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Miscibility

B. Dindoruk

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Miscibility

When a mixture of two fluids forms a single phase

in all proportions the fluids are said to be miscible.
This type of miscibility is known as first contact
miscibility (FCM).
There is an easier way to achieve miscibility than
FCM: multi-contact miscibility (MCM). In a
MCM process injected fluid (i.e.,
(i e gas) and the in
in-
situ fluid (i.e., oil) may become miscible by
exchanging components after repeated contacts
with each other to form converging vapor and
liquid compositions.
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C1

Partially
V MME
Tie Line Mi ibl
Miscible

MCM

Dilution
Line FCM
Critical
Tie-Line
OIL L Extension
C3 C2
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FCM: When a straight line connecting the oil

composition and the injection gas composition
(dilution line) does not pass through the two-phase
region, the system is said to be FCM.
MMP: If the FCM condition is not satisfied, and
the oil or gas is not within the reach of tie-line
extensions but on the extension of the critical tie
extensions,
line (minimum limit) or beyond the reach of any
tie-line.
IMMISCIBLE: If the oil and gas is on the
extension of a tie line (Partially Miscible).
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1. FCM: if the dilution line does not cross the two phase
region
2. Not FCM : if the dilution line crosses the two phase
region (but it can be MCM or Partially miscible
needs more detailed check))
1. Partially miscible (immiscible): if oil and gas compositions
(both of them) are @ the WEST of critical tie-line extension
2. MCM: if oil OR gas (one of them) is on the critical tie line
extension
1. Vaporizing gas drive if OIL is on the critical tie line extension
2. Condensing gas drive if INJ. is on the critical tie line extension
3. MCM: if oil OR gas (one of them) @ EAST of the critical tie
line extension.
1. Vaporizing gas drive if OIL is @ EAST of the critical tie line
extension
2. Condensing gas drive if INJ. is @ EAST of the critical tie line
extension
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What Controls Miscibility:

P
T
Injection gas composition
Oil composition

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Conventional Definition of MMP

Based on Ternary Systems
Initial tie line (oil tie line) lies on the
extension of critical tie line (Vaporizing
Gas Drive)
Injection tie line (gas tie line) lies on the
extension of critical tie line (Condensing
Gas Drive)

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Mass Transfer Mechanisms

VAPORIZING GAS DRIVE

CONDENSING GAS DRIVE

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Vaporizing Gas Drive

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Condensing Gas Drive

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A More Complicated Case

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Condensing/Vaporizing
Gas Drive

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Critical tie line divides the ternary diagram

into two regions, where the system is
Immiscible
Miscible (MCM is the minimum limit)

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Immiscible Miscible

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Oil#2 Oil#1

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Miscibility
Measurement/Calculation
Single contact experiments: solvent + oil is mixed
& the compositions are determined. If only a
single-phase mixture exists for all mixing ratios,
process is FCM.
Multiple-contact experiments: solvent and oil is
mixed at fixed P and T
U
Upper phase
h iis separated
t d andd mixed
i d with
ith the
th fresh
f h oil
il
in a second cell (forward contacts)
Lower phase is separated and mixed with fresh solvent
in a second cell (reverse contacts)
The process is repeated continuously from cell to cell
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Rising bubble apparatus (RBA): for quick

measurement of MMP. Behavior of a gas bubble
as it rises in a column of reservoir oil is observed.
Slim tube displacements (most popular apparatus):
Slim-tube apparatus is used to displace the oil with
a solvent at Tres and displacement pressure. The
break in the recovery vs pressure (or based on
various criteria) marks the MMP.

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Slim--Tube Apparatus
Slim
Injection gas
Slim tube contains
composition
a porous medium and
Z1,Z2, ...
oil with composition
Z1, Z2, ...
Sampling valve

Gas chromatograph

Effluent composition data

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Slim-tube recoveries at 1.2

HCPV vs pressure

Yellig & Metcalfe (1980)

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Core-flooding: g Analogg of slim-tube,, except

p real cores are used. The
most restrictive aspect is the length of the cores (also more difficult
that the slim-tube experiments).
Numerical 1-D simulations: simulation of slim-tube/core-flooding
experiments
Analytical techniques (method of characteristics solutions): similar to
numerical methods except the equations are solved analytically
Critical tie-line
tie line methods: Negative flash (Whitson & Mickelsen - 1989,
Nouar et al. - 1990, )
Correlations
Analogs
etc.

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CO2 MMP by NPC (1976)

API MMP (psia)

(ps a)
27 4000
27-30 3000
30 1200
Correction for Reservoir Temp.
T (F) Additional Pressure (psia)
120 NONE
120-150 +200
150-200 +350
200-250 +500

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MMP Correlation for Pure CO2 Injection

SPE 89359

MMPpure f ( M C , PC ,T )
7 26

MMPpure a1 a2T a3T 2

ai f ( M C , PC )
7 26

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MMP Correlation for Impure CO2

SPE 89359 Injection
MMPimpure
1 m( PCO 100)
MMPpure 2

m f ( M C , PC ,T )
7 26

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SPE14152 (Kuo et al.)

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