1

Venue: Academic Staff College Auditorium,

JNT University, Kukatpally,
Hyderabad -500085.
FINAL PROGRAMME SHEET
15TH DECEMBER, 2008 MONDAY
INAUGURAL FUNCTION
PRAYER
Welcome Address and Presidential remarks by Prof. K. Lalkishore, Rector,
JNTUH.
Introduction of Guests by Dr.E.Saibaba Reddy, Registrar, JNTUH.
About the Conference by Dr. B. Venkateswara Rao, Coordinator,
CAS&WMT, JNTUH.
Lighting of the lamp by Chief Guest Prof. D.N. Reddy, Hon. Vice-
10:30-12:30 Chancellor, JNTUH.
Address of the Guest of Honour Prof. T. Shivaji Rao, Director, Centre for
Environmental Studies, GITAM, Visakhapatnam.
Inaugural Address by the Chief Guest Prof. D.N. Reddy, Hon. Vice-
Chancellor, JNTUH.
Keynote Speech by Mr. Gary L. Walker Director of Seeding Operations and
Atmospheric Sciences (SOAR) Program, USA.
Farmers Opinion about Cloud Seeding
Vote of thanks by Dr. M. Subba Rao, Academic Advisor, CAS&WMT,
JNTUH.
12:30 - 13:00 coffee /tea break
CLOUD SEEDING OPERATIONS 2003-2008
SESSION -1 Chairman : Dr. G.G.S.N. Rao, CRIDA
Co-Chairman : Prof. D.V. Bhaskara Rao,
Retd.Prof. Meteorology,AU, Waltair.
13:00 -13:30 Summary of cloud seeding operations 2003-2008 A Review
Dr.B.Venkateswara Rao, Co-ordinator, CASWMT, JNTUH.
13:30-14:30 Lunch
14:30-15:00 Cloud Seeding operations by Aravind Sharma/GSR Sharma, Agni Aviation
15:00-15:15 coffee /tea break
CLOUD SEEDING EXPERIMENTS AND EXPERIENCE FROM
SESSION -2 INDIA
Chairman : Prof. T. Shivaji Rao, GITAM,Vishakapatnam
Co-Chairman: Dr. K.K. Reddy,Yogivemana University, Kadapa
15:15-15:45 Cloud-Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment
(CAIPEEX) by Dr. Kulkarni, Scientist F, IITM, PUNE.
15:45-16:30 A Prospective on the Cloud Seeding in Andhra Pradesh by
-Dr.J.V.M.Naidu, Ex.DDGM, IMD.
WEATHER MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES AND EXPERIENCE
SESSION -3 FROM ABROAD
Chairman : Dr. A.V.R.Krishna Rao, APCHMP, Govt. of AP
Co-Chairman: Dr.S M Rao, Retd Scientist, BARC
16:40-17:10 A piece of the puzzle. By Dr. Garry Walker (USA)
17:10-17:40 Cloud Seeding by unguided rockets by Dr. Marat Z. Dosaaev (USSR)
DINNER 2
 16TH DECEMBER, 2008 TUESDAY

Venue: Hotel Oneplace

Adjacent to Kalamandir, KPHB,
Kukatpally, Hyderabad -500072.
Brainstorming session-Protocols
SESSION -4 Chairman : Dr. D. Raji Reddy,ANGRAU
Co-Chairman: Dr. Satyakumar, Director IMD, Hyderabad.
10:00-10:20 A presentation on existing protocols and future protocols by Sri. B.V.S
Amatya, Consulting Meteorologist,CAS&WMT, JNTUH.
10:20 11:30 Discussions on protocol
11:30 to 11:45 coffee /tea break
11:45 to 13:00 Address by Hon. Minister Sri.N.Raghu Veera Reddy Garu
13:00 to 13:15 Press meet
13:15 to 14:15 Lunch
Brainstorming session-Infrastructure, Radar coverage and Network
SESSION -5 Chairman: Sri. R.S. Goel, I.A.S, Principle Secretary, RSAD, Govt. of A.P.
Co-Chairman: Prof.K.P.R. Vittal Murthy, Retd. Meteorologist, A.U.
14:15-15:00 Present Day Infrastructure with AP Cloud Seeding Programme -Dr. M.S.
Rao, Academic advisor, CAS&WMT, JNTUH.
15:00-15:15 Airfield Operations and limitations by
Sri. B.K.Pandey Air Marshal (Rtd.), PVSM,AVSMVM
15:15-15:45 Discussions
15:45-16:00 coffee /tea break
Evaluation Methodology and Research
SESSION -6 Chairman: Prof I.V Murali Krishna, Ex-coordinator, CAS&WMT,
JNTUH.
16:15 to 16:30 Measurements of rain drop size distribution and implication to Cloud
seeding experiment by Dr.K.K. Reddy, Dept. of Physics, Yogivemana
University, Kadapa
16:30 to 16:45 Role of organic aerosols in weather modification by Retd. Prof. Dr.
K.P.R. Vittel Murthy, A.U, Vizag.
16:45-17:15 Role of LIDARs in cloud seeding operations. By Dr.M.Satyanarayana,
VSSC, Trivandraum.
17:15-17:45 Discussions on Evaluation Methodologies
DINNER

3
 17TH DECEMBER, 2008 WEDNESDAY

Venue: Hotel Oneplace

Adjacent to Kalamandir, KPHB,
Kukatpally, Hyderabad -500072.
Brainstorming session-Cloud seeding Operations
SESSION -7 Chairman: Gary. L. Walker, USA
Co-Chairman: Dr.M.Satyanarayana, VSSC, Trivandraum
10:00 to 10:20 Daily Events in Cloud seeding operations
- Sri R. Narayana Swamy, CAS&WMT, JNTUH.
10:20 to 10:45 GIS Analysis of cloud seeding operations
Dr. N. Srinivasa Rao, Scientist, CASWMT, JNTUH.
10:45 to 11:15 Radar data analysis of cloud Seeding
-Mr. S.S. Chandra Bharadwaz, Scientist, CASWMT, JNTUH.
11:15-11:30 COFFEE /TEA BREAK
11:30-12:30 Finalization of Recommendations
Valedictory function
Welcome Address by Sri R. Narayana Swamy, Academic Advisor, CAS
& WMT, JNTUH.
12:30-13:00 Recommendations of the Workshop and Brainstorming Session by Dr.
B.Venkateswara Rao, Coordinator, CAS & WMT, JNTUH.
Presidential Remarks by Dr. E. Saibaba Reddy, Registrar, JNTUH.
13:00-13:30 PRESS MEET
13:30-14:00 Lunch

4
 Abstract

The main purpose of organising the International workshop and Brain Storming
Session on Evaluation of Cloud Seeding Operations in Andhra Pradesh is to take stock
of the situation such as successes and failures arising out of 5 years of Cloud Seeding
Operations from 2004 to 2008. 2003 was considered as a pilot study. There were nearly
50 experts from various parts of the Country and 2 experts from abroad- one from
America and another from Russia have participated in this workshop and Brain
Storming Sessions. The National experts came from very reputed organizations like IITM,
IMD, NRSC, INCOIS, CRIDA, NIO, etc. Professors from many Universities such as AU, OU,
SVU, JNTU have participated in the workshop. Other participants include CPOs,
NGOs Farmers, Print and Electronic Media. Notable personalities including Sri. N.
Raghuveera Reddy, Honble Minister for Agriculture & RSAD, Govt. of A.P, Prof. D.N.
Reddy, Hon. Vice-Chancellor, JNTUH, Sri. R.S.Goel, Principal Secretary, RSAD Dept,
Prof. T. Shivaji Rao, Noted Environmentalist, Mr. Gary L. Walker, Director, Seeding
Operations and Atmospheric Research (SOAR) Programme, USA, Dr. Marat Z. Dosaev,
Director, Institute of Mechanics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia. Dr. J.R.
Kulkarni, Scientist F, IITM, PUNE, have addressed the gathering.

There were 3 Technical sessions on the first day of the Workshop in which
experience from A.P. Cloud Seeding Programme, experiences from IITM and IMD and
experience from abroad have been presented. In the subsequent two days Brain
Storming Sessions were held on protocols, Infrastructure, Evaluation Methodologies,
and Daily Operations required for future Cloud Seeding Programnme were discussed.
It has been opined by many experts including the experts from IITM, and Experts from
abroad that present Cloud Seeding Programme is going on well subjected to some
infrastructural limitations. As far as the Monitoring and Evaluation being carried out by
CAS&WMT, JNTUH, the experts felt that the evaluation methods employed in this
programme is on par with the any other evaluation methods employed in developed
countries like USA, South Africa, etc.

5
 During the last 5 years many lessons have been learnt in the A.P Cloud Seeding
Programme. Notable among them are most of the seeding programme should be
done in warm clouds, particle size of seeding material should be different between
continental clouds and maritime clouds and 0.5 kg hygroscopic flares are more
successful in the Cloud Seeding Programme. The results of the programme have
shown that on an average there was a rainfall enhancement upto 14% in mandals
where Cloud Seeding was occurred during 2005-08. Therefore the experts tell that the
present cloud seeding programme of A.P Could continue for further period of 5 years
from 2009 onwards.

Experts are of the opinion that there is a deficiency in the infrastructure while
serving to the large area of 12 Districts. They have recommended at least 3 full
Polarimetric Doppler radars with 3 aircrafts stationed at appropriate places may serve
better purpose for cloud seeding. The actual requirement is of the order of about 5
aircrafts and 4 radars. In order to have an objective evaluation of Cloud Seeding
Programme, at least one rain gauge per 50 km2 is recommended in the RSAD Districts.
Moreover it is recommended that a Cloud physics aircraft is essential to study various
microphysical properties of the Cloud and for aerosol mapping. Pilot projects are also
suggested to have an intensive rain gauge network at the rate of one rain gauge per
one km2 area in a limited mandals on an experimental basis and to vary the particle
size of the seeding material on similar clouds to know the exact particle size of seeding
material.

6
 INDEX
.
Article No TITLE Page No.

1 Introduction 1

2 Inaugural Session 2

3 Technical Session-I: Cloud seeding operations

of Andhra Pradesh 2003-2008 4

4 Technical Session-II: Cloud Seeding Experience

and Experiments from India 5

5 Technical Session-III: Weather Modification

TechniquesExperience from Abroad 6

6 Technical Session IV: Brain Storming Session

on Protocols 7
7 Address of Sri. N. Raghuveera Reddy,
Honble Minister for Agriculture and RSAD 8

8 Technical Session V: Brainstorming Session on

Infrastructure, Radar Coverage And Network 9

9 Technical Session VI: Brainstorming Session on

Evaluation Methodologies and Research 10

10 Technical Session VII: Brainstorming Session on Cloud

Seeding Operations 13
11 Valedictory and Concluding Session 14

12 Recommendations of the Workshop and Brain Storming

Session. 15

Annexure I: The Protocol Points Discussed and Approved

In Brain Storming Session on 16-12-2008

Annexure II: Signatures of the Registered Delegates attended for

International Workshop and Brain Storming Session

Annexure III: List of Participants with address who have

Attended the International Workshop and Brain Storming Session

7
Dignitaries on the dais during Inaugural function. From left to right: Dr. B.Venkateswara Rao, Prof.
T.Shivaji Rao, Sri Garry L Walker, Dr. D.N.Reddy, Dr. K. Lal Kishore, Dr. E. Saibaba Reddy, Dr. M.
Subba Rao

Delegates of the Workshop during Inaugural Function

8
1. Introduction
The Cloud Seeding Operations of Andhra Pradesh was started in the year 2003 and it
was considered as a pilot project. The regular operations were commenced in 2004 and
continued upto 2008. The Government has decided to evaluate the operations from 2004 to
2008 by inviting various National and International experts in the field of Cloud Seeding and
to undertake a thorough exercise with respect to its successes and failures during the last 5
years by organizing International Workshop and Brain Storming Session during 15-17
December 2008 vide G.O. Rt. No.163, Dated: 12-12-2008. All together nearly 50 experts from
various parts of the country and 2 experts from abroad one from America and another from
Russia have participated in this International Workshop. The National experts have come from
IITM, IMD, BARC, APSRAC, SGWD, NRSC, INCOIS, CRIDA, ANGRAU, NIO, Andhra
University, Yogi Vemana University, VRSSC, SV University, APCHMP apart from various
scientists, professors of JNTU Hyderabad and members from electronic and print media,
farmers, CPOs and NGOs.

The entire programme has been divided into two parts. One is Workshop, which was
held on 15 December 2008, another one is Brain Storming Sessions, which were held on 16th &
17th December 2008. All together there were seven Technical Sessions spreading over 3 days
apart from Inaugural and Valedictory Sessions. On the first day, the workshop was conducted
in which there were three Technical sessions, the first session was to listen to the Presentations
dedicated to the A.P Cloud Seeding Programme. Another session was meant for hearing the
experiences from the experiments of IITM and IMD. The third session has been devoted to
learn the experiences from abroad.

On 16th & 17th December 2008, there were 4 Brain Storming Sessions. The first Brain
Storming Session was on the protocols for the future Cloud Seeding Programme. The second
Brain Storming Session was on the Infrastructure needed for carrying out efficient Cloud
Seeding Programme. The third Brain Storming Session was on Evaluation Methodologies and
Research. The fourth one is on Daily operations of the Cloud Seeding Programme.

9
Prof D.N.Reddy, Vice chancellor, JNTUH, inaugurating the workshop by lighting the lamp

10
2. Inaugural Session

The inaugural function was held at the auditorium of UGC Academic Staff College,
JNTUH at 10: 30 a.m. Sri. K. Chandra Sekhar, Finance Officer, JNTUH, has welcomed the
guests on to the Dias. Dr. E. Saibaba Reddy, Registrar, JNTUH has introduced the guests on
the Dias. The workshop is inaugurated by Prof. D.N. Reddy, Hon Vice-Chancellor, JNTUH
and spoke at length about the Cloud Seeding Programme of Andhra Pradesh. He mentioned
that JNTUH has been monitoring the programme from the year 2005 and has done its best in
monitoring and evaluation of the programme. Prof. D.N. Reddy emphasized that there is a
need to strengthen the present center for Atmospheric Sciences and Weather Modification
Technologies, which is over seeing the Cloud Seeding Operations by adding more earth
system sciences like oceanography. About the Cloud Seeding Program success, he pointed out
that the rainfall enhancement in the seeded mandals was 13.6%, 14.4%, 17.6% and 10.6%
during the years 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 respectively. On an average there is a 14% of
rainfall enhancement due to the Cloud Seeding Operations in Andhra Pradesh. Further
enhancement may be possible with the increased infrastructure like radars and aircrafts and
with intensive R&D activities on the cloud Seeding. He explained that the country produces
1,24,000KW of Electricity out of which Thermal power stations contribute 60%. The thermal
power plants releases aerosols into atmosphere, which has to taken into account during Cloud
Seeding. He has advised scientists to under stand the cloud properties before doing the cloud
seeding process to enhance the rainfall.

While giving his presidential remarks Dr. K. Lalkishore, Rector, JNTUH, expressed a
view that JNT University is well poised to monitor the Cloud Seeding programme not only
with the last 5 years experience but also with the kind of interdisplanary departments it has
got such as Water, Environment, Remote Sensing, Civil Engg, Electronics, Computer Science,
etc.

The Guest of Honour of the function was Prof. T. Shivaji Rao, who is a state level
monitoring committee member of the A.P Cloud Seeding Programme, and noted
environmentalist of the country spoke at length about the success of Cloud Seeding not only in

11
Prof. T.Shivaji Rao, Guest of Honor and Member of State level Committee Member addressing the
gathering

Sri Garry L Walker, Director of SOAR Program, USA delivering the keynote address

12
India but about in 30 Countries in the last 30-40 Years. Prof T.Shivaji Rao, in his address
explained the importance of Water in drought-hit areas. He said that due to climate change,
slowly rainfall increases over North Indian states and states north of River Godavari exceeds
about 20%. He cautioned that drought prone areas of peninsular India will have more dry
years ahead. He further reviewed IITM 11-year cloud seeding experiment over Warm clouds,
which has yielded 24% excess rainfall with a cost benefit ratio of 1:60. He further said that the
formation of Raindrop and cloud growth is more scientific. Cloud Seeding depends on
Weather, Topography and Climatic conditions. In warm clouds, only 20% of moisture converts
into water drops and only 6% will come down as rain. Remaining 80% remains as Water
Vapour. Through warm cloud seeding, injected aerosols like CaCl2, NaCl2, AgI converts this
moisture into cloud drops by coalescence and collision process thus enhances the precipitation
by 15-20%.

Prof. T. Shivaji Rao has mentioned that every year about 4,00,000 TMC equivalent water
vapour thrown into atmosphere in India and about only 80,000 TMC of water vapour comes
down as rainfall, the remaining water vapour either precipitates on the ocean or goes to other
countries. Cloud Seeding may yield 15 to 20% out of remaining Water Vapour. Even if we
harness 2% of such moisture through Cloud Seeding, the water scarcity of entire South India
can be solved. He said China engaged Meteorologists in dispersing clouds on Inaugural and
Closing ceremonies of Olympics to make clouds not to rain. Also China is engaging nearly
37,000 personnel, Radars and Radiosonde network with an expenditure of 17,000 billion
dollars in increasing the prosperity of farmers, there by increasing the rainfall by 40% with cost
benefit ratio of 1:27. He has also reviewed Indian experiments. He has explained about
experiments of U.S.A., Australia and other countries. At present 115 programmes are going on
in 40 plus countries. Only in U.S.A. 66 weather modifications programmes are going on.

Mr. Gary L. Walker, Director, Seeding Operations and Atmospheric Research (SOAR)
Programme, USA, has delivered the keynote Address in the inaugural function and delivered
the technical talk in the other sessions. He has of the opinion that the present Cloud Seeding
Programme in Andhra Pradesh is just running with the kind of Technology and efficiency

13
Sri Ramireddy, Progressive farmer from Nalgonda addressing the meeting

14
both in operations and monitoring and evaluation, just like any other Cloud Seeding
Programme in developed countries like USA. For the effective ground truth verification of
Cloud Seeding programme, he has suggested a 1km X 1km Grid of rain gauge network.
Moreover a tracer gas namely Sulphur Hexa Fluoride (SF6) can be introduced along with
seeding material, so that the same tracer could be picked up in the rainfall samples to have the
confirmation of Cloud Seeding. He has also explained about the USA Weather modification
experiments. Most of the experiments are conducted in and around Texas and west coast of
America. In Texas region by simulating thunderstorm clouds through cloud seeding has
resulted in conversion of hailstones into precipitation. Out of on going 66 programmes, most
of them are being conducted on West Coast of USA for increasing snowfall at tourist resorts.

Earlier while explaining about the conference Dr. B. Venkateswara Rao, Coordinator,
CAS&WMT, has opined that even if India achieves ultimate irrigation potential, still some 70%
of cultivable land of India under rain fed conditions. The future food basket lies in this rain fed
cultivation where rainfall enhancement through Cloud Seeding plays a major role. Moreover
we are declaring particular district or a mandal as a drought prone if it receives less than 25%
of normal rainfall. If the Cloud Seeding operations can fill at least half of this gap of rainfall
deficiency, we can drastically reduce the number of drought years to half and saves lot of
money for the Government. Therefore the total Cloud Seeding Operations must be seen as one
of the tools in water management in general and drought management in particular.

In the inaugural session, before commencement of technical Session, Mr. Rami Reddy, a
farmer from Nalgonda urged scientists to recommend cloud seeding operations to start from
1st May and close at the end of November. Especially during June & July at least 10 to 30 mm
rainfall enhancement over RSAD districts will save 1000 crores worth of standing crops. He
said that farmers on their own must have come forward to collect rainwater samples and send
to JNTUH as the institute is helping farmers. He has also said that electronic and print media
to inform public daily on on-going Cloud seeding programme with seeded mandals
information. He praised CAS&WMT, JNTUH scientists in their effort.

15
Dr. B.Venkateswara Rao presenting the results of AP Cloud Seeding Program 2004-2008

16
 The session ended with vote of thanks by Dr. M. Subba Rao, Consultant Meteorologist,
CAS&WMT.

3. Technical Session-I: Cloud seeding operations of Andhra Pradesh 2003-2008

The first technical Session in the workshop is chaired by Dr. G.G.S.N.Rao, CRIDA and
Co-Chaired by Prof D.V. Bhaskara Rao, AU.

The first paper in this session is from Prof. B. Venkateswara Rao, Coordinator,
CAS&WMT who has presented the summary of Cloud Seeding Operations occurred so far in
Andhra Pradesh i.e., from 2003 to 2008 and its back ground information. He has presented the
results of the Cloud Seeding and highlighted the important milestones through which the
programme has been evolved. He mentioned that the Cloud Seeding operations in Andhra
Pradesh were commenced in 2003 and was taken as a pilot study. Regular operations were
started from 2004 with 2 Radars in general. He has shown that radar coverage was not
adequate and there were difficulties for 2 aircrafts to cover all the RSAD terrain. He has
mentioned that there were some lessons learnt out of the present Cloud Seeding programme of
the Andhra Pradesh, which are as follows.

1. Warm cloud seeding is more effective in the last four years. Cloud Seeding is affective
on Continental clouds over Anantapur, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Mahbubnagar, Nalgonda
and Ranga Reddy districts where seeding particle size suits for the enhancement of
Clouds after seeding.
2. Cloud Seeding is ineffective on maritime clouds over coastal districts of Guntur,
Prakasam, Nellore and Eastern half of Chittore. Probably the size of seeded particle is
smaller than Salt particles found in this atmosphere. Hence instead of forming into a
raindrop, more droplets have formed and dissipated. Therefore seeding particle size
has to be increased in these districts.
3. It is also observed in general that cloud seeding is more effective if we get bigger size
monsoon clouds and it is less effective if we get smaller size monsoon clouds.
4. Of late 0.5kg flares is observed to be yielding good results.

17
Dr. Kulkarni, Senior scientist from IITM presenting IITM experience in cloud seeding

18
 The next paper was presented by Wg.Cdr. G.S.R.Sharma and explained Cloud seeding
is one of the water management tools. He explained Principal factors involved and methods of
cloud seeding. He has also explained that Southwest monsoon clouds are 80% Warm clouds,
17% are mixed clouds and only 3% are cold clouds. He further mentioned that from 75% of
continental clouds rainfall is occurring due to strong coalescence and 25% are from
Coalescence and collision processes. Through Radar based calculations he has showed that the
influence zone of 50 kms from seeding point followed by CAS&WMT is correct. He further
mentioned that the increase of rainfall due to cloud seeding is around 60% over and above the
normal rainfall. He has developed a rough mathematical model, which can be used during the
operations. Earlier in the same session Captain Arvind Sharma, CEO of M/s. Agni Aviation
Consultants, Bangalore has also spoke on the occasion and mentioned that his organization is
the only one in the Country, which undertakes the Cloud Seeding Operations and has got the
ISO 9000 Certificate.

4. Technical Session-II: Cloud Seeding Experience and Experiments from India

This session was chaired by Prof. T. Shivaji Rao, GITAM, Visakhapatnam and Co-
Chaired by Dr. K.K.Reddy, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa.

Dr Kulkarni, Scientist from Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune has

explained about salient features of a mammoth national Experiment namely CAIPEEX (Cloud
Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment) to be commenced (phase I)
from 14th May and continued to September 2009 during which they observe Aerosol and
Cloud properties over entire India. Phase II will be from June to October 2010 & 2011 and
Phase III will be from February 2012 during which Analysis of Results will be made. He
explained the direct and indirect effects of Aerosols on clouds and atmosphere. He said
aerosols from Asia drifted over to America and affects Rainfall pattern. In CAIPEEX
programme IMD, IITM and 20 other Institutions and Universities are taking part. Dr Kulkarni
briefly touched upon Cloud seeding experiments of South Africa (1991-95), Mexico (1996-98),
United Arab Republic (2001-04), Indonesia (2005), Italy (2004-05), Wyoming (2005-10) and Se
Queensland, Australia (2008-10). Ground preparations for CAIPEEX (October to December

19
Dr. Marat Z Dosaaev, Russia is presenting Russian experience in hail suppression by using unguided
rockets.

Brainstorming Session on Protocols

20
2008 and up to March 2009) such as calling Global tenders is already over. Twenty rain gauges
were installed with 2 kms resolution in Mumbai for the pilot study. He has also invited
CAS&WMT, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, to take part in this
national experiment for active technical interaction.

Dr J.V.M.Naidu, Retd. Deputy Director General of Meteorology, India Meteorological

Department in his lecture A prospective view on the cloud seeding in Andhra Pradesh told
that many clouds are left without seeding. He said at least 7 to 8 Radars and one aircraft per
Radar are needed for Cloud Seeding operations to be carried out in a full satisfaction manner.
He further said that South India is lucky to have abundant moisture for Seeding and
enhancing Rainfall and suggested ground generators and helicopters for cloud seeding where
aeroplanes cannot operate due to technical reasons.

5. Technical Session-III: Weather Modification TechniquesExperience from Abroad

Post tea Session in the evening was chaired by Dr A.V.R.Krishna Rao, Manager, AP
Cyclone Hazard Mitigation Project, Government of A.P. (Ex Deputy Director General of
MeteorologyCyclone Warning, India Meteorological Department) and Dr S.M.Rao, Retired
Scientist from BARC, Mumbai has Co-chaired the session.

Mr. Gary L Walker, Director, SOAR Programme, USA has explained salient features of
Texas cloud seeding experiments. Agriculturists are benefited with an expenditure of every
one US dollars incurred on the cloud seeding a return of $200 per acre has accrued. Adopting
Glaciogenic seeding of Cumulonimbus clouds, with 0.4 to 4 micron size of Silver iodide, one
flare was used on clouds of 8 km altitude, with updraft of 200 ft / minute, VIL of 10 gm/m3,
cloud mass of 200 km3 at a seeding temperature of -50C to -150C. If the updraft is more than 400
ft/minute second flare being burnt. As per his observation, measuring of rainfall is done in the
normal case by using one rain gauge in an area of 100 km2 and in an experimental mode there
will be one rain gauge in an area of 1km2. As per his statement, the results they got is very
much comparable to the results obtained by CAS&WMT, JNTUH.

21
 Dr Marat Z Dosaev, Director, Institute of Mechanics, Lomonosov Moscow State
university, Russia explained in his topic Cloud Seeding by Unguided Rockets about his
experiment of Hail suppression with Anti-hail rockets. Practice of suppression of hail being
followed by Russia, Moldavia, Croatia and neighboring countries. They use Artillery, Rockets
and Aircraft Methods in cloud seeding operations. Aircrafts and artillery are used in artificial
rainmaking and Fog dispersal. In hail suppression aircraft is difficult to use. Once
Cumulonimbus cloud with Hailstones appear on Radar network (all interlinked for obtaining
Cloud Mosaic), with an input data, computers calculate the number of rockets to be fired and a
decision will be taken. Then the automatic computer guided rocket launchers fire the required
number of rockets with AgI. These rockets with a range of 20 kms will reach a height of 6 to 8
kms depending on cloud structure. Each automatic rocket stack contains 6, 12, 18, and 24. The
number of aerosols of 0.1microns size within a volume of 1 m3 are 1010 to 1011. Their research
confirms that more than 1011 per Cubic metre are efficient for hail suppression, thus saving
crops of 2.3 million hectares in Russia southern and Southwestern portion of Ukraine,
Moldavia, Uzbekistan, Argentina. The efficiency achieved is 83 to 86%. Every year they fire
20,000 rockets. Each rocket cost less than $100/- to $200/- and fully funded by the Russian
Government. They call CCN as reactive agent.

6. Technical Session IV: Brain Storming Session on Protocols

On 16th December 2008, the morning session was chaired by Dr D. Raji Reddy, Agro-
meteorologist, Acharya N.G.Ranga Agriculture University, Hyderabad and Co-chaired by Dr
M. Satya Kumar, Director, Meteorological Centre, Hyderabad. Real Brain Storming Session
has started.

Sri B.V.S.Amatya, Retired Meteorologist, IMD and Consulting Meteorologist of JNTUH

presented Operational and infrastructure Protocol points discussed earlier on 10th December
2008 under the chairmanship of Dr A.V.R.Krishna Rao, Retd DDGM, IMD.

22
Sri N. Raghuveera Reddy, Honble Minister for Agriculture and RSAD, Govt. of AP addressing the
delegates during the brain storming session

23
 The agenda for discussion under protocols is as follows.

1. Maintaining of logbook, indicating the number of seedable clouds, seeded clouds

and reasons there off for not seeding by the Meteorologists at Radar Station.
2. Threshold value of dBZ is to be decided.
3. Threshold value of VIL (Vertical Integral Limit) is to be decided.
4. Necessity of filling the proforma by the pilot about the kind of clouds he has seen
physically, the kind of clouds seeded and the reasons there off for not seeding if
necessary.
5. Who should decide the number of flares to be fired, is it Radar Meteorologist at
radar station or the pilot in the field.
6. How much time is needed between now casting and actual flying for seeding?

Each point was discussed critically and finally approved by the members.
After discussing the above agenda, the members have arrived for final protocol, which
has been appended to this document as annexure I

7. Address of Sri. N. Raghuveera Reddy, Honble Minister for Agriculture and RSAD

In view of the busy schedule of Sri. N. Raghuveera Reddy, Hon. Minister for
Agriculture and RSAD on 15th December 2008, he could not attend the inaugural session.
Therefore he came on 16th December 2008 to the Brain Storming Session and addressed the
learned delegates, Press and Electronic Media at Hotel One Place, Adjacent to Kalamandir,
KPHB, Kukatpally, between 12:30 p.m to 1:30 p.m.

Honble Minister is accompanied by Dr D.N.Reddy, Hon.Vice-chancellor, JNTUH and

Prof. B. Venkateswara Rao, Coordinator, CAS&WMT. Dr. D. N. Reddy has welcomed the
minister and expressed his sincere thanks for selecting JNTUH to run this prestigious project
of Government of Andhra Pradesh. Also he has promised that future project will be done more
vigorously and in a transparent manner. Prof. B Venkateswara Rao, Coordinator of the project
explained daily activity of the centre and explained to the Minister how untiring effort of
scientists of CAS&WMT made this conference possible. They were also accompanied by the

24
Sri N. Raghuveera Reddy, Honble Minister for Agriculture and RSAD, Govt. of AP addressing the
press and electronic media

25
foreign scientists from America and Russia, namely Sri Gary L.Walker and Dr Marat Z.
Dosaaev who have expressed that the work done by the scientists of the CAS&WMT is as on
par with the international standards. Honble minister expressed his joy & happiness and
thanked all the scientists of the centre in their effort. He happily announced that future cloud
seeding programme will be entrusted none other than to CAS&WMT and he wished that this
programme will be extended to FIVE MORE years.

Honble minister has spoken at length on this occasion and mentioned that the
Government is providing irrigation facilities to the farmers and said that even after achieving
the Jalayagnam Project there are still one crore acres of land left unirrigated where rainfall
enhancement through Cloud Seeding will be of some help to the farmers. He has emphatically
mentioned that cloud Seeding Programme is an operational and R&D Programme rather than
an operational programme alone. That is why the Government has consulted the premier
Institution like JNT University to monitor and evaluate the Cloud seeding Programme of
Andhra Pradesh. He humbly feels that the Cloud Seeding programme of Andhra Pradesh is an
experiment, which will definitely yield substantial results after some continuous years of
operation and experience gained out of it. In this context he urged all the experts to suggest
best possible technologies in the Cloud Seeding so that Government can take appropriate
action for the future programme.

Honble minister was honored with a momento by Hon.Vice-Chancellor, JNTUH.

Honble minister has honored the visiting scientists from abroad. The Minister and
Coordinator addressed press and electronic media. The Minister said that in any project initial
hiccups are not uncommon and people may have to wait for the better & best results.

8. Technical Session V: Brainstorming Session on Infrastructure, Radar Coverage

And Network
Under the chairmanship of Sri R.S.Goel, I.A.S., Principal Secretary, RSAD Department,
Government of Andhra Pradesh, and under the Co-chairmanship of Prof. K.P.R.Vittal Murthy,
Retd. Professor & Head of Meteorology and Oceanography Department, Andhra University,
Waltair, the Brain Storming Session was started.

26
Sri R.S. Goel, Principle Secretary RSAD Department addressing the Brainstorming session on
Infrastructure

27
 There were 2 presentations in this session before the Brain Storming Session started.
B. K. Pandey, Retired Air Vice-marshal, Indian Air Force, explained in his talk on Airfield
operations and limitations that existing infrastructure is not enough. More Radars (at least a
minimum of Four Doppler Radars) and Six more aircrafts with a speed of 250-300 km/hr,
endurance of 3 to 3.5 hours with a rate of climb of 1500 feet / minute are needed for optimum
cloud seeding work since each aircraft can cover only 3000 km2. He also expressed that the
present airfields Bangalore & Hyderabad are unable to clear Seeding aircrafts as these are
commercial airports and give first preference to commercial aircrafts. He stressed the need of
development of small airports like Cuddapah, Kurnool, Ongole etc. to cover 12 RSAD districts.
He wants Civil Aviation department to speed up to provide night landing and refueling
facility at Tirupathi airport and Puttaparthy.

Later Dr M.Subba Rao, Academic Advisor, CAS&WMT presented a paper on existing

infrastructure and stressed the need of improvement of Infrastructure such as more aircrafts,
Radars and Automatic tipping bucket Rainguage per every 50 km2.

The agenda for discussion for Brain Storming Session is as follows.

1. Number of Radars and their positioning

2. Number of aircrafts and their positioning
3. Is seeding necessary for all 12 RSAD districts
4. The kind of Infrastructure a Monitoring agency should have.
5. Necessity of Rain gauging network
6. Necessity of Cloud Physics aircraft
After thorough discussions it has been finalized that,
1. Three full Polarimetric Doppler Radars with C-Band facility shall be
commissioned for more effective seeding and monitoring the seeding of clouds
in RSAD districts. The three radars should be under networking facility.
2. The three Radar positions are to be located after analyzing the ground
elevations in GIS mode for their optimal utilization.

28
 3. At least one aircraft per radar is essential.
4. The actual requirement is five aircrafts and four Radars to cover the present
RSAD districts.
5. Cloud physics aircraft is essential to study various microphysical parameters
of the cloud and for aerosol mapping.
Similarly Dr. J.V.M. Naidu and Prof. T. Shivaji Rao have felt that in the places where
aircraft cant cover the seeding operations due to technical reasons, ground based cloud
Seeding equipment including ground generators, helicopters, and rockets can be deployed for
Cloud Seeding where radar coverage is available on a pilot project basis.

Sri. R.S.Goel in his final remarks as chairman of the session mentioned that all the
studies for evaluation of Cloud Seeding may be submitted to the Government as a pilot project
with the cost implication and the logistics. He said that Government will support all such
studies and increase the infrastructure as per the Government budget allocation.

9. Technical Session VI: Brainstorming Session on Evaluation Methodologies and

Research
After tea, under the chairmanship of Prof I.V.Muralikrishna, Ex-coordinator of Indira
Meghamadhanamu project and under the Co-chairmanship of Smt. Morwal Savita Basantlal,
Senior Scientist, IITM, Pune, the session was started. There were 3 presentations in this session
before starting the Brain Storming Session.

A paper entitled Measurements of rain drop distribution and implication to Cloud

Seeding experiment was presented by Dr K.K.Reddy, Dept. of Physics, Yogi Vemana
University, Kadapa. He explained the Models like MM5, WRF, Research & forecast Model and
ARCs Cloud Resolving Storm Stimulation models in forecast precipitation (Rainfall) in Semi-
arid zones like Cuddapah, Kurnool, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, Anantapur and Ranga Reddy
districts. Also Prof. K.P.R.Vittal Murthy delivered a lecture in continuation to Dr K.K.Reddy as
both of them are involved in developing models. They further stressed the need of
Drisdometer, automatic tipping bucket rain gauges to Calibrate & upscalling of Radars.

29
Prof. I.V. Murali Krishna, ex-coordinator CASWMT, Dr. Morwal Savita Basantlal, Senior Scientist
from IITM chairing the Brainstorming session on evaluation methodologies and research.

30
 Dr. M. Satyanarayana, (Retd.) LIDAR Section, Vikram Sarabhai Space centre (VSSC),
Trivandrum and Visiting professor, Department of Opto-electronics, University of Kerala
told the audience that ISRO, Trivandrum has developed multi wave length and polarization
portable LIDARs for cloud seeding work. LIDAR can measure the Raleighs scattering of
aerosols in the vicinity of cloud and also measures the aerosol size & optical properties. He
stressed that importance of Polarimetric Dual Polarised Doppler Radar for the study of
Raindrop size, Distribution and other microphysical-parameters of the Cloud. At this juncture
a discussion on use of tracer gases in cloud seeding to determine the influence zone around the
seeding spot was occurred. Dr S.M.Rao, Retired scientist from BARC suggested the idea of
using of Sulphur Hexa Fluoride (SF6) gas along with flare to identify cloud influence zone is
alright since the gas is highly inert and does not react with the environment. He said that use
of SF6 is preferred though several isotopic material can also be tried.

Later the Brain Storming Session was started. The agenda for discussion in the Brain
Storming Session on Evaluation Methodology and Research is as follows.

How to improve existing analysis.

1. Target & Control Method
2. Double Ratio Method
3. GIS Analysis
4. Chemical Analysis
Flare Composition.
Number of flares to be burnt.
Isotope techniques.
New methods to improve evaluation.
After a thorough discussion following points were arrived for evaluation of Cloud
Seeding programme.

1. To know the exact particle size of the seeding chemical that is to be put in to the cloud, a
pilot project has to be initiated during the cloud seeding operations by trying with

31
 various particle sizes of the chemicals with the clouds of similar physical properties and
where rain gauge network is intensively available.

2. For ground truth verification of rainfall, we must have an intensive rain gauge Network
at Selected places (one in Telangana districts and the other in Rayalaseema districts)
where at least one rain gauge (preferably an Automatic Rain gauge) for an area of every
1km x 1km is to be established on a Pilot Project basis.

3. In order to have conformation about the seeding material released and to confirm that
the cloud seeding has occurred, a tracer namely Sulphur Hexa fluoride (SF6) gas has to
be released along with the seeding material. The resulting rainwater samples must be
collected to trace the SF6 material; there by we can determine the radius of influence of
the cloud. This is also should be on a pilot project basis.

4. In the evaluation methodology the radius of influence has to be in the shape of either
elongated rectangle or circle or ellipsoid as per the movement of the cloud and in such a
way that the total area may cover all the area covered by the cloud.

5. Pending the above experimental results, the seeding particle size on an average should
be 10 microns in warm cloud seeding.

6. In the case of the amount of flare to be burnt, 0.5kg flares are recommended. The total
number of flares has to be based on the radar parameters such as Area, Volume and
V.I.L and LWC of the cloud.

Dr. I.V. Muralikrishna has mentioned that adopting radius of influence, as 50 km is

statistically correct though actual physical movement of the cloud is different.

The Brain Storming Session ended with the Co-Chairmans remarks of Smt. Morwal
Savita Basantlal. During the discussion she mentioned that in the eleven years Cloud Seeding
Experiment of IITM, a Dakota aircraft was used and not the helicopter and she also felt that the
present day technology what the Andhra Pradesh Government is using is much advanced
than the IITM 11 years Cloud Seeding Experiment.

32
10. Technical Session VII: Brainstorming Session on Cloud Seeding Operations

The Brain Storming Session on Cloud Seeding Operations is actually conducted on 17th
December 2008. It was started with Sri Gary L Walker, Director, SOAR project, USA as
chairman and Dr M.Satyanarayana, Scientist, VSSC, Trivandrum as co-chairman. Three paper
presentations were made, one each by Sri R. Narayana Swamy, Consulting Meteorologist, Dr
N.Srinivasa Rao, Research Scientist and Sri S.S.Chandra Bharadwaz, Research Scientist from
CAS&WMT, JNTUH.

Sri R. Narayana swamy, presented meteorologists role in daily events of Cloud Seeding
operations.

Dr N.Srinivasa Rao, Scientist CAS&WMT, JNTUH in his paper GIS Analysis of Cloud
seeding operations showed the role of GIS in Rainfall studies in different terrains. He further
explained through his slides that the excessive seeding will dissipate the clouds and observed
that 0.5kg flares are yielding more rainfall. His studies gave details of cloud seeding operations
in different years during 2005-2008.

Sri S.S.Chandra Bharadwaz, Scientist CAS&WMT, JNTUH in his paper Radar data
Analysis of cloud seeding operations has shown that there is a growth in Liquid Water
Content, Mass, Area, Thickness, Rain Mass, Life Time and reduction of height of centroid etc.,
of the cloud after seeding. And he also showed the difference between the temporal variation
of Rain Mass of the natural clouds [unseeded] and seeded clouds. He used double Ratio
method to know the impact of cloud seeding programme in different districts. Control &
Target method and other statistical methods are also used by him to show the impact of
seeding on clouds and felt that cloud seeding is really a successful programme.

Sri Gary L. Walker, Director, SOARs Project, Texas, USA has praised presentations.
Scientists from the other institutions like IMD, IITM, VSSC, BARC has appreciated these two
papers presented by the scientists of CAS&WMT, JNTUH.

Then the Brain Storming Session on Daily Operations was started and the following is
the agenda.

33
 1. Is it necessary to announce now casting mandals in the afternoon before
commencement of the seeding?
2. Modification of Daily bulletin if necessary
3. Necessity of design consultants for the project
4. Role of Chief Planning Officers and Agriculture Department

After thorough discussion in this session it is felt that the present now casting mandals
in the afternoon before commencement of the seeding may be continued however they can be
communicated directly to the mandal officer rather than Chief Planning Officers who are busy
with various meetings. Sri. M. Rama Chandra, Asst. Director, from office of the Chief Planning
Officer of Kadapa, has said that necessary TA/DA has to be provided to the persons who are
collecting the rainfall water samples.

After the deliberations the following points were emerged.

1) The cloud seeding operations must be effectively utilized for hydropower generation as
well as for Hail suppression also.

2) Legislation must be enacted on Cloud seeding / Weather modification in Andhra

Pradesh on the lines of the similar laws passed in China and several states in U.S.A.

3) Keeping in mind the above recommendations, a detailed project report need to be

prepared by the experienced subject experts / expert committee constituted by the
government for taking up the project and the expected out come.

4) An annual report is to be submitted by the monitoring body for review along with the
recommendations for the inputs for future.

11. Valedictory and Concluding Session:

After a small tea break, Valedictory and Concluding Session was started under the
chairmanship of Dr. E. Saibaba Reddy, Registrar, JNTUH.

34
Dr. E. Saibaba Reddy, Registrar, JNTU addressing the Valedictory and concluding session.

35
Sri. R. Narayana Swamy, Consulting Meteorologist of CAS&WMT, JNTUH, has welcomed the
Registrar, and other dignitaries on the Dias. Prof. B. Venkateswara Rao has summarized the
entire proceedings of the workshop and Brain Storming Sessions and read out the final
recommendations. These are discussed at threadbare and finalized recommendations are listed
in the following article No.12. While giving his presidential remarks Dr. E. Saibaba Reddy felt
that there is no necessity of third party for preparing the detailed project report. He said that it
is enough if we can identify some of the National experts amongst this group who can prepare
a detailed project report for 5 years. In his valedictory address Dr. Marat Z. Dosaev, Director,
Institute of Mechanics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, said that mathematical modeling
could be taken up with the existing data so that prognastics could be made before seeding the
cloud.

Mr. Gary L. Walker has also felt that there is no necessity of foreign consultants to
prepare a project report in view of the lot of experience gained over the last 5 years by
CAS&WMT and RSAD Department.

The meeting ended with the vote of thanks by Prof. B. Venkateswara Rao, Coordinator,
CAS&WMT. He has mentioned that maximum transparency will be maintained for the rest of
Cloud Seeding Operations.

12. Recommendations of the Workshop and Brain Storming Session.

1. It is recommended to extend the present cloud seeding program in Andhra Pradesh

namely Indira Meghamadhanamu for a further period of 5years from 2009 onwards.

2. There is a necessity of improving the present infrastructure in Indira Meghamadanamu

program in many ways for increasing the operations and for achieving the desired
results.

a) It is suggested that at least three full Polarimetric Doppler Radars with C-Band
facility shall be commissioned for more effective seeding and monitoring the
seeding of clouds in RSAD districts. The three radars should be under
networking facility.

36
 b) The three Radar positions are to be located after analyzing the ground elevations
in GIS mode for their optimal utilization.

c) At least one aircraft per radar is essential.

d) The actual requirement is five aircrafts and four Radars to cover the present
RSAD districts.

3. In the places where aircraft cant cover the seeding operations due to technical reasons,
ground based cloud seeding equipment including ground generators, helicopters and
rockets can be deployed for cloud seeding where radar coverage is available on a pilot
project basis.

4. Cloud physics aircraft is essential to study various microphysical parameters of the

cloud and for aerosol mapping.

5. To know the exact particle size of the seeding chemical that is to be put in to the cloud, a
pilot project has to be initiated during the cloud seeding operations by trying with
various particle sizes of the chemicals with the clouds of similar physical properties
where rain gauge network is intensively available.

6. For ground truth verification of rainfall we must have an intensive rain gauge network
at selected places (one in Telangana districts and the other in Rayalaseema districts)
where at least one rain gauge (preferably an Automatic Rain gauge) for an area of every
1km x 1km is to be established on a pilot project basis. In general at least one rain gauge
for every 50 km2 area is required in RSAD Districts for effective monitoring of the
Cloud Seeding Programme.

7. In order to have conformation about the seeding material released and to confirm that
the cloud seeding has occurred, a tracer namely Sulphur Hexa Fluoride (SF6) gas has to
be released along with the seeding material. The resulting rainwater samples must be
collected to trace the SF6 material; there by we can determine the radius of influence of
the cloud. This is also should be on a pilot project basis.

37
8. In the evaluation methodology the radius of influence has to be in the shape of either
elongated rectangle or circle or ellipsoid as per the movement of the cloud and in such a
way that the total area may cover all the area covered by the cloud.

9. Pending the above experimental results, the seeding particle size on an average Should
be 10 microns in warm cloud seeding.

10. In the case of the amount of flare to be burnt, 0.5kg flares are recommended. The total
number of flares has to be based on the radar parameters such as Area, Volume and
V.I.L and LWC of the cloud.

11. The cloud seeding operations must be effectively utilized for hydropower generation
and Hail suppression also.

12. Legislation must be enacted on Cloud seeding / Weather modification in Andhra

Pradesh on the lines of the similar laws passed in China and several states in U.S.A.

13. Keeping in mind the above recommendations, a detailed project report need to be
prepared by the experienced subject experts / expert committee constituted by the
government for taking up the project and the expected out come.

14. An annual report is to be submitted by the monitoring body for review along with the
recommendations for the inputs for future.

38
 ANNEXURE I

The Protocol Points Discussed and Approved in Brain Storming Session On 16-12-08

The Experts Committee has suggested to get days weather forecast from Indian
meteorological department on a daily basis at 10 am and it should be get updated at
1300 hours before commencement of seeding operations. To this effect a letter to be
addressed to Secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences to instruct IMD to issue special
forecast in the morning

Meteorologist of the contractor should present the results of the seeding from time to
time before the Technical Review Committee constituted by the Government. The
observations and recommendations of Technical Committee are to be communicated by
JNTUH to contractor for consideration.

The comparison of the seeding results with ground truth is to be carried out by the
contractor and submit to JNTUH. All available Rain Gauge data for this purpose to be
provided by the customer.

The Protocol committee has suggested that the seeding operations should start from 1st
June till 30th November every year.

Cold cloud seeding may be undertaken in the absence of Warm clouds only. Preference
must be given for Warm cloud seeding.

39
 CLOUD SEEDING PROTOCOLS 2009
WARM CLOUD SEEDING

S.NO. Particulars of protocol

METEOROLOGIST OF JNTUH
1. Weather forecast valid for 24hrs. with an outlook for next two days, to be issued by 1100-1200hrs
IST and passed on to Radar stations for taking decision in cloud seeding operation.
2. Based on the forecast, cloud seeding aircraft pilot has to file flight plan.
3. Consulting Meteorologist may launch reccee flights at his discretion or on instructions from the
co-coordinator of JNTUH monitoring cell, however they must record the reasons for such reccee
flights.
4. Meteorologists of JNTUH and Radar Meteorologist at Radar control room in mutual consultation
will decide the number of flares to be used on that day for seeding clouds.
5. JNTUH meteorologist and Radar meteorologist must maintain a log every day for number of
seedable clouds observed and the number of clouds seeded and the reasons for not seeding the
rest of the clouds.
RADAR METEOROLOGIST
6. a) Advice the pilot for seeding only when dB value is approximately more than 15dBz.
b) Vertical extent of the cloud likely to be more than or equal to 5000 ft. (1524 metres.)
c) Liquid water content to be between 0.25g to 4.0 g per cubic meter.
d) Updraft to be at least 200 ft./minute (61m / minute)
7. Cloud thickness to be measured using Radar techniques.
8. Monitor the growth and movement of the cloud using Radar techniques.
9. Guide aircraft to the most suitable cloud, based on the priority laid down by the customer.
10. Monitor the growth of the cloud during post seeding by using Radar techniques.
11. Guide the aircraft to the next suitable cloud, if any.
12. The lowest height to carry out base cloud seeding should confirm to aviation safety regulations.
13. Seeding rate to be as per the situation of existing cloud status. When the seedable cloud is outside
Radar range, Pilot can take a decision to seed as per protocols.
14. Seed the Altostratus clouds of sufficient (>2Km) thickness with updraft 100 ft/minute. Burning of
flares from both the wings of the aircraft at the same time can be done where the conditions are
favorable in terms of cloud volume and updraft.
15. The operator must calibrate equipment and software from an authorized agency and obtain the
certificate. PILOT
16. The CCN particle size spectrum should be submitted as per the approved size of the protocol, i.e.
17. Updraft to be at least 200 ft./minute (61 m/minute)
10 micron size and a certificate should be obtained from a competitive authority.
18. No base seeding to be done if the cloud base is above 12000 ft.
19. The cloud base should be smooth and flat (for base seeding)
20. The cloud must be sharp and contain well-defined edges, not wispy or cotton like.
21. Do not seed under rain-band.
22. The lowest height to carry out base cloud seeding should confirm to aviation safety regulations.
23. Seeding rate to be as per the situation or existing cloud status. When the seedable cloud is outside
Radar range, Pilot can take a decision to seed as per protocols.
24. Mission may be called off for safety reasons by the pilot and he is solely responsible for flight
safety.
25. Seed the Altostratus clouds of sufficient (>2Km) thickness with updraft 100 ft/minute. Burning of
flares from both the wings of the aircraft at the same time can be done where the conditions are
favorable in terms of cloud volume and updraft.
26. Fly aircraft to the most suitable cloud as per the instructions of Radar Meteorologist.
27. Monitor the growth of the cloud and report the occurrence of rain after seeding.
28. Fly the aircraft to the next suitable cloud, if any as instructed by Radar Meteorologist.
29. At the end of the day, record the details of clouds seen during cloud seeding flight in a log book
containing the number of clouds seeded if not seeded, the reasons there off.
30. The lowest height to carry out base cloud seeding should confirm to aviation safety regulations.
NOTE The norms will be reviewed periodically and amended with mutual consent between
Monitoring Agency ( now JNTUH) and the contractor.
40
 CLOUD SEEDING PROTOCOLS 2009
COLD CLOUD SEEDING

S.NO. Particulars of protocol

METEOROLOGIST OF JNTUH
1. Weather forecast valid for 24hrs. with an outlook for next two days, to be issued by 1200-1300hrs
IST and passed on to Radar stations for taking decision in cloud seeding operation.
2. Based on the forecast, cloud seeding aircraft pilot has to file flight plan.
3. Consulting Meteorologist may launch reccee flights at his discretion or on instructions from the
co-coordinator of JNTUH monitoring cell, however they must record the reasons for such reccee
flights.
4. Meteorologists of JNTUH and Radar Meteorologist at Radar control room in mutual consultation
will decide the number of flares to be used on that day for seeding clouds.
5. JNTUH meteorologist and Radar meteorologist must maintain a log every day for number of
seedable clouds observed and the number of clouds seeded and the reasons for not seeding the
rest of the clouds.
RADAR METEOROLOGIST
6. a) Advice seeding only when dB value approximately more than 30dBz.
b) Minimum thickness of the cloud likely to be at least 18000 ft. (5486 metres) the cloud top
should reach temperature levels of -5 to -100C (not ice crystals)
c) Liquid Water Content must be between 0.5 g to 4.5 g per cubic meter.
7. A cloud that has not yet began to rain.
8. Monitor the growth and movement of the cloud under post seeding using Radar techniques.
9. Guide aircraft to the most suitable cloud, based on priority laid down by the customer.

PILOT
10. Updraft to be at least 400 ft./minute (122 m/minute)
11. No ejectable flare seeding to be done below 14,000 ft (4267 metres)
12. The cloud base should be smooth and flat
13. Minimum thickness of the cloud to be at least 18000 ft (5486 metres.)
14. Do not seed under rain-band.
15. The cloud must be sharp with well-defined edges, not wispy or cotton like.
16. Monitor the growth of the cloud and report the occurrence of rain after seeding.
17. Fly the aircraft to the most suitable cloud, as per the instructions of Radar Meteorologist.
18. Seeding rate to be as per the situation or existing cloud status. When the seedable cloud is outside
Radar range, Pilot can take a decision to seed as per protocols.
19. Guide the aircraft to the next suitable cloud, if any.
20. Mission may be called off for safety reasons by the pilot and he is solely responsible for flight
safety.
NOTE The norms will be reviewed periodically and amended with mutual consent between
department (now JNTUH) and the contractor.

41
ANNEXURE-II

42
43
44
 Annuxature-III
LIST OF PARTICIPATED DELEGATES
S.NO. NAME DESIGNATION & ADDRESS E-MAIL
1 N.RaghuveeraReddy Honble Minister (AHS & RSAD)
2 R.S.Goel Principal Secretary to Government (RSAD)
Department, Secretariat Hyderabad.
3 Dr.Dosaev Marat Institute Of Mechanics, Dosayev@imec.msu.ru
LMSU,Moscow,Russia.
4 Sri Mr. Gary L Walker Director of the Seeding Operations and
Atmospheric Sciences (SOAR) Program. USA
5 B.M.MuraliKrishnaRao Director Ground Water Department, apsgwd@sify.com
Hyderabad.
6 Dr.D.RamaKrishnaRao Prof, ECE Dept, Gitanjali College Of E&T, dramkrao@gmail.com
KesaraManadal, Hyderabad.
7 Dr.K.MruthyunjayaRedd A.P.State Remote SensingApplications Centre kmruthyu@yahoo.com
y Khairatabad, Hyderabad.
8 Dr.KVR.VittalMurthy Retd Prof A.U.Visakhapatnam KVRVM@yahoo.com
9 Dr.L.V.G.Rao Former Dy.Director, National Institute Of lvgrao@yahoo.com
Oceanography (NIO), GOA.
10 Dr.M.SatyaKumar Director,IndianMeterologyCentre, Msatyak@yahoo.com
Airport, Begumpet, Hyderabad.
11 Dr.M.Satyanarayana VSSC, Trivandrum.
12 Dr.S.B.Morwal IITM, Pune. morwal@tropmet.res.in
13 Dr.S.M.Rao BARC Dr.raosm@gamil.com
14 Dr.S.VijayaBhaskarRao Department Of Physics, S.V.University, drsvbr@rediffmail.com
Tirupati.
15 Dr.V.RamaKrishnaRao EX-Emeritus Scientist With CASWMT Vrkesr@yahoo.com
16 Dr. S. Jeevananda Reddy Retd. ICRISAT, WMO/UN and expert Jeevananda_reddy@yah
FAO/UN oo.com

17 Dr.VUM Rao CRIDA, SantoshNagar, Hyderabad. VUMRao@crida.ernet.in

18 Dr.Y.K.Reddy IMD, Cyclone Detection, Radar Station,
Frenchpaet, Machalipatnam.
19 G.SudhakarRao Director FMO, IMD, Begum pet, Hyderabad
20 M.r.D.V.Rao Director IMD, Begum pet, Hyderabad.
21 N.Pandharinath Director(Retd),IMD
22 Prof.Dr.I.V.MuraliKrishn EX-Co-ordinator, CASWMT ivm@ieee.org
a
23 Prof.T.ShivajiRao Director Centre for Environment Studies,
GITAM, Viskhapatnam
24 S.B.Tyagi Director IMD, Begum pet, Hyderabad
25 Dr.AVR Krishna Rao APCHMP.Secretariat, Hyderabad. Krishna3965@rediffmail
.com
26 Dr.D.RajiReddy ANGRU, Agro met-Cell, ARI, Drreddy001@yahoo.co
RajendraNagar, Hyderabad. m
27 Dr.D.V.BhaskarRao Department Of Meteorology 45
Dvb_rao@rediffmail.co
Oceanography, AndhraUniversity, m
Visakhapatnam.
28 Dr.G.G.S.N.Rao Project Director, Agro-Meteorology, CRIDA,
Hyderabad.
29 Dr.J.R.Kulkarni IITM,Pune jrksup@tropmet.res.in
30 Dr.J.V.M.Naidu Dy.DirectorGeneral (Retd), IMD, Vizag. jvmnaidu@rediffmail.co
m
31 Dr.K.KrishnaReddy AssociateProfessor&Head, Dept Of Physics, Krishna.kkreddy@gmail
YogivemanaUniversity, Kadapa. .com
32 Y.Mathews A.D,Chief Planning Officer, Nalgonda Mathews_yerramasi@y
ahoo.com
33 V.Lalith Kumar Asst.Director, Chief Planning Officer,
Rangareddy.
34 N.RajaRajeshwari Chief Planning Officer RangaReddy
Collectorate, Lakdikapool, Hyd.
35 M.RamaChandra Asst.Director, chief Planning Officer, Kadapa.
36 M.BalaKrishna Chief Planning Officer,MahaboobNagar. AV119582003@yahoo.co
m
37 Kari.Satyanarayana Chief Planning Officer, Collectorate, Guntur.
38 K.VijayaKumar Asst.Director, Chief Planning
Officer,Karimnagar.
39 S.JaganMohanReddy Farmer, Nalgonda
40 P.RamiReddy Farmer, Nalgonda
41 Mr. Venkat Reddy Farmer, Nalgonda
42 T. Kondal Reddy Farmer, Nalgonda
43 B.VeerendharReddy (M.B.A. Final Sem Student) Old City, Aliabad, sarlareddy@yahoo.co.in
Hyderabad.
44 A.RajasimhaReddy Lecturer, Govt. Degree College for Women, Raju_abbareddy@yahoo
Sangareddy .co.in
45 Dr.G.Sreenivas Acharya NG Ranga AgricultureUniversity, Gsreenivas2002@yahoo.
RajendraNagar,Hyderabad. co.in
46 Dr.GopaDutt Head of the Department (Physics) Anwar-Ul-
Uoolom College,HYD.
47 M.Satya Murthy Lecture in Physics
48 B.K.Pandy Air-Chief Marshal
49 CAPT.ArvindSharma Agni Aviation
50 D.Narasimham Wg.Commander(Retd)

51 GSR Sharma Wg Commander (Retd) Gsr_sarma@yahoo.com

46
 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS FROM JNTUH FACULTY AND STAFF

S.NO. NAME DESIGNATION

1. Dr.D.N.Reddy Vice-Chancellor
2. Dr.E.SaibabaReddy Registrar
3. Dr.K.LalKishore Rector
4. Dr.G.K.Viswanath Director of Evaluation
5. K.ChandraSekhar Finance Officer
6. Dr.T.KishenKumarReddy Director (R&D)
7. Dr.K.RamaMohanRao Director (BICS & Officer) I/C, ED
8. Dr.G.Tulasiram Das Director of Academic & Planning
9. Dr.ARK Prasad Head (Department of Mathematics)
10. Dr.M.AnjiReddy Director I/C, (UFR)
11. Dr.M.LakshmiNarasu Director (IST)
12. Dr.A.Damodaram Director I/C, (ASC)
13. Dr.A.RamaChandra Aryasri Director I/C, (School of Management)
14. Dr.G.Poshal Director I/C, (Admissions)
15. Dr.A.Vinay Babu Director I/C, (SCDE)
16. Dr.CH.SasiKala Head (Centre for Environment)
17. Dr.N.V. RamanaRao Principal(JNTU CE)
18 Smt.C.Sarala Head (Centre for Water Resources)
19. Dr.Archana Giri Head (School of Biotechnology)
20. J.Venkatesh Head (CSIT)
21. Dr.K.Mukkanti Head (Centre for Pharmacy)
22. N.Suresh M.Tech J.N.T.U. (WET)
23. Y.SivaPrasad M.Tech J.N.T.U (WET)
24. V.Varalakshmi Research scholar, Water resource
25. Ravi Research scholar, Water resource
26. Srinivasreddy Research scholar, Water resource
27. Pavan Research scholar, Water resource

47
 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS FROM CASWMT, JNTUH

1. B.venkateswara rao Co-ordinator , CASWMT

2. Dr. M. subba rao Academic advisor / Senior resource person
3. Sri. P. narayana swamy Academic advisor / Senior resource person
4. Sri. B.V.S. Amatya Academic advisor / Senior resource person
5. Sri. D. Nageswara rao Project manager
6. Dr. N. Srinivasa rao Junior resource person
7. Sri S.S.Chandra Bharadwaz Junior resource person
8. Sri. Hari prasad Junior resource person
9. Sri. K. Jayaram Research assistant
10. Sri. M.Tej kiran Research assistant
11. Sri. N. Ravi kumar Research assistant
12. Sri. G. Ramojee kumar Research assistant

48