PECH 2001 Exam Guide

1. Interprofessional Communication
Definition-Interprofessional communication occurs when health
providers/studentscommunicate with each other, with people and their families, and with the
community in an open, collaborative and responsible manner.
Barriers/Disadvantages:

Personal values and expectations

Personality differences
Hierarchy
Disruptive behavior
Culture and ethnicity
Generational differences
Gender
Historical interprofessional and intraprofessional rivalries
Differences in language and jargon
Differences in schedules and professional routines
Varying levels of preparation, qualifications, and status
Differences in requirements, regulations, and norms of professional education
Fears of diluted professional identity
Differences in accountability, payment, and rewards
Concerns regarding clinical responsibility
Complexity of care
Emphasis on rapid decisionmaking
Facilitators/Advantages:

Open communication
Nonpunitive environment
Clear direction
Clear and known roles and tasks for team members
Respectful atmosphere
Shared responsibility for team success
 Appropriate balance of member participation for the task at hand
Acknowledgment and processing of conflict
Clear specifications regarding authority and accountability
Clear and known decisionmaking procedures
Regular and routine communication and information sharing
Enabling environment, including access to needed resources
Mechanism to evaluate outcomes and adjust accordingly

2. Empathy
Empathy- The action of understanding, being aware of, being sensitive to, and vicariously experiencing
the feelings, thoughts, and experience of another without having the feelings, thoughts, and experience
fully communicated in an objective explicit manner.

Julian Cameron lecture examples

Benefits:
1. Fosters good, pleasurable and positive feelings
Feels really good. Pleasure centers of the brain light up.

2. Is a Way of Being in Life and the World.

Gives a sense of identity. I am an empathic person and will strive to live that way in the world.
3. Fosters emotional and physical health and well-being
Via connection, care, inclusion, Community, etc.

4. Heals painful psychological problems

(loneliness, alienation, anxiety, fear, depression, despair, shame, etc)
Helps you from having negative/painful/uncomfortable feelings
Is a healing antidote to negative/painful feelings
5. Is the active ingredient in conflict resolution
Can head off conflicts before they happen
Keeps conflicts from escalating
Is the key active ingredient for conflict resolution.
6. Is a Source of Creativity, Innovation and Transformative Action
Empathy Connects, Transforms and Removes the Blocks to Action
7. Is a Gateway to, and Supports, Socially Desirable Values
(Healing, happiness, collaboration, understanding, creativity, innovation, etc)

8. Expands our Perspectives

Is a Way of Knowing (like a sixth sense)
Is a Way of Knowing what others know
Gives you multiple perspectives, eyes and hands on a situation
Gives you more perspectives on self
9. Helps Us Find and Meet Our Needs, Values and Aspirations
10. Increases helping and altruism behavior.
(Batson et al., 1987; Eisenberg & Miller, 1987; Krebs, 1975; Toi & Batson, 1982).

11. Has Many Benefits in Specific Contexts

Disadvantages/Drawbacks:
Needs to be a balance between empathy and detachment so the professional doesnt
become overwhelmed or too attached to the patient
Too much empathy can cause the patient to feel uncomfortable/think the doctor is
unprofessional

3. 4-Habits Model
Definition: The Four Habits Model is a tool that can be used by health care practitioners to
improve the medical interview. The Four Habits are Invest in the beginning, Elicit the patient's
perspective, Demonstrate empathy and invest in the end.
Disadvantages/Drawbacks:

Same as Empathy
4. Working with Simulated Patients
Definition: In health care, a simulated patient (SP), also known as a standardized patient,
sample patient , orpatient instructor, is an individual trained to act as a real patient in order
to simulate a set of symptoms or problems
Advantages:

Errors arent harmful

Simulated training leads to clinical improvement

Learners address hands-on and thinking skills, including knowledge-in-action,

procedures, decision-making, and effective communication. They can work as
individuals or teams and thus allow for exploration of human factors and their
interaction with their environment.
Simulation based learning can be set up at appropriate times and locations, and
repeated as often as necessary. It can be undertaken in-situ with minimal resources,
or it can be undertaken in amazingly high technology simulation centres.
Simulation based learning can be customised to suit beginners, intermediates and
experts, and adapted on the fly to cater for the learners ability.
Simulation has links to the educational theories of constructivism, experiential
learning, Adult Learning (androgogy), social cognitive theory, (Bandura ) human
factor education.
 Simulation can be seen to support the academic theories surrounding Brain Based
Learning (to be discussed in a later article..)
Simulation may - deepen the learning conversation, improve motivation, assist with
the Novice to Expert by providing scaffolding and opportunities to develop an
understanding from another participants perspective.
Feedback can be given to learners immediately and allow them to understand exactly
what went wrong / right and how they can improve. Debriefing tools - video feedback
and peer review are all key features of this learning strategy.
Simulation can improve participants skills and allow them to learn from error.
Learners are able to gain a greater understanding about the consequences of their
actions and the need to reduce any errors and prevent them from happening again.

Disadvantages:

Real-life patient care is irreplaceable

Simulation is not always able to completely re-create real-life situations. And if the
fidelity drops for just one second it can be very difficult to get the student back into
the moment of suspended belief!
Not all students / situations being created / tested by simulation are suitable for this
methodology.
Some Simulators can be very expensive and require constant updates and
maintenance.
It takes effort - 'lots of effort' to create meaningful experiences.
Not every situation can be simulated. Most importantly we can only really simulate
things that we know...
The results and feedback are only as effective as the actual training provided, and
the person / persons running the simulation: this is important since often too little
emphasis is put onto the personal reflection, and peer review elements of a
simulation event.
5. Service/Community Outreach
Outreach is an activity of providing services to any populations who might not otherwise have
access to those services. A key component of outreach is that the groups providing it are not
stationary, but mobile; in other words they are meeting those in need of outreach services at
the locations where those in need are.

Learning Outcomes
Positive impact on students academic learning
Improves students ability to apply what they have learned in the real world
Positive impact on academic outcomes such as demonstrated complexity of understanding, problem analysis, problem-
solving, critical thinking, and cognitive development
Improved ability to understand complexity and ambiguity

Personal Outcomes
Greater sense of personal efficacy, personal identity, spiritual growth, and moral development
 Greater interpersonal development, particularly the ability to work well with others, and build leadership and
communication skills

Social Outcomes
Reduced stereotypes and greater inter-cultural understanding
Improved social responsibility and citizenship skills
Greater involvement in community service after graduation

Career Development
Connections with professionals and community members for learning and career opportunities
Greater academic learning, leadership skills, and personal efficacy can lead to greater opportunity

Relationship with the Institution

Stronger relationships with faculty
Greater satisfaction with college
Improved graduation rates

Disadvantages:

1) Outreach efforts are time consuming and require much effort

and resources on the part of the students.

2) Sometimes students opt for volunteering work only to make

their resume better, so they do not do the work whole heartedly
and therefore there is hardly any gain in their personality.

3) Sometimes people during volunteering get so much

emotionally attached to the subjects, that after ending the work
too, they cannot forget the cause of the weaker sections and
are therefore not happy.