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Physics XI
Simple Harmonic Motion
P. K. Bharti, B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur
2007 P. K. Bharti
All rights reserved.
www.vidyadrishti.com/concept
2013-2015
S.H.M. Author: Pranjal Sir (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur) Concept,, Sec 4, JB-20, Bokaro Ph. 7488044834
Some Definitions 2
f (t) = sin t = sin t
Periodic motion: A motion which repeats itself after a T
regular interval of time is called periodic motion. 2 t
and g (t) = cos t = cos
T
Oscillation/ Vibration: Those periodic motion which
repeats itself about equilibrium point are known as
Spring mass system on a frictionless surface
oscillation or vibration.
Let us consider a mass attached to a spring which in turn,
Note: Equilibrium point is the point where net force
and/or net torque is zero. attached to a rigid wall. The spring-mass system lies on a
e.g., uniform circular motion is a periodic motion, but it is frictionless surface.
We know that if we stretch or compress a spring, the mass
not oscillatory.
Every oscillatory motion is periodic, but every periodic will oscillate back and forth about its equilibrium
(mean) position. Equilibrium position is the point where
motion need not be oscillatory.
net force and net torque is zero.
Difference between oscillation & vibration: When the The point at which the spring is fully compressed or fully
frequency is small, we call it oscillation. e.g., the stretched is known as extreme position.
oscillation of a pendulum. When the frequency is high, The maximum displacement of the body oscillation on
we call it vibration. e.g., the vibration of a string of a either side of the equilibrium position is called the
guitar. amplitude. In other language, we can say that amplitude
Time Period (T): The smallest interval of time after is the distance between mean position and extreme
which the periodic motion is repeated is called time position. Amplitude is denoted by letter A and its SI unit
period. is m.
S.I. unit: second (s)
Frequency ( or f): The number of repetitions that occur
per unit time is called frequency of the periodic motion. It
is denoted by (Greek nu) or f. Frequency is the
reciprocal of time period T. Therefore,
1
v= f= (relation between frequency and time
T
period)
S.I. unit: hertz (Hz).
1 Hz = 1 s-1
Physically, if a body repeats its motion faster, it will said
to have higher frequency. If we observe motion of the block carefully, we find that
speed i.e., magnitude of velocity is maximum at mean
Periodic, harmonic and non-harmonic functions position. Similarly speed is minimum i.e., zero at extreme
(Mathematically) positions as block stops momentarily at extreme positions.
Any function that repeats itself at regular intervals of its Since, equilibrium position is the point where net force
argument is called a periodic function. The periodic and net torque is zero. Therefore, acceleration of the mass
functions which can be represented by a sine or cosine is zero at equilibrium point. Magnitude of acceleration is
curve are called harmonic functions. maximum at extreme positions.
All harmonic functions are necessarily periodic but all
periodic functions are not harmonic. The periodic
functions which cannot be represented by single sine or
cosine function are called non-harmonic functions. The
following sine and cosine functions are periodic with
period T:
a = 2 x (S.H.M.) (D)
As this restoring force F is opposite to that of where, is known as angular frequency of SHM.
displacement, therefore, we can write from Hookes Law
F = kx (S.H.M.) (A) Relation between angular frequency () with time
period (T) and frequency (f)
(negative sign because F is opposite to x)
Loosely speaking, we can consider angular frequency to
Fx (S.H.M.) (B)
be the angular velocity when a body moves in uniform
(because k is a constant) circular motion.
Thus, the resultant restoring force F acting on the body Clearly, the particle covers an angular displacement 2
is proportional to the displacement x from the equilibrium rad in a time equal to its time period T. Therefore,
position and is directed opposite to the displacement, i.e.,
2
towards the equilibrium point. This kind of motion is = (angular frequency in terms of time period)
T
known as simple harmonic motion (S. H. M.).
nd
SI unit of is s1 .
Again, from Newtons 2 Law, we have
Since, frequency f is given by f = 1/T, therefore we can
F = ma write
Therefore, using (A), 2
= 2 f
=
kx =
ma T
A2 x 2
v=
(relation between velocity & displacement in SHM)
Oscillations of a body dropped in a tunnel along the Let the cylinder be slightly depressed through distance x from
diameter of the earth the equilibrium position and left to itself. It begins to oscillate
under the restoring force,
Let us consider earth to be a sphere of radius R and centre O.
F = Net upward force = Weight of liquid column of height x
A straight tunnel is dug along the diameter of the earth. Let g
or, F = A x l g = A l g x (i)
be the value of acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the
i.e., F x.
earth.
A Negative sign shows that F and x are in opposite directions.
Hence the cork executes SHM with force constant, k = A l g
d P
R Also, mass of = A h
x Period of oscillation of the cork is
m A h h
O =
T 2= 2 = 2
k A l g l g
v0 v
Physics Class Schedule for Std XIIth (Session 2014-15) by Pranjal Sir
Sl. No. Main Chapter Topics Board level JEE Main Level JEE Adv Level
Vectors, FBD, Work, Energy, Rotation, rd th
Basics from XIth 3 Mar to 4 Apr 14
SHM
1. Electric Charges and Coulombs Law 5th & 6th Apr 5th & 6th Apr 5th & 6th Apr
Fields Electric Field 10th & 12th Apr 10th & 12th Apr 10th & 12th Apr
Gausss Law 13th & 15th Apr 13th & 15th Apr 13th & 15th Apr
Competition Level NA 17th & 19th Apr 17th & 19th Apr
2. Electrostatic Potential Electric Potential 20th & 22nd Apr 20th & 22nd Apr 20th & 22nd Apr
and Capacitance Capacitors 24th & 26th Apr 24th & 26th Apr 24th & 26th Apr
Competition Level NA 27th & 29th Apr 27th & 29th Apr, 1st,
3rd & 4th May
PART TEST 1 Unit 1 & 2 4th May NA NA
NA 11th May 11th May
3. Current Electricity Basic Concepts, Drift speed, Ohms 6th, 8th, 10th, 13th 6th, 8th, 10th, 13th 6th, 8th, 10th, 13th May
Law, Cells, Kirchhoffs Laws,
Wheatstone bridge, Ammeter,
May May
Voltmeter, Meter Bridge, Potentiometer
etc.
Competition Level NA 15th & 16th May 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th &
19th May
PART TEST 2 Unit 3 18th May NA NA
NA 20th May 20th May
SUMMER BREAK 21st May 2013 to 30th May 2013
4. Moving charges and Force on a charged particle (Lorentz 31st May, 1st & 31st May, 1st & 31st May, 1st & 3rd Jun
force), Force on a current carrying 3rd Jun 3rd Jun
Magnetism
wire, Cyclotron, Torque on a current
carrying loop in magnetic field,
magnetic moment
Biot Savart Law, Magnetic field due 5th, 7th & 8th Jun 5th, 7th & 8th Jun 5th, 7th & 8th Jun
to a circular wire, Ampere circuital
law, Solenoid, Toroid
Competition Level NA 10th & 12th Jun 10th, 12th, 14th & 15th
Jun
PART TEST 3 Unit 4 15th Jun NA NA
NA 22nd Jun 22nd Jun