Arteries (from Greek (artria), meaning 'windpipe, artery')[1] are blood vessels that carry blood away from

m the heart.
While most arteries carry oxygenated blood, there are two exceptions to this, the pulmonary and the umbilical arteries. The
effective arterial blood volume is that extracellular fluid which fills the arterial system. The arteries are part of the circulatory
system, which is responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all cells, as well as the removal of carbon dioxide and
waste products, the maintenance of optimum pH, and the circulation of proteins and cells of the immune system. In developed
countries, the two leading causes of death, myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke, may each directly result from an
arterial system that has been slowly and progressively compromised by years of deterioration.
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Function Arteries form part of the human circulatory system Main article: Circulatory system Arteries form part of the
circulatory system. They carry blood that is oxygenated after it has been pumped from the heart. Coronary arteries also aid the
heart in pumping blood. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues, except for pulmonary arteries,
which carry blood to the lungs for oxygenation (usually veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart but the pulmonary veins
carry oxygenated blood).[3] There are two unique arteries. The pulmonary artery carries blood from the heart to the lungs,
where it receives oxygen. It is unique because the blood in it is not "oxygenated", as it has not yet passed through the lungs.
The other unique artery is the umbilical artery, which carries deoxygenated blood from a fetus to its mother. Arteries have a
higher blood pressure than other parts of the circulatory system. The pressure in arteries varies during the cardiac cycle. It is
highest when the heart contracts and lowest when heart relaxes. The variation in pressure produces a pulse, which can be felt
in different areas of the body, such as the radial pulse. Arterioles have the greatest collective influence on both local blood
flow and on overall blood pressure. They are the primary "adjustable nozzles" in the blood system, across which the greatest
pressure drop occurs. The combination of heart output (cardiac output) and systemic vascular resistance, which refers to the
collective resistance of all of the body's arterioles, are the principal determinants of arterial blood pressure at any given
moment. Systemic arteries are the arteries (including the peripheral arteries), of the systemic circulation, which is the part of
the cardiovascular system that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood
back to the heart. Systemic arteries can be subdivided into two types - muscular and elastic - according to the relative
compositions of elastic and muscle tissue in their tunica media as well as their size and the makeup of the internal and external
elastic lamina. The larger arteries (>10 mm diameter) are generally elastic and the smaller ones (0.110 mm) tend to be
muscular. Systemic arteries deliver blood to the arterioles, and then to the capillaries, where nutrients and gases are exchanged.
After travelling from the aorta, blood travels through peripheral arteries into smaller arteries called arterioles, and eventually to
capillaries. Arterioles help in regulating blood pressure by the variable contraction of the smooth muscle of their walls, and
deliver blood to the capillaries.
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Capillaries[edit] Main article: Capillaries The capillaries are the smallest of the blood vessels and are part of the
microcirculation. The capillaries have a width of a single cell in diameter to aid in the fast and easy diffusion of gases, sugars
and nutrients to surrounding tissues. Capillaries have no smooth muscle surrounding them and have a diameter less than that
of red blood cells; a red blood cell is typically 7 micrometers outside diameter, capillaries typically 5 micrometers inside
diameter. The red blood cells must distort in order to pass through the capillaries. These small diameters of the capillaries
provide a relatively large surface area for the exchange of gases and nutrients. Capillaries: In the lungs, carbon dioxide is
exchanged for oxygen In the tissues, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged In the kidneys, wastes are
released to be eliminated from the body In the intestine, nutrients are picked up, and wastes released
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VEIN Vascular System - Veins Human Vascular System. Veins (blue) and Arteries (red). SEBASTIAN KAULITZK/Science
Photo Library/Getty Images A vein is an elastic blood vessel that transports blood from various regions of the body to the
heart. Veins are components of the cardiovascular system, which circulates blood to provide nutrients to the cells of the body.
Unlike the high pressure arterial system, the venous system is a low pressure system that relies on muscle contractions to
return blood to the heart. Sometimes vein problems can occur, most commonly due to either a blood clot or a vein defect.
VEIN TYPES Veins can be categorized into four main types: pulmonary, systemic, superficial, and deep veins. Pulmonary
veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. Systemic veins return oxygen-depleted blood from
the rest of the body to the right atrium of the heart. Superficial veins are located close to the surface of the skin and are not
located near a corresponding artery. Deep veins are located deep within muscle tissue and are typically located near a
corresponding artery with the same name (for example coronary arteries and veins). VEIN SIZE A vein can range in size from
1 millimeter to 1-1.5 centimeters in diameter. The smallest veins in the body are called venules. They receive blood from the
arteries via the arterioles and capillaries. The venules branch into larger veins which eventually carry the blood to the largest
veins in the body, the vena cava. Blood is then transported from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava to the right
atrium of the heart.
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What Are White Blood Cells? White blood cells are an important component of your blood system, which is also made up of
red blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Illustration of blood components Although your white blood cells account for only about
1% of your blood, their impact is significant. White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are essential for good health and
protection against illness and disease. Think of white blood cells as your immunity cells. In a sense, they are continually at
war. They flow through your bloodstream to battle viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders that threaten your health.
When your body is in distress and a particular area is under attack, white blood cells rush in to help destroy the harmful
substance and prevent illness. White blood cells are made inside the bone marrow and stored in your blood and lymphatic
tissues. Because some white blood cells have a short lifespan of one to three days, your bone marrow is constantly making
them. Illustration of bone marrow Types of white blood cells Among your white blood cells are: Monocytes. They have a
longer lifespan than many white blood cells and help to break down bacteria. Lymphocytes. They create antibodies to defend
against bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful invaders. Neutrophils. They kill and digest bacteria and fungi. They are
the most numerous type of white blood cell and your first line of defense when infection strikes. Basophils. These small cells
appear to sound an alarm when infectious agents invade your blood. They secrete chemicals such as histamine, a marker of
allergic disease, that help control the body's immune response. Eosinophils. They attack and kill parasites, destroy cancer cells,
and help with allergic responses. Problems affecting white blood cells Your white blood cell count can be low for a number of
reasonswhen something is destroying the cells more quickly than the body can replenish them or when the bone marrow
stops making enough white blood cells to keep you healthy. When your white blood cell count is low, you are extremely
susceptible to any illness or infection, which can spiral into a serious health threat. Your healthcare provider can see whether
your white blood cell count is normal through a blood test known as the complete blood count. If your count is too low or too
high, you may have a white blood cell disorder. A number of diseases and conditions may influence white blood cell levels:
Weakened immune system. This is often caused by illnesses such as HIV/AIDS or by treatments related to cancer. Cancer
treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy can destroy white blood cells and leave you vulnerable to infection.
Infection. A higher-than-normal white blood cell count usually indicates some type of infectionwhite blood cells are
multiplying to destroy an enemy, such as bacteria or a virus. Myelodysplastic syndrome. This condition causes abnormal
production of blood cells. This includes white blood cells in the bone marrow. Cancer of the blood. Cancers including
leukemia and lymphoma can cause uncontrolled growth of an abnormal type of blood cell in the bone marrow. This results in
a greatly increased risk for infection and or serious bleeding. Myeloproliferative disorder. This disorder refers to various
conditions that trigger the excessive production of immature blood cells. This can result in an unhealthy balance of all types of
blood cells in the bone marrow and too many or too few white blood cells in the blood. Medicines. Some medicines can raise
or lower the body's white blood cell count. Other conditions, such as extreme physical stress caused by an injury or emotional
stress, can trigger high white blood cell levels. So can inflammation, labor or the end of pregnancy, smoking, or even extreme
exercise.
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DEFINITION AND FUNCTION

Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, are the most abundant cell type
in the blood. Other major blood components include plasma, white blood
cells, and platelets. The primary function of red blood cells is to transport
oxygen to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs. A red blood
cell has what is known as a biconcave shape. Both sides of the cell's surface
curve inward like the interior of a sphere. This shape aids in a red blood
cell's ability to maneuver through tiny blood vessels to deliver oxygen
to organs and tissues. Red blood cells are also important in determining
human blood type. Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of
certain identifiers on the surface of red blood cells. These identifiers, also
called antigens, help the body's immune system to recognize its own red
blood cell typ