EEEB 1113

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS I

Chapter 2
Basic circuit analysis laws
 TOPIC & STRUCTURE OF THE LESSON

Introduction to circuit element Resistor

Ohms law
Basic concepts of network topology (node, branch & loop)
Kirchhoff s laws
Resistors in series and parallel
Voltage divider and current divider
Wye-delta transformations
 Resistors
Ohms Experiment

FIRST CIRCUIT ELEMENT

RESISTOR (1825-26)

Georg Ohm (1787-1854)

In 1825-26 Ohm gave the concept
of first circuit element Resistor.
He related the voltage and current
by a constant known as the
resistance (v=Ri).
 Resistors
The circuit element used to model the current resisting
behavior of a vmaterial
The voltage, is the resistor
across a resistor .
is directly proportional to the
current, i flowing through the resistor:
Resistance is the capacity of materials to impede the
V=IR
flow of current.
Resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of
electric current, measured in Ohms ();where 1 = 1V/A.
The resistance
Conductance, G isRtheofability
an element denotes
of an element its ability
to conduct electric to
resist themeasured
current, flow of electric
in Siemens current; it is measured in ohms
() G= 1/R =I/V

i
+ R1 --
Symbol:
1k
+
l
 Resistors
Ohms Law

Power absorbed by a resistor Conductance G (unit: siemens S)

Power dissipated in or absorbed by the resistor is always positive.

Theoretically - resistor is a passive element, cannot generate energy.

There are two extreme possible values of R:

Short Circuit when R = 0,
Open Circuit when R = .
 Resistors
Short and Open Circuits

A short circuit is a circuit that has circuit element with resistance approaching 0 but
the current is NOT 0.
 Resistors
Short and Open Circuits

A short circuit is a circuit that has circuit element with resistance approaching 0 but
the current is NOT 0.

A open circuit is a circuit that has circuit element with resistance approaching .

 Resistors
Example

For the circuit shown below, calculate the voltage v, the conductance G, and the
power p.
Solution

(a) v = iR = 2 mA x 10 k = 20 V

(b) G = 1/R = 1/10 k = 100 S

(c) p = vi = 20 volts x 2 mA = 40 mW

For the circuit shown below, calculate the Resistance, R.

Basic concepts of network topology
node, branch & loop

Electric circuits consist of connected basic circuit elements.

A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a
resistor.
A node is a point where two or more circuit elements join.
A loop/mesh is a closed path, starting and ending at the same node
without passing through any intermediate node more than once.
A loop is said to be independent if it contains a branch which is not in
any other loop.
Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded or connected
sequentially and consequently carry the same current.
Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same
two nodes and consequently have the same voltage across them.
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
For a network with b branches, n nodes and l
independent loops will satisfy the fundamental
theorem of network topology:
b l n 1
Example

b 9
n 5
l 5
10
 node, branch & loop
Exercise 1
Question: How many branches, nodes and loops are there?

five branches, namely, the 10-V

voltage source,the 2-A current
source, and the three resistors.

By redrawing the circuit =>three nodes

Three independent Loops
 node, branch & loop
Exercise 2
Question: How many branches, nodes and loops are there?

Should we
consider it as
one
branch or two
branches?

Consider as two branches, as there are 2 elements

7 branches, 4 nodes and 4 loops 7=4+4-1
 Kirchhoffs laws
Ohm's law coupled with Kirchhoff's two laws gives a sufficient, powerful
set of tools for analyzing a large variety of electric circuits.

Kirchhoffs Law

Kirchhoffs Kirchhoffs
Current Law Voltage Law
(KCL) (KVL)
 Kirchhoffs laws
Kirchhoff s Current Law (KCL)
KCL: The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a
circuit equals zero.
Note that KCL also applies to a
closed boundary. This may be
regarded as a generalized
case, because a node may be
regarded as a closed surface
shrunk to a point. In two
dimensions, a closed
boundary is the same as a
closed path. The total current
entering the closed surface is
equal to the total current
leaving the surface.

N = no. of branches connected to the node;

in = nth current entering the node.
 Kirchhoffs laws
Kirchhoff s Current Law (KCL)
Alternatively, the sum of currents entering a node equals the
sum of currents leaving a node.

+ +
+ +
 Kirchhoffs laws
Kirchhoff s Current Law (KCL)
Alternatively, the sum of currents entering a node equals the
sum of currents leaving a node.

i2
i3 +
i1
+ +
i5 i4
 Kirchhoffs laws
Kirchhoff s Current Law (KCL)
KCL can be applied to obtain the combined current, when
current sources are connected in parallel.

Original Circuit Equivalent Circuit

 Kirchhoffs Current laws
Example
Determine the current I for the circuit shown in the figure
below.
We can
consider the
whole
enclosed area
as one node.

This indicates that

2 3 4 0 the actual current for I is flowing
3 in the opposite direction.
 Kirchhoffs Current laws
Exercise
Find v o and i o in the circuit given below.
 Kirchhoffs laws
Kirchhoff s Voltage Law (KVL)
KVL : the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path
(or loop) is zero.
M

v
m 1
m 0

where M = the number of voltages in the loop

vm = the mth voltage in the loop.

Sum of voltage drop= sum of voltage rises

0

 Kirchhoffs Voltage laws
Kirchhoff s Voltage Law (KVL)
KVL can be applied to obtain the combined voltage, when
voltage sources are connected in series.

Original Circuit Equivalent Circuit

 Kirchhoffs Voltage laws
Example
Sign convention: The sign of each voltage is the polarity of the terminal first
encountered in traveling around the loop.

The direction of travel is arbitrary.

Clockwise:

V0 V1 V2 0

Counter-clockwise:

V2 V1 V0 0
V0 V1 V2
 Kirchhoffs Voltage laws
Exercise 1
Find v1 and v2 in the circuit given below.
 Kirchhoffs Voltage laws
Exercise 2
Find vx and v0 in the circuit given below.

vx =10V; v0 = -5V
 Kirchhoffs laws
Exercise 3
Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in the circuit given below.
 Resistors in series
Recall: Elements are in series if they share a single node and carry the same
current

Applying KVL,
0

Apply Ohms Law

The equivalent resistance of any resistance connected in series is sum of individual

resistance. Thus for series resistors,

 Resistors in Parallel
Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes
and consequently have the same voltage across them.

Applying KCL at node a,

Apply Ohms Law

1 1

The total current, i is shared by the resistors in inverse proportion to their resistance

//
Resistors in series and parallel
Exercise 1
By combining the resistors in the circuit below, find Req

4 5 3 //4 3 //6 2 1
6
Resistors in series and parallel
Exercise 2
By combining the resistors in the circuit below, find Rab

4 2 // 6 8
11
 Voltage divider
If R1 and R2 are connected in series with a voltage source v volts, the voltage
drops across R1 and R2 are V V
I 0
0

I Rs R1 R2

V0
V2 IR2 R2
R1 V1
R1 R2
A R2
V2 V0
R2 V2
R1 R2
V0
R1
Also V1 V0
R1 R2
 Voltage divider
Note that source voltage v is divided among the
resistors in direct proportion to their
resistances. principle of voltage division

In general, if a voltage supply has N resistors in

series with the source voltage v, the nth resistor
(Rn) can be expressed as:

We call this Voltage

Divider rule
 Current divider
To determine the current through each resistor;

Ohms Law
v (t ) R2
i1 (t ) i (t )
1 2
R1 R1 R2
1 2

v (t ) R1
i2 (t ) i (t )
R2 R1 R2
R1 R2
v (t ) R p i (t ) i (t )
R1 R2

Divider rule
We call this
Voltage
Current divides in inverse proportion to the resistances
 Current divider

N resistors in parallel

1 1 1 1
v (t ) R p i (t )
R p R1 R2 Rn

v (t ) R p
Current in jth branch is i j (t ) i (t )
Rj Rj
Voltage divider & Current divider
Example
Find v1 and v2 for the circuit shown below. Also calculate i1 and i2 and the power
dissipated in the 12 and 40 resistors.

12//6 = [6x12][6+12] = 4

10//40 = [10x40][10+40] = 8

Equivalent circuit:
Voltage divider & Current divider
Example
Equivalent circuit:

Use voltage division,

v1 = [4/(4+8)](15) = 5V
v2 = [8/(4+8)](15) = 10V

i1 = v1/12 = 5/12 = 416.7 mA

i2 = v2/40 = 10/40 = 250 mA
P1 = v1i1 = 5x(5/12) = 2.083 W
P2 = v2i2 = 10x(0.25) = 2.5 W
Voltage divider & Current divider
Exercise
Find the power dissipated at the 6-resistor.

Hint: Find the current i6, then use p = i2R to calculate the power.
Voltage divider & Current divider
Exercise
Step 1: Simplifying the circuit with series-parallel reductions.

4
2.4

io = [16/(16+4)]10 = 8 A,
i6 = [4/(6+4)]8 = 3.2 A,
p = (3.2)2 6 = 61.44 W.
Wye-delta transformations
Situations often arise in circuit analysis
when the resistors are neither in parallel nor
in series.
For example, consider the bridge circuit
shown.
How do we combine resistors R1 - R6 when
the resistors are neither in series nor in
parallel?
Many circuits of the type shown can be
simplified by using three-terminal networks.
These are the wye (Y) or tee (T) network, and
the delta () or pi () network as will be
shown next.
These networks occur by themselves or as
part of a larger network.
Wye-delta transformations
Y, T, and Resistors Connections
 Wye-delta transformations
Delta to Wye Conversion
Each resistor in the Y network is a product of the resistors in adjacent branches,
divided by the sum of the three resistors.
 Wye-delta transformations
Wye to Delta Conversion
Each resistor in the network is the sum of all possible products of Y resistors
taken two at a time, divided by the opposite Y resistor.
 Wye-delta transformations
Example

Transform the wye network, in the figure shown below, to a delta network.
 Wye-delta transformations
Example

For the bridge network in the figure below, find Rab and i.
 Wye-delta transformations
Example

For the bridge network in the figure below, find Rab and i.

We first find the equivalent resistor R

Then convert sub-network to wye connection
form as shown:
 Wye-delta transformations
Exercise

For the circuit given, find the source current i.

Wye-delta transformations
Exercise
 Wye-delta transformations
Exercise
Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b of the circuit shown.

Answer: 36.25.
 Wye-delta transformations
Exercise
Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b of the circuit shown.

Answer: 6
 Wye-delta transformations
Exercise
Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b of the circuit shown.
End of Chapter 2
Q & A??