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George Hanson
Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Introduction
Two-Dimensional Materials and Electromagnetic
Applications
2D materials: summary of current materials and their properties
(graphene, black phosphorus, hexagonal boron nitride, transition
metal di-chalcogenides (TMDCs) such as molybdenum disulfide, etc.)
EM modeling of 2D materials
Local and nonlocal infinitesimal sheet models, 3D model,
anisotropic models
Electronic and electromagnetic applications
Introduction
Prerequisite concept of a bandgap
wikipedia.org
Introduction
For many years it was thought that the human body was incapable of
running a mile in under four minutes. In 1954 that barrier was
broken by Roger Bannister at Oxford University. Two months later
Australia's John Landy did it, and now it is commonplace.
In 2004 Andrei Geim and his PhD student Konstantin Novoselov, at the
University of Manchester, obtained single-layer graphene using scotch tape
exfoliation. This works for a wide range of van der Waals solids.
Science, 2004
Geim and Novoselov submitted a three-page paper to Nature, where it was
rejected twice one reviewer said that isolating a stable, two-dimensional
material was impossible, and another said that it was not a sufficient
scientific advance.
In October 2004, the paper, Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon
Films, was published in Science.
In 2010, Geim and Novoselov were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
A. K. Geim and I. V. Grigorieva, van der Waals heterostructures, Nature 499, 419, July, 2013
Universal Attribute of 2D Materials: Tunability, flexability
(bendability), transparency
2D materials cover the usual classes of electronic materials: insulators (e.g., hex
boron nitride), semiconductors (e.g., MoS2), and metals (e.g., graphene)
the interface between the surface and a substrate, and the presence of adatoms
and defects can dramatically alter the materials properties.
Electron behave as Dirac fermions (they obey the relativistic Dirac equation,
and exhibit exotic effects such as Klein tunneling, half-integer quantum Hall
effect, ultrahigh carrier mobility). Dirac cones come in pairs with opposite
chirality.
Combining 2D Materials - van der Waals Heterostructures
A. K. Geim and I. V. Grigorieva, van der Waals heterostructures, Nature 499, 419, July, 2013.
General Electronic Applications
Digital Logic: electronic circuits are made mostly from metaloxidesemiconductor
field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).
The 12 eV band gaps of Mo and W dichalcogenides can provide high on/off ratios
and with low power dissipation.
Recent MoS2 top-gated FETs showed excellent on/off current ratio up to 108, room
temperature mobility of >200 cm2 V-1 s-1.
2D modulated waveguide
Plasmonic absorber
www.osapublishing.org iopscience.iop.org
Synthesis Methods for 2D Materials
Micromechanical exfoliation using scotch tape
Single and few atomic layer materials can be obtained by mechanical
exfoliation (first used by Grim for graphene). Material is peeled off
using scotch tape.
The monolayer yield is low; only suitable for laboratory scale, and
samples are typically tens of microns in size.
Resulting material has excellent structural integrity, high crystallinity,
and superior electrical properties.
Liquid exfoliation
Used to produce single and few layers 2D sheets at bulk scale.
Weak out-of-plane bonding in the layered materials and high surface
area results in the ability for molecules to be adsorbed between atomic
layers. This intercalation weakens interlayer adhesion and lowers the
energy barrier required for exfoliation.
A. Gupta, T. Sakthivel, and S. Seal, Recent development in 2D materials beyond graphene, Progress in Materials Science 73, 44-126, 2015.
Synthesis methods for 2D materials
Sonication
Ultrasonic cleavage of weak out-of-plane bonding - bulk layered
material is dispersed in a solvent and sonicated for several hours.
A. Gupta, T. Sakthivel, and S. Seal, Recent development in 2D materials beyond graphene, Progress in Materials Science 73, 44-126, 2015. www.azonano.com
Synthesis methods for 2D materials
An interference effect on
dielectric-coated SiO2/Si
substrates is commonly
used to visualize and
locate single and few
Optical micrograph of thin layers.
films of MoS2
AFM of graphene
optical micrograph of
graphene
Butler et al., Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Two-Dimensional Materials Beyond Graphene, ACS Nano, 2013, 7 (4), pp 28982926
2D Materials Electromagnetic Modeling
This is a 2D conductivity (SI units Siemans (S), not S/m), accounting for both
intraband and interband contributions.
Pauli blocking
14
12
10 ' (mS)
8 c=0
6
4
2
0 = intraband + interband
-2
-4
'' (mS)
-6
-8
101 2 3 4 5 67
102 2 3 4 5 67
f (GHz)
10 3 2 3 4 5 67
104 Intraband term is Drude-like
22
2D Materials Electromagnetic Modeling of Graphene
Even mode
Odd mode
E. Forati, G.W. Hanson, A.B. Yakovlev,and Andrea Al, A planar hyperlens based on a modulated graphene
monolayer, Phys. Rev. B (Rapid Communications) 89, 081410(R) 2014.
Primary Attributes of Several 2D Materials:
grapheneindustries.com, titianmedia.ca/wordpress 28
physicsforme.wordpress.com and photonics.com, nontrivialproblems.wordpress.com
Graphene
Graphene has the one of the highest mobilities of any material (100 x Si).
Graphene can carry the highest current densities of any material (109 A/cm2 ;
1,000 x Cu).
One reason for these extraordinary properties is that graphene can be obtained
that is nearly defect-free (at least in small areas).
29
http://titianmedia.ca/wordpress/?p=1480
Graphene electronic properties
In this case the electron behave as Dirac fermions (They obey the
relativistic Dirac equation, and exhibit exotic effects such as Klein
tunneling.).
30
Graphene
General Potential Applications:
Graphene transistor:
32
khelmart.wordpress.com, www.gajitz.com, www.sciencedirect.com
and vorbeck.com
Graphene
In the optical range the low-temperature conductivity is dominated by the
interband term, and = 2 /2. The transmittance is |T|1-97.7%, where
= 2 0 /2 is the fine structure constant, which is in excellent agreement with
measurements.
Pauli
blocking
The intraband Drude conductivity has also been experimentally verified for graphene.
Vor-Ink on cardboard.
Graphene
Crystal lattice
BP is highly anisotropic
BP has recently been exfoliated into its thin multilayers (5-30 nm) and single
layers (phosphorene), showing good electrical transport properties.
Optical absorption spectra of BP vary sensitively with thickness, doping, and
light polarization.
Potential for mid- to near-infrared spectrum applications: optoelectronics,
imaging, and detection.
The band gap spans a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, and bridges
the gap between graphene (zero band gap) and TMDs (wide band gap).
Possible applications:
Electronics (transistors).
Photovoltaic energy harvesting (optimized for
semiconductors with 1.2 eV1.6 eV band gap)
Fiber optic telecommunications (wavelengths in
the range of 1.2 m1.5 m, corresponding to
photon energies of 0.8 eV1 eV)
Thermal imaging (typically requires
semiconductors with gaps spanning from 0.1 to
1.0 eV).
BP bridges the gap between graphene (very high mobility and poor current
on/off ratio) and transition metal dichalcogenides (low mobility and excellent
on/off ratio).
Conductivity
tensor
0
= 0
hyperbolic regime
2 + 2 2
+ = 02
A. Gupta, T. Sakthivel, and S. Seal, Recent development in 2D materials beyond graphene, Progress in Materials Science 73, 44-126, 2015.
Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN)
Electronic Applications: 2D hBN has been
considered a promising material 2D electronics,
including substrates, and gate dielectrics for 2D
transistors.
Electromagnetic Applications: hBN supports
phonon polaritons with extremely high confinement
and low loss (much smaller than graphene plasmons
polaritons)
hBN has natural hyperbolicity.
Both graphene plasmons and hBN phonons reside
in the mid-IR; promising as hetrostructures.
hBN is now being used as a substrate of choice for
graphene due to the preservation of high
(graphene) carrier mobility, as opposed to
conventional SiO2 substrates.
Phonon modes of hBN can couple to graphene
plasmons providing the possibility of interesting
effects, e.g., such as phonon-induced transparency. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 31723180
Silicene and Germanene
EM applications?
No screening - they are very tunable with applied static bias (or
optical pumping)