To solve the 2D incompressible viscous flow problem above and determine its steady-state flow

field, we would use the Streamfunction-vorticity formulation as described in the following

steps:

1. The computational grid is first set up.

2. The initial conditions at t=0 are established.

3. Set the boundary conditions for k

4. Solve 2 = to obtain k

5. Calculate = and = from k

6. Calculate boundary conditions for k from k

7. March forward one step in time to obtain k+1 for the vorticity transport equation:

1 2
+ + =

8. Check for convergence using a stopping criteria

Using the streamfunction-vorticity method,

1. The computational grid is first set up.

M: Number of grid points in x-direction = 120

N: Number of grid points in y-direction = 80

It would be important to note that the grid points are inclusive of boundary points.

1.0

80

0 1.5
x 120

Using a square grid, x = y = 1/80

Re = 200

2. The initial conditions at t=0 are established.

At time t = 0, set 0 = 0 throughout entire computational domain.

3. Set the boundary conditions for k

For the bottom wall,

i,0 = 0
For the left wall above the inlet,

0, () = 100 ( 2 ) ( 0.1)
3

Given Uin = 0.1 Umax, and y = 0.2,

The non-dimensional form of the equation would yield:

0.1
0, () = 100 ( 2 ) ( 0.1)
3

0, () = 100 ( 2 ) ( 0.1) 0.1
3
= 0.0133333333

Since the left wall, right wall and top wall are linked and in contact with each other, their
wall boundary conditions for are the same throughout.

For the right wall,

, () = 0.0133333333

For the top wall,

, () = 0.0133333333

The inlet and outlet boundary conditions are governed as follows:

, () = 100 ( 2 ) ( 0.1) 0.1
3

4. Solve = to obtain k

2 =

2 2
+ =
2 2
Using second order (five point) central difference scheme at the interior points i,j:

+1, 2, + 1, ,+1 2, + ,1
+ = ,
2 2

Since x =y,

+1, 2, + 1, + ,+1 2, + ,1 = , ( 2 )

1
( + 1, + ,+1 + ,1 + , ( 2 )
4 +1,

To solve the streamfunction-vorticity equation, which is a Poission equation,

We would use the Successive Over-relaxation Method (SOR).

The SOR comprises of two steps at each unknown :

1) The Gauss-Seidel (GS) Step to calculate from the current SOR values at i,jk and
k+1 (where j < i) at an intermediate
i,j +1 : ,

1
, +1 = (+1, + 1, +1 + ,+1 + ,1 +1 + , ( 2 )
4

2) The Relaxation Step to calculate final , +1 values using relaxation parameter :

, +1 =
, +1 + (1 ) ,

typically ranges from 0 to 2 where = 1 will yield the GS method.

However, in order to expedite the convergence, we would employ an optimal relaxation

factor which is calculated as such:

Spectral radii of Jacobi Iteration:

( ) = cos ( )

2
= 1 0.5 ( ) where M and N are the no. of grid points

= 0.999486
 Using the computed spectral radii, opt can be calculated:

2
=
1 + 1 ( )2

2
=
1 + 1 (0.99486)2

= 1.93787

5. Calculate = and = from k

Using 2nd order central difference scheme, the interior values of u and v can be computed
as follows:

,+1 + ,1
, =
2

+1, + 1,
, =
2

To compute the boundary values of u and v,

For inlet and outlet boundary conditions,

, = 100()( 0.2)

Given Uin = 0.1 Umax,

The non-dimensional form of the equation would yield:

0.1
, = 100()( 0.2)

, = 100()( 0.2)(0.1)

, = 0
 Due to the no-slip boundary conditions at the wall, the velocities at the walls are zero for
case 1.

Hence, for the bottom, top, left and right walls,

, = 0

, = 0

For case 2, the top wall comprises of a section between 0.4L and 1.1L which slides to the
left at = 1.0

The non-dimensional form of the equation would yield:

= 1.0 for i = 32 to 88

6. Calculate boundary conditions for k from k

For the bottom wall, since the wall is stationary,

2
,0 = ( ,1 )
2 ,0

For the top wall,

For case 1 where the wall is stationary,

2
, = ( ,1 )
2 ,

For case 2 where the wall at 0.4L to 1.1L slides with velocity Uslide,

2
, = ( ,1 + , ())
2 ,

For the right wall,

2
, = ( ,1 )
2 ,

For the left wall,

2
0, = ( 0,1 )
2 0,
At the top left and right (concave) corners,

, = 0

At the bottom right (convex) corner, ,16

1,16
1,16 + ,15
,16 =
2

At the bottom left (convex) corner, ,15

Vorticity at the concave boundary point is
1,16 + 0,15 computed as an average of the values taken at
0,16 =
2 the white and black points

For the inlet boundaries,

0,+1 0,1
0, = ( ) = |
0, 0, 2

where | 0
0,

Hence,

0,+1 0,1
0, =
2

For the outlet boundaries,

| =0
,

, = 1,
7. March forward one step in time to obtain k+1 for the vorticity transport equation

For the vorticity transport equation, we would use the Forward-Time Central-Space
difference (FTCS) scheme to obtain k+1.

This method makes use of 2nd order central difference scheme for space operator and
forward Euler for time integration.

1 2
+ + =

1 2 2
+ + = ( + )
2 2

+1
, , +1, 1, ,+1 ,1
+ , + ,
2 2

+1, 2, + 1, ,+1 2, + ,1
= ( + )
2 2

+1
, .
, .
, = , (+1, 1, ) ( ,1 )
2 2 ,+1
. .
+ 2 (+1, 2, + 1, ) + 2 (,+1 2, + ,1 )

Where = 1 / Re = 0.005

However, we would have to compute for the limitation on the timestep h for stability from
von Neumann analysis:

1 2 2 2
2 min{ , }
2 2 + 2 2

Where 2 = (2 + 2 ) = ||2 (Magnitude of Velocity)

200 0.01254 2
2 min{ 2 2
, }
2 0.0125 + 0.0125 200(1)

2 min{0.0078125 , 0.01}

Hence, timestep h is chosen to be 0.005.

 8. Check for convergence using a stopping criteria

To check for convergence, the stopping criteria is set as:

+1 < 106

Concluding Remarks for Numerical Schemes Adopted

When solving for the Streamfunction-Vorticity equation in Pt. 4, the solution is not iterated
to convergence. Instead, it is iterated 20 times at each time level so as to reduce the
computational time.

The Successive Over-relaxation (SOR) method was used to solve for the Streamfunction-
Vorticity equation in this case. However, to hasten convergence, other iterative methods
such as the Red Black Point (RBP) method may also be used in place of SOR.

Although the Streamfunction-Vorticity scheme would have a time lag of uk and vk due to
the implicit computation of k+1, however, since this problem requires the steady state flow
field to be determined only, the lagging would not bear any important significance in this
regard.
 Case 1: Uslide = 0

Non-dimensional U-velocity of Flow along x/L

0.03

0.025
Non-dimensional U-velocity

0.02

0.015 x/L = 0.4

x/L = 0.75

0.01 x/L = 1.1

0.005

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
y/L

Non-dimensional V-velocity along y/L

0.05

0.04

0.03
Non-dimensional V-velocity

0.02

0.01

0 y/L = 0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 y/L = 0.6
-0.01

-0.02

-0.03

-0.04

-0.05
x/L
 Case 1: Uslide = 0

Contour Plot of Stream-function field

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3D Contour Plot of Stream-function Field

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0-0.002 0.002-0.004 0.004-0.006 0.006-0.008 0.008-0.01 0.01-0.012 0.012-0.014

 Case 1: Uslide = 0

Contour Plot of Vorticity field

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-2-0 0-2 2-4

3D Contour Plot of Vorticity Field

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 Case 2: Uslide = 1

Non-dimensional u-velocity along x/L

0.4

0.2

0
Non-dimensional u-velocity

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

-0.2
x/L = 0.4
-0.4
x/L = 0.75

-0.6 x/L = 1.1

-0.8

-1

-1.2
y/L

Non-dimensional V-velocity along y/L

0.3

0.2

0.1
Non-dimensional v-velocity

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-0.1 y/L = 0.2
y/L = 0.6
-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5
x/L
Case 2: Uslide = 1

Contour Plot of Stream-function Field

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0-0.05 0.05-0.1 0.1-0.15

3D Contour Plot of Stream-function Field

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 Case 2: Uslide = 1

Contour Plot of Vorticity Field

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3D Contour Plot of Vorticity Field

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-100--80 -80--60 -60--40 -40--20 -20-0 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100