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Outline
Current Practice on the Use of Admixture to Chemical admixture options and approach
Enable Successful Manufacture of
Concrete with Low Portland Cement Content Making HVFA concrete with minimal set and strength
delay
General Mix Design Strategy for HVFA Concrete Mixtures Benefits of SCMs
Lower cost
Use of by-products
Minimum Powder Content 375-700 pcy (220-420 kg/m3) Decreased permeability
Reduced sulfate attack
Cement/SCM 40-60% Reduced efflorescence
Reduced shrinkage
w/c <0.40 Reduced heat of hydration
Reduced alkali silica reactivity
WR/MRWR/HRWR Essential Increased workability and slump retention
Improved finishing
Set Accelerator Reqd for set/early strength Reduced bleeding
Reduced segregation
Air Entrainment Freeze-thaw applications
Then, why arent SCMs used consistently
at 40-50% cement replacement??
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May 9, 2014
Prescription specified mix designs Making HVFA concrete with minimal set and strength
delay
Spot shortages of quality materials
Keeping an eye on the potential for unexpected
cement-SCM-admixture performance
*Opportunity for Chemical Admixtures
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SEM of FA and Cement Hydration Fly Ash Replacement Level and Setting Time
Seasonal Adjustment of Fly Ash Content Water Reduction by SCMs - Replacement Level & Size
6 m
9 m
27 m
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May 9, 2014
Effect of 40% FA on Concrete Performance Effect of HVFA on Concrete Performance water cut
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Keeping an eye on the potential for unexpected Choose appropriate accelerating additives
cement-SCM-admixture performance desires ones that give synergies with dispersing
chemistries
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210 6 Syrup
5
200
4
190 3
2
180
1
170 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Set Time, hours
Dosage to Cement (wt%)
PCE gives best slump/ set
PCE most dose/slump efficient
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May 9, 2014
Maximize early strength development by PC design Effect of Four PC on Set Time of Concrete with 40% Slag
PC can be designed 9.0
density 1.5 hr 1 hr
4.0
0.7 hr
3.0
2.0
0.15% 0.15% 0.15% 0.11% 0.11% 0.11%
50 F 72 F 100 F 50 F 72 F 100 F
Effect of Slag Content and PC Type On Setting Time Effect of Cement-Fly Ash-Admixture
Combinations on Concrete Performance
Additional 18% water reduction with polycarboxylate-based HRWR
Fly Ash Initial Final Comp. Strength
Mix Water Admixture Slump Air
(Class F) Set Set 1-Day 7-Day 28-Day
8.0
% replace w/cm %solids/cm mm % (hr:min)(hr:min) MPa MPa MPa
PC1 7.0 19.6 27.5
7.0 Baseline 0 0.50 140 1.5 4:22 6:33 (1000 (2800 (4000
PC 500 psi) psi) psi)
Time (Hrs.)
6.0 + fly ash 40 0.50 215 0.9 9:20 13:01 3.1 11.7 16.9
+6% water cut 40 0.47 145 0.9 8:27 11:59 3.4 13.8 19.4
5.0
+18% water cut 40 0.38 0.13% PC-500 145 3.2 7:48 10:59 5.5 22.1 28.2
Steam-Cured Concrete: 390 kg/m3 (658 lb/ft3) Type II Cement, w/cm = 0.32
Commercial Mix Designs with HVFA
NSFC+WR PC
The setting time and early strength challenge Polycarboxylate ml/100kg -- 455
NSFC ml/100kg 1300 --
Chemical admixture options and approach WR ml/100kg 130 --
Calcium Nitrite l/m3 26.6 26.6
Making HVFA concrete with minimal set and strength
AEA ml/100kg 78 39
delay
Slump mm 75 115
Keeping an eye on the potential for unexpected Air % 5.4 5.5
cement-SCM-admixture performance Initial Set Hr:Min 3:50 2:30
1-D Comp. Strength MPa 32.4 (4700 psi) 43.1 (6250 psi)
Jeknavorian, A. et. al. Synergistic Interaction of Condensed Polyacrylic Acid-Aminated
Polyether Superplasticizer with Calcium Salts, SP-195: The Sixth Canmet/ACI Conference
on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete, SP 195, 2000, 585-600.
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May 9, 2014
(2)CANI
(1)Blank
(6)PC+CANI (5)NSFC+CANI
(3)PC
(4)NSFC
PC/CANI accelerates
PC/CANI gave shorter set and higher strength than NSFC/CANI NSFC/CANI retards
29 C. Porteneuve, A. Jeknavorian, F. Serafin, K.L Scrivener, E. Gallucci, G. Gal. 30 C. Porteneuve, A. Jeknavorian, F. Serafin, K.L Scrivener, E. Gallucci, G. Gal.
American Ceramic Society Meeting, Baltimore, April 2005 American Ceramic Society Meeting, Baltimore, April 2005
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May 9, 2014
Effect of PCE/Calcium Nitrite for 60/40 OPC/Ash Concrete Performance Map of HRWR/HES System
420 kg/m3 total cementitious Reference = 20% fly ash w/ HRWR. Test Mix = 50% fly ash w/ HRWR + HES
Strength target = 80% 1-day Ref.; Set target = < 60 min Initial set
Fly Ash Initial Final Comp. Strength
Mix Water Admixture Slump Air
(Class F) Set Set 1-Day 7-Day 28-Day 1D strength%
High
% replace w/c %solids/cm mm % (hr:min)(hr:min) mpa mpa mpa vs. reference
63% 62% 52% 65% 68% 69%
Baseline 0 0.50 140 1.5 4:22 6:33 7.0 19.6 27.5 Set retardation
30 mins 100 mins 100 mins 20 mins 80 mins 20 mins
vs. reference
+ fly ash 40 0.50 215 0.9 9:20 13:01 3.1 11.7 16.9
Alkalinity
Cement
+18% water cut 40 0.38 0.13% PC-500 145 3.2 7:48 10:59 5.5 22.1 28.2 Strength:
0.13% PC-500 77% 78% 63% 93% 84% 83% 3~8% lower
+CANI 40 0.38 165 3.6 5:20 8:15 6.0 24.3 30.1
Low
2.0% Ca Nitrite 45 mins 105 mins 110 mins 15 mins 50 mins 30 mins Strength target
24% water reduction with fly ash 2.5% 3.7% 4.8% 12.6%
achieved
8.9% 11.3%
slight increase in slump from baseline Low F Fly Ash CaO Content High
1 hr retardation from baseline
1D strength = 86% of baseline Strength target performance met w/ low alkali cement + high CaO ashes
7D strength > baseline Set performance difficult to predict, fly ash-dependent
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May 9, 2014
(6) OPC/Slag/Accel (3) OPC/Slag + 0.5% SO3 Proper selection of admixture systems (HRWRs and
+ 1.0% SO3 accelerators) can enable use of high volume cement
(4) OPC/Slag + 1.0% SO3 replacement by SCMs.
(1) OPC/Slag HRWRs, through the use of polycarboxylate technology,
can be optimized for use with HVFA concrete mixes.
One cannot assume admixture systems will automatically
(2) OPC/Slag/Accel work as usual when using high levels of SCMs.
(5) OPC/Slag/Accel + 0.5% SO3 Most SCMs have some impact on the sulfate balance.
Portland cement is usually optimized for mixes
without SCM.
Isothermal or semi-adiabatic calorimetry can detect
potential interactions.
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