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MODIFIED AIR COOLER WITH SPLIT COOLING UNIT 2014-15

1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING
The evaporative cooler was the subject of numerous U.S. patents in the twentieth
century; many of these, starting in 1906, suggested or assumed the use of excelsior (wood
wool) pads as the elements to bring a large volume of water in contact with moving air to
allow evaporation to occur. A typical design, as shown in a 1945 patent, includes a water
reservoir (usually with level controlled by a oat valve), a pump to circulate water over
the excelsior pads and a squirrel-cage fan to draw air through the pads and into the house.
This design and this material remain dominant in evaporative coolers in the American
Southwest, where they are also used to increase humidity.[1] Energy consumption all
over the world is increasing rapidly and there is a pressing need to develop ways to
conserve energy for future generations. Researchers are forced to look for renewable
sources of energy and ways to use available sources of energy in a more ecient way.
Conventional refrigeration based vapour compression air conditioning systems consume a
large portion of electrical energy produced mostly by fossil fuel. Indias energy demands
are expected to be more than double by 2030, and there is a pressing need to develop
ways to conserve energy for future generations. This implies that we have to look for
renewable sources of energy and use available sources of energy in a more ecient way.
Thus energy consumption can be reduced drastically by using energy ecient appliances.
In India, the Union ministry of powers research pointed out that about 20-25% of the
total electricity utilized in government buildings in India is wasted due to unproductive
design, resulting in an annual energy related nancial loss of about Rs 1.5 billion.
Conventional heating ventilation and air conditioning systems consume approximately
50% of the building energy. Conventional refrigeration based vapour compression air
conditioning systems consume a large portion of electrical energy produced mostly by
fossil fuel. This type of air conditioning is therefore neither eco- friendly nor sustainable.

1.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES

Evaporative cooling is a physical phenomenon in which evaporation of a liquid,


typically into surrounding air, cools an object or a liquid in contact with it. Latent heat,
the amount of heat that is needed to evaporate the liquid, is drawn from the air. When
considering water evaporating into air, the wet-bulb temperature, as compared to the airs

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dry-bulb temperature, is a measure of the potential for evaporative cooling. The greater
the dierence between the two temperatures, the greater the evaporative cooling eect.
When the temperatures are the same, no net evaporation of water in air occurs, thus there
is no cooling eect.[4][5][6] A simple example of natural evaporative cooling is
perspiration, or sweat, which the body secretes in order to cool itself. The amount of heat
transfer depends on the evaporation rate, however for each kilogram of water vaporized
2257 kJ of energy are transferred. The evaporation rate in turn depends on the humidity of
the air and its temperature, which is why ones sweat accumulates more on hot, humid
days: the perspiration cannot evaporate.

Figure 1.1: Basic process of evaporative cooling

Evaporative cooling is not the same principle as that used by Vapour-compression


refrigeration units, although that process also requires evaporation (although the
evaporation is contained within the system). In a vapour-compression cycle, after the
refrigerant evaporates inside the evaporator coils, the refrigerant gas is compressed and
cooled, causing it to return to its liquid state. In contrast evaporative coolers water is only
evaporated once. In a space-cooling unit the evaporated water is introduced into the space
along with the now-cooled air; in an evaporative tower the evaporated water is carried o
in the airow. Key evaporative cooling performance descriptors include saturation
eectiveness and unit eciency. Eectiveness is dened as:

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Where,
= Eectiveness (%)
tdb = Outdoor dry bulb temperature
twb = Outdoor wet bulb temperature
ts = Supply dry bulb temperature In contrast to vapour compression air
conditioners, which generally dehumidify indoor air, evaporative coolers add moisture to
the supply air stream.

1.3 SYSTEM TYPES

The evaporative cooling is done in various stages is mentioned as follows: Single


Stage Systems:

Figure 1.2: Direct (single-stage) Evaporative Cooler Airow Path

Single-stage (direct) evaporative coolers generally combine a blower, a pump, an


absorbent evaporative pad, and other components in a metal, berglass, or polymer
cabinet that has an air intake and a supply air outlet. Water is circulated by the pump from
a sump in the bottom of the cabinet over the evaporative pad, and the blower draws in
outside air, passing it through the moist pad and into the building to be cooled. Water lost
through evaporation is replaced by the operation of a oat valve (or a solenoid valve and
oat switch) that feeds in fresh water from a water supply. The direct evaporative cooling

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process is illustrated in Figure 1(Direct (single-stage) Evaporative Cooler Airow Path).


Some single stage coolers do not use a pump but rotate the evaporative pads through a
water bath. Rarely, a cooling pad is not used and the air is passed through a water spray.
There are other variations on this theme, but the principal of operation is the same.
Because the continuous evaporation of water concentrates minerals in the sump water,
some method of removing the minerals must be used. This is typically accomplished by
either bleeding o a small percentage of the water that leaves the pump to a drain, or by
periodically completely emptying the sump using a separate pump or electrically operated
drain valve. Two-Stage Systems: Indirect/Direct (two-stage) evaporative cooler designs
add an indirect cooling stage upstream of the direct stage. The indirect stage, most
commonly a plastic plate air-to-air heat exchanger, cools the outdoor air evaporatively,
but without adding moisture ( Figure 2 Indirect- Direct(Two-Stage) Evaporative Cooler
Airow Paths). The downstream direct stage further cools the air, in some cases to a
temperature below the outdoor wetbulb temperature, resulting in an overall eectiveness
greater than 100%. Two stage systems deliver cooler and drier supply air than can be
achieved with a single-stage cooler, but at the expense of some added fan and pump
energy. Indirect-only evaporative coolers are sometimes used to pre-cool make-up air for
larger commercial buildings, but are not addressed by this proposed standard. There are
currently two, two-stage products on the market. Performance of two-stage systems can
be characterized either by their indirect and direct eectiveness or by an overall
evaporative eectiveness for the two stages. Overall eectiveness can be used to compare
single and two-stage systems and is a preferred metric for standards purposes.

Figure 1.3: Indirect- Direct(Two-Stage) Evaporative Cooler Airow

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Several manufacturers oer portable or spot coolers that are designed to deliver cool
air directly on the work area. These do not connect to an outside air supply and therefore
are not appropriate for general building cooling since they would eventually add moisture
until indoor air reaches saturation. The proposed standard would not apply to these
products.

Evaporative Media:

Cooler eectiveness depends largely on the capability of the evaporative


pads or media to provide a high wetted surface area and minimal airow
resistance. Many materials have been used for media, including natural and
synthetic fabrics.

Type Media
Synthetic Expanded paper, and woven plastic.

Natural wood excelsiors; rigid cellulose media; aspen pads

Matellic copper, bronze or galvanized screening; vermiculite,


perlite,

Prior to the advent of rigid cellulose media, aspen pads were the standard for
production coolers. This material is made from aspen wood excelsior from young trees
grown at altitudes above about 10,000 feet to avoid a fungus commonly found at lower
altitudes. Aspen pads generally cool supply air to lower temperatures than competing
materials, but have a short service life due to sagging, clogging and decay. A woven,
expanded paper product has gained popularity as a replacement for aspen wood pads in
many markets. This media has a longer useful life than aspen wood, but does not cool air
as eectively. Developed in the 1960s, rigid media proved to be a landmark breakthrough
due to its high performance and comparative durability. This cellulose or berglass
content material is bonded in a cross-uted design that induces turbulent mixing of air
and water for improved heat and moisture transfer and self-cleaning. First introduced in
large commercial and industrial applications, in recent years the material has been
adopted by leading cooler manufacturers for use in premium quality products.

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1.4 APPLICATIONS

Evaporative coolers are used in residential, commercial, agricultural, and industrial


Applications where higher indoor humidity is acceptable and low operating cost is
important. They can provide comfort equivalent to vapour compression cooling systems
in dry climates, but during periods of hot, humid weather they may produce indoor
conditions that are outside the ASHRAE comfort zone shown in Figure 3 and described.

Figure 1.4 ASHRAE comfort zone chart


Common mounting locations for single-stage units include walls, roofs, windows,
and ground equipment pads. They will not function properly if the building is not
supplied with a means of relieving indoor air to the outside. The preferred method of
relief is to install barometric dampers in the ceiling or walls. Open windows or doors are
frequently used for relief with low cost wall/window-mounted systems, and

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agricultural/industrial systems. Ceiling-mounted relief dampers in houses with attics have


the advantage of cooling the attic as well as the house, reducing ceiling heat gain.
Manufacturers generally tend to oversimplify sizing methods by specifying
airflow Rate that corresponds to a particular location or design wet bulb temperature.
More accurate techniques calculate building cooling load exclusive of latent and
infiltration loads, and specify a system that will deliver a sufficient volume of air to meet
the design load based on the corresponding design supply air temperature and the desired
indoor air temperature. The supply air temperature is calculated from the system
effectiveness and the design wet bulb temperature as indicated in Equation 1. Latent
cooling load can be ignored because all air is exhausted; infiltration load can be ignored
because the evaporative cooler pressurizes the building. Evaporative coolers are typically
controlled using manual switches, timers, and
thermostats. Their low operating cost and relatively low cooling capacity favor the use of
low cost controls rather than the setback thermostats used with vapor compression
cooling systems. Some evaporative coolers have two fan speeds or fully variable fan
speed control, allowing the user to control the temperature to some extent via the supply
airflow, making the capacity of these units variable.
Some of the important applications of Evaporative cooling are explained as under:
COOLING:
Two common applications of evaporative cooling are:
1) To improve the environment for people, animals or processes, without
attempting to Control ambient temperature or humidity.
2 To improve ambient condition in a space.
HUMIDIFICATION:
1) Using re circulated water without prior treatment of the air.
2) Pre-heating the air and treating it with re-circulated water
3) Using heated water
DEHUMIDIFICATION AND COOLING:
Evaporative coolers are also used to cool and dehumidify air. Heat and moisture
are removed from the air. For this, the temperature of water be lower than DPT of the
Entering air.

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AIR CLEANING:
Evaporative coolers of all types perform some air cleaning. The dust removal
efficiency of evaporative coolers depends largely on size and density of dust. They are
ineffective in removing smoke.
MAKEUP AIR:
In most industrial plants and in all confined spaces, makeup air is required to
replace the large volumes of air that must be exhausted to provide the required conditions
for personal comfort, safety, process operations and to maintain high indoor air quality.
Evaporative cooling is useful for that.
COMMERCIAL COOLING:
In dry climate, evaporative cooling is effective with lower velocities that are
required in humid climates. This makes it suitable for use in applications where low air
velocity is desirable.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS:
a) In a factory having a larger internal heat load, it is difficult to approach outdoor
conditions during the summer without using an extremely large quantity of outside air.
Evaporative cooling can alleviate this heat load problems and contribute to worker
efficiency.
b) Area Cooling: Evaporative cooling of industrial buildings may be accomplished
on an area basis or by spot cooling.
c) Spot Cooling: Spot Cooling yields to more efficient use of equipment when the
personnel are relatively stationery. It is applicable in hot areas where individual cooling is
needed such as chemical plants, pig and ingot casting, die casting shops, glass forming
machines etc.
d) Laundry: One of the most difficult or severest applications of evaporative
cooling is laundries, since heat is also produced by the processing equipment. A properly
designed evaporative cooling system reduced the temperature in a laundry from 30 C to
60 C below
outside temperature.
e) Cooling of large motors: The rating of electrical generators and motors is
generally based on a maximum ambient temperature of 400 C. For a temperature higher
than this, excessive temperature will develop in the electrical windings unless the load is

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reduced. An air supplied to the motor/generator is through evaporative cooler, they are
operated safely without load reduction.
f) Gas turbine operation: gas turbines require a large quantity of clean cool air
(generally 360-40 kg /kW hr).Evaporative cooling is useful in serving this purpose.
g) Process cooling: In the tobacco, textile, spray coating and other Industries
where manufacturing requires accurate humidities, comfort cooling is also obtainable by
evaporative coolers. High relative humidities are required in cigar plants, textile etc. and
evaporative cooling will provide the solution.
h) Mine cooling: in mine evaporative cooling with mechanical refrigeration is
used to produce desirable conditions.
i) Fruit and Vegetables: Evaporative cooling as it is applied to fruits and
vegetables is to provide an effective yet inexpensive means of improving common
storage. Evaporative cooling is used as a supplement to refrigeration in the storage.
Evaporative cooling can be used effectively to store Potatoes, Apples, Oranges, Lemons
etc.

1.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EVAPORATIVE


COOLERS
ADVANTAGES:-
1) Its initial and running cost is low.
2) Unlike air conditioners, air coolers do not require refrigerants and hence
ecofriendly.
3) It is comparatively less bulky.
4) Its maintenance cost is low.
5) No separate electrical connections are required for installing an air cooler. It
can work at normal voltage and frequency.
6) Power consumption is low.
7) Danger of leakage of toxic refrigerant is not present.
8) The expensive insulation for the walls, ceiling etc. is not required.
9) Desert coolers can be conventionally placed in open space such as corridors,
balcony, verandahs, etc.
10) Tightness of doors and windows are not required while using desert coolers.

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DISADVANTAGES:-
1) Humidity control is not possible.
2) It cannot be used effectively in regions with high humidity.
3) It may not be suitable for people suffering from Arthritis, Bronchitis, Asthma,
etc.
4) After regular intervals, the cooling pads have to be changed and the tank has to
be cleaned.
5) The parts coming in contact with humid air may corrode. Though the
disadvantages cannot be neglected, but the advantages overcome
these disadvantages and make them so popular now-a-days.

1.6 COMPARISON OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING TO AIR


CONDITIONING
ADVANTAGES:-

Less expensive to install

Estimated cost for installation is about half that of central refrigerated air
conditioning.

Less expensive to operate

Estimated cost of operation is 1/4 that of refrigerated air.


Power consumption is limited to the fan and water pump
vs. compressors, pumps and blowers.

Ease of Maintenance

The only two mechanical parts in most basic evaporative coolers are the fan motor
and the water pump, both of which can be repaired at low cost and often by a
mechanically inclined homeowner.
Ventilation air
The constant and high volumetric flow rate of air through the building reduces
the age-of-air in the building dramatically.
Evaporative cooling increases humidity, which, in dry climates, may improve the
breathability of the air.

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The pad itself acts as a rather effective air filter when properly maintained; it is
capable of removing a variety of contaminants in air, including urban ozone caused by
pollution, regardless of very dry weather. Refrigeration-based cooling systems lose
this ability whenever there is not enough humidity in the air to keep the evaporator
wet while providing a constant trickle of condensate that washes out dissolved
impurities removed from the air.

DISADVANTAGES:-

Performance

High dewpoint (humidity) conditions decrease the cooling capability of the


evaporative cooler.
No dehumidification. Traditional air conditioners remove moisture from the air,
except in very dry locations where recirculation can lead to a buildup of humidity.
Evaporative cooling adds moisture, and in dry climates, dryness may improve thermal
comfort at higher temperatures.

Comfort

The air supplied by the evaporative cooler is typically 8090% relative humidity; very
humid air reduces the evaporation rate of moisture from the skin, nose, lungs, and
eyes.
High humidity in air accelerates corrosion, particularly in the presence of dust. This
can considerably shorten the life of electronic and other equipment.
High humidity in air may cause condensation. This can be a problem for some
situations (e.g., electrical equipment, computers, paper/books, old wood).

Water

Evaporative coolers require a constant supply of water to wet the pads.


Water high in mineral content will leave mineral deposits on the pads and interior of
the cooler. Bleed-off and refill (purge pump) systems may reduce this problem.
The water supply line may need protection against freeze bursting during off-season,
winter temperatures. The cooler itself needs to be drained too, as well as cleaned
periodically and the pads replaced.

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Miscellaneous

Odours and other outdoor contaminants may be blown into the building unless
sufficient filtering is in place.
Asthma patients may need to avoid poorly maintained evaporatively cooled
environments.
A sacrificial anode may be required to prevent excessive evaporative cooler corrosion.
Wood wool of dry cooler pads can catch fire even by small sparks.

1.7 SCOPE OF WORK

The evaporative cooler cools air by evaporative action, but the main drawback of
evaporative cooler is that it increases the humidity of incoming air. Humidity of air is
net content of water in dry air. This humidity causes stickiness on the body of
individual which makes him uncomfortable when anyone sits in the environment for
long time; this is the main problem of evaporative cooler. To overcome the problem
people move to an air conditioner, but the AC is very expensive and it consumes large
amount of power (about 1.5 KW). Thus it is not affordable to the common man.
The goal of this project is to reduce to amount of humidity in the outlet air of
evaporative cooler so that the air will be comfortable to individuals who are in the
vicinity of the air. Also to supply the air in less cost so that common man can also
afford the cooler. This goal can be achieved by constructing a duct in which three heat
exchangers will be placed and water from evaporative cooler will be supplied to them
and the air will be supplied through this duct to room. Thus the target of reducing
humidity of air will be achieved. This unit requires two fans, three pumps; with total
consumption of 130W thus the unit is affordable to common man.
To achieve less power consumption of cooler we have done survey of less power
fans in various dealers of Jalgaon city and we have selected 18W fans. Then while
selection of heat exchangers we have selected 2 pass copper tube pipe heat exchangers
with dimension 12*10 inch.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
After exploring all the possibilities in the areas in which the temperature level is
as high as that cannot be tolerated for survival of beings and Jalgaon coming under
the highest temperature zone in Maharashtra, we had come to the conclusion that our
findings in making evaporative cooler in split unit would certainly be helpful to the
inhabitants of the area not only for controlling the humidity level in the areas bound
for accommodation but also for the industries where this coolers can be utilized for
the commercial purposes.
I hereby give the contextual references of the former scientist in the field who
have completed their research and find it a convenient reference which is attached
herewith for your kind perusal.

2.2 REVIEW OF PAPERS


The following research views are considered for achieve our objective as follows

1) T. Ravi Kiran et.Al in his Study they has focused on energy requirements of the world
and further added that Energy consumption all over the world is increasing rapidly and
there is a pressing need to develop ways to conserve energy for future generations.
Researchers are forced to look for renewable sources of energy and ways to use available
sources of energy in a more efficient way. Conventional refrigeration based vapour
compression air conditioning systems consume a large portion of electrical energy
produced mostly by fossil fuel. A novel dew point evaporative cooler (DPEC) can
sensibly cool the incoming air close to its dew point temperature. In this paper feasibility
of DPEC system is investigated for various Indian cities for office buildings during day
time. Firstly the weather data of different cities of India is used to find the suitability of
dew point technology for Indian buildings by estimating the cooling capacity of the
cooling system for each city. Secondly energy saving potential of the dew point cooling
system w. r. t. to the conventional compression based air conditioning system for different
cities of India is estimated.

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2) J.K.Jain et.Al The evaporative cooler uses one of the oldest principles of air
conditioning known to Man, cooling of air by the evaporation of water. It is the most
common form of house hold cooling found in arid areas. The popularity of evaporative
cooling in such areas is due to its relatively low initial cost and operational cost compared
to refrigerated cooling. Conventional direct evaporative coolers consist of a water
reservoir, a pump that draws water from the reservoir and discharges it through spray
nozzles directly into the air stream or through the cooling pads. Now a days most of the
buildings and offices use conventional air conditioning systems which are based on
vapour compression refrigeration system. These systems consume substantial power and
they may be harmful to environment also. In developing country like India, majority of
population depend on low cost cooling devices such as direct evaporative cooler.
Therefore it is very much needed to develop improved/more efficient coolers. Several
researchers have made attempt to develop evaporative coolers by way of
adding/modifying designs. [2], they have pointed out that in the regions where wet bulb
temperature is low, two stage evaporative cooling system, which combines indirect and
direct evaporative cooling offers energy and cost saving potential. found that most zones
(particularly northern region) of India where the wet bulb temperature is usually below
25C, indirect system can achieve comfort conditions similar to refrigerated systems
.Also the comfort offered by indirect evaporative system is superior to that achieved by
direct evaporative system. He stated that when evaporative cooling technology is
evaluated as an energy conservation measure rather than the sole source of cooling, the
opportunities for application become unlimited. He found that the coefficient of
performance of the combined evaporative cooling system was at least 20 % greater than
those achieved when employing either the indirect evaporative cooling or direct
evaporative cooling system alone. He analyzed the potential of indirect evaporative
cooling in every climatic condition. a central air-conditioned building through advanced
evaporative cooling systems. He evaluated the performances of cellulosic pads made out
of Kraft and NSSC corrugated papers in three flute sizes, experimentally. he presented
their analysis based on two or three stage evaporative coolers, attempted to study the
regenerative type heat exchanger, which utilizes tank water to further cool the air in
second stage. In the present work a heat exchanger has been added to direct evaporative
cooler. The regenerative evaporative cooler has been fabricated and tested under Indian

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climatic conditions. Performance of regenerative system has been evaluated in terms of


overall effectiveness and COP.

3) Chuck Kutscher The use of conventional evaporative cooling has rapidly declined in
the United States despite the fact that it has high potential for energy savings in dry
climates. Evaporative systems are very competitive in terms of first cost and provide
significant reductions in operating energy use, as well as peak-load reduction benefits.
Significant market barriers, such as the cost of the prototype evaporative cooling systems
and consumer perceptions of evaporative coolers being unable to maintain comfort
conditions, still remain and can be addressed through improved systems integration,
including the following:

Innovative components

Better design of supply ducts and dampers

Identification of best climates for full cooling season comfort control and potential
limits imposed by a rainy season

Development of utility partnerships to roll out evaporative cooling system design


parameters for production builders.

This study investigates the first of these approaches, exploring innovative components.
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building America research teams are
investigating the use of two promising new pieces of residential cooling equipment that
employ evaporative cooling as a part of their system design. The OASys unit shown in
Figure 1, which is a combination of direct and indirect evaporative cooling stages
developed by Davis Energy Group (DEG) and manufactured by Speakman CRS, is used
to ultimately provide outside air to the living space

4) Moien Farmahini Farahani, et.Al In His study the results of an investigation on a


two-stage cooling system have been studied. This system consists of a nocturnal radiative
unit, a cooling coil, and an indirect evaporative cooler. During the night in summer,
requisite chilled water for a cooling coil unit is provided by nocturnal radiative cooling
and is stored in a storage tank. During the next day, the water in the tank provides chilled
water for the cooling coil unit and hot outdoor air passes through two-stages: the cooling
coil unit and an indirect evaporative cooler. Three sources provide secondary air for the

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indirect evaporative cooler. The sources are outdoor air, the air leaving from the cooling
coil, and the air leaving from the indirect stage (regenerative). The investigation has been
conducted in weather conditions in the city Tehran. The results obtained demonstrate that
the first stage of the system increases the effectiveness of the indirect evaporative cooler.
Also, the regenerative model provides the best comfort conditions. Therefore, this
environmentally friendly and energy-efficient system can be considered as an alternative
to the mechanical vapor compression
systems.

5) R.H. Turne , In His study he focuses on potential applications of evaporative


cooling (EC) and an associated survey of research requirements of EC as supplied in
residential and small commercial buildings. To prepare this work, the literature in the
field was reviewed and people active in the field were contacted. Sixteen
recommendations are presented and described in the paper including institutional issues,
appropriate roles for EC systems, necessary analysis and testing, proper applications, and
hardware development needs. These recommendations represent composite opinions from
the literature review and phone conversations as analyzed by the authors. There are
potential applications for EC systems and related research issues that are not fully
understood by most government agencies, utility companies, engineers, industries,
decision makers, and the consuming public. However, as energy costs rise there will be
increasing demand for operationally inexpensive cooling systems. Thus, information on
the potential of EC systems could benefit these parties.This paper focuses on residential
and small commercial building applications of EC.
Most of the published technical work in the EC field has been done for large
industrial and commercial building applications, but in no way do these analyses,
systems, and approaches generally pertain to residential buildings. However, these papers
and reports have been collected and reviewed to assess available techniques and
conditions under which they might have residential applications. Due to economy of
scale, the largesystems are often able to employ expensive peripheral equipment and
ductwork, which is not cost-effective in smaller buildings. Also, commercial systems
generally receive scheduled maintenance, in excess of the norm for residential units.
Thus the problems and solutions of residential EC systems separate from large commercia

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'systems are worthy of study. The intent of this paper is to recommend what research is
required to
- identify appropriate roles for residential EC systems,
- describe necessary analysis and testing,
- place applications into proper technical and economic perspective, and
- improve components, systems, hybrids, and applications

6) Rin Yun, et.al In His study the seasonal performance of a residential air conditioning
system having either a fin-and-tube condenser or a microchannel condenser is
experimentally investigated. Microchannel heat exchangers offer a higher volumetric heat
exchange capacity and a reduced refrigerant charge amount. However, the operating
characteristics and the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) of the residential air
conditioning system using a microchannel condenser have not been well known. For this
investigation, a commercially available 7 kW capacity residential air conditioning system
having a fin-and-tube condenser served as the base system. After testing the base unit
with the fin-and-tube condenser, the condenser was replaced by a microchannel heat
exchanger with the same face area under identical test conditions.The test results show
that the system with a microchannel heat exchanger has a reduced refrigerant charge
amount of 10%, the coefficient of performance increased by 6% to 10%, and the SEER
increased by 7% as compared with those of the base system. Moreover, the condensing
pressure of the system is decreased by 100 kPa and the pressure drop across the
condenser is decreased by 84%. The microchannel heat exchanger enhances the SEER of
the residential air conditioning system by providing better heat transfers at reduced
pressure drops.

2.3 COMMENT :

The humidity in the air of evaporative cooler makes the cooling space
uncomfortable. This humidity makes evaporative cooler useless in humid regions. So to
make the air of evaporative cooler comfortable following two processes must be done on
it

1. Cooling and Humidification


2. Cooling it already does so important factor is dehumidification.

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Split Cooling Unit

Split Cooling Unit consist of three heat exchangers. The temperature of


water of the Evaporative cooler decreases gradually after starting the cooler. This
cooled water is supplied to the Split Cooling Unit. When the air passes through
the heat exchanger, it losses its heat and cooled air of 25oC is supplied to the room
without increasing its humidity. This unit can be used in non coastal region.

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3. SELECTION OF EVAPORATIVE COOLER AND


DESIGN OF SPLIT UNIT
3.1 Selection of Evaporative Cooler

The Cooler buyer finds it difficult to select the right cooler to suit his requirement
because of his inadequate knowledge about coolers. At present, the market is flooded
with different brands of coolers, each one promising something new with large difference
in prices. This further adds the confusion in the minds of buyer .Therefore the purchase is
lastly made on the outer finish and manufacturers recommendations. Except a few, most
manufacturers Themselves are not aware of the cooler technique and the coolers are
manufactured with thumb-rule occupied with minor changes.
The following points should be kept in mind by the purchaser.
1) He should select the proper size of the cooler depending on the room volume to
be cooled. The thumb rule is that the cooling capacity of the cooler should be equal to the
room volume. If the room size is 3m X 4m X 3m = 36 cubic m., then the fan capacity
should be 36 cubic m. / min. This indicated one air change per minute. There must be
cross ventilation whenever the cooler is fixed. The fixing of the cooler outside the
window is best. One air change per minutes is only with cross-ventilation, otherwise the
cooler kept inside the room will increase the humidity in the room after some time and
will make the room more uncomfortable.
2) The cooler fan and pump should be of correct specifications. Mostly
substandard Fan and pump are used for earning higher profits and even sold at lower
price by the road side manufacturers.
3) Check the internal fitting of cooler fan and pump. The fan blades should be
properly centered in the front panel opening and should be mounted flush with front panel
for effective cooling.
4) Check the water spray system on the pads. The water droplets should fall on the
pads uniformly for proper wetting of pads. The water should not fall towards the inner
surface of the pad-as in this position, it is likely that the cooler fan will suck the water
droplets and will throw them with the air in the room and will spoil the carpet etc. The
motor of the cooler fan and pump may burn due to constant water spray.

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5) The louvers (air inlets) openings should be maximum possible to avoid


obstruction in sucking of air. This reduces the pressure loss and power consumption.
6) The body of the cooler should of proper size to match the air delivery of the
cooler fan . In smaller size body the air will be sucked at higher speed through the pads
and will have less time in contact with the water and will not be properly cooled. The
higher air delivery in smaller cooler body is therefore meaningless. The body of the air
cooler should be made of proper gauge of steel to avoid vibration and noise.
7) Check the proper earthing of the fan motor and pump motor before putting the
point avoids the shock.

3.2 Design of split cooling unit

The Split cooling unit consist of three heat exchangers equally spaced in which chilled
water is supplied from the Evaporative cooler by using a high pressure submersible water
pump of 40W. A fan of 18 W is fitted between the first and second heat exchanger, as
shown in figure. One common rail is attached at the inlet of split unit which supplies the
water to all three heat exchanger at equal pressure while another common rail is attached
at the outlet of heat exchanger which collects the water from the heat exchanger and
supplies to the water tank of Evaporative cooler.

Assumption:

1) Internal diameter of the tube is 5mm(As per available in market)

2) Gap between heat exchanger is 13cm.

3) Ambient temperature is 42oC.

4) Water temperature at starting of unit is 32oC.

5) Conductivity of Copper is 386w/moC.

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Figure 3.1 SPLIT COOLING UNIT

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4. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION
To study the various parameters of split unit over the wide range of DBT, WBT &
RH for inside and outside conditions.

4.2 SIMPLE THEORETICAL ANALYSIS


The cooling efficiency of evaporative air cooling is measured by the saturation
effectiveness or the evaporative saturation efficiency () (ASHRAE Standard,
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 1332001). It is determined primarily by the measured
temperatures of the air entering and exiting the rigid media using the following equation:

=100X (Td1-Td2/Td1-Twb)
Where,
Td1 =inlet dry-bulb temperature (C).
Td2 =outlet dry-bulb temperature (C).
Twb=thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature of the inlet air(C);
=evaporative saturation efficiency (%).
The coefficient of performance of split unit and the evaporative cooler is given by
COP= h1-h2/w
Where
h1=heat of air at inlet
h2= heat of air at outlet
w= workdone

It should be noted that the above equations consider the water vapour and not the
water liquid. The solid media can be considered to simulate a heat exchanger.
Consequently the heat or mass transfer coefficient can be calculated with log mean

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temperature difference T or density difference of water vapour v to proxy q and in me


we obtain.
h=q /AsT

Where,
h = heat transfer coefficient (W /m2K)
As= total wetted surface area of rigid media (m2); and
T= the log mean temperature difference for a constant water temperature in the
heat exchanger, which is assumed to equal the wet-bulb temperature.

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5. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The new design is as shown in figure, it consist of following components


The conventional evaporative cooler.
A duct consisting of three heat exchangers and a fan to supply air.
Two submersible pumps

The heat exchangers are supplied with the cooled water from the Evaporative cooler by
using high pressure submersible pump of 40W via flexible pipes. Outlet water from all
heat exchangers is connected to the common rail and it collected in the water tank of
Evaporative cooler. This water cools Evaporativaly in the Evaporative cooler.

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5.1 WORKING

Firstly the cooled water from water tank of Evaporative cooler is supplied to the
heat exchangers via common rail. The temperature of water at inlet is 24oC for all
heat exchangers.
When air comes in contact with the heat exchangers, it losses its heat.
Then cooled air is supplied to the room without increasing its humidity.
The water at the outlet of heat exchangers is collected in the water tank of
Evaporative cooler.
The temperatures of outlet water from the third heat exchanger 25.2oC, 24.7oC
from the second heat exchanger and 24.2oC from first heat exchanger.
This cooler recirculates the air from the room so its cooling effect will go on
increasing and it can maintain room temperature upto 25c. Total power
consumption of the unit is just 130W.

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Table 5.1: Temperature of air at various points of split Unit

Sr Time Temperature of air at various points of split Unit Troom Tamb

No 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 9.00am 29.1 29.3 29.3 29.5 29.5 29.5 29 29.5

2 10.00am 25.4 25.9 25.9 26.3 26.3 26.7 26.9 30

3 11.00am 25.3 25.6 25.6 26.1 26.1 27 26.4 31

4 12.00am 25.2 25.7 25.7 26.1 26.1 26.4 26.3 32.4

5 01.00pm 25.2 25.4 25.4 25.7 25.7 26.2 26.2 34

6 02.00pm 25.3 25.7 25.7 26.3 26.3 26.7 26.9 36

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7 03.00pm 25.3 25.7 25.6 26.2 26.2 26.8 26.8 38

8 04.00pm 25.2 25.8 25.6 26.1 26.1 26.6 26.8 40.3

9 05.00pm 25.1 25.5 25.4 25.9 25.9 26.3 26.3 38.2

10 06.00pm 25.1 25.5 25.3 25.6 25.6 25.9 25.7 35.1

11 07.00pm 25 25.4 25.2 25.4 25.4 25.6 25.5 31.5

12 08.00pm 25 25.4 25.1 25.3 25.3 25.7 25.5 28

13 09.00pm 25 25.3 25.1 25.3 25.3 25.7 25.4 27.2

5.2 CALCULATION OF HEAT REJECTED AT PARTICULAR TIME IN


ALL THREE HEAT EXCHANGERS

1.) For first heat exchanger

Td1= Inlet temperature of air = 25.8

Td2= outlet temperature of air=25.2

H1= enthalpy of air at inlet=51.5

H2= enthalpy of air at outlet=50

Heat rejected

Q= h1-h2

=51.5-50

=1.5 kj/kg

2.) For second heat exchanger

Td1=26.1, Td2=25.6

h1=50.2

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h2= 50

heat rejected

Q= 50.2-50

=0.2 Kj/kg

3.) For third HE

Td1=26.8, Td2= 26.6

h1=53.5 h2=52

heat rejected

Q= 53.5- 52

Q=1.5 kj/kg

The geometric arrangement of heat exchanger is as shown in fig. typically one fluid
(air) moves over the tubes in cross flow while other fluid(water) at relatively lower
temperature passes through tubes. The rows of tubes are staggered in direction of air
flow. The configuration of tubes is characterized by tube diameter D transverse pitch
PL. The flow condition across tube bank is dominated by boundry layer separation
effect and by wake interaction which influence convection heat transfer.

Fan:
There are two fans used in the modified system. One in split unit and the other in
the evaporative cooler .The function of the Fan in Desert Cooler is to provide air with
sufficiently high velocity to give desired air motion and effect to the human occupants.

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Figure 5.1 Fan

Specification of Fan:
Exhaust Fan:-152.4 mm
1500 rpm, 1 phase, 4 pole
Electric type fan: - 220/240V, 50Hz, AC
Power- 18W

Submersible Pump :
The pump is used to circulate water through the pads of Desert.

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Figure 5.2 Pump


Specification of Pump:-
Power Consumption:-18W
Voltage:-AC 220V

Outlet Nozzle Size:-

Maximum Head:-1.5m (5 Ft.)


Maximum Flow: - 750 L/H

Tank:
Tank is used to hold sufficient quantities of water to enable the pump to Circulate
the desired amount of cooling water. It is large enough to hold a good quantity of water.
The capacity of tank may range from 80 to 120 litres. The water being circulated after
every cycle falls back in to the tank and constant circulation is maintained. As the water
goes on evaporating slowly and slowly the water content in the tank goes on decreasing.
Hence the tank should be refilled with water after a definite quantity of time, which
depends on the no. of hours of cooler use. More is the use, quicker the tank gets empty.
The tank is generally made of galvanized sheet metal but it is not at all compulsory to use
this kind. Even the cement tanks can be used. A drain valve should be necessarily present
in the tank so as to facilitate the cleaning and maintenance operations.

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Figure 5.3 Tank

The above figure 5.3 shows the actual picture of tank used in the cooler. The size
for the same is 68x60x18 cm3 and the capacity is about 80 litres.
Pads:
The function of pads is to assists in the evaporation of water by capillary action
and thus provides the cooling effect. The pads are fixed in the body of Desert Cooler and
exposed to the atmosphere on the outer side, so that the air keeps on flowing through
them. The pads in use today are generally Aspen Wood Pad, which are easily available
with the cooler dealers. Generally three pads are used in the cooler. The pads under the
action of dust and dirt particles lose their efficiency with use; hence they should be
replaced every year. They are not very costly and cost around 50-100 rupees per pad,
depending on the quality.
the

Figure 5.4 Coconut Coir Pad

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Outer Body:
The outer body can be made from different materials depending on the cost and
convenience. They can be either made of Wood or can be Fabricated from sheet metal.
Now-a-days the the Plastic body cooler are also widely manufactured by some companies
due to advantages like Low weight, corrosion free and easy maintenance.

Figure 5.5 Outer Body of Cooler


Piping:
Their function is to carry the circulating water the pump and distribute the water
evenly above all the pads to produce uniform cooling. The pipes used now-a-days are of
plastic so as to avoid corrosion and long life. Holes are provided in the pipes above the
pads, so as to allow the water to fall over the pads from the holes. These holes should be
regularly checked to ensure a proper flow of water over the pads. If they get clotted under
the action of dust and dirt , they should be cleaned properly.
Also the other piping is used for circulating the coolant through split unit.
Front Cover:
The Front Cover present in front of the Fan serves a no. of purposes. Firstly, they
give a good and pleasing appearance to the cooler. Secondly, they act as a safety device,
so as to keep human organs away from the fan. The louvers present in the Cover are also
used to direct the flow in the desired direction.

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5.3 Instrumentation

Measuring Apparatus: Thermometer,


THERMOMETER

A thermometer (from the Greek (thermo) meaning "warm" and meter, "to
measure") is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety
of different principles. A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature
sensor (e.g. the bulb on a mercury thermometer) in which some physical change occurs
with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a value (e.g.
the scale on a mercury thermometer). Thermometers increasingly use electronic means to
provide a digital display or input to a computer.

Figure 5.6 Thermometer

Energy Meter

An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric
energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device. Electricity
meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt
hour [kWh]. Periodic readings of electricity meters establishes billing cycles and energy
used during a cycle.

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The energymeter is used to measure the energy consumed by each device individually for
a specific time

5.4 EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES


The following procedures will be as follows:
a) The testing model (air - cooler) will be observed steady operation.
b) Three calibrated thermometers will be located at the positions shown in setup to
measure the temperatures
i. t1= Wet bulb temp. of moist air ,

ii. t2= temp. of supply air ,

iii. t = Dry bulb temp. of inlet air.


c) Similarly tw2 wet bulb temp. will be measured
d) The readings will be measured after every one hour
e) This procedure is repeated after every hour until 10 pm.
f) This experiment will be repeated for three cooling mediums, three Medias which
are available commercially.
g) Our objective is to tests the cooler on coconut coir under same experimental
procedure.

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5.5 EXPERIMENTATION

The below figures 5.8 & 5.9 shows the actual set up of evaporative (Desert) cooler
used for the testing purpose. All the components used in the assembly of cooler are
discussed in the previous point (5.2)

Figure 5.8 Assembly of Desert cooler used for testing

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Figure 5.9 Set up of Desert Cooler used for testing

CALCULATION

1.) Saturation Effectiveness

=100X (Td1-Td2/Td1-Twb)

Where,

Td1 = dry bulb temperature(C)= 42

Td2 = outlet temperature(C)= 25

Twb = thermodynamic wet bulb temperature= 17

= saturation efficiency()

=100X (42-25/42-17)

=28%

2.) Heat transfer Co-efficient

q=hAsT

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Where,
h = heat transfer coefficient (W m-2K-1);
As = total wetted surface area of rigid media (m2); and
T is usually taken to be the log mean temperature difference for a
constant water temperature in the heat exchanger, which is assumed to equal the
wet-bulb temperature.
q = W/As

where, W= Power consumption in watt

q = Heat flux in watt/ m2

q =131/ 0.025908 = 50.56 w/ m2

h= q/As
T
h= 50.56/(0.025908 x (42-25))= 114.795
(W m-2K-1)

3.) From Psychometric chart,

Sr Dry Bulb Temp. Wet Bulb Temp. Enthalpy Relative Humidity


No
(0C) (0C) Kj/Kg %

1 42 35 105 50

2 25 17 50 50

4.) Coefficient of Performance

COP= Energy supplied/ Energy used

COP= ms. (h1 h2)/ W

Where,

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ms = Mass flow rate of air in Kg/sec

h1 = Initial Enthalpy of air in Kj/Kg

h2 = Final Enthalpy of air in Kj/Kg

W= Power consumption in watt

COP = 0.1666 x (105 50)/ 131= 7

COP = 7

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6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6.1 RESULTS
We have got the results as follows
The Split unit able to maintain the temperature of upto 25c so it reduces the
temperature of air by 17c.
The COP of the system is 7.
The total power consumption of unit is 130 watt
The does not increase the humidity of air

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7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE


The experimental investigation above confirmed that split unit demonstrated
reasonable potential for use as a wetted media in evaporative cooling systems.
Consequently, it creates the possibility of new sustainable engineering systems where
either cooling or humidifying is required. As the unit maintain the temperature 25c and
it has low cost than AC so it will be good replacement for AC..
For the future modifications, if the density of the split unit is reduced then we can
achieve better performance than that achieved. Also we can increase the thickness of the
pad to achieve good performance.

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REFRENCES
1. T. Ravi Kiran, S.P.S. Rajput Cooling Capacity and Energy Saving Potential
of Dew Point Evaporative Cooling System for Indian Buildings International
Journal Of Renewable Energy Research , Vol.3, No.1, DEC.2012.
2. J.K.Jain , D.A. Hindoliya Development and Testing of Regenerative
Evaporative Cooler International Journal of Engineering Trends and
Technology, Volume3 Issue 6 JUNE 2012
3. Chuck Kutscher and Mark Eastment , Projected Benefits of New Residential
Evaporative Cooling Systems October 2006 NREL/TP-550-3934
www.nrel.gov
4. Moein farmahini farahani, Ghassem Heidarinjad, Shahram Delfani , A Two
Stage System Of Noncutrnal Radiative & Indirect Evaporative Cooling
ENERGY & BUILDINGS VOLUME 42 , JULY 2010.
5. R.H. Turner , Research Requirements In The Evaporative Cooling Field ,
Transactions of the ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 103
(May) 89-91.. 3025
6. Rin yun , Yunho Hwang, Reinhard Radermacher, Comparison of
Performance of a Residential Air Conditioning System Using Microchannel
and Finand-Tube Heat Exchanger International Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning Conference, Paper 752. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/752
http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/consumereriaz9145
7. J. Khedari R. Rawangkul, W. Chimchavee, J. Hirunlabh, A. Watanasungsuit,
Feasibility study of using agriculture waste as desiccant for air conditioning
system, The American Society Of Mechanical Engineers, Renewable Energy
28 (2003) 16171628.
8. Kulkarni.R.K ,Rajput.P.S.Performance evaluation of two stage indirect/direct
evaporative cooler with alternative shapes and cooling media in direct stage
International Journal Of Applied Engineering research,
Volume 1, No4, 2011 ISSN -0976-4259 .
9. Mahsa Barzegar, Mohammad Layeghi, Ghanbar Ebrahimi, Yahya Hamzeh
and Manouchehr Khorasani , Experimental evaluation of the performances of
cellulosic pads made out of Kraft and NSSC corrugated papers as evaporative
media, Energy Conversion and Management , vol. 54(1), pp 24-29 , 2012.

Shri Sant Gadge Baba College Of Engineering & Technology, Bhusawal (MS) Page 41
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10. J.M. Wu, X. Huang, H. Zhang, Theoretical analysis on heat and mass transfer
in a direct evaporative cooler, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 29,
Issues 5-6, April 2009, Pages 980-984.

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