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Joulukuu 1/2003
Arturo Almandoz
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culture, which has been studied in detail for cities such as Buenos
Aires; Rio, So Paulo and Salvador de Baha, in Brasil;28 Havana,
Caracas, Lima and San Jos de Costa Rica, among others.29
However, from a continental and comparative perspective, there
only exist the above-mentioned text by Hardoy, followed by a brief
one by Gutirrez; and the one that I have elaborated for the
period of the emergence of technical urbanism, in the midst of a
European ethos.30 It is present, in the latter, the question of
modernity, through both its academic and functional, European
and North American paradigms. The urban modernity has also
been traced through dierent artistic and representational
discourses for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as well as
for the process of social change and administrative reforms.31
However, it is my impression that the subject of transfer and
diusion of planning models from metropolitan poles to colonies
or culturally-dependent countries, as it has been developed in the
British historiography by Peter Hall, Stephen Ward or Anthony D.
King, has not been so evident in the approach to planning import
in Latin America's case studies.32
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Creole Haussmanns
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British example was prominent: the 1848 and 1875 Acts were
studied in dierent countries, especially in Argentina, where they
apparently inspired the works and reforms of Guillermo Rawson
and Samuel Gache. By the 1880s, Buenos Aires pioneered, with
Montevideo, the creation of institutions specializing in hygienic
research, which were followed by similar ones in Mexico City,
Santiago and Lima, while proposals for working-class housing
were developed by private entrepreneurs in Rio. The exchange of
experiences across the Americas also played an important role in
diusing the new ideas. The 1897 and 1902 Conferencias
Interamericanas (Interamerican Conferences), held in Mexico
City, discussed the hygiene agenda and encouraged participants
to pursue international agreements, some of which were reached
in the 1905 Convencin Sanitaria (Sanitary Convention). In
addition, the 1898 Congress of Hygiene and Demography, which
took place in Madrid, included sections on Urban Hygiene and
Urban Engineering and Architecture, and represented a unique
opportunity for Spanish-speaking countries to update their
sanitary policies. On the basis of such events, by the turn of the
century, the advanced programmes implemented in Buenos Aires,
Montevideo, Rio and Havana inspired hygiene reforms in
backward capitals such as Caracas and Lima.
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Footnotes
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11. Ibid.
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27. Leme, op. cit.; Juan Jos Martn Frechilla, Planes, planos y
proyectos para Venezuela: 1908-1958. (Apuntes para una historia
de la construccin del pas). Caracas: Universidad Central de
Venezuela, Fondo Editorial Acta Cientca Venezolana, 1994; Joel
Outtes, Regolare la societ attraverso la citt: la genesi
dell'urbanistica in Brasile e Argentina (1905-1945), Storia
Urbana, No. 78, Milan: 1997, pp. 5-28
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33. Among the early works that seem to have been more
inuential, see Henri Lefebvre La rvolution urbaine (1970).
Paris: Gallimard, 1979; space et politique (1971). Paris:
Anthopos, 1974; Michel de Certeau, L'criture de lhistoire. Paris:
Gallimard, 1975; David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity.
An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (1990).
Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 2001
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46. J. Needell, op. cit., pp. 3351. See also the recent work by E. P.
Pinheiro, op. cit., pp. 120-122
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56. Fernando Prez Oyarzun and Jos Rosas Vera, Cities within
the City: Urban and Architectural Transfers in Santiago de Chile,
1840-1940', en A. Almandoz (ed.), Planning Latin America's
Capital Cities, 1850-1950, pp. 109-138, 124-125
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66. M.C. S. Leme (ed.), op. cit., pp. 300-01. H. Segawa, op. cit.,
pp. 3435. There is also a work by Carlos Roberto Monteiro de
Andrade, Barry Parker, um arquiteto ingles na cidade de So
Paulo, unpublished doctoral thesis, So Paulo: University of So
Paulo, 1998
67. In this respect, see for instance Anthony Sutclie, Towards the
Planned City: Germany, Britain, the United States and France,
17801914. Oxford: Blackwell, 1981, pp. 190194; Franoise
Choay, Penses sur la ville, arts de la ville , in Maurice Agulhon
(ed.), Histoire de la France urbaine. La ville de l'age industriel. Le
cycle haussmannien. Paris: Seuil, 1983, vol. IV, pp. 158-271
68. Among the various articles that deal with dierent national
contexts, see Ciro Caraballo, Del academicismo retrico al
profesionalismo pragmtico. Crisis recurrente de la educacin
venezolana de la ingeniera y la arquitectura, Boletn del Centro
de Investigaciones Histricas y Estticas, 27, Caracas: CIHE,
Universidad Central de Venezuela, diciembre 1986, pp. 52-77;
Mara Isabel Pavez, Precursores de la enseanza del urbanismo
en Chile. Perodo 19281953, Revista de Arquitectura, 3,
Santiago de Chile: Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, 1992,
pp.211
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74. The works of some of these pioneers have been edited; see for
instance Carlos M. della Paolera, Buenos Aires y sus problemas
urbanos. Buenos Aires: OIKOS, 1977; Alberto Lovera (comp.),
Leopoldo Martnez Olavarra. Desarrollo urbano, vivienda y
estado. Caracas: Fondo Editorial ALEMO, 1996
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