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If a gradient is too steep i.e. steeper than 1 in 40, the liquid may run faster than the solids in the
sloping foul water pipe thus leaving the solids stranded, which could then block the pipe.
If the gradient is not steep enough, i.e. less than 1 in 110, then the pipe could still block if the
solids slow down and become stranded.
The fall in a pipe may be defined as the vertical amount by which the pipe drops over a distance.
The distance can be between sections of pipe or between manholes. The diagram below show
pipe fall and distance.
Distance
Fall
Pipe
Flow direction
Gradient = 0.30 / 24
Gradient = 0.0125
Gradient = 1 / 0.0125 = 80
Gradient = 1 in 80
The above formula may be rearranged for Fall if the gradient is known:
For example, calculate the fall in a 50 metre section of foul water pipework if the gradient is to
be 1 in 80.
1 / 80 = 0.0125
Fall
0.0125 x 50 =
Distance
Fall
Pipe
Flow direction
Gradient
1 in 80
Invert Levels
The Invert Level of a pipe is the level taken from the bottom of the inside of the pipe as shown
below.
Water level
Invert level
Crown of pipe
The level at the crown of the pipe is the Invert level plus the internal diameter of the pipe plus
the pipe wall thickness. It may be necessary to use this in calculations when level measurements
are taken from the crown of a pipe.
Manholes
A manhole or access chamber is required to gain access to a drainage system for un-blocking,
cleaning, rodding or inspection. A typical manhole is shown below.
Concrete base
Manholes and access chambers are also manufactured in PVC. An access chamber is not usually
large enough to admit a person but is suitable for access by cleaning rods or hose and they are
used for domestic applications, a common size of plastic access chamber is 450mm diameter. For
the domestic market plastic, fibreglass or galvanised steel lids may be used but cast iron lids are
required where traffic crosses.
A back drop manhole is used in areas where the surface level slopes as shown below.
If the undergroung sewer pipe is to stay below ground it must follow the average gradient of the
slope. This invariably means that the pipe gradient becomes too steep, resulting in the solids
being left stranded in the pipe therefore causing a blockage.
To overcome this problem the back drop manhole was developed, as shown below.
Sloping surface
Underground sewer
Sloping surface
Underground sewer
Excessive gradient
SEWER ON A SLOPING SITE
Access cap
Access cap
An easier way to construct a back drop manhole is to use an internal vertical section of pipe as
shown below.
Sloping surface
Access cap
Step Irons
Sloping surfaces
Drop distance