Appendix A Rainfall and Soil

Characteristics of the
British Isles

The British and Irish National Grids are illustrated. The rainfall and soil type
maps are at a scale such that there are ten separate sections covering Britain
(with the exception of some Scottish islands) and four covering Ireland.
Each section has national grid lines identified by numbers signifying hundreds
of kilometres from the origin and is itself identified by a large bold number (for
example, southeast England is 3). For convenience, four different maps of each
section are kept together. These are:

(a) standard average annual rainfall (hundreds of mm) SAAR

(b) 2-day MS rainfall (mm) 2DM5
(c) ratio r = 60-minute M5/2-day MS (as a percentage) r
(d) soil classification for runoff potential RP
(see section 9.4 for calculation of SOIL term)

Each map has one of these abbreviated titles followed by a bold number that
identifies the section on the key map. Britain is dealt with first and then the
Irish key map and Irish sections follow.
These maps are reproduced from the NERC Flood Studies Report, 1975,
except for RP which is from the 1978 revision of Winter Rain Acceptance
Potential, published as Supplementary Report No. 7.

278
 Appendix A 279

Key to section numbers for maps of Great Britain

280 Engineering Hydrology

Diagram showing 100 km squares and the letters

used to designate them
kilom('trC'\
Northing

1300

HL HM HN HO HP JL
1200
<U.
HQ HR HS HT JQ
I ~u
1100 I-n
HV HW HX HY: HZ JV

: NA NE OA
900L
800
I OF

OL

OQ

600

SOO

400

SK
300

SP
200

SQ
100

SV
0
/,0
"
100 200 lOO 400 700 k~~:::)
SOO 600
FAl SE ORIGI .... OF
NATIONAL GRIO

British National Grid

 Appendix A 281

----------~~~S~A~A~R.:1-------------~
282 Engineering Hydrology

2 3
3+-----------------------+-------------.r--~--~~

2DM5.1
Appendix A 283

r. 1
284 Engineering Hydrology

RP.1
 Appendix A 285

3 4

3,

SAAR.2
286 Engineering Hydrology

2DM5.2
 Appendix A 287

3 4
3 .".., .........

!O

C~ 40

("'------'-'-":
..... It;
-.. __ .. ;'

" -.....---
~" ...", ../........ i
c)
10

......
". ____ .1

o
\ .......... ~

3I ., ,
r.2
288 Engineering Hydrology

3 .
, 5
I

RP.2
 Appendix A 289

,
SAAR.3
290 Engineering Hydrology

5 6

. . "'~

~ ...... " .. ' ,"

.\
.....4f'; i<
~

J.

FIII"NeE

........
... .... ,

A.- \
G ~-.

...
.

2DM5.3
 Appendix A 291

5 6

(
31~~~--+-----~~----~----~----+---------~--~-3
................. .

'.'.
-""
......
..... ---_ .. -
_-4S,,-

t6
-._-,,-

........
....... ...l
t .... 45"
2 2

--_.')
....._-_ ..

'RANCE

ChcaJMl 1.1o.1Id1

UTM

,.3
292 Engineering Hydrology

s
RP.3
 Appendix A 293

.L---+-7R.lI}--l 5

SAAR.4
294 Engineering Hydrology

2 3

5,~----------------------~------~-'~----------~

4+-----------------------4------------------------+4

3+-----------------------+-------------~~~~~~

2t-------------------~~1---L-----~--~~~~~~
2
3
2DM5.4
 Appendix A 295

2 3
5i+-------------------------1--------,~,,~~--------_t5

4+---------------------------~--------------------------_t,4

3;+-------------------------~--------------~-e~----~~

{:#~
:. .......?
~----------------------------~~~~~~--~--~------~\~~--~~--+Q
2 3

r.4
296 Engineering Hydrology

2 3

RP.4
Appendix A 297

SAAR.5
298 Engineering Hydrology

3 4

~.....
'''''.)

3 4

2DM5.5
 Appendix A 299

4 5

0"/0,,'
{ !
\ ......

.'
.... __ .......':

(~......... -".

r.5
300 Engineering Hydrology

RP.5
 Appendix A 301

S~~Y--- 5

I:" .. - -
., . .
3
:' \S' ,.;,\ ;"
...

2~~46~ SAAR.6 2
302 Engineering Hydrology

6
5~~>0~~------------------------+---------------~

4-------,.i \ \ ~~~~~-------------+----------------4
, ~
';

.'-...

7
5 6
2DM5.6
 Appendix A 303

5 6
5~----.-+'------------------------+-----------------

J(. . . . /?,.
:

~-

41------~+_-r~~--~._------------+_----------------,~

.... ~6-._~

.....
3~~~--~----~~----~'----~~---+--------~.-~---3
.......... _-_. .....

\'"
)
._-45'-'
------":
.,;
.'

2~~----~------------ ____ ~~~ __ ________________

~ ~

5 6
r.6
304 Engineering Hydrology

5 6
( 5

"

2
5 6
RP.6
Appendix A 305

2 3

SAAR.7
306 Engineering Hydrology

5.1---+2 ---.4.::::::I:liL-_ r
, 2DM5.7
Appendix A 307

2 3

""'"", I .15---)

':

.. ,.-
13 ; _, -IS")

"," "'--
! "

,"

\ r
'"

r.7
308 Engineering Hydrology

2 3

RP.7
Appendix A 309

SAAR.8
310 Engineering Hydrology

3 4 5

2DM5.8
 Appendix A 311

3 5
81~~------~
....~.-y----~--------------------~

:'~"""'25-""'~i
i'';''
........ .....
:"",_,:

7't---~~~~------~------------------k

.. _.....

'S'"2S.}
t, .......
"! . . . .
\/
~

. ........l>\

3 4 5
r.8
312 Engineering Hydrology

3 4 5

RP.S
Appendix A 313

SAAR.9
314 Engineering Hydrology

2DM5.9
Appendix A 315

2 3

2 3
f.9
316 Engineering Hydrology

2 3

RP.9
Appendix A 317

'7
5

SAAR.10
318 Engineering Hydrology

2DM5.10
 Appendix A 319

i
5

91+-------------------------+-------------------------~

,' ____ .-25 .. ~:

,/"'/ ("
f

' .. -"~
..../.
7+---~~--~~~----------4_------------------------~
3 4 5

r.10
320 Engineering Hydrology

I I
S ~'8 4 5

4 5
RP.10
 Appendix A 321

A B
4

H
3

N
2

S
1

X Y
o 1 2 3 4

Irish National Grid

322 Engineering Hydrology

Key to section numbers for maps of Ireland

Appendix A 323

I SAAR.'
324 Engineering Hydrology

- - --~ 12DM5.1
 Appendix A 325

2------------------~~~~----_r_r--------~~~~

25

I r.1
326 Engineering Hydrology
2

I RP.1
 Appendix A 327
2

()

I SAAR.2
328 Engineering Hydrology
2 3

I~~==~-----,~~~~~~----t----------------l
..-75

2 3

I2DM5.2
 Appendix A 329
2

3----~------------~~------~------_+_+------------------3

.. , ....
" .... "
,
,:'
,'",

2~

I r.2
330 Engineering Hydrology

~~----~~------~P/~\T~rt---------------3

I RP.2
 Appendix A 331

I SAAR.3
332 Engineering Hydrology

4 - - - - - - - -________-+____________ -.~~~~~

,.
()

ot
.......')
/
(~-~~~---.'

~D iD('
D
2--------------------~~~------~--~~~~~~~--~
I \
2

12DM5.3
 Appendix A 333

4------------------~------------~~ __~~--4.

"

2--------------------~~~~~----~~----------~~__+~
2

I r.3
334 Engineering Hydrology

I RP.3
 Appendix A 335

()

2---t---L~~~--~--L---~~~~1l-------2
2 3
I SAAR.4
336 Engineering Hydrology

12DM5.4
 Appendix A 337

[)
~. !:'------,
..
{.... .3S .... ', ..
I
.

3----r-~=-------~~----~----_+_+---------------3

2 3
I r.4
338 Engineering Hydrology

2 3

3~~-----*--~~--------~~~+--4-4------------------

2 3
I RP.4
Appendix B Typical Values of Manning's
n in Q = (1/n) (AR 213 S1I2)
and Chezy's C* in
V = C-j(RS)

Type of channel n C
(SI units)
Smooth timber 0.011
Cement-asbestos pipes, welded steel 0.012 70-90
Concrete-lined (high-quality formwork) 0.013 60-75
Brickwork well-laid and flush-jointed 0.014
Concrete and cast iron pipes 0.015
Rolled earth: brickwork in poor condition 0.018 40-55
Rough-dressed-stone paved, without sharp bends 0.021 30-45
Natural stream channel, flowing smoothly in clean
conditions 0.030 19-30
Standard natural stream or river in stable
condition 0.035 14-25
River with shallows and meanders and noticeable
aquatic growth 0.Q45
River or stream with rocks and stones, shallow
and weedy 0.060
Slow flowing meandering river with pools, slight
rapids, very weedy and overgrown 0.100
* For a full discussion of Chezy's coefficient C see An Introduction to Engineering
Fluid Mechanics by J. A. Fox, published by The Macmillan Press, London, second
edition, 1977.

339
Answers to Problems

Chapter 2

2.1 (a) 28.32 mm Hg; (b) 8.5 mm Hg; (c) 19.82 mm Hg; (d) 22.0C;
(e) 23.7C.
2.3 (a) 29.99 in.; (b) Cubley 29.76 in.; Biggin School 41.97 in.
2.4 39.1 mm.
2.5 (i) 29.8 in.; (ii) 31.2 in.; (iii) 27.0 in.
2.7 (b) About 1951; (c) assuming earlier period correct, increases it from 279
to 328 mm/year.
2.8 Some evidence of cyclicity, but longer record needed to show it conclu-
sively.
2.9 (a) 0.136; (b) 7.34 m/so
2.10 (a) Once in 4 years on average; (b) 23.8 x 10 3 m3 .
2.11 At X, 75 mm; at Y, 92 mm.
2.12 (a) 20 mm Oxford; (b) 64 mm Kumasi (if equation 2.4 derived for U.K.
applies in Ghana).
2.13 481 mm; no.

Chapter 3

3.1 Amsterdam 4.0 mm/day; Seattle 0.05 mm/day; Khartoum 6.2 mm/day.
3.2 2.5 mm/day.
3.3 (a) April 5.24 cm; November 1.01 cm; (b) June 11.67 cm; October
3.70 cm.
3.5 6.7 mm/day.
3.9 Annual Eo = 966 mm, pan coefficient = 0.85, net annual loss = 1.367 x
103 m3 /km2 /day, evaporation 136 mm less in July at 40 0 S.
3.10 14.076 x 106 /m 3
340
 Answers to Problems 341
Chapter 4

4.3 4.1 mm.

4.5 (a) 53 mm; (b) 9 mm.
4.8 CWI = 129; compare with figure 4.9 value 125.

Chapter 5

5.1 Canal A 2.4 m 3 Im/day; canal B 3.1 m 3 /m/day.

5.2 kH = 2.32 x 10- 2 m 2 Is;Ro = 1968 m; Qo = 0.044 m 3 Is.

Chapter 6

6.1 4085 m 3 Is; n = 0.032.

6.3 2560 m 3 Is at 50.46 m.
6.4 (b) 0.705 x 106 , 1.85 X 106 , 0.1 X 106 m 3 /day; (c) 18.14 x 106 m 3 ;
(d) 5.14 x 106 m 3 .
6.5 Additional storage 3.90 x 10 6 m 3 ; spillage (future) 12.01 x 106 m 3 ; (now)
21.37 x 10 6 m 3 .
6.6 46.8 x 106 m3 .
6.8 2124 m 3 Is; n = 0.016.
6.9 (a) 74.2 lis; (b) reservoir is drawn-down by 306 x 10 3 m 3 ; (c) 765 X
10 3 m 3 .
6.10 Capacity 65.73 x 106 m 3 ;Yield6.98m3 /s.
6.11 (a) Assuming mean flow at 30% exceedance P = 9.8 MW; E = 66 GWh;
(b) 227 m 3 Is (using techniques from chapter 9).
6.12 (a) 3.5m3 /s;(b)75.0x10 6 m3 ;(c)51 x10 6 m3 .
6.13 P = 1.2 MW (at 40% exceedance), E = 7390 MWh.

Chapter 7

7.1 Qt = 126 e-O.0231 t; Q120 = 7.9 m3 /s.

7.2 Qt = 120 e-O.0392t; Q60 = 11.4 m 3 /s.
7.3 Point N about 33 h.
7.5 76 m 3 /s assuming same cIJ index and a baseflow of 4 m 3 /s.
7.7 Qp = 705 ft3 Is; tp = 4.1 h.
7.8 Qp = 7.9 m3 /s;t p = 4.0 h.
7.9 36.3 m 3 /s at hour 7.
7.10 Point N is at 54 h; runoff volume = 557.3 x 106 ft3; net rain 2.0 in./h:
very severe for U.K. Tr> 100 y.
7.11 923 m3 /s at hour 6.
342 Engineering Hydrology
7.12 1332 m3 /s at hour 6.
7.13614m3 /sathour7.
7.14 687 m3 /s at hour 9.
7.15 84.2 m3 /s.
7.16115.5m 3 /sathour11.
7.17 (a) 125.4 m3 /s at hour 12.

Chapter 8

8.1 At hourly intervals: 0, 2.3, 6.9, 22.2, 42.1, 70.8, 95.6,115.6,126.6,128.9,

125.9, 116.8, 106.3,93.8 etc.
8.2 137 m3 /s at hour 32.
8.3 353 m3 /s.
8.4 At hourly intervals: 0,3.5,9.8, 19.8,37.4,56.6,72.7,88.4,98.0,100.2,
94.0, 84.1 etc.
8.5 At 3 h intervals: 0,5.5,23,46,64,75,83,87,88,87.5,85,82,78,72.5
etc.
8.6 250.4 m3 /s.
8.7 Qp = 428 m3 /s at tp = 8 h: net rain"" 1.4 cm/h.
8.8 At 3 h intervals: 6,6.1,3.9,4.4, 16.4,38.6,63.2,80.4,91.1,98.2,88.7,
74.2, 60.3 etc.

Chapter 9

9.1 Qzo =6360m3 /s;P= 18.6%.

9.2 (i) 37.0, 40.0 in.; (ii) 37%.
9.4 Qzoo = 3220 m3 /s.
9.5 (a) 68.04,71.9 in.; (b) 0.401, 0.642, 0.871; (c) 0.395.
9.6 20%.
9.7 (a) 8.31 x 106 m3 ; (b) 9.6%.
9.8 Q = 51 m 3 /s; Qzoo = 163 m 3 /s: with safety factor (say 2.3) design
Q = 375 m3 /s.
9.9 Ql00 = 140 m 3 /s;P "" 2%.
9.11 Qso = 2799 m3 /s.
9.12 (a) QIO = 10.7, QIOO = 20.8, Qsoo = 31.5 m3 /s; (b) 3.8 m3 /s.
9.13 71.9 m3 /s at hour 9.
9.14 (a) From plot QIOO = 405 m3 /s; (b) Gumbel QIOO = 392 m3 /s, Q400 =
482 m3 Is; (c) 22.6%.
9.15 5% in any year; 19% in any 4 years.
9.16 612,40,4113,10,17,2511,7,11,15,20118119,2614,27,301141
31,33,36,3714,813815,33,37126,28122,23,2411317,341111
35.
Index

Adiabatic lapse rate British Isles average annual rainfall

dry 9 Appendix A
saturated 9 British Isles greatest rainfalls 17
Albedo 42
Anemometer 9 California formula (for Tr) 232
Angot's radiation flux 47 Casing (to wells) 94
Anisotropic soil 86 Catastrophic floods 226
Annual maximum mean daily flow of Catchment characteristics 112, 244
River Thames at Teddington 233 altitude 117
Annual series 229 annual average rainfall (SAAR)
Antecedent precipitation index 72, 116
120 area 112
API 72 baseflow index (BFI) 116
Aquifers 83 climate 117
confined 83 lake and reservoir area 117
flow in 89 main stream length (MSL) 113
transmissibility of 97, 151 orientation 113
unconfined or phreatic 90 shape 115
AREA 244 slope 113
Areal reduction factor ARF 21, 28, soil moisture deficit 117
30 stream density 116
Artesian wells 83 stream frequency (STMFRQ) 116
Attenuation of flood waves 198,203 Catchment lag 215
Autographic rain recorder 12 Catchment wetness index (CWI) 76
Celerity of flood waves 132, 133
Bank storage 152 Channel precipitation 150
Bars 6 Channel storage 130
Baseflow 150,157 Chezy's formula 135,339
evaluation of 157 Cloudiness ratio 46
separation from runoff 153 Condensation 15
Basin lag 176, 177, 178 Consumptive use 55
Basin recharge 73 arable crops requirements 56
Bilham's rainfall classification 17 coefficients 58
Boreholes 94, 96 forest 60
pumps for 95 Control (of a river reach) 130
Boundary conditions 90,98 Coriolis force 5
343
344 Engineering Hydrology
Crop coefficients 58 Flood routing 198
Cumulative mass curve 137 Flood Studies Report, meteorology
Cunnane's formula 233 28
Current meter 120 Flood waves 132
gauging 123 celerity 132, 133
Cyclical nature of natural phenomena Flow duration curve 137,138,140,
249 141
from BFI values 142
Darcy's Law 88 modification by storage 140
Density of fresh water 84 non-dimensional 141
Density of saline water 85 Flow of groundwater 88
Depletion curve 150 laminar 84
Depression storage III Flow rating curves 120
Depth area-time relationship 19 Flow-measuring structures 120, 124
Design criteria 274 Fog 15
Dew 15 Forest 60
Dew point 8 Frequency 28
Dew ponds 15 Frequency analysis 228
Dilution gauging 120, 124 Frequency plots 232-40
Discharge measurements 120-30 Gumbel distribution 237
Distribution graph 163, 164 log-normal 238
Double mass curve 27 normal probability 237
Drawdown (of wells) 97 plane co-ordinates 236
Drilled wells 94,95 semi-logarithmic 236
Dupuit's assumptions 90 Fronts 10
value of the integration constant FSR prediction of Q and QT 244
Ra 98 Full series 229

Effective rain 158 Graphical routing method 211

Effluent streams 151 Gravel packs 94
Elevation-discharge curve 200 Gringorten's formula 232
Energy budget 44 Groundwater 2, 83
Ephemeral streams 151 abstraction of 94
Equilibrium flow 161 flow in a confined aquifer 89, 97
Estimated soil-moisture deficit 72 flow in an unconfined aquifer 90,
Evaporation 42 99
actual 43 with rainfall 101
empirical formula 44 flow of 84
from open water 46 influencing factors 84
from pans 54 occurrence of 83
from soil and turf 51 velocity in soil pores 88
nomograms for Penman's equation Growth curves 245
Appendix C international 268
potential 43,45,143 regional 247
Evapotranspiration, potential 53 Growth factor 28, 29
Events of random nature 229 Gumbel frequency analysis 237
ranking 232
Extreme value theory 237 Hazen's formula 232
Humidity 6
Flood formulae 226 relative 8
catchment area 226 Hydraulic gradient 84
catchment parameters 228 Hydrograph (see also Unit hydro-
Rational Method 227 graph) 136
 Index 345
analysis 150 Mass curve 137
baseflow separation 153 in reservoir design 138
base length 157 of channel storage 205
components 151 Master depletion curve 154
from differently shaped catch- Maximum and minimum thermometers
ments 116 8
unit 158 Maximum rainfall depths 16, 1 7
Hydrological cycle Mean annual flood Q 243
forecasting 225 Mean daily temperature 9
Hydrometeorology 34 Mean flow Qm 141
Meteorological observation array 11
Independent series 229 Monsoon 118
Infil tration 2 MSL 179
capacity 68, 69 Muskingum routing method 204
drainage basin analysis 70
fav-method 71 National grid 278
indices 70 Negative baseflow 153
influencing factors 66 Netrain 158
methods of determining capacity Normal distribution 233
71 Normal probability 233
<P-index 70 N-year event 230, 232, 240
Infiltrometer 69
Inflexion point 151 Orographic rainfall 10
Influent stream 151 Outflow 1ag (in channel routing) 212
Instantaneous unit hydrograph 173
by routing 219 Pan evaporation 54
Interception 2 coefficients 55
Interflow 150 Partial duration series 229
Intermittent stream 152 Partial pressure 6
Inventory of Earth's water 3 Penman's theory 46
Isochrones 21 7 modified method for crop require-
Isohyetal map 23 ments 57
Isohyets 22 nomogram Appendix C (inside
Isovels 123 back cover)
Perched water table 84
K, storage constant 204 Percolation 2
variation of 212 Percussion drilling 94
Perennial stream 1 57
Lag 175,179 Periodicity 250
LAKE 245 Permeability 86
Laminar flow 84 coefficient 86
Lapse rate 9 in natural soils 87
dry adiabatic 9 Phreatic surface 83
saturated adiabatic 9 Piezometric surface 83
Latent heat of evaporation 8 Pore velocity 88
Log Pearson Type III distribution Porosity 85
241 effective 86, 88
Log-normal frequency plot 233 POT series (peaks over threshold)
Lysimeters 60 230,243
Precipitation 2
MS rainfall 28 climatic factors affecting 10
Manning formula 131 convective 10
values of 339 cyclonic 10
346 Engineering Hydrology
Rain-gauge networks 12
frontal 10 Random events, nature of 229
orographic 10 Rating curve 120, 123
Pressure 6 adjustment 130
partial 6 Boyer's method 133
saturation vapour 6 extension of 134
Prism storage 199 slope-area method 135
Probability 230 Steven's method 135
of N-year flood in a period 230 Rational Method 227,261
plotting 232 Reach (of a river) 198
Probable maximum precipitation Recession limb 150
(PMP) 34 Recurrence interval 230
Psychrometer 8 Regional coefficients 246
Psychrometer constant 8 Relative humidity 8,43
Reservoir lag 203
Q (mean annual flood) 230, 243 Reservoir routing storage curves 200
FSR general equation 244 computation 202
small catchment equation 247 Return period 27, 230
Rijkoort's nomogram for evaporation
Radiation 9 Appendix C (inside back cover)
Radiometers 9 Risk criteria and analysis 274
Rain gauges River gauging 120
anti-splash screen 12 dilution gauging 120, 124
recording 12 flow-measuring structures 120,
standard 12 124
Rain graph 150 ultrasonic gauging 130
Rainfall 10 velocity-area methods 120
applied to unitgraphs 186 Rotary drilling 94
areal extent 16 Routing 198
area1 reduction factor 16 in reservoirs 200
Bilham's classification 18 in river channels 203
British rainfall 270-339 period 199
depth-area 21 RP runoff potential 279-339
depth-are a-time relationship 19 RSMD 245
duration 15, 28 Runoff 111
duration-frequency 22 correlation with rainfall 119
frequency 16 Runoff accumulation-time curve
growth factors 29 137,138,139
intensity of 15
intensity-duration 16,118 Sl085 245
intensity-duration-frequency 17 S-curve 161
maps of Great Britain and Ireland equilibrium flow 163
279-339 SAAR 143
records 16, 17 Saline water density 85
return period/flood peak correla- Saturation deficit 6
tion 179,182 Saturation vapour pressure 6, 7
runoff analysis 111 Screens (for wells) 95
runoff correlation 119 Semi-log frequency plot 236
supplementary records 24 Series of events 228
trends from progressive averages annual 229
25 full 229
trends in data 24, 25 independent 229
 Index 347
partial duration 229 nomogram 54
skewed distribution 241 Time of concentration 112
Slope-area method (rating curves) Time-area graph 217
135 Transpiration 2,43
Small catchment equations 247 Trends in observed data 24,25,249
Snow and ice 15 TRRL 261
Snow traverses 15
SOIL, definition of 244 Ultrasonic gauging 130
Soil classification 244 Unconfined aquifer 90
Soil moisture 72 Uniform-intensity storm 118
antecedent precipitation index Unit hydrograph or unitgraph 158
API 72 application of rain to 186
catchment wetness index CWI 76 as a percentage distribution 163
effective mean soil-moisture deficit average, from a number 166
72,75 Collins' method 167
for British Isles 75 derivation of 165
measurements of 77 from complex storms 165
Wallingford soil-moisture probe 79 from S-curves 161
Soil-moisture deficiency (SMD) 74 FSR method 179
Solar radiation 42 instantaneous 173
Specific velocity 88 of various durations 160
Springs 83 one-hour 190
artesian 84 principles of 158
Stage 120 synthetic 174
Standard deviation 238 from flood routing 213
STMFRQ 244 URBAN 245
Stomata 43 Urban hydrology 261
Storage constant K 204
variation of 211 Vapour pressure 6
Storage equation (evaporation) 44 Vapour removal 48
Storage equation (routing) 198 Velocity-area methods 120
Storage loops 205 Vertical temperature gradient 9
calculation of 205 Viscosity 85
Storm duration 28, 179 absolute 85
Storm profile 32, 33 kinematic 85
Streams 151,152
Superposition, method of 159 Wadi 151
Surface runoff 111 Wallingford Procedure 265
Synthetic data generation 248 Water budget equation 44
periodic component 249 Water divide 113
stochastic component 249 Water year 119, 229
Synthetic unit hydrographs 174 Wedge storage 199
from flood routing 213 Wells 96
from the FSR method 179 artesian 83
drawdown of 97
Temperature 8 drilled and dug 94
distribution of 9 flowing 84
Temperature inversion 9, 43 pumping from 95
Theim's equation 97 confined flow 97
Theissen polygons 22 un confined flow 99,101
altitude-corrected 22 pumps for 95
Thornthwaite's formula 51 screens for 94
348 Engineering Hydrology
Wells (cont'd) Wet-bulb temperature 8
test pumping in confined aquifer Wind 9,42
105 Wind run 10
test pumping in unconfined World's greatest rain falls 16
aquifer 107
yield of 96 Yield of wells 96
Additional material from Engineering Hydrology,
ISBN 978-0-333-53180-8, is available at http://extras.springer.com