Philippines 1987

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constituteproject.org
Philippines's Constitution of
1987
This complete constitution has been generated

from excerpts of texts from the repository of the
Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed
on constituteproject.org.
B. THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

..........................................
Table of contents 28X
Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3X .........................................
29X
ARTICLE I: NATIONAL TERRITORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3X D. THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT
............................................
ARTICLE II: DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND . 32X
STATE POLICIESX
ARTICLE X: LOCAL GOVERNMENT
PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33X
..........................................
. . . . . . . . 3X ARTICLE XI: ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC
OFFICERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37X
ARTICLE III: BILL OF RIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6X ARTICLE XII: NATIONAL ECONOMY AND
PATRIMONY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41X
ARTICLE IV: CITIZENSHIP
........................................ ARTICLE XIII: SOCIAL JUSTICE AND
9X HUMAN RIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45X
ARTICLE V: SUFFRAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARTICLE XIV: EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10X TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE,X
ARTICLE VI: LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT AND SPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49X
ARTICLE VII: EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT ARTICLE XV: THE FAMILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53X
ARTICLE VIII: JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT ARTICLE XVI: GENERAL PROVISIONS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54X
ARTICLE IX: CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS ARTICLE XVII: AMENDMENTS OR

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26X REVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56X
A. COMMON PROVISIONS
................................................. ARTICLE XVIII: TRANSITORY PROVISIONS .
26X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57X
Philippines 1987 Page 2

God or other deities
Motives for writing constitution
Source of constitutional authority

General guarantee of equality

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a
just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and
aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and
Preamble secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy
under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace,
do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
law The Philippines is a democratic and
DEC republican State. Sovereignty resides
LAR in the people and all government
authority emanates from them.
ATI
ON Sec 2
OF The Philippines renounces war as an
PRI instrument of national policy, adopts
the generally accepted principles of
NCI international law as part of the law of
PLE the land and adheres to the policy of
peace, equally, justice, freedom,
S cooperation, and amity with all
nations.
AND
STA Sec 3
Duty to serve in the military TE
Civilian authority is, at all times,
POL supreme over the military. The Armed
ARTICLE I: NATIONAL ICIE Forces of the Philippines is the
TERRITORY S
protector of the people and the State.
Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of
the State and the integrity of the
PRI national territory.
The national territory comprises the NCI
Philippine archipelago, with all the islands Sec 4
and waters embraced therein, and all other PLE
territories over which the Philippines has
sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its S The prime duty of the Government is
terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, to serve and protect the people. The
including its territorial sea, the seabed, the Government may call upon the people
Type of
subsoil, the insular shelves, and other to defend the State and, in the
government
envisioned submarine areas. The waters around,
PRIN fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be
between, and connecting the islands of the CIPL required, under conditions provided
by law, to render
archipelago, regardless of their breadth and ES
dimensions, form part of the internal waters
of the Philippines.
Sec 1
International ARTICLE II:
Right to self determination
Right to life
Right to own property personal military or civil service.
Sec 5
The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and
the promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of
the blessings of democracy.
Inalienable rights
Separation of church and state

Sec 6
inviolable.
The separation of Church
and State shall be Sec 7
Sec 10

The State shall promote social
T justice in all phases of national
h development.
S
Sec 11
T
h
S
T
o h
unborn from s youth patriotism and
f conception. The u nationalism, and
S natural and primary S encourage their
right and duty of involvement in public
T parents in the T and civic affairs.
h rearing of the young h
Rights of
children
for civic efficiency
and the
Right to life Rights of children development of
moral character
The State values the dignity shall receive the
P
h
Equality regardless
of gender
Sec
14
Right nt le of women in nation-
to health
care ih building, and shall ensure the
ze fundamental equality before
The e the law of women and men.
State sr
o
recog Sec 15
s ht to health of the a g them.
h people and instill m
health o

Pr consciousness n
Sec 16
social t non-
S economic h governmental
S force. It S , community-
shall protect based, or
T the rights of T sectoral
h workers and h organizations
Reference to art promote that promote
S their S the welfare of
Right to culture
T welfare. T the nation.
h h
Sec 19 S
The State T
shall h
develop a
self-reliant
R and
i
g independen
h t national
t
t economy
o effectively
c
controlled
u by Filipinos.
l
t
u
r
Sec 20
e
The State
I
recognizes
Philippi n es 1987 Page 5
Sec 24
The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building.
Sec 25
The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments.
Sec 26
The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be
defined by law.
Sec 27
The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against
graft and corruption.
Sec 28
Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all
its transactions involving public interest.
due process of law, nor shall any person
be denied the equal protection of the
laws.
Inalienable
rights
Sec 2
Right to privacy
The right of the people to be secure in
their persons, houses, papers, and
Guarantee of due process
ARTI effects against unreasonable searches
and seizures of whatever nature and for
General guarantee of equality
CLE any purpose shall be inviolable, and no
III: search warrant or warrant of arrest shall
issue except upon probable cause to be
BILL determined personally by the judge after
examination under oath or affirmation of
OF the complainant and the witnesses he
Regulation of evidence collection may produce, and particularly
RIGH describing the place to be searched and
Protection from unjustified restraint the persons or things to be seized.
TS
Inalienable rights
Sec 3
Right to privacy
The privacy of communication and
Sec 1 correspondence shall be inviolable
except upon lawful order of the court, or
No person when public safety or order requires
shall be otherwise as prescribed by law.
deprived of
life, liberty, Any evidence obtained in violation of
or property this or the preceding section shall be
without inadmissible for any purpose in any
proceeding.

Freedom of assembly
Freedom of expression
Right of petition
Freedom of press
Sec 4
No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press,
Equality regardless of religion or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for
redress of grievances.
Freedom of religion
Official religion Sec 5

No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship,
without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be
required for the exercise of civil or political rights.
Freedom of movement
Sec 6
tra d except in the interest of national
Right to information ve security, public safety, or public
l health, as may be provided by law.
The liberty of abode and of changing the be
same within the limits prescribed by law im
pa
Sec 7
shall not be impaired except upon lawful
order of the court. Neither shall the right to ire
from expropriation i 12
n
S Any person under
investigation for the
T commission of an
h offense shall have
S the right to be
informed of his right
P to remain silent and
r to have competent
Freedom
of Right to counsel
S and independent
association
counsel preferably of
N his own choice. If the
Right to
o person cannot afford
join trade
S the services of
unions
counsel, he must be
F provided with one.
r These rights cannot
Regulation of evidence collection
be waived except in
S writing and in the
Protection from self-incrimination
presence of counsel.
Right to counsel
Protection The right of the people to

Philippines 19 87 Page 7
Protection from unjustified restraint
Prohibition of torture
Right to pre-trial release
Protection of victim's rights

similar forms of detention are prohibited.
Guarantee of due process
Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be

Right to examine evidence/ witnesses
inadmissible in evidence against him.
Right to fair trial
The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions of violations of this section as well as
Presumption of innocence in trials compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their
families.
Right to public trial
Right to speedy trial

Sec 13
All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua
when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient
securities, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail
shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is
suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.
Sec 14
Protection from unjustified restraint
No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary
is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed
of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and
No torture, force, violence, public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to
threat, intimidation, or any secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf.
other means which vitiate However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the
the free will shall be used accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is
against him. Secret unjustifiable.
detention places, solitary,
incommunicado, or other
Sec 15
in rebellion when the public safety
Right to speedy trial va requires it.
si
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus on Sec 16
shall not be suspended except in cases of or
A of their cases before hims shall be detained solely
l all judicial, quasi- elf. by reason of his political
judicial, or beliefs and aspirations.
administrative
bodies.
Se
No involuntary servitude
c in any form shall exist
Protection Sec 17 18 except as a punishment

from self- for a crime whereof the
incriminati party shall have been
on No person shall be No duly convicted.
Prohibition of slavery
compelled to be a pers
witness against on
ilippines 1987
Ph Page 8
Rights of debtors
Prohibition of cruel treatment
Prohibition of capital punishment Prohibition of double jeopardy
Sec 19
Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted.
Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous
crimes, the Congress against any prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal
hereafter provides for it. facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.
Any death penalty already
imposed shall be reduced
to reclusion perpetua. Sec 20
The employment of No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
physical, psychological, or
degrading punishment Sec 21
constitute
a bar to
Protection from ex post facto laws
another
Sec 22
No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of prosecuti
punishment for the same offense. If an act on for the No ex post facto law or bill of attainder
is punished by a law and an ordinance, same act. shall be enacted.
conviction or acquittal under either shall
of the mothers are citizens of
Requir IV: Philippi the Philippines;
CITIZENSHI
ements
for
nes at
birthrig the Those born before
ht
citizens P time of
the
January 17, 1973, of
hip Filipino mothers, who
adoptio elect Philippine
n of citizenship upon reaching
A this the age of majority; and
Sec 1 Constit
R
Requireme
nts for
birthright
ution; Those who are
citizenship
TI The following are
Those
naturalized in accordance
citizens of the with law.
C Philippines: whose
Requirements for naturalization fathers
LE Those who are citizens
or Sec 2
Na are those who citize ppine citizenship Philippine
tur are citizens of the nshi in accordance with citizenship may
Conditions for revoking al- Philippines from p. paragraph (3),
S be lost or
citizenship bo birth without Thos Section 1 hereof e reacquired in the
rn having to perform e shall be deemed c manner provided
Requirements for
citi any act to who natural-born by law.
naturalization
ze acquire or perfect elect citizens. 3
ns their Philippine Phili
constituteproject.org Sec 4
Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their
act or omission they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.
Right to renounce citizenship
PDF generated: 06 Jun 2017, 22:20 Sec 5

Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by
law.
Suf not otherwise disqualified by law, who
fra are at least eighteen years of age,
ge and who shall have resided in the
ma Philippines for at least one year and in
Secret ballot
y the place wherein they propose to
be vote for at least six months
Restrictions on voting
exe immediately preceding the election.
rcis No literacy, property, or other
Restrictions on ARTICLE V: ed
by
substantive requirement shall be
imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
voting
SUFFRAGE all
citi
zen Sec 2
s of
the The Congress shall provide a
Phil system for securing the secrecy and
Sec 1 ippi sanctity of the ballot as well as a
nes system for absentee voting by
qualified The Congress shall also design a procedure un g laws and such rules as the
Filipinos for the disabled and the illiterates to vote der Commission on Elections may
abroad. without the assistance of other persons. exi promulgate to protect the secrecy of
Until then, they shall be allowed to vote stin the ballot.
person shall be a
L Senator unless he is
a natural-born citizen
Structure of legislative chamber(s)
of the Philippines,
and, on the day of the
S election, is at least
Size of second chamber
T thirty-five years of
Second chamber selection h age, able to read and
write, a registered
Structure of
legislative S voter, and a resident
chamber(s)
of the Philippines for
T
not less than two
Legislative h
initiatives years immediately
by citizens Minimum age for second chamber
S preceding the day of
the election.
Referenda Eligibility for second chamber N
o
ARTICLE VI:
Ph ilippines 1987 Page 10
Census
Scheduling of elections Electoral districts
First chamber selection

Term length of second chamber
Term limits of second chamber
Minimum age for first chamber
Eligibility for first chamber
Structure of legislative chamber(s)
Size of first chamber Term length for first chamber
Term limits for first chamber

Sec 4
First chamber representation quotas
The term of office of the Senators shall be six years and shall commence, unless
First chamber selection otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirteenth day of June next following their
election.
No Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the
office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his
service for the full term for which he was elected.
Sec 5
The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than two hundred and
fifty members, unless party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by selection or election
otherwise fixed by law, from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth,
who shall be elected from and such other sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.
legislative districts
apportioned among the Each legislative district shall comprise, as far as practicable, contiguous, compact, and
provinces, cities, and the adjacent territory. Each city with a population of at least two hundred fifty thousand, or each
Metropolitan Manila area province, shall have at least one representative.
in accordance with the
number of their respective Within three years following the return of every census, the Congress shall make a
inhabitants, and on the reapportionment of legislative districts based on the standards provided in this section.
basis of a uniform and
progressive ratio, and
those who, as provided by Sec 6
law, shall be elected
through a party-list system No person shall be a Member of the House of Representatives unless he is a natural-
of registered national, born citizen of the Philippines and, on the day of the election, is at least twenty-five
regional, and sectoral years of age, able to read and write, and, except the party-list representatives, a
parties of organizations. registered voter in the district in which he shall be elected, and a resident thereof for a
period of not less than one year immediately preceding the day of the election.
The party-list
representatives shall Sec 7
constitute twenty per
centum of the total
number of representatives The Members of the House of Representatives shall be elected for a term of three
including those under the years which shall begin, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day
party list. For three of June next following their election.
consecutive terms after
the ratification of this No Member of the House of Representatives shall serve for more than three
Constitution, one-half of consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not
the seats allocated to be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term for
which he was elected.
Compensation of legislators
Scheduling of elections
Sec 8
Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election of the Senators and the
Members of the House of Representatives shall be held on the second Monday of May.
Replacement of legislators
Sec 9
In case of vacancy in the Senate or in the House of Representatives, a special election
may be called to fill such vacancy in the manner prescribed by law, but the Senator or
Member of the House of Representatives thus elected shall serve only for the
unexpired term.
Sec 10
co take effect until after the expiration
mp of the full term of all the Members of
Immunity of legislators ens the Senate and the House of
atio Representatives approving such
The salaries of Senators and Members of n increase.
the House of Representatives shall be shal
l
determined by law. No increase in said Sec 11
ngs disclosure requirement
in all ble by not more than six
E
offe years imprisonment, be
a A Senator or Member nses privileged from arrest
r of the House of
n
puni while the Congress is in
i Representatives shall, sha session. No Member
shall be ned nor be held liable in any d bate in the Congress ther
questio other place for any speech or e or in any committee eof.
Sec 12
te and the House of M subsidiaries, of by or instrumentality
Representatives e during his N Representatives th thereof, including
shall, upon term without o may personally e any government-
assumption of office, forfeiting his S appear as G owned or
make a full seat. Neither e counsel before ov controlled
disclosure of their shall he be n any court of er corporation, or its
financial and appointed to at justice or before n subsidiary, during
business interests. any office or the Electoral m his term of office.
or Tribunals, or en He shall not
They shall notify the which may
M quasi-judicial and t, intervene in any
House concerned of have been
e other or matter before any

Outside a potential conflict of created or the administrative an office of the
professi
interest that may emoluments m
ons of b bodies. Neither y Government for
legislato arise from the filing thereof shall he, directly su his pecuniary
rs er
of a proposed increased or indirectly, be bd benefit or where
of
legislation of which during the th interested ivi he may be called
All they are authors. term for which financially in any sio upon to act on
Mem e
he was H contract with, or n, account of his
bers elected. in any franchise ag office.
of Sec 13 o
or special en
us
the e privilege granted cy,
Sena No Senator or Sec 14
Sec 15
Extraordinary legislative sessions
The Congress shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July for its
Length of legislative sessions regular session, unless a different date is fixed by law, and shall continue to be in
session for such number of days as it may determine until thirty days before the
PDF generated: 06 Jun 2017, 22:20 opening of its next regular session, exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays, and legal
holidays. The President may call a special session at any time.
quorum punish its Members for disorderly
to do behavior, and, with the concurrence of
business, two-thirds of all its Members, suspend
but a or expel a Member. A penalty of
Leader of first
chamber
smaller suspension, when imposed, shall not
Electoral court powers number exceed sixty days.
Leader of second
may
chamber Electoral court selection adjourn
from day Each House shall keep a Journal of its
to day proceedings, and from time to time
and may publish the same, excepting such
Attendance by
legislators compel parts as may, in its judgment, affect
the national security; and the yeas and
Quorum for attendan nays on any question shall, at the
legislative ce of request of one-fifth of the Members
sessions
absent present, be entered in the Journal.
Members
in such Each House shall also keep a Record
Removal of manner, of its proceedings.
individual
legislators and
under
such Neither House during the sessions of
penalties the Congress shall, without the
, as such consent of the other, adjourn for more
Legislative committees House than three days, nor to any other
Publication of may place than that in which the two
deliberations provide. Houses shall be sitting.
Sec 16
Secrecy of
legislative votes Each Sec 17
The Senate shall elect its President and the House
House of Representatives its Speaker, by a may
majority vote of all its respective Members. determin The Senate and the House of
Representatives shall each have an
e the
Electoral Tribunal which shall be the
Each House shall choose such other rules of sole judge of all contests relating to the
officers as it may deem necessary. its election, returns, and qualifications of
proceedi their respective Members. Each
A majority of each House shall constitute a ngs, Electoral Tribunal shall be composed of
nine Members of the Senate or the House of the ntatives, elected by each House on
Members, Representatives, as the case may be, who Senate, the basis of proportional
three of shall be chosen on the basis of proportional as ex representation from the political
whom shall representation from the political parties and officio parties and parties or organizations
be Justices the parties or organizations registered under Chairma registered under the party-list system
of the the party-list system represented therein. The n, twelve represented therein. The Chairman of
Supreme senior Justice in the Electoral Tribunal shall be Senators the Commission shall not vote, except
Court to be its Chairman. , and in case of a tie. The Commission shall
designated
twelve act on all appointments submitted to it
by the Chief
Justice, and Sec 18 Member within thirty session days of the
the s of the Congress from their submission. The
remaining six There shall be a Commission on House of Commission shall rule by a majority
shall be Appointments consisting of the President of Represe vote of all the Members.
Sec 19
and ate and the House of Representatives
the shall have been organized with the
Co election of the President and the
mmi Speaker. The Commission on
ssio Appointments shall meet only while
n on the Congress is in session, at the call
App of its Chairman or a majority of all its
oint Members, to discharge such powers
men and functions as are herein conferred
ts upon it.
shal
l be
con
Sec 20
stitu
ted The records and books of accounts of
withi the Congress shall be preserved and
n be open to the public in accordance
thirt with law, and such books shall be
y audited by the Commission on Audit
day which shall publish annually an
s itemized list of amounts paid to and
after expenses incurred for each Member.
the
Legi Sen Sec 21

Legislative oversight of the
executive Sec 22
b matters related voting separately, shall have bill of
y thereto. When the sole power to declare the s of Representatives,
the security of existence of a state of war. loc but the Senate
the State or al may propose or
the public In times of war or other app concur with
interest so national emergency, the lica amendments.
requires and Congress may, by law, tion
the President authorize the President, for a ,
so states in limited period and subject to and
writing, the such restrictions as it may priv
appearance prescribe, to exercise powersate
shall be necessary and proper to bill
conducted in carry out a declared national s
executive policy. Unless sooner sha
D
session. withdrawn by resolution of ll
e the Congress, such powers orig
shall cease upon the next inat
P Sec 23 e
o adjournment thereof.
exc
The Congress, lusi
by a vote of Sec 24 vel
two-thirds of y in
E both Houses in All appropriation, revenue or the
m
joint session tariff bills, bills authorizing Ho
assembled, increase of the public debt, use
P
h
constituteproject.org relates.
The procedure in approving appropriations for the Congress shall strictly follow the
procedure for approving appropriations for other departments and agencies.
Spending bills
A special appropriations bill shall specify the purpose for which it is intended, and shall
PDF generated: 06 Jun 2017, 22:20 be supported by funds actually available as certified by the National Treasurer, or to be
raised by a corresponding revenue proposal therein.
No law shall be passed authorizing any transfer of appropriations; however, the

President, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives,
Sec 25 the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and the heads of Constitutional Commissions
may, by law, be authorized to augment any item in the general appropriations law for
The Congress may not their respective offices from savings in other items of their respective appropriations.
increase the
appropriations Discretionary funds appropriated for particular officials shall be disbursed only for
recommended by the public purposes to be supported by appropriate vouchers and subject to such
President for the guidelines as may be prescribed by law.
operation of the
Government as specified
If, by the end of any fiscal year, the Congress shall have failed to pass the general
in the budget. The form, appropriations bill for the ensuing fiscal year, the general appropriations law for the
content, and manner of preceding fiscal year shall be deemed reenacted and shall remain in force and effect until
preparation of the budget the general appropriations bill is passed by the Congress.
shall be prescribed by law.
No provision or enactment Sec 26

shall be embraced in the
general appropriations bill Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only one subject which shall be
unless it relates expressed in the title thereof.
specifically to some
particular appropriation No bill passed by either House shall become a law unless it has passed three readings
therein. Any such on separate days, and printed copies thereof in its final form have been distributed to
provision or enactment its Members three days before its passage, except when the President certifies to the
shall be limited in its necessity of its immediate enactment to meet a public calamity or emergency. Upon the
operation to the last reading of a bill, no amendment thereto shall be allowed, and the vote thereon
appropriation to which it shall be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered in the Journal.

return the same with his objections to

Approval of the House where it originated, which
general shall enter the objections at large in its
legislation
Journal and proceed to reconsider it. If,
after such reconsideration, two-thirds of
all the Members of such House shall
agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,
Division of labor between chambers
Sec 27 together with the objections, to the other
House by which it shall likewise be
Approval of general legislation reconsidered, and if approved by two-
Every bill thirds of all the Members of that House,
Initiation of general legislation passed by it shall become a law. In all such cases,
the the votes of each House shall be
Veto override procedure Congress determined by yeas or nays, and the
shall, names of the Members voting for or
before it against shall be entered in its Journal.
becomes a The President shall communicate his
law, be veto of any bill to the House where it
presented originated within thirty days after the
to the date of receipt thereof; otherwise, it
President. shall become a law as if he had signed
If he it.
approves
the same,
he shall The President shall have the power to
sign it; veto any particular item or items in an
otherwise, appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but
he shall the veto shall not affect the item or
veto it and items to which he does not object.
the ngs, and improvements, churc priest, preacher, minister,
Gover actually, directly, and h, or dignitary is assigned to
nment exclusively used for deno the armed forces, or to
. religious, charitable, or minati any penal institution, or
educational purposes on, government orphanage
Charit shall be exempt from sectar or leprosarium.
able taxation. ian
institu institu All money collected on
tions, No law granting any tax tion, any tax levied for a
churc exemption shall be or special purpose shall be
hes passed without the syste treated as a special fund
and concurrence of a majority m of and paid out for such
parso of all the Members of the religio purpose only. If the
nages Congress. n, or purpose for which a
Tax status of religious organizations or of any special fund was created
conve priest, has been fulfilled or
nts
Sec 29 preac abandoned, the balance,
Sec 28 appur her, if any, shall be
tenant No money shall be paid minist transferred to the general
The rule of taxation shall be uniform theret out of the Treasury er, or funds of the Government.
and equitable. The Congress shall o, except in pursuance of other
evolve a progressive system of mosq an appropriation made by religio
taxation. ues, law. us Sec 30
non- teach
The Congress may, by law, authorize profit No public money or er, or No law shall be passed
the President to fix within specified cemet property shall be dignit increasing the appellate
limits, and subject to such limitations eries, appropriated, applied, ary as jurisdiction of the
and restrictions as it may impose, tariff and paid, or employed, such, Supreme Court as
rates, import and export quotas, all directly or indirectly, for excep provided in this
tonnage and wharfage dues, and other lands, the use, benefit, or t Constitution without its
duties or imposts within the framework buildi support of any sect, when advice and concurrence.
of the national development program of such
Philippines 1987 Page
16
Sec The Congress shall, as early as

possible, provide for a system of
31 initiative and referendum, and the
exceptions therefrom, whereby the
No law people can directly propose and enact
granting laws or approve or reject any act or law
a title of or part thereof passed by the Congress
royalty or or local legislative body after the
nobility registration of a petition therefor signed
Legislative initiatives by citizens
shall be by at least ten per centum of the total
enacted. number of registered voters, of which
Referenda every legislative district must be
represented by at least three per
Sec centum of the registered voters thereof.
32
Pre
E side The President and the
DEPARTME nt. Vice-President shall be
elected by direct vote of
Head NT The the people for a term of
of Vic six years which shall
state e- begin at noon on the
term
limits Pre thirtieth day of June next
Name/structure of executive(s) side following the day of the
Sec 1 nt election and shall end at
ma noon of the same date
The executive power y six years thereafter. The
shall be vested in the be President shall not be
Sched
Finance bills uling President of the app eligible for any
of
Philippines. oint reelection. No person
electio ed who has succeeded as
Foreign affairs representative ns
as President and has
Minimum age of head of state Sec 2 a served as such for more
A Me
mb
than four years shall be
qualified for election to
Eligibility for head of state No person may be
R elected President unless er the same office at any
he is a natural-born of time.
TI citizen of the Philippines, the
a registered voter, able Cab
C to read and write, at inet
No Vice-President shall
serve for more than two
L least forty years of age .
on the day of the Suc
successive terms.
Voluntary renunciation
Deputy executive E election, and a resident h of the office for any
of the Philippines for at app length of time shall not
VI least ten years oint be considered as an
immediately preceding me interruption in the
I: such election. nt continuity of the service
req
E uire
for the full term for which
he was elected.
Sec 3
X s
no Unless otherwise
E There shall be a Vice- con
President who shall firm
provided by law, the
regular election for
Head of state selection
C have the same atio President and Vice-
qualifications and term n.
Head of state term length
U of office and be elected
President shall be held
on the second Monday
with and in the same
TI manner as the
Se of May.
President. He may be c
Head of state term limits
V removed from office in 4
the same manner as the
Philippines 1987 Page
17
of all faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my

contest duties as President (or Vice-President
s or Acting President) of the Philippines,
relating preserve and defend its Constitution,
to the execute its laws, do justice to every
election man, and consecrate myself to the
, service of the Nation. So help me
returns, God." (In case of affirmation, last
and sentence will be omitted.)
qualifica
tions of
the
Sec 6
Preside
nt or The President shall have an official
Vice- residence. The salaries of the
Preside President and Vice-President shall be
nt, and determined by law and shall not be
may decreased during their tenure. No
promulg increase in said compensation shall
ate its take effect until after the expiration of
rules for the term of the incumbent during which
the such increase was approved. They
purpose shall not receive during their tenure
. any other emolument from the
Government or any other source.
Sec 5
Sec 7
Before
they The President-elect and the Vice-
enter on President-elect shall assume office at
God or other deities the the beginning of their terms.
executi
Oaths to abide by constitution on of If the President-elect fails to qualify, the
their Vice-President-elect shall act as
office, President until the President-elect shall
the have qualified.
Preside
The returns of every election for President and Vice-
nt, the If a President shall not have been
President, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each
Vice- chosen, the Vice-President-elect shall
province or city, shall be transmitted to the Congress,
Preside act as President until a President shall
directed to the President of the Senate. Upon receipt of the
nt, or have been chosen and qualified.
certificates of canvass, the President of the Senate shall,
the
not later than thirty days after the day of the election, open
Acting If at the beginning of the term of the
all the certificates in the presence of the Senate and the
Preside President, the President-elect shall
House of Representatives in joint public session, and the
nt shall have died or shall have become
Congress, upon determination of the authenticity and due
take the permanently disabled, the Vice-
execution thereof in the manner provided by law, canvass
followin President-elect shall become
the votes.
g oath President.
or
The person having the highest number of votes shall be affirmati
proclaimed elected, but in case two or more shall have an on: Where no President and Vice-
equal and highest number of votes, one of them shall President shall have been chosen or
forthwith be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the shall have qualified, or where both
"I do shall have died or become
Members of both Houses of the Congress, voting
solemnl permanently disabled, the President of
separately.
y swear the Senate or, in case of his inability,
(or the Speaker of the House of
The Congress shall promulgate its rules for the canvassing affirm)
of the certificates. Representatives shall act as President
that I until a President or a Vice-President
will shall have been chosen and qualified.
The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge
Philippines 1987
Page 18
voting and within seven days enact a law

separ calling for a special election to elect a
ately. President and a Vice-President to be
held not earlier than forty-five days nor
later than sixty days from the time of
Sec such call. The bill calling such special
10 election shall be deemed certified
under paragraph 2, Section 26, Article
The VI of this Constitution and shall
Congr become law upon its approval on third
ess reading by the Congress.
shall, Appropriations for the special election
Head of state replacement
at ten shall be charged against any current
o'cloc appropriations and shall be exempt
k in from the requirements of paragraph 4,
the Section 25, Article VI of this
The Congress shall, by law, provide for the manner in which morni Constitution. The convening of the
one who is to act as President shall be selected until a ng of Congress cannot be suspended nor
President or a Vice-President shall have qualified, in case the the special election postponed. No
of death, permanent disability, or inability of the officials third special election shall be called if the
mentioned in the next preceding paragraph. day vacancy occurs within eighteen
after months before the date of the next
the presidential election.
Sec 8 vacan
cy in Sec 11
In case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or the
resignation of the President, the Vice-President shall become office
the President to serve the unexpired term. In case of death, s of Whenever the President transmits to
permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of both the the President of the Senate and the
the President and Vice-President, the President of the Senate Presid Speaker of the House of
or, in case of his inability, the speaker of the House of ent Representatives his written
Representatives, shall then act as President until the President and declaration that he is unable to
or Vice-President shall have been elected and qualified. discharge the powers and duties of his
Vice-
Presid office, and until he transmits to them a
The Congress shall, by law, provide who shall serve as ent written declaration to the contrary,
President in case president of death, permanent disability, occur such powers and duties shall be
or resignation of the Acting President. He shall serve until s, discharged by the Vice-President as
the President or Vice-President shall have been elected conve Acting President.
and qualified, and be subject to the same restrictions of ne in
powers and disqualifications as the Acting President. accor Whenever a majority of all the
dance Members of the Cabinet transmit to
the President of the Senate and to the
Sec 9 with
Speaker of the House of
its
rules Representatives their written
Whenever there is a vacancy in the Office of the Vice- declaration that the President is
witho
President during the term for which he was elected, the unable to discharge the powers and
ut
President shall nominate a Vice-President from among the duties of his office, the Vice-President
need
Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives shall immediately assume the powers
of a
who shall assume office upon confirmation by a majority and duties of the office as Acting
call
vote of all the Members of both Houses of the Congress, President.
Philippines 1987
Page 19
Thereafter if it is not in session, within forty-eight

, when the hours, in accordance with its rules and
President without need of call.
transmits
to the If the Congress, within ten days after
President receipt of the written declaration or, if
of the not in session, within twelve days after
Senate it is required to assemble, determines
and to the by a two-thirds vote of both Houses,
Speaker voting separately, that the President is
of the unable to discharge the powers and
House of duties of his office, the Vice-President
Represent shall act as President; otherwise, the
atives his President shall continue exercising the
written powers and duties of his office.
declaratio
n that no
inability Sec 12
exists, he
shall In case of serious illness of the
reassume President, the public shall be informed
the of the state of his health. The Members
powers of the Cabinet in charge of national
and duties security and foreign relations and the
of his Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of
office. the Philippines, shall not be denied
Meanwhil access to the President during such
e, should illness.
a majority
of all the
Members
Sec 13
of the
Cabinet The President, Vice-President, the
transmit Members of the Cabinet, and their
within five deputies or assistants shall not, unless
days to otherwise provided in this Constitution,
hold any other office or employment
the
during their tenure. They shall not, during
President
said tenure, directly or indirectly, practice
Establishment of cabinet/ministers of the any other profession, participate in any
Senate business, or be financially interested in
Eligibility for cabinet and to the any contract with, or in any franchise, or
Speaker special privilege granted by the
Eligibility for head of state of the Government or any subdivision, agency,
House of or instrumentality thereof, including
Represent government-owned or controlled
atives corporations or their subsidiaries. They
their shall strictly avoid conflict of interest in the
written conduct of their office.
declaratio
n that the The spouse and relatives by
President consanguinity or affinity within the
is unable fourth civil degree of the President shall
to not during his tenure be appointed as
discharge Members of the Constitutional
the Commissions, or the Office of the
powers Ombudsman, or as Secretaries,
and duties Undersecretaries, chairmen or heads of
of his bureaus or offices, including
office, the government-owned or controlled
Congress corporations and their subsidiaries.
shall
decide the
issue. For Sec 14
that
Cabinet removal purpose, Appointments extended by an Acting
the President shall remain effective, unless
Congress revoked by the elected President within
shall ninety days from his assumption or
convene, reassumption of office.
President except temporary appointments to
shall not executive positions when continued
Sec 15 make vacancies therein will prejudice public
appointme service or endanger public safety.
Two months immediately before the next presidential nts,
elections and up the end of his term, a President or Acting
Page 20
Philippines 1987
constituteproject.org departments, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, or officers of the armed
forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, and other officers whose appointments
are vested in his in his Constitution. He shall also appoint all other officers of the
Government whose appointments are not otherwise provided for by law, and those
Establishment of cabinet/ministers
whom he may be authorized by law to appoint. The Congress may, by law, vest the
appointment of other officers lower in rank in the President alone, in the courts, or in
Cabinet selection the heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or boards.
Selection of active-duty commanders The President shall have the power to make appointments during the recess of the
Congress, whether voluntary or compulsory, but such appointments shall be effective
only until disapproval by the Commission on Appointments or until the next
adjournment of the Congress.
Sec 17
The President shall have control of all the executive departments, bureaus, and offices.
He shall ensure that the laws be faithfully executed.
Sec 18
The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines and
whenever it becomes necessary, he may call out such armed forces to prevent or suppress
lawless violence, invasion or rebellion. In case of invasion or rebellion, when the public
safety requires it, he may, for a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend the privilege of the
writ of habeas corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof under martial law. Within
forty-eight hours from the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the privilege of
the writ of habeas corpus, the President shall submit a report in person or in writing to the
Congress. The Congress, voting jointly, by a vote of at least a majority of all its Members in
regular or special session, may revoke such proclamation or suspension, which revocation
shall not be set aside by the President. Upon the initiative of the President, the Congress
may, in the same manner, extend such proclamation or suspension for a period to be
determined by the Congress, if the invasion or rebellion shall persist and public safety
requires it.
The Congress, if not in session, shall, within twenty-four hours following such
proclamation or suspension, convene in accordance with its rules without need of a
Emergency provisions
call.
Designation of commander in chief The Supreme Court may review, in an appropriate proceeding filed by any citizen, the
sufficiency of the factual basis of the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of
PDF generated: 06 Jun 2017, 22:20 the privilege of the writ or the extension thereof, and must promulgate its decision
thereon within thirty days from its filing.
A state of martial law does not suspend the operation of the Constitution, nor supplant
the functioning of the civil courts or legislative assemblies, nor authorize the
Sec 16 conferment of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies over civilians where civil
courts are able to function, nor automatically suspend the privilege of the writ.
The President shall
nominate and, with the The suspension of the privilege of the writ shall apply only to persons judicially charged
consent of the for rebellion or offenses inherent in or directly connected with invasion.
Commission on
Appointments, appoint the
During the suspension of the privilege of the writ, any person thus arrested or detained shall
heads of the executive be judicially charged within three days, otherwise he shall be released.
Head of state powers
Tax bills
Power to pardon
Sec 19
Except in cases of impeachment, or as otherwise provided in this Constitution, the
President may grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and
forfeitures, after conviction by final judgement.
He shall also have the power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of a majority of all
the Members of the Congress.
Sec 20
The President may contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic of the
Philippines with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board, and subject to such
limitations as may be provided by law. The Monetary Board shall, within thirty days
from the end of every quarter of the calendar year, submit to the Congress a complete
report of its decisions on applications for loans to be contracted or guaranteed by the
Government or government-owned and controlled corporations which would have the
effect of increasing the foreign debt, and containing other matters as may be provided
by law.
Foreign affairs representative

Sec 21
Treaty ratification No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by
at least two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.
Sec 22
within thirty days from the opening of every
The regular session, as the basis of the general Legislative oversight of the executive Sec 23
President appropriations bill, a budget of expenditures
shall submit and sources of financing, including receipts
from existing and proposed revenue The President shall address the Congress at the
to the
measures. opening of its regular session. He may also appear
Congress
before it at any other time.
ar and enforceable, and
Structure of the courts e to determine whether
Sec 1 le or not there has been a
ga grave abuse of
ARTICLE VIII: The judicial power shall be vested in lly discretion amounting to
one Supreme Court and in such lower de
JUDICIAL courts as may be established by law. m
lack or excess of
jurisdiction on the part
Protection
DEPARTMENT Judicial power includes the duty of the
an
da
of any branch or
instrumentality of the
of judges'
salaries
courts of justice to settle actual bl Government.
controversies involving rights which e
Philippines
1987 Page 22
Sec 2
Head of state decree power
Treaty ratification
Legal status of treaties

but may
C not The Supreme Court shall be composed
on
sti
deprive of a Chief Justice and fourteen
tut the Associate Justices. It may sit en banc
io Supreme
na or, in its discretion, in divisions of three,
lit Court of five, or seven Members. Any vacancy
y its shall be filled within ninety days from
of
le jurisdictio the occurrence thereof.
gi n over
sl
ati
cases All cases involving the constitutionality
on enumera of a treaty, international or executive
ted in agreement, or law, which shall be
Section 5 heard by the Supreme Court en banc,
hereof. and all other cases which under the
Rules of Court are required to be heard
No law en banc, including those involving the
shall be constitutionality, application, or
passed operation of presidential decrees,
reorganiz proclamations, orders, instructions,
ing the ordinances, and other regulations, shall
Judiciary be decided with the concurrence of a
when it majority of the Members who actually
undermin took part in the deliberations on the
es the issues in the case and voted thereon.
security
of tenure Cases or matter heard by a division
of its shall be decided or resolved with the
Members concurrence of a majority of the
. Members who actually took part in the
deliberations on the issues in the case
Sec 3 and voted thereon, and in no case,
without the concurrence of at least
the three of such Members. When the

S
up Judiciary required number is not obtained, the
re
shall case shall be decided en banc:
m
e enjoy Provided, that no doctrine or principle
co
fiscal of law laid down by the court in a
urt decision rendered en banc or in
po autonom
w y. division may be modified or reversed
er
Appropri except by the court sitting en banc.
s
ations for
the Sec 5
Judiciary
may not The Supreme Court shall have the
be following powers:
reduced
by the
legislatur Exercise original jurisdiction over cases
e below affecting ambassadors, other public
the ministers and consuls, and over
amount petitions for certiorari, prohibition,
appropri mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas
Ri ated for corpus.
gh
t the
to previous Review, revise, reverse, modify, or
ap
pe year and, affirm on appeal or certiorari, as the law
al
after or the Rules of Court may provide, final
ju
dic approval, judgments and orders of lower courts
ial
shall be in.
de
cis automati
io
ns cally and All cases in which the constitutionality
regularly or validity of any treaty, international or
Ju released. executive agreement, law, presidential
di decree, proclamation, order, instruction,
ci
ordinance, or regulation is in question.
al Sec 4
P es 1987 Page 23
h
Minimum age of supreme court judges
Eligibility for supreme court judges
All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or any penalty
imposed in relation thereto.
All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue.
All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher.
All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved.
Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to other stations or public interest may
require. Such temporary assignment shall not exceed six months without the consent
of the judge concerned.
Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice.
Promulgate rules concerning the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights,

pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts, the admission to the practice of law, the
Integrated Bar, and legal assistance to the underprivileged Such rules shall provide a
simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy disposition of cases, shall be uniform
for all courts of the same grade, and shall not diminish, increase, or modify substantive
rights. Rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall remain effective
unless disapproved by the Supreme Court.
Appoint all officials and employees of the Judiciary in accordance with the Civil Service
Law.
Sec 6
The Supreme Court shall have administrative supervision over all courts and the
personnel thereof.
Sec 7
No person shall be appointed Member of the Supreme Court or any lower collegiate
court unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines. A Member of the Supreme
Court must be at least forty years of age, and must have been for fifteen years or more
a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines.
The Congress shall prescribe the qualifications of judges of lower courts, but no person
may be appointed judge thereof unless he is a citizen of the Philippines and a member
of the Philippine Bar.
A Member of the Judiciary must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity,

and independence.

Establishment of
judicial council
Se
c8
Secret oative of ions for the Council.
ary of nthe
Justice Integrated The Council shall have the
, and a ABar shall principal function of
repres pserve for recommending appointees to the
entativ pfour Judiciary. It may exercise such
e of oyears, the other functions and duties as the
the iprofessor Supreme Court may assign to it.
Congr nof law for
ess as tthree
ex myears, the Sec 9
officio eretired
Memb nJustice for The Members of the Supreme
ers, a ttwo years, Court and judges of lower courts
repres sand the shall be appointed by the
entativ .represent President from a list of at least
e of ative of three nominees prepared by the
the Othe private Judicial and Bar Council for every
Integra fsector for vacancy. Such appointments need
ted one year. no confirmation.
Bar, a t
profes hThe Clerk For the lower courts, the
sor of eof the President shall issue the
law, a Supreme appointments within ninety days
retired MCourt from the submission of the list.
Memb eshall be
er of mthe
the bSecretary Sec 10
Supre eex officio
me rof the The salary of the Chief Justice
Supreme court selection Court, sCouncil and of the Associate Justices of
and a and shall the Supreme Court, and of judges
Ordinary court selection
repres fkeep a of lower courts shall be fixed by
entativ irecord of law. During their continuance in
e of rits office, their salary shall not be
the sproceedin decreased.
private tgs.
sector.
aThe
Sec 11
The pregular
regular pMembers The Members of the Supreme
memb oof the Court and judges of lower courts
ers of iCouncil shall hold office during good
the nshall behavior until they reach the age
Counci treceive of seventy years or become
l shall esuch incapacitated to discharge the
be demolumen duties of their office. The Supreme
appoin ,ts as may Court en banc shall have the
ted by power to discipline judges of lower
be courts, or order their dismissal by
the tdetermine
Presid hd by the a vote of a majority of the
ent for eSupreme Members who actually took part in
a term the deliberations on the issues in
Supreme court term length
Court. The the case and voted thereon.
of four rSupreme
years eCourt
Supreme/ordinary court judge removal
with pshall Sec 12
the rprovide in
Mandatory retirement age for judges
conse eits annual
The Members of the Supreme Court
nt of sbudget
A Judicial and Bar Council is hereby created under and of other courts established by
the ethe
the supervision of the Supreme Court composed of law shall not be designated to any
Comm nappropriat agency performing quasi-judicial or
the Chief Justice as ex officio Chairman, the t
ission administrative functions.
Philip pines 1987 Page 25
Supreme court
opinions
Se
c
13
Co
nst
itut
ion
mu
st
be
de
cid
ed
or
res
olv
Right to appeal judicial decisions ed
wit
Supreme court opinions hin
tw
The conclusions of the Supreme Court in any case ent
submitted to it for decision en banc or in division y-
shall be reached in consultation before the case is fou
assigned to a Member for the writing of the opinion r
of the Court. A certification to this effect signed by mo
the Chief Justice shall be issued and a copy nth
thereof attached to the record of the case and s
served upon the parties. Any Member who took no fro
part, or dissented, or abstained from a decision or m
resolution must state the reason therefor. The dat
same requirements shall be observed by all lower e
collegiate courts. of
su
bm
Sec 14 iss
ion
No decision shall be rendered by any court without for
expressing therein clearly and distinctly the facts the
and the law on which it is based. Su
pr
No petition for review or motion for reconsideration em
of a decision of the court shall be refused due e
course or denied without stating the legal basis Co
therefor. urt
,
an
Sec 15 d,
unl
All cases or matters filed after the effectivity of this
Phi lippines 1987 Page 26
The Commission shall enjoy fiscal autonomy.

Their approved annual appropriations shall be
automatically and regularly released.
The Constitutional Commissions, which shall be independent, are the
Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the Sec 6
Commission on Audit.
Each Commission en banc may promulgate its
Sec 2 own rules concerning pleadings and practice
before it or before any of its offices. Such rules
however shall not diminish, increase, or modify
No Member of a Constitutional Commission shall, during his tenure, substantive rights.
hold any other office or employment. Neither shall he engage in the
practice of any profession or in the active management or control of
any business which in any way may be affected by the functions of Sec 7
his office, nor shall he be financially interested, directly or indirectly, in
any contract with, or in any franchise or privilege granted by the Each Commission shall decide by a majority
Government, any of its subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, vote of all its Members any case or matter
including government-owned or controlled corporations or their brought before it within sixty days from the date
subsidiaries. of its submission for decision or resolution. A
case or matter is deemed submitted for decision
Sec 3 or resolution upon the filing of the last pleading,
brief, or memorandum required by the rules of
the Commission or by the Commission itself.
The salary of the Chairman and the Commissioners shall be fixed by Unless otherwise provided by this Constitution
law and shall not be decreased during their tenure. or by law, any decision, order, or ruling of each
Commission may be brought to the Supreme
Sec 4 Court on certiorari by the aggrieved party within
thirty days from receipt of a copy thereof.
The Constitutional Commissions shall appoint their officials and
employees in accordance with law. Sec 8
Sec 5 Each Commission shall perform such other
functions as may be provided by law.

hold a temporary or acting capacity.

office
for
seve
Sec 2
n
year The civil service embraces all
s, a branches, subdivisions,
Com instrumentalities, and agencies of the
missi Government, including government-
oner owned or controlled corporations with
for original charters.
five
year Appointments in the civil service shall
s, be made only according to merit and
and fitness to be determined, as far as
anot practicable, and, except to positions
her which are policy determining primarily
Com confidential, or highly technical, by
missi competitive examination.
oner
for No officer or employee in the civil
three service shall be removed or
year suspended except for cause provided
s, by law.
witho
ut No officer or employee in the civil
reap service shall engage, directly or
point indirectly, in any electioneering or
ment partisan political campaign.
.
The right to self-organization shall not
Appo be denied to government employees.
intm
ent
to Temporary employees of the
any Government shall be given such
vaca protection as may be provided by law.
ncy
shall Sec 3
be
only The Civil Service Commission, as the
for central personnel agency of the
Civil service recruitment
the Government, shall establish a career
unex service and adopt measures to
pired promote morale, efficiency, integrity,
term responsiveness, progressiveness,
B. THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION of the
and courtesy in the civil service. It
shall strengthen the merit and
pred rewards system, integrate all human
Sec 1 eces resources development programs for
sor. all levels and ranks, and
The civil service shall be administered by the Civil Service In no institutionalize a management climate
Commission composed of a Chairman and two case conductive to public accountability. It
Commissioners who shall be natural-born citizens of the shall shall submit to the President and the
Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at least any Congress an annual report on its
thirty-five years of age, with proven capacity for public Mem personnel programs.
administration, and must not have been candidates for any ber
elective position in the elections immediately preceding be
their appointment. appo Sec 4
inted
or All public officers and employees shall
The Chairman and the Commissioners shall be appointed desig
by the President with the consent of the Commission on take an oath or affirmation to uphold
nate and defend this Constitution.
Appointments for a term of seven years without d in
reappointment. Of those first appointed, the Chairman shall
Page 28
Philippines 1987
Sec 5
acc ction, be appointed to any office in
ou the Government or any government-
nt owned or controlled corporations or in
the any of their subsidiaries.
nat
ure
of
Sec 7
the
res No elective official shall be eligible for
po appointment or designation in any
nsi capacity to any public office or
bilit position during his tenure.
ies
per Unless otherwise allowed by law or
tain by the primary functions of his
ing position, no appointive official shall
to, hold any other office or employment
an in the Government or any
d subdivision, agency or instrumentality
the thereof, including government-owned
qu or controlled corporations or their
alifi subsidiaries.
cati
ons
req
Sec 8
uir
ed No elective or appointive public
for officer or employee shall receive
thei additional, double, or indirect
r compensation, unless specifically
pos authorized by law, nor accept without
itio the consent of the Congress, any
ns. present, emolument, office, or title of
any kind from any foreign
government.
S
ec Pensions or gratuities shall not be
6 considered as additional, double, or
indirect compensation.
No
can C. THE COMMISSION ON
did ELECTIONS
ate
wh
o Sec 1
has
lost There shall be a Commission on
in Elections composed of a Chairman
any and six Commissioners who shall be
ele natural-born citizens of the
ctio Philippines and, at the time of their
n appointment, at least thirty-five years
El
ec sha of age, holders of a college degree,
tor
al
ll, and must not have been candidates
co wit for any elective position in the
m
mi
hin immediately preceding elections.
ssi on
on
e However, a majority thereof, including
yea the Chairman, shall be members of
T r
h the Philippine Bar who have been
aft engaged in the practice of law for at
e er
C least ten years.
suc
o h
n ele The Chairman and the
g Commissioners shall be appointed by
th ent last Members for three years, without
e wit reappointment. Appointment to any
P h vacancy shall be only for the
r the unexpired term of the predecessor. In
e con no case shall any Member be
si sen appointed or designated in a
d t of temporary or acting capacity.
e the
nt Co
w m
it mis
h sio
th n
e on
c Ap
o poi
n nt
s me
e nts
nt for
of a
th ter
e m
C of
o sev
m en
m yea
is rs
si wit
o ho
n ut
o rea
n pp
A oint
p me
p nt.
oi Of
nt tho
m se
e first
nt ap
s poi
fo nte
r d,
a thr
te ee
r Me
m mb
of ers
s sha
e ll
v hol
e d
n offi
y ce
e for
a sev
rs en
w yea
it rs,
h two
o Me
ut mb
r ers
e for
a five
p yea
p rs,
oi an
nt d
m the
P
h
Exercise exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests relating to the elections,
returns, and qualifications of all elective regional, provincial, and city officials and
appellate jurisdiction over all contests involving elective municipal officials decided by
Electoral commission trial courts of general jurisdiction, or involving elective barangay officials decided by
trial courts of limited jurisdiction.
Decisions, final orders, or rulings of the Commission on election contests involving

elective municipal and barangay offices shall be final, executory, and not appealable.
Decide, except those involving the right to vote, all questions affecting elections,
including determination of the number and location of polling places, appointment of
election officials and inspectors, and registration of voters.
Deputize, with the concurrence of the President, law enforcement agencies and
instrumentalities of the Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines, for
the exclusive purpose of ensuring free, orderly, honest, peaceful, and credible
elections.
Register, after sufficient publication, political parties, organizations, or coalitions which,

in addition to other requirements, must present their platform or program of
government; and accredit citizens' arms of the Commission on Elections. Religious
denominations and sects shall not be registered. Those which seek to achieve their
goals through violence or unlawful means, or refuse to uphold and adhere to this
Constitution, or which are supported by any foreign government shall likewise be
refused registration.
Financial contributions from foreign governments and their agencies to political parties,
organizations, coalitions, or candidates related to elections constitute interference in
national affairs and, when accepted, shall be an additional ground for the cancellation
of their registration with the Commission, in addition to other penalties that may be
prescribed by law.
Campaign financing
File, upon a verified complaint, or on its own initiative, petitions in court for inclusion or
exclusion of voters; investigate and, where appropriate, prosecute cases of violations
Prohibited political parties
of election laws, including acts or omissions constituting election frauds, offenses, and
Restrictions on political parties
malpractices.
Regulation of political parties Recommend to the Congress effective measures to minimize election spending,
including limitation of places where propaganda materials shall be posted, and to
PDF generated: 06 Jun 2017, 22:20 prevent and penalize all forms of election frauds, offenses, malpractices, and nuisance
candidacies.
Recommend to the President the removal of any officer or employee it has deputized,
or the imposition of any other disciplinary action, for violation or disregard of, or
Sec 2 disobedience to its directive, order, or decision.
The Commission on Submit to the President and the Congress a comprehensive report on the conduct of
Elections shall exercise each election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, or recall.
the following powers and
functions:
Sec 3
Enforce and administer all
laws and regulations The Commission on Elections may sit en banc or in two divisions, and shall promulgate
relative to the conduct of its rules of procedure in order to expedite disposition of election cases, including pre-
an election, plebiscite, proclamation controversies. All such election cases shall be heard and decided in
initiative, referendum, and division, provided that motions for reconsideration of decisions shall be decided by the
recall. Commission en banc.

as provided in this Constitution.
Sec 8
Sec 4
Political parties, or organizations or coalitions
The Commission may, during the election period, supervise or registered under the party-list system, shall not
regulate the enjoyment or utilization of all franchises or permits for be represented in the voters' registration boards,
the operation of transportation and other public utilities, media of boards of election inspectors, boards of
communication or information, all grants, special privileges, or canvassers, or other similar bodies. However,
concessions granted by the Government or any subdivision, agency, they shall be entitled to appoint poll watchers in
or instrumentality thereof, including any government-owned or accordance with law.
controlled corporation or its subsidiary. Such supervision or
regulation shall aim to ensure equal opportunity, time, and space, Sec 9
and the right to reply, including reasonable, equal rates therefor, for
public information campaigns and forums among candidates in Unless otherwise fixed by the Commission in
connection with the objective of holding free, orderly, honest, special cases, the election period shall
peaceful, and credible elections. commence ninety days before the day of
election and shall end thirty days thereafter.
Sec 5
Sec 10
No pardon, amnesty, parole, or suspension of sentence for violation
of election laws, rules, and regulations shall be granted by the Bona fide candidates for any public office shall
President without the favorable recommendation of the Commission. be free from any form of harassment and
discrimination.
Sec 6
Sec 11
A free and open party system shall be allowed to evolve according to
the free choice of the people, subject to the provisions of this Article. Funds certified by the Commission as necessary
to defray the expenses for holding regular and
Sec 7 special elections, plebiscites, initiatives,
referenda, and recalls, shall be provided in the
No votes cast in favor of a political party, organization, or coalition regular or special appropriations and, once
shall be valid, except for those registered under the party-list system approved, shall be released automatically upon
certification by the Chairman of the Commission.
constitutional bodies, commissions and offices

that have been granted fiscal autonomy under
this Constitution;
D. THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT
autonomous state colleges and universities;
Sec 1
other government-owned owned or controlled
There shall be a Commission on Audit composed of a Chairman and corporations and their subsidiaries; and
two Commissioners, who shall be natural-born citizens of the
Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at least thirty-five such non-governmental entities receiving
years of age, certified public accountants with not less than ten years subsidy or equity, directly or indirectly, from or
of auditing experience, or members of the Philippine Bar who have through the Government, which are required by
been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years, and must law or the granting institution to submit to such
not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections audit as a condition of subsidy or equity.
immediately preceding their appointment. At no time shall all
Members of the Commission belong to the same profession. However, where the internal control system of
the audited agencies is inadequate, the
The Chairman and the Commissioners shall be appointed by the Commission may adopt such measures,
President with the consent of the Commission on Appointments for a including temporary or special pre-audit, as are
term of seven years without reappointment. Of those first appointed, the necessary and appropriate to correct the
Chairman shall hold office for seven years, one Commissioner for five deficiencies. It shall keep the general accounts
years, and the other Commissioner for three years, without of the Government and, for such period as may
reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the be provided by law, preserve the vouchers and
unexpired portion of the term of the predecessor. In no case shall any other supporting papers pertaining thereto.
Member be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting capacity.
The Commission shall have exclusive authority,
Sec 2 subject to the limitations in this Article, to define
the scope of its audit and examination, establish
The Commission on Audit shall have the power, authority, and duty to the techniques and methods required therefor,
examine, audit, and settle all accounts pertaining to the revenue and and promulgate accounting and auditing rules,
receipts of, and expenditures or uses of funds and property, owned or and regulations including those for the
held in trust by, or pertaining to, the Government, or any of its prevention and disallowance of irregular,
subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, including government- unnecessary, excessive, extravagant, or
owned and controlled corporations with original charters, and on a unconscionable expenditures, or uses of
post audit basis government funds and properties.
Sec 3
ny submit to the President and the
invest Congress, within the time fixed by law,
ment an annual report covering the financial
of condition and operation of the
public Government, its subdivisions, agencies,
funds, and instrumentalities, including
from government owned or controlled
the corporations, and non-governmental
entities subject to its audit, and
jurisdi
recommend measures necessary to
ction improve their effectiveness and
of the efficiency. It shall submit such other
Comm reports as may be required by law.
ission
on
Audit. ARTICLE X: LOCAL
Sec GOVERNMENT
4
The
Commi GENERAL PROVISIONS
ssion
shall
Sec 1
ha e qualifications, election,
ni appointment and
s removal, term, salaries,
m powers and functions
s and duties of local
of officials, and all other
R
re matters relating to the
i ca organization and
ll, operation of the local
I
n ini units.
tia
O tiv
r
e, Sec 4
an
d The President of the
M ref Philippines shall
u er exercise general
S
en supervision over local
u du governments.
m, Provinces with respect
T all to component cities and
h oc
municipalities, and
S at
cities and municipalities
e
a
with respect to
T component barangays
h m
on shall ensure that the
S g acts of their component
th units are within the
T e scope of their
h dif prescribed powers and
fer functions.
en
t
lo
ca
l
go
ve
rn
m
en
t
un
its
th
eir
po
w
er
s,
re
sp
on
si
bil
iti
es
,
an
d
re
so
ur
ce
s,
an
d
pr
ov
id
e
for
th
Philippines 1987
Page 33
Subsidiary unit government

Municipal government
Sec 5
Each local government unit shall have the power to create its own sources of revenues
and to levy taxes, fees, and charges subject to such guidelines and limitations as the
Congress may provide, consistent with the basic policy of local autonomy. Such taxes,
fees, and charges shall accrue exclusively to the local governments.
Municipal government Sec 6

Local government units shall have a just share, as determined by law, in the national
taxes which shall be automatically released to them.
Sec 7
interru al representation as may be
ption prescribed by law.
in the
contin
uity of
Sec 10
his
servic No province, city, municipality, or
e for barangay may be created, divided,
Municipal the merged, abolished, or its boundary
government full substantially altered, except in
term accordance with the criteria
Subsidiary unit Municipal government established in the local government
government
for
which code and subject to approval by a
he majority of the votes cast in a
was plebiscite in the political units directly
Local governments shall be entitled to an affected.
electe
equitable share in the proceeds of the
d.
utilization and development of the national
wealth within their respective areas, in the Sec 11
manner provided by law, including sharing Sec
the same with the inhabitants by way of 9 The Congress may, by law, create
direct benefits. special metropolitan political
Municipal subdivisions, subject to a plebiscite
government Legisl as set forth in Section 10 hereof. The
Sec 8 ative component cities and municipalities
Subsidiary unit bodie shall retain their basic autonomy and
government
The term of office of elective local officials, s of shall be entitled to their own local
except barangay officials, which shall be local executives and legislative
determined by law, shall be three years and gover assemblies. The jurisdiction of the
no such official shall serve for more than nment metropolitan authority that will
three consecutive terms. Voluntary s shall thereby be created shall be limited to
renunciation of the office for any length of have basic services requiring coordination.
time shall not be considered as an sector
Page 34
Philippines 1987
AUTONOMOUS REGIONS
Sec 15
Sec 12
There shall be created autonomous regions in
Cities that are highly urbanized, as determined by law, and Muslim Mindanao and in the Cordilleras
component cities whose charters prohibit their voters from voting for consisting of provinces, cities, municipalities,
provincial elective officials, shall be independent of the province. The and geographical areas sharing common and
voters of component cities within a province, whose charters contain distinctive historical and cultural heritage,
no such prohibition, shall not be deprived of their right to vote for economic and social structures, and other
elective provincial officials. relevant characteristics within the framework of
this Constitution and the national sovereignty as
well as territorial integrity of the Republic of the
Sec 13 Philippines.
Local government units may group themselves, consolidate or

coordinate their efforts, services, and resources for purposes Sec 16
commonly beneficial to them in accordance with law.
The President shall exercise general supervision
over autonomous regions to ensure that laws
Sec 14 are faithfully executed.
The President shall provide for regional development councils or

other similar bodies composed of local government officials, regional Sec 17
heads of departments and other government offices, and
representatives from non-governmental organizations within the All powers, functions, and responsibilities not
regions for purposes of administrative decentralization to strengthen granted by this Constitution or by law to the
the autonomy of the units therein and to accelerate the economic and autonomous regions shall be vested in the
social growth and development of the units in the region. National Government.


Organ
ic
laws
Se
c
18
A
d
C
r
A
n
P
e
R
e
E
c
E
d
P
r
S
u
Organic laws
The Congress shall enact an organic act for each

autonomous region with the assistance and
participation of the regional consultative
commission composed of representatives
appointed by the President from a list of nominees
from multisectoral bodies. The organic act shall
define the basic structure of government for the
region consisting of the executive department and
legislative assembly, both of which shall be
elective and representative of the constituent
political units. The organic acts shall likewise
provide for special courts with personal, family,
and property law jurisdiction consistent with the
provisions of this Constitution and national laws.
The creation of the autonomous region shall be

effective when approved by majority of the votes
cast by the constituent units in a plebiscite called
for the purpose, provided that only provinces,
cities, and geographic areas voting favorably in
such plebiscite shall be included in the
autonomous region.
Sec 19
The first Congress elected under this Constitution
shall, within eighteen months from the time of
organization of both Houses, pass the organic acts
for the autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao
and the Cordilleras.
Sec 20
Within its territorial jurisdiction and subject to the
provisions of this Constitution and national laws,
the organic act of autonomous regions shall
provide for legislative powers over:
Right to culture
Sec 21
Indigenous right to self governance The preservation of peace and order within the regions shall be the responsibility of the
local police agencies which shall be organized, maintained, supervised, and utilized in
PDF generated: 06 Jun 2017, 22:20 accordance with applicable laws. The defense and security of the regions shall be the
responsibility of the National Government.
employees ives or by any citizen upon a resolution
Head of state removal may be of endorsement by any Member
removed thereof, which shall be included in the
Supreme/ordinary court judge removal from office Order of Business within ten session
as provided days, and referred to the proper
ARTICLE XI: by law, but
not by
Committee within three session days
thereafter. The Committee, after
ACCOUNTABILITY OF impeachme
nt.
hearing, and by a majority vote of all its
Members, shall submit its report to the
PUBLIC OFFICERS House within sixty session days from
such referral, together with the
Sec 3 corresponding resolution. The
resolution shall be calendared for
The House consideration by the House within ten
of
Sec 1 Representat
session days from receipt thereof.
ives shall A vote of at least one-third of all the

Public office is a public trust. Public officers have the
and employees must at all times be Members of the House shall be
exclusive necessary either to affirm a favorable
accountable to the people, serve them with power to
utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and initiate all resolution with the Articles of
efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, Impeachment of the Committee, or
cases of override its contrary resolution. The
Head of state and lead modest lives. impeachme
removal vote of each Member shall be
nt. recorded.
Head of state
immunity
Sec 2
A verified In case the verified compliant or
The President, the Vice-President, the compliant resolution of impeachment is filed by at
Members of the Supreme Court, the for least one third of all the Members of
Members of the Constitutional impeachme the House, the same shall constitute
Commissions, and the Ombudsman may be nt may be the Articles of Impeachment, and trial
removed from office, on impeachment for, filed by any by the Senate shall forthwith proceed.
and conviction of, culpable violation of the Member of
Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and the House
No impeachment proceedings shall be
corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of of initiated against the same official more
public trust. All other public officers and Representat
than once within a period of one year.

sitting for that purpose, the Senators
shall be on oath or affirmation. When
the President of the Philippines is on
The
trial, the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Sen
Court shall preside, but shall not vote.
ate
No person shall be convicted without
shall
the concurrence of two-thirds of all the
have
Members of the Senate.
the
sole
pow Judgment in cases of impeachment
er to shall not extend further than removal
Head of state immunity
try from office and disqualification to hold
and any office under the Republic of the
deci Philippines, but the party convicted
de shall nevertheless be liable and
all subject to prosecution, trial, and
case punishment according to law.
s of
impe
The Congress shall promulgate its
ach
rules on impeachment to effectively
men
t. carry out the purpose of this section.
Head of state removal
Whe
n Sec 4
H reme/ordinary court judge removal
the least one Deputy each for
e
a Ombud Luzon, Visayas, and
d The present anti-graft sman, Mindanao. A separate
o
court known as the compo Deputy for the military
f Sandiganbayan shall sed of establishment may
s continue to function the likewise be appointed.
t
Head of state removal a and exercise its Ombud
t jurisdiction as now or sman
Ombudsman e
hereafter may be to be
Sec 6
r provided by law. known
e The officials and
m as
Tanodb employees of the Office of
o
v Sec 5 the Ombudsman, other
a
ayan,
one than the Deputies, shall be
l
There is hereby appointed by the
overall
created the Ombudsman according to
S Deputy
u independent Office of and at the Civil Service Law.
p
the Office of Phili udsman must have J from a list of
the ppin for ten years or u three
Ombudsman e more been a judge nominees
created under Bar, or engaged in the for every
this and practice of law in vacancy
S Constitution. must the Philippines. thereafter.
T not Such
have During their appointment
h Sec 8 been s shall
tenure, they shall
cand be subject to the require no
The idate same confirmation
Ombudsman s for disqualifications . All
and his any and prohibitions as vacancies
Deputies shall electi provided for in shall be
be natural- ve Section 2 of Article filled within
born citizens of offic IX-A of this three
the e in Constitution. months after
Philippines, the they occur.
and at the time imm
of their ediat Sec 9
appointment, ely
at least forty prec The Ombudsman
years old, of edin and his Deputies
recognized g shall be appointed
probity and electi by the President
independence, on. from a list of at
and members The least six nominees
of the Omb prepared by the
P
constituteproject.org h
Sec 10
u ec 11
d
S
T
h
S
T
h
S
T
h
I
n
D
i
D
i
D
i
R
e
P
u
P
h
government-owned or controlled bank or

financial institution to the President, the Vice-
President, the Members of the Cabinet, the
Congress, the Supreme Court, and the
Constitutional Commissions, the Ombudsman,
or to any firm or entity in which they have
Determine the causes of inefficiency, red tape, mismanagment, fraud, controlling interest, during their tenure.
and corruption in the Government and make recommendations for
their elimination and the observance of high standards of ethics and
efficiency.
Sec 17
A public officer or employee shall, upon
Promulgate its rules of procedure and exercise such other powers or
assumption of office and as often thereafter as
perform such functions or duties as may be provided by law.
may be required by law, submit a declaration under
oath of his assets, liabilities, and net worth. In the
Sec 14 case of the President, the Vice-President, the
Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the
Supreme Court, the Constitutional Commissions
The Office of the Ombudsman shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Its and other constitutional offices, and officers of the
approved annual appropriations shall be automatically and regularly armed forces with general or flag rank, the
released. declaration shall be disclosed to the public in the
manner provided by law.
Sec 15
Sec 18
The right of the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by
public officials or employees, from them or from their nominees or Public officers and employees owe the State
transferees, shall not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel. and this Constitution allegiance at all times, and
any public officer or employee who seeks to
Sec 16 change his citizenship or acquire the status of
an immigrant of another country during his
tenure shall be dealt with by law.
No loan, guaranty, or other form of financial accommodation for any
business purpose may be granted, directly or indirectly, by any

ARTICLE XII: NATIONAL ECONOMY AND

PATRIMONY
c
1
Right to work
Se
p agree limit of the grant.
o ments
may The State shall protect the
be for nation's marine wealth in its
a archipelagic waters, territorial
period
sea, and exclusive economic
not
zone, and reserve its use and
exceed
ing enjoyment exclusively to Filipino
twenty- citizens.
five
years, The Congress may, by law, allow
renew small-scale utilization of natural
able resources by Filipino citizens, as
for not well as cooperative fish farming,
more with priority to subsistence
than fishermen and fish-workers in
twenty- rivers, lakes, bays, and lagoons.
five
years,
and The President may enter into
under agreements with foreign-owned
such corporations involving either
terms technical or financial assistance
and for large-scale exploration,
Ownership of natural resources conditi development, and utilization of
ons as minerals, petroleum, and other
The goals of the national economy are a more may mineral oils according to the
equitable distribution of opportunities, income, and be general terms and conditions
wealth; a sustained increase in the amount of goods provid provided by law, based on real
and services produced by the nation for the benefit of ed by contributions to the economic
the people; and an expanding productivity as the key law. In growth and general welfare of
to raising the quality of life for all, especially the cases the country. In such agreements,
underprivileged. of the State shall promote the
water development and use of local
rights
The State shall promote industrialization and full scientific and technical
for
employment based on sound agricultural resources.
irrigati
development and agrarian reform, through on,
industries that make full and efficient use of human water The President shall notify the
and natural resources, and which are competitive supply, Congress of every contract
in both domestic and foreign markets. However, fisherie entered into in accordance with
the State shall protect Filipino enterprises against s, or this provision, within thirty days
unfair foreign competition and trade practices. industri from its execution.
al uses
In the pursuit of these goals, all sectors of the other
than
economy and all regions of the country shall be
the
given optimum opportunity to develop. Private
develo
enterprises, including corporations, cooperatives, pment
and similar collective organizations, shall be of
encouraged to broaden the base of their water
ownership. power,
benefic
Sec 2 ial use
may
be the
All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, measu
petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of re and
Phi lippines 1987 Page 41
Sec 3
ble Taking into account the requirements
lands of conservation, ecology, and
of the development, and subject to the
public requirements of agrarian reform, the
domai Congress shall determine, by law, the
n size of lands of the public domain
except which may be acquired, developed,
by held, or leased and the conditions
lease, therefor.
for a
period
not
Sec 4
excee
ding The Congress shall, as soon as
twenty possible, determine by law the specific
-five limits of forest lands and national parks,
years, marking clearly their boundaries on the
ground. Thereafter, such forest lands
renew
and national parks shall be conserved
able
and may not be increased nor
for not diminished, except by law. The
more Congress shall provide, for such period
than as it may determine, measures to
twenty prohibit logging in endangered forests
-five and watershed areas.
years,
and
not to Sec 5
excee
d one The State, subject to the provisions of
thousa this Constitution and national
nd development policies and programs,
hectar shall protect the rights of indigenous
es in cultural communities to their ancestral
area. lands to ensure their economic, social,
Citizen and cultural well-being.
s of
the The Congress may provide for the
Philipp applicability of customary laws
ines governing property rights or relations
may in determining the ownership and
lease extent of ancestral domain.
not
more
than Sec 6
five
hundre The use of property bears a social
d function, and all economic agents shall
hectar contribute to the common good.
es, or Individuals and private groups, including
acquir corporations, cooperatives, and similar
Ri
e not collective organizations, shall have the
gh
t more right to own, establish, and operate
to economic enterprises, subject to the
es than
duty of the State to promote distributive
ta twelve
bli justice and to intervene when the
sh hectar common good so demands.
a es
bu
sin thereof
es
s
by Sec 7
purcha
se, Save in cases of hereditary
L homes
a succession, no private lands shall be
tead, transferred or conveyed except to
n or
d individuals, corporations, or
grant. associations qualified to acquire or
s
hold lands of the public domain.
otwiths Section 7 of this Article, a natural-born
tandin citizen of the Philippines who has lost
S g the his Philippine citizenship may be a
e provisi transferee of private lands, subject to
ons of limitations provided by law.
P
h
The Congress shall, upon recommendation of the economic and planning agency,
when the national interest dictates, reserve to citizens of the Philippines or to
corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by
Economic plans such citizens, or such higher percentage as Congress may prescribe, certain areas of
investments. The Congress shall enact measures that will encourage the formation and
PDF generated: 06 Jun 2017, 22:20 operation of enterprises whose capital is wholly owned by Filipinos.
In the grant of rights, privileges, and concessions covering the national economy and
patrimony, the State shall give preference to qualified Filipinos.
Sec 9 The State shall regulate and exercise authority over foreign investments within its
national jurisdiction and in accordance with its national goals and priorities.
The Congress may
establish an independent
economic and planning Sec 11
agency headed by the
President, which shall, No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a public
after consultations with utility shall be granted except to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or
the appropriate public associations organized under the laws of the Philippines at least sixty per centum of
agencies, various private whose capital is owned by such citizens, nor shall such franchise, certificate, or
sectors, and local authorization be exclusive in character or for a longer period than fifty years. Neither
government units, shall any such franchise or right be granted except under the condition that it shall be
recommend to Congress, subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by the Congress when the common good
and implement continuing so requires. The State shall encourage equity participation in public utilities by the
integrated and general public. The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of any public
coordinated programs and utility enterprise shall be limited to their proportionate share in its capital, and all the
policies for national executive and managing officers of such corporation or association must be citizens of
development. the Philippines.
Until the Congress Sec 12

provides otherwise, the
National Economic and
The State shall promote the preferential use of Filipino labor, domestic materials and locally
Development Authority produced goods, and adopt measures that help make them competitive.
shall function as the
independent planning
agency of the Sec 13
government.
The State shall pursue a trade policy that serves the general welfare and utilizes all
Sec 10 forms and arrangements of exchange on the basis of equality and reciprocity.
constituteproject.org workers and craftsmen in all fields shall be promoted by the State. The State shall
encourage appropriate technology and regulate its transfer for the national benefit.
The practice of all professions in the Philippines shall be limited to Filipino citizens,
Right to enjoy the benefits of save in cases prescribed by law.
science

Sec 15
The Congress shall create an agency to promote the viability and growth of
cooperatives as instruments for social justice and economic development.
Sec 14 Sec 16
The sustained
development of a The Congress shall not, except by general law, provide for the formation, organization,
reservoir of national or regulation of private corporations. Government-owned or controlled corporations
talents consisting of may be created or established by special charters in the interest of the common good
Filipino scientists, and subject to the test of economic viability.
entrepreneurs,
professionals, managers, Sec 17
high-level technical
manpower and skilled In times of national emergency, when the public interest so requires, the State may,
during the emergency and by the Government.
under reasonable terms
prescribed by it,
temporarily take over or
Sec 19
direct the operation of any
privately owned public The State shall regulate or prohibit monopolies when the public interest so requires. No
utility or business affected combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition shall be allowed.
with public interest.
Sec 20
Sec 18
The Congress shall establish an independent central monetary authority, the members of
The State may, in the whose governing board must be natural-born Filipino citizens, of known probity, integrity,
and patriotism, the majority of whom shall come from the private sector. They shall also be
interest of national welfare
subject to such other qualifications and disabilities as may be prescribed by law. The
or defense, establish and
authority shall provide policy direction in the areas of money, banking, and credit. It shall
operate vital industries have supervision over the operations of banks and exercise such regulatory powers as may
and, upon payment of just be provided by law over the operations of finance companies and other institutions
compensation, transfer to performing similar functions.
public ownership utilities
and other private
Until the Congress otherwise provides, the Central Bank of the Philippines, operating
enterprises to be operated
under existing laws, shall function as the central monetary authority.

Sec 21
The the common good.
Congress
shall give To this end, the State shall regulate the
highest acquisition, ownership, use, and
priority to disposition of property and its
the increments.
enactment
of
measures Sec 2
that
protect The promotion of social justice shall
and include the commitment to create
enhance economic opportunities based on
the right of freedom of initiative and self-reliance.
all the
people to
human
LABOR
dignity,
reduce Sec 3
social
economic,
and
political
inequalitie
s, and
remove
cultural
inequities
by
equitably
Hu diffusing
man
dign wealth and
ity political
power for
Prov
ple of shared mutual peace.
The responsibility between compli
State workers and employers ance The State shall regulate
shall and the preferential use therew the relations between
prom of voluntary modes in ith to workers and employers,
R ote settling disputes, foster recognizing the right of
i
the including conciliation, industr labor to its just share in
princi and shall enforce their ial the fruits of production
a
n lipp ines 1987 Page 45
farmworkers, to receive a just share of

the fruits thereof. To this end, the State
shall encourage and undertake the just
Provisions for
distribution of all agricultural lands,
wealth subject to such priorities and
redistribution reasonable retention limits as the
Congress may prescribe, taking into
account ecological, developmental, or
equity considerations, and subject to
the payment of just compensation. In
AGRA determining retention limits, the State
RIAN shall respect the rights of small
landowners. The State shall further
AND provide incentives for voluntary land-
NATUR sharing.
AL
RESO Sec 5
URCE
The State shall recognize the right of
S farmers, farmworkers, and landowners,
REFO as well as cooperatives, and other
independent farmers' organizations to
RM participate in the planning, organization,
and management of the program, and
Sec 4 shall provide support to agriculture
through appropriate technology and
The State research, and adequate financial,
shall, by production, marketing, and other
law, support services.
undertake
an Sec 6
agrarian
reform The State shall apply the principles of
program agrarian reform or stewardship,
founded whenever applicable in accordance with
on the law, in the disposition or utilization of
right of other natural resources, including lands
farmers of the public domain under lease or
and concession suitable to agriculture,
regular subject to prior rights, homestead rights
farmworke of small settlers, and the rights of
rs, who indigenous communities to their
Provisions for wealth redistribution are ancestral lands.
landless,
to own
directly or The State may resettle landless farmers
collectively and farmworkers in its own agricultural
the lands estates which shall be distributed to
they till or, them in the manner provided by law.
in the case
of other Sec 7
The the preferential use of the again utilization of marine and
State communal marine and st fishing resources.
shall fishing resources, both foreig
protec inland and offshore. It shall n
t the provide support to such intrusi Sec 8
rights fishermen through on.
of appropriate technology Fishw The State shall provide
subsis and research, adequate orkers incentives to landowners
tence financial, production, and shall to invest the proceeds of
fisher marketing assistance, and receiv the agrarian reform
men, other services. The State e a program to promote
espec shall also protect, develop, just industrialization,
ially of and conserve such share employment creation,
local resources. The protection from
and privatization of public
comm shall extend to offshore their
sector enterprises.
Provisions for wealth redistribution unitie fishing grounds of labor
s, to subsistence fishermen in the
Financial instruments
used as payment for their
lands shall be honored as equity in enter prises of their choice.
Philippines 1987
Page 46
URBAN LAND
Provisions for
wealth REFORM AND
redistribution
HOUSING
Sec 9
continuing evic ettlement of urban or rural
Right to program of urban ted dwellers shall be
health
care
land reform and nor undertaken without
housing which will thei adequate consultation with
make available at r them and the communities
affordable cost dwe where they are to be
decent housing lling relocated.
and basic de
services to moli
underprivileged she
HEALTH
and homeless d,
Right to
citizens in urban exc Sec 11
health centers and ept
care resettlement in The State shall adopt an
areas. It shall also acc integrated and
The promote adequate ord comprehensive approach
State employment anc to health development
shall, opportunities to e which shall endeavor to
by law, such citizens. In with make essential goods,
and the law health and other social
for the implementation of and services available to all
comm such program the in a the people at affordable
on State shall just cost. There shall be
good, respect the rights and priority for the needs of
undert of small property hu the underprivileged sick,
ake, in owners. ma elderly, disabled, women,
cooper ne and children. The State
ation ma
with
Sec 10 nne
shall endeavor to provide
State support for the elderly free medical care to
the r. paupers.
private Urban or rural
State support for the disabled
sector, poor dwellers No
State support for children a shall not be res Sec 12
res ds and r lf-development p enhance their
ear problems. e and self-reliance, r welfare and
ch, h and their enable them to
res
pon
Sec 13 ab integration into
the mainstream of
realize their full
potential in the
sive ili society. service of the
to The State t nation.
the shall a
Right to health care
cou establish a ti WOMEN
The State shall establish and ntry special o
maintain an effective food and 's agency for n Sec 14
drug regulatory system and hea disabled ,
undertake appropriate health lth persons for s
their The State shall
manpower development and nee e
Philippines 1987
Page 47
organ bership, and structure.

izatio
ns to
enabl
Sec 16
e the
peopl The right of the people and their
e to organizations to effective and
pursu reasonable participation at all levels of
e and social, political, and economic
prote decision-making shall not be abridged.
ct, The State shall, by law, facilitate the
within establishment of adequate
the consultation mechanisms.
demo
cratic HUMAN RIGHTS
frame
work,
their Sec 17
legiti
mate There is hereby created an
and independent office called the
collec Commission on Human Rights.
tive
intere The Commission shall be composed
sts of a Chairman and four Members who
and must be natural-born citizens of the
aspir Philippines and a majority of whom
ations shall be members of the Bar. The term
throu of office and other qualifications and
gh disabilities of the Members of the
peac Commission shall be provided by law.
eful
and
lawful Until this Commission is constituted,
mean the existing Presidential Committee on
s. Human Rights shall continue to
exercise its present functions and
powers.
Peopl
e's
organ The approved annual appropriations
izatio of the Commission shall be
Human rights commission
ns automatically and regularly released.
Human rights commission are
bona Sec 18
fide
assoc The Commission on Human Rights
iation shall have the following powers and
s of functions.
citize
ns
with Investigate, on its own or on complaint
demo by any party, all forms of human rights
nstrat violations involving civil and political
ed rights;
capac
ity to Adopt its operational guidelines and
Human rights commission prom rules of procedure, and cite for
ote contempt for violations thereof in
the accordance with the Rules of Court;
public
intere Provide appropriate legal measures
ROLE AND RIGHTS OF PEOPLES st for the protection of human rights of all
ORGANIZATIONS and persons within the Philippines, as well
with as Filipinos residing abroad, and
identif provide for preventive measures and
Sec 15 iable legal aid services to the
leade underprivileged whose human rights
The State shall respect the role of independent people's rship, have been violated or need protection;
mem
Exerc visitatorial powers over jails, prisons,
ise or detention facilities.
Page 48
Philippines 1987
or The Congress may provide for other

agenc cases of violations of human rights
y in that should fall within the authority of
the the Commission, taking into account
perfor its recommendations.
mance
of its
functio ARTICLE XIV:
ns,
EDUCATION,
Protection of victim's rights
Appoi
nt its
SCIENCE AND
officer TECHNOLOGY,
s and
emplo ARTS, CULTURE,
yees
Treaty ratification in AND SPORTS
accord
ance
with
law;
and EDUCATION
Establish a continuing program of research, education, and Perfor
information to enhance respect for the primacy of human m
Sec 1
rights. such The State shall protect and promote the
other right of all citizens to quality education at
Recommend to the Congress effective measures to duties all levels and shall take appropriate
promote human rights and to provide for compensation to and steps to make such education
victims of violations of human rights, or their families, functio accessible to all.
ns as
Monitor the Philippine Government's compliance with may
international treaty obligations on human rights, be Sec 2
provid
Grant immunity from prosecution to any person whose ed by The State shall.
testimony or whose possession of documents or other law.
evidence is necessary or convenient to determine the truth Establish, maintain, and support a
in any investigation conducted by it or under its authority. Sec complete, adequate, and integrated
system of education relevant to the
Request the assistance of any department, bureau, office,
19 needs of the people and society,
Philippines 1987
Page 49
constituteproject.org education is compulsory for all children of school age.
Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs,

subsidies, and other incentives which shall be available to deserving students in both
public and private schools, especially to the underprivileged,
Right to academic freedom
Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well as self-
Compulsory education learning, independent, and out-of-school study programs particularly those that
respond to community needs; and
Free education
Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with training in civics,
vocational efficiency, and other skills.
Sec 3
All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of the
Establish and maintain a curricula.
system of free public
education in the
elementary and high They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity, respect for
school levels. Without human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development
limiting the natural right of of the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual
parents to rear their values, develop moral character and personal discipline, encourage critical and
children, elementary creative thinking, broaden scientific and technological knowledge, and promote
vocational efficiency.
The State recognizes the complementary roles of public and private institutions in the
At the option expressed in educational system and shall exercise reasonable supervision and regulation of all
writing by the parents or educational institutions
guardians, religion shall
be allowed to be taught to Educational institutions, other than those established by religious groups and mission
their children or wards in boards, shall be owned solely by citizens of the Philippines or corporations or
public elementary and associations at least sixty per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens.
high schools within the The Congress may, however, require increased Filipino equity participation in all
regular class hours by educational institutions.
instructors designated or
approved by the religious The control and administration of educational institutions shall be vested in citizens of
authorities of the religion the Philippines.
to which the children or
wards belong, without
additional cost to the No educational institution shall be established exclusively for aliens and no group of
Government. aliens shall comprise more than one-third of the enrollment in any school. The
provisions of this subsection shall not apply to schools established for foreign
diplomatic personnel and their dependents and, unless otherwise provided by law, for
Sec 4 other foreign temporary residents.

ons, including those cooperatively

owned, may likewise be entitled to
such exemptions subject to the
limitations provided by law including
restrictions on dividends and
provisions for reinvestment.
Official or Subject to conditions prescribed by

national
languages law, all grants, endowments,
donations, or contributions used
actually, directly, and exclusively for
educational purposes shall be exempt
from tax.
All
revenue
s and Sec 5
assets
of non- The State shall take into account
stock,
regional and sectoral needs and
non-
conditions and shall encourage local
profit
educati planning in the development of
onal educational policies and programs.
instituti
ons Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in
used all institutions of higher learning.
actually,
directly, Every citizen has a right to select a
Right to academic freedom
and profession or course of study, subject
exclusiv
to fair, reasonable, and equitable
ely for
Access to higher education admission and academic
educati
onal requirements.
purpose
s shall The State shall enhance the right of
be teachers to professional advancement.
exempt Nonteaching academic and non-
from academic personnel shall enjoy the
taxes protection of the State.
and
duties. The State shall assign the highest
Upon
budgetary priority to education and
the
ensure that teaching will attract and
dissoluti
on or retain its rightful share of the best
cessati available talents through adequate
on of remuneration and other means of job
the satisfaction and fulfillment.
corpora
te LANGUAGE
existen
Official or national languages
ce of
such Sec 6
instituti
ons,
their The national language of the
assets Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it
shall be shall be further developed and
dispose enriched on the basis of existing
d of in Philippine and other languages.
the
manner Subject to provisions of law and as the
provide Congress may deem appropriate, the
d by Government shall take steps to initiate
law. and sustain the use of Filipino as a
medium of official communication and
Protection of language use
Proprie as language of instruction in the
tary educational system.
educati
onal
instituti Sec 7
For purposes of communication and instruction, the official Spanis ry and optional basis.
languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until h and
otherwise provided by law, English. Arabic
shall
Sec 8
The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages be
in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of promot This Constitution shall be promulgated
instruction therein. ed on a in Filipino and English and shall be
volunta translated into major regional
languages, Arabic, and Spanish.


Sec 9
Protection of language use The Congress shall establish a national language commission composed of
representatives of various regions and disciplines which shall undertake, coordinate,
PDF generated: 06 Jun 2017, 22:20 and promote researches for the development, propagation, and preservation of Filipino
and other languages.
appropriat private participation in programs of
Reference to science e, and self- basic and applied scientific research.
reliant Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other
Right to enjoy the benefits of science scientific forms of incentives shall be provided to
and deserving science students,
technologi researchers, scientists, inventors,
cal technologists, and specially gifted
capabilities citizens.
, and their
application
to the
Sec 12
country's
Provisions for intellectual property productive The State shall regulate the transfer
systems and promote the adaptation of
Reference to science and technology from all sources for the
national national benefit. It shall encourage the
Right to enjoy the benefits of science
life. widest participation of private groups,
local governments, and community-
SCIENCE AND based organizations in the generation
Reference to
Sec 11 and utilization of science and
science TECHNOLOGY technology.
The
Right to enjoy the
Sec 10 Congress
benefits of science
may
Sec 13
provide for
Science and technology are essential for incentives, The State shall protect and secure the
national development and progress. The including exclusive rights of scientists, inventors,
State shall give priority to research and tax artists, and other gifted citizens to their
development, invention, innovation, and deductions intellectual property and creations,
their utilization; and to science and particularly when beneficial to the
, to
technology education, training, and people, for such period as may be
encourage
services. It shall support indigenous, provided by law.
ART d enjoy the patronage
i of the State. The
S Sec 14 State shall
S
AN conserve, promote,
The State shall foster the A and popularize the
D preservation, nation's historical
r
Reference
to art
CUL enrichment, and dynamic and cultural heritage
evolution of a Filipino and resources, as
Reference to art
TUR national culture based on well as artistic
Right to
culture E the principle of unity in creations.
P
constituteproject.org h
Reference to art
Reference to art
The State shall recognize, respect, and protect the rights of indigenous cultural
communities to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions, and institutions. It shall
consider these rights in the formulation of national plans and policies.
Sec 18
Reference to art
The State shall ensure equal access to cultural opportunities through the educational
PDF generated: 06 Jun 2017, 22:20 system, public or private cultural entities, scholarships, grants and other incentives, and
community cultural centers, and other public venues.
The State shall encourage and support researches and studies on the arts and culture.
Sec 16
SPORTS
All the country's artistic
and historic wealth Sec 19
constitutes the cultural
treasure of the nation and
The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league
shall be under the
competitions, and amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to
protection of the State
foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and
which may regulate its
alert citizenry.
disposition.
All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the
Sec 17 country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors.
actively promote its total development.
Sec 1 Sec 2
The State Marriage, as an inviolable social

recognize institution, is the foundation of the
s the family and shall be protected by the
Filipino State.
Reference to
fraternity/solidarit family as
y the
foundatio Sec 3
Right to found a family n of the
nation. The State shall defend:
According
ARTICLE XV: THE ly, it shall
strengthe
The right of spouses to found a family
in accordance with their religious
FAMILY n its
convictions and the demands of
solidarity
responsible parenthood.
and
ppines 1987 Page 53
Phili
Rights of children
The right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and special
protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and other conditions
prejudicial to their development;
The right of the family to a family living wage and income; and
The right of families or family associations to participate in the planning and

implementation of policies and programs that affect them.
Sec 4
The family has the duty to care for its elderly members but the State may also do so
State support for the elderly through just programs of social security.
reflective Sec 4
and
symbolic
of the The Armed Forces of the Philippines
National flag
ideals, shall be composed of a citizen armed
history, force which shall undergo military
and training and serve, as may be
tradition provided by law. It shall keep a regular
s of the force necessary for the security of the
people. State.
National Such
anthem
Restrictions on the armed forces
law shall Sec 5
take
ARTICLE XVI: effect
only
All members of the armed forces shall
take an oath or affirmation to uphold
GENERAL upon its and defend this Constitution.
ratificatio
PROVISIONS n by the
The State shall strengthen the
people
in a patriotic spirit and nationalist
national consciousness of the military, and
referend respect for people's rights in the
performance of their duty.
Sec 1 um.
Professionalism in the armed forces

The flag of the Philippines shall be red, Sec 3 and adequate remuneration and
white, and blue, with a sun and three stars,
benefits of its members shall be a
as consecrated and honored by the people
The prime concern of the State. The
and recognized by law.
State armed forces shall be insulated from
may not partisan politics.
Sec 2 be sued
without No member of the military shall
The Congress may, by law, adopt a new its engage directly or indirectly in any
name for the country, a national anthem, or consent. partisan political activity, except to
a national seal, which shall all be truly vote.
Restrictions on the armed forces
Protection of consumers
No member of the armed forces in the active service shall, at any time, be appointed or
designated in any capacity to a civilian position in the Government including
government-owned or controlled corporations or any of their subsidiaries.
Laws on retirement of military officers shall not allow extension of their service.
The officers and men of the regular force of the armed forces shall be recruited
proportionately from all provinces and cities as far as practicable.
The tour of duty of the controlled by a national police commission. The authority of local executives over the
Chief of Staff of the armed police units in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law.
forces shall not exceed
three years. However, in
times of war or other
Sec 7
national emergency
declared by the Congress, The State shall provide immediate and adequate care, benefits, and other forms of
the President may extend assistance to war veterans and veterans of military campaigns, their surviving spouses
such tour of duty. and orphans. Funds shall be provided therefor and due consideration shall be given
them in the disposition of agricultural lands of the public domain and, in appropriate
cases, in the utilization of natural resources.
Sec 6
The State shall establish
Sec 8
and maintain one police
force, which shall be The State shall, from time to time, review to upgrade the pensions and other benefits
national in scope and due to retirees of both the government and the private sectors.
civilian in character, to be
administered and Sec 9
across
the
countr
Sec 11
State operation of the media
y, in
accord The ownership and management of
The State shall protect consumers from
mass media shall be limited to
trade malpractices and from substandard or ance
with a citizens of the Philippines, or to
hazardous products.
policy corporations, cooperatives or
that associations, wholly-owned and
Sec 10 respec managed by such citizens.
ts the
The State shall provide the policy freedo The Congress shall regulate or
environment for the full development of m of prohibit monopolies in commercial
Filipino capability and the emergence of speec mass media when the public interest
communication structures suitable to the h and so requires. No combinations in
needs and aspirations of the nation and the of the restrains of trade or unfair
balanced flow of information into, out of, and press. competition therein shall be allowed.
Philippines 1987
Page 55
The advertising industry is impressed with public interest, and shall be regulated by law for the protection of consumers and
the promotion of the general welfare.
Only Filipino citizens or corporations or associations at least seventy per centum of the capital of which is owned by such
citizens shall be allowed to engage in the advertising industry.
The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of entities in such industry shall be limited to their proportionate
share in the capital thereof, and all the executive and managing officers of such entities must be citizens of the Philippines.
Sec 12
The Congress may create a consultative body to advise the President on policies affecting indigenous cultural communities,
the majority of the members of which shall come from such communities.
ARTICLE XVII: AMENDMENTS OR

REVISIONS
Constitution amendment procedure
Sec 1
Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution may be proposed by:
The Congress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all its Members; or
A constitutional convention.
Sec 2
Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the people through initiative upon a petition of at least
twelve per centum of the total number of registered voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at least
three per centum of the registered voters therein. No amendment under this section shall be authorized within five years
following the ratification of this Constitution nor oftener than once every five years thereafter.
The Congress shall provide for the implementation of the exercise of this right.
Sec 3
The Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of all its Members, call a constitutional convention, or by a majority vote of all its
Members, submit to the electorate the question of calling such a convention.
Sec 4
Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution under Section 1 hereof shall be valid when ratified by a majority of the
votes cast in a plebiscite which shall be held not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety days after the approval of such
amendment or revision.

Sec 3
Any amendment under Section 2 hereof shall be valid when ratified All existing laws, decrees, executive orders,
by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite which shall be held not proclamations, letters of instructions, and other
earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety days after the certification executive issuances not inconsistent with this
by the Commission on Elections of the sufficiency of the petition. Constitution shall remain operative until
amended, repealed, or revoked.
ARTICLE XVIII: TRANSITORY
Sec 4
PROVISIONS
All existing treaties or international agreements
which have not been ratified shall not be
renewed or extended without the concurrence of
at least two-thirds of all the Members of the
Sec 1 Senate.
The first elections of Members of the Congress under this

Constitution shall be held on the second Monday of May, 1987. Sec 5
The first local elections shall be held on a date to be determined by The six-year term of the incumbent President
the President, which may be simultaneous with the election of the and Vice-President elected in the February 7,
Members of the Congress. It shall include the election of all Members 1986 election is, for purposes of synchronization
of the city or municipal councils in the Metropolitan Manila area. of elections, hereby extended to noon of June
30, 1992.
Sec 2 The first regular elections for the President and

Vice-President under this Constitution shall be
The Senators, Members of the House of Representatives, and the held on the second Monday of May, 1992.
local officials first elected under this Constitution shall serve until
noon of June 30, 1992.
Sec 6
Of the Senators elected in the election in 1992, the first twelve obtaining
the highest number of votes shall serve for six years and the remaining The incumbent President shall continue to
twelve for three years. exercise legislative powers until the first
Congress is convened.

The incumbent Members of the Judiciary shall

continue in office until they reach the age of
seventy years or become incapacitated to
Sec 7 discharge the duties of their office or are
removed for cause.
Until a law is passed, the President may fill by appointment from a list
of nominees by the respective sectors the seats reserved for sectoral
representation in paragraph (2), Section 5 of Article VI of this
Sec 12
Constitution.
The Supreme Court shall, within one year after
the ratification of this Constitution, adopt a
Sec 8 systematic plan to expedite the decision or
resolution of cases or matters pending in the
Until otherwise provided by the Congress, the President may Supreme Court or the lower courts prior to the
constitute the Metropolitan Authority to be composed of the heads of effectivity of this Constitution. A similar plan shall
all local government units comprising the Metropolitan Manila area. be adopted for all special courts and quasi-
judicial bodies.
Sec 9
Sec 13
A sub-province shall continue to exist and operate until it is converted
into a regular province or until its component municipalities are reverted The legal effect of the lapse, before the
to the mother province. ratification of this Constitution, of the applicable
period for the decision or resolution of the cases
Sec 10 or matters submitted for adjudication by the
courts, shall be determined by the Supreme
Court as soon as practicable.
All courts existing at the time of the ratification of this Constitution
shall continue to exercise their jurisdiction, until otherwise provided
by law. The provisions of the existing Rules of Court, judiciary acts, Sec 14
and procedural laws not inconsistent with this Constitution shall
remain operative unless amended or repealed by the Supreme Court The provisions of paragraphs (3) and (4),
or the Congress. Section 15 of Article VIII of this Constitution shall
apply to cases or matters filed before the
Sec 11 ratification of this Constitution, when the
applicable period lapses after such ratification.

Representatives, and the Chief Justice of the

Supreme Court, two hundred forty thousand
pesos each; the Senators, the Members of the
House of Representatives, the Associate
Sec 15 Justices of the Supreme Court, and the
Chairman of the Constitutional Commissions,
The incumbent Members of the Civil Service Commission, the two hundred four thousand pesos each; and the
Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit shall Members of the Constitutional Commissions,
continue in office for one year after the ratification of this Constitution, one hundred eighty thousand pesos each.
unless they are sooner removed for cause or become incapacitated
to discharge the duties of their office or appointed to a new term Sec 18
thereunder. In no case shall any Member serve longer than seven
years including service before the ratification of this Constitution.
At the earliest possible time, the Government
shall increase the salary scales of the other
Sec 16 officials and employees of the National
Government.
Career civil service employees separated from the service not for
cause but as a result of the reorganization pursuant to Proclamation Sec 19
No. 3 dated March 25, 1986 and the reorganization following the
ratification of this Constitution shall be entitled to appropriate
separation pay and to retirement and other benefits accruing to them All properties, records, equipment, buildings,
under the laws of general application in force at the time of their facilities, and other assets of any office or body
separation. In lieu thereof, at the option of the employees, they may abolished or reorganized under Proclamation
be considered for employment in the Government or in any of its No. 3 dated March 25, 1986 or this Constitution
subdivisions, instrumentalities, or agencies, including government- shall be transferred to the office or body to which
owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries. This its powers, functions, and responsibilities
provision also applies to career officers whose resignation, tendered substantially pertain.
in line with the existing policy, had been accepted.
Sec 20
Sec 17
The first Congress shall give priority to the
Until the Congress provides otherwise, the President shall receive an determination of the period for the full
annual salary of three hundred thousand pesos; the Vice-President, implementation of free public secondary
the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of education.

After the expiration in 1991 of the Agreement

between the Republic of the Philippines and the
United States of America concerning Military
Sec 21 Bases, foreign military bases, troops, or facilities
shall not be allowed in the Philippines except under
The Congress shall provide efficacious procedures and adequate a treaty duly concurred in by the Senate and, when
remedies for the reversion to the State of all lands of the public the Congress so requires, ratified by a majority of
domain and real rights connected therewith which were acquired in the votes cast by the people in a national
referendum held for that purpose, and recognized
violation of the Constitution or the public land laws, or through corrupt
as a treaty by the other contracting State.
practices. No transfer or disposition of such lands or real rights shall
be allowed until after the lapse of one year from the ratification of this
Constitution. Sec 26
Sec 22 The authority to issue sequestration or freeze

orders under Proclamation No. 3 dated March
25, 1986 in relation to the recovery of ill-gotten
At the earliest possible time, the Government shall expropriate idle or
wealth shall remain operative for not more than
abandoned agricultural lands as may be defined by law, for
eighteen months after the ratification of this
distribution to the beneficiaries of the agrarian reform program.
Constitution. However, in the national interest,
as certified by the President, the Congress may
Sec 23 extend said period.
Advertising entities affected by paragraph (2), Section 11 of Article A sequestration or freeze order shall be issued
XVI of this Constitution shall have five years from its ratification to only upon showing of a prima facie case. The
comply on a graduated and proportionate basis with the minimum order and the list of the sequestered or frozen
Filipino ownership requirement therein. properties shall forthwith be registered with the
proper court. For orders issued before the
ratification of this Constitution, the
Sec 24 corresponding judicial action or proceeding shall
be filed within six months from its ratification. For
Private armies and other armed groups not recognized by duly those issued after such ratification, the judicial
constituted authority shall be dismantled. All paramilitary forces including action or proceeding shall be commenced within
Civilian Home Defense Forces not consistent with the citizen armed six months from the issuance thereof.
force established in this Constitution, shall be dissolved or, where
appropriate, converted into the regular force.
The sequestration or freeze order is deemed
automatically lifted if no judicial action or
Sec 25 proceeding is commenced as herein provided.

This Constitution shall take effect immediately

upon its ratification by a majority of the votes
cast in a plebiscite held for the purpose and
Sec 27 shall supersede all previous Constitutions.

21X
Division of labor between

chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Topic index
. . . . . 14, 16X
A
Duty to serve in the
military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Access to higher education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Approval of general
legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E
. . . . . 16 Attendance by
legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Earnings disclosure requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 13X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12X
C
Economic
plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cabinet
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43X
removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20X
Electoral
commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cabinet selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21X
Electoral court
Campaign powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13X
. . . . . . . . . . . . 30X
Electoral court
Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13X
Civil service Electoral districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

recruitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11X
. . . . . . . . . . 28X
Eligibility for
Compensation of cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20X
. . . . . . . 12X
Eligibility for first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compulsory
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11X
education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 50X
Eligibility for head of
state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conditions for revoking citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 17, 20X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9X
Eligibility for second chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Constitution amendment
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10X
procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 56X
Eligibility for supreme court judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24X
Constitutionality of
legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 23X Emergency provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 21X
D
Equality regardless of gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Deputy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5X
executive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17X Equality regardless of religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7X
Designation of commander in
chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, Establishment of cabinet/ministers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21X
Extraordinary legislative
Establishment of judicial council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25X . . . . . . . . . 13X

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23X
Head of state immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38X
Finance bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17X Head of state powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22X
First chamber representation
quotas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Head of state
11X removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38X
First chamber reserved policy
areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Head of state
replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19X
First chamber
selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Head of state selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 11X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17X
Foreign affairs Head of state term

representative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 17, 22X . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17X
Free education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Head of state term

limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17X
Freedom of
assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Human
dignity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 7X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 45X
Freedom of
association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Human rights
commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 7X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48X
Freedom of expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7X
Immunity of
Freedom of movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12X
Freedom of Inalienable rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 6X
. . . . . . . . . . . 7X
Indigenous right to self
Freedom of governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 5, 33, 37X
. . . . . . . . . . . 7X
Initiation of general
G legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 14, 16X
General guarantee of
equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
International
. . 3, 6 God or other
law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
deities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3X
. . . . . . . 3, 18 Guarantee of due
process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J
. . . . . . 6, 8X
Judicial independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Judicial
precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Head of state decree power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23X
. . . . . . . . 13X
L
Leader of second
Leader of first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13X
constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18X
Legal status of treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Official or national languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 52X
Legislative committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Official religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 14X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7X
Legislative initiatives by Ombudsman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

citizens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 39X
10, 17X
Ordinary court selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legislative oversight of the executive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 22X
Organic
Length of legislative laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 36X
. . . . 13X
Outside professions of
M legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 12X
Mandatory retirement age for judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25X Ownership of natural resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41X
Minimum age for first
chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P
. . . 11X
Power to declare/approve war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minimum age for second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14X
chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 10X Power to
pardon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minimum age of head of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22X
state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 17X Presumption of innocence in
trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minimum age of supreme court judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24X
Prohibited political
Motives for writing constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3X . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30X
Municipal Prohibition of capital punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9X
. . . . . . . . . 33, 34X
Prohibition of cruel treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9X
Name/structure of executive(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prohibition of double jeopardy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9X
National anthem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prohibition of

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54X slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8X
National flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54X Prohibition of torture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8X
O
Protection from ex post facto laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oaths to abide by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8X
Protection from expropriation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7X Protection from unjustified restraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8X
Protection from self-incrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 13X
Protection of Replacement of
consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 55X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12X
Protection of Requirements for birthright

environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 5X . . . . . . . . 9X
Protection of judges' salaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Requirements for naturalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 23X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9X
Protection of language Restrictions on political

use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51, 52X . . . . . . . . . . 30X
Protection of victim's rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restrictions on the armed forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 49X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 55X
Provisions for intellectual property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restrictions on

voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10X
Provisions for wealth
Right of petition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
redistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7X
45, 46, 47X
Right to academic
Publication of freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
deliberations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 50, 51X
. . . . . . . . 13X
Right to appeal judicial
Q decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 23, 26X
Quorum for legislative
sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Right to
. . . 13X
counsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7X
R
Right to
Reference to art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 52, 53X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 33, 37, 52X
Reference to Right to enjoy the benefits of

fraternity/solidarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 53X . . . . 44, 52X
Reference to science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Right to establish a business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42X
Referenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Right to examine evidence/

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 17X witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 8X
Regulation of evidence
collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Right to fair trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6, 7, 8X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8X
Regulation of political parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Right to found a family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53X
Removal of individual Right to health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 47X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4X
Right to information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Right to pre-trial release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8X
Right to join trade unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Right to

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 45X privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6X
Right to life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4X Right to public trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8X
Right to own property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10X
Right to reasonable standard of Source of constitutional

living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45X authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 3X
Right to renounce citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10X Spending bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15X
Right to safe work environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45X State operation of the
media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 55X
Right to self determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4X
State support for children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47X
Right to speedy
trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 8X State support for the
disabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 47X
Right to strike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45X
State support for the
elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Right to
. . . . . . . . . 47, 54X
work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 41X
Structure of legislative
chamber(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rights of children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 10, 11X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 54X
Structure of the courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rights of
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22X
debtors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9X
Subsidiary unit
government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 34X
Scheduling of
elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supreme court opinions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 11, 12, 17X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26X
Second chamber selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supreme court

powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10X
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23X
Secrecy of legislative
votes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supreme court selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 13X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25X
Secret ballot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supreme court term length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25X
Selection of active-duty Supreme/ordinary court judge removal . . . . . . . . . . . .

commanders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 37, 38X
. . 21X
T
Separation of church and
state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax
. 4X bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 22X
Size of first
chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax status of religious
. . . . . . . . . . 11X organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 16X
Size of second
Term length for first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11X . . . . . . . . . . . 11X
Term length of second chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treaty ratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 23, 49X
Term limits for first Type of government envisioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3X
. . . . . 11X
V
Term limits of second

Veto override procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16X

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This complete constitution has been generated

B. THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

ARTICLE V: SUFFRAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARTICLE XIV: EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND

ARTICLE VI: LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT AND SPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ARTICLE VII: EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT ARTICLE XV: THE FAMILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ARTICLE VIII: JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT ARTICLE XVI: GENERAL PROVISIONS

ARTICLE IX: CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS ARTICLE XVII: AMENDMENTS OR