1treaty1of1peace1
3. Defeat1of1one1of1the1belligerents1followed1by1a1dictated1treaty1of1peace1or1annexation1of1conquered1
territory1
1
Postliminium11the1revival1or1reversion1to1the1old1laws1and1sovereignty1of1territory1which1has1been1under1
 1. Uti1 Possidetis1 1 allows1 retention1 of1 property1 or1 territory1 in1 the1 belligerents1 actual1 possession1 at1 the1
time1of1the1cessation1of1hostilities.11
1
War1Crimes11acts1for1which1soldiers1or1other1individuals1may1be1punished1by1the1enemy1on1capture1of1the1
offender1
1. War1 Criminal1 1 any1 person,1 whether1 a1 civilian1 or1 a1 member1 of1 the1 armed1 forces1 of1 the1 state,1 who1
commits1an1act1that1violates1a1rule1of1international1law1governing1armed1conflicts1
1

1Neutrality1and1Neutralization1
1
Neutrality1 Neutralization1
NonDparticipation,1directly1or1indirectly,1in1a1 The1result1of1treaty1wherein1the1conditions1of1
war1between1contending1belligerents1 the1status1are1agreed1upon1by1the1neutralized1
state1and1other1signatories.1
Exists1only1during1warD1governed1by1law1of1the1 Exists1both1in1times1of1peace1and1warD1
nations1 governed1by1the1agreement1into1by1and1
between1the1parties.1
1
Non1belligerency11midway1between1Neutrality1and1Neutralization.1Sometimes1been1used1t1
describe1the1status1of1a1state1which1did1not1take1part1in1military1operations1but1which1did1not1
observe1the1duties1of1a1neutral.1Not1recognized1in1International1Law.1
1
Rules1of1Neutrality11Neutrals1have1the1right1and1duty1to:1
1. Abstain1from1taking1part1in1the1hostilities1and1from1giving1assistance1to1either1belligerent1by:1
D Sending1of1Troops1
D Official1grant1of1loans1
D Carriage1of1Contraband1
1
Contraband11goods,1although1neutral1property,1may1be1seized1by1a1belligerent1because1they1are1useful1for1
war1and1are1bound1for1a1hostile1destination.1They1can1be:1
D Absolute11guns1or1ammunition1
D Conditional11Food1and1clothing1
D FreeD1List11medicines1
1
Doctrine1of1ultimate1consumption11goods1intended1for1civilian1use1which1may1ultimately1find1their1way1to1and1
be1consumed1by1belligerent1forces1may1be1seized1on1the1way1
1
Doctrine1of1InfectionD1Innocent1goods1shipped1with1contraband1may1also1be1seized1
1
Doctrine1of1Continuous1voyage,1Transport1D11Goods1reloaded1at1an1intermediate1port1on1the1same1vessel,1or1
reloaded1on1another1vessel1or1other1forms1of1transportation1may1also1be1seized1on1the1basis1of1doctrine1of1
ultimate1consumption.1
1
2. Prevent1its1territory1and1other1resources1from1being1used1in1the1conduct1of1hostilities.1Allowing1
territory1to1be1used1as1the1base1of1operations1
1
3. To1acquiesence1to1certain1restrictions1and1limitations1which1the1belligerents1may1find1necessary1to1
impose1such1as:1
a. Blockade11hostile1operation1by1means1of1which1vessels1and1aircraft1of1one1belligerent1
prevent1all1other1vessels1including1those1of1neutral1states1from1leaving1or1entering1the1port1
 4. Termination1of1Neutrality11terminates1upon1conclusion1of1a1treaty1of1peace1between1the1
belligerents,1or1when1the1neutral1state1itself1joins1the1war.1
1