c04RationalNumbers Web PDF

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
TOPIC 4
Rational numbers
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4.1 Overview
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Why learn this?
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There are many everyday situations where we do not work with whole
numbers. Fractions are a way of expressing parts of whole things,
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amounts or quantities. They are important in everyday situations such as
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measuring, cooking, shopping, telling the time and sport. Did you know
that approximately 14 of the population of Australia lives in Victoria?
What do you know?

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1 THINK List what you know about fractions. Use a thinking
tool such as a concept map to show your list.
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2 PAIR Share what you know with a partner and then
with a small group.
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3 SHARE As a class, create a thinking tool such as a large

concept map that shows your classs knowledge of fractions.
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Learning sequence
4.1 Overview
4.2 What are rational numbers?
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4.3 Simplifying rational numbers

4.4 Mixed numbers and improper fractions
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4.5 Adding and subtracting rational numbers

4.6 Multiplying rational numbers
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4.7 Dividing rational numbers

4.8 Fractions as ratios
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4.9 Working with mixed numbers

4.10 Review ONLINE ONLY
c04RationalNumbers.indd 92 12/05/16 2:43 PM

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NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
4.2 What are rational numbers?

Understanding fractions
Rational numbers are numbers that can be written as fractions.
eLesson
Types of fractions Fractions are used to describe parts of a whole.
eles-0002 The numerator, or top number of the fraction, shows how many parts are required.
Thenumerator must be an integer.
The denominator, or bottom number, shows the number of parts into which the whole
can be divided. The denominator must be an integer, but cannot be zero.
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Digital docs The horizontal bar separating the numerator from the denominator is called the
SkillSHEET vinculum.
Types of fractions
doc-6437
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SkillSHEET numerator
Equivalent fractions I 2
vinculum
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doc-6438
SkillSHEET 3
Equivalent fractions II denominator
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SkillSHEET
Lowest common A proper fraction has a numerator that is smaller than the denominator, for example, 23 .
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multiple
doc-6440
An improper fraction has a numerator that is larger than the denominator,
SkillSHEET for example, 54 .
Ordering fractions
A mixed number is made up of a number and a fraction, for example, 135.
doc-6441
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Expressing one quantity as a fraction of another
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To express one quantity as a fraction of another, write the first quantity as a fraction of
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the second quantity.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1
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a What fraction of the rectangle shown has been

shaded?
b Express the number of unshaded squares as a
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fraction of the number of squares in total.

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THINK WRITE
a 1 Count how many equal parts the a Total number of parts = 8
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rectangle has been divided into.

2 State how many parts are shaded. 3 parts are shaded.
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3 Write the answer in a sentence. 3

of the rectangle has been
8
shaded.
b 1 Count the number of unshaded squares. b There are 5 unshaded squares.
2 State the number of squares in total. There are 8 squares in total.
3 Write the first quantity as a The number of unshaded
fraction of the second quantity squaresas a fraction of the
and write the answer in words. total number of squares in
therectangle is 58.
94 Maths Quest 7

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
Equivalent fractions
Equivalent fractions are equal fractions. For example, the fractions 12 , 150 , 12 00 , 186 can all
be simplified to 12 .
Fractions on a number line

The space between each whole number on a number line is divided into equal parts. The
number of equal parts is determined by the denominator of the fraction.
The position of the fraction is found by counting on the number of parts shown in the
numerator.
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WORKED EXAMPLE 2
Show the positions of 56 and 1 16 on a number line.
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THINK WRITE
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1 Draw a number line from 0 to 2.
0 1 2
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2 The denominator of both fractions is 6.
Divide the sections between 0 and 1 and
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between 1 and 2 into 6 equal parts each.
3
To place 56, count on 5 marks from 0. To place
AT 5
6 1 61
1 16 count on 1 mark from the whole number 1
on the number line.
2
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0 1
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WORKED EXAMPLE 3
For the equivalent fractions 45 = 10

8
find the number which has been used to
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multiplyboth numerator and denominator.

THINK WRITE
1 What number is 4 multiplied by to equal 8? 4 42 8
= =
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(4 _ = 8) 5 5 2 10
What number is 5 multiplied by to equal 10?
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(5 _ = 10)
2 Write the answer. The number used is 2.
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WORKED EXAMPLE 4
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From the list, find those fractions which are equivalent to 12:
3 3 9 10 7 17
, , , , , .
9 6 18 15 14 34
THINK WRITE
1 Multiply the numerator and denominator of 13 3
1 =
2
by the numerator of the first fraction (3) to 23 6
check whether the new fraction is in the list.
2 Multiply the numerator and denominator of 19 9
1 =
2
by the next different numerator (9) and 2 9 18
check whether the new fraction is in the list.
Topic 4 Rational numbers 95

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
3 Continue until all fractions have been 1 10 10

=
considered. 2 10 20
17 7
=
2 7 14
1 17 17
=
2 17 34
4 Write the equivalent fractions. From the given list the equivalent
fractions of 12 are 36, 189 , 147 , 17
34
.
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WORKED EXAMPLE 5
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Write the sequence of the first three equivalent fractions for 23.
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THINK WRITE
2 22
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1 Find the first three equivalent fractions
=
in the sequence by multiplying both the 3 32
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numerator and denominator by 2, 3 and 4. 23
=
33
24
=
AT 34
2 Write the sequence of equivalent 2 4 6 8

= = =
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fractions. 3 6 9 12
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There are other fractions that are equivalent to 23 . These can be found by multiplying the
numerator and denominator by other numbers.
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Equivalent fractions can also be shown using diagrams. Equivalent fractions for 23 are
shown in the following diagrams.
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4 = 2 6 = 2 8 = 2
6 3 9 3 12 3
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Note that the same amount of the rectangle has been shaded in each case.
Comparing fractions
If we cut a block into 4 pieces, then 1 piece is less than 2 pieces. This means that 14 of the
block is smaller than 24 .
Fraction walls, or number lines, are useful tools when comparing fractions. The
following figure shows an example of a fraction wall.
96 Maths Quest 7

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
1
1 1
2 2
1 1 1
3 3 3
1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5
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1 1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 6 6 6
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With a diagram, such as a fraction wall or a number line, we can also see that 14 is less
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than 13 . That is, if we divided a block into 4 equal parts, each part would be smaller than
if we divided it into 3 equal parts.
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Fraction wall Number line
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1 0 1 1 1 1 5 1 7 2 3 5 11 1
12 6 4 3 12 2 12 3 4 6 12
int-0002
1 1
2 2
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1 1 1
3 3 3
1 1 1 1
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4 4 4 4
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If the numerators are the same, the smaller fraction is the one with the larger
denominator. For example, 17 is less than 16 and 130 is less than 37 .
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Fractions that do not have the same denominator or numerator can be compared by using
equivalent fractions.
The fractions need to be rewritten so that they have the same denominator.
Look at the multiples of both denominators and choose the lowest multiple that is
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common to both.
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WORKED EXAMPLE 6
a Which is the bigger fraction, 23 or 35 ?

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b Justify your answer using a fraction wall and a number line.

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THINK WRITE
a 1 Find the lowest common multiple a Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18,
of the denominators. First Multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20,
list the multiples of 3 and5. The lowest common multiple is 15.
Identify the lowest number that
is common to both lists.
2 Write each fraction as an equivalent 2 2 5 10 3 33 9
= = and = =
fraction using the lowest common 3 3 5 15 5 5 3 15
multiple (15) as the denominator.

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
3 Decide which is bigger by

comparing the numerators of the
equivalent fractions 10
15
9
and 15 .
4 Answer the question in words. 2
is bigger than 35.
3
b 1 Create a fraction wall b
1
showing thirds and fifths.
1 1 1
3 3 3
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1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5
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2
Shade 23 and 35. 1
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1 1 1
3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5
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3 Compare the lengths of the shaded
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2
3
is bigger than 35.
areas to compare the fractions.
Answer the question in words. AT
4 Draw a number line showing 0 1 2 1 4 1 2 7 8 3 2 11 4 13 14 1
1
0 to 1 in intervals of 15 (found 15 15 5 15 3 5 15 15 5 3 15 5 15 15
by using the lowest common

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multiple of the denominators).
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5 Mark 23 and 35. 0 1 2 1 4 1 2 7 8 3 2 11 4 13 14 1

15 15 5 15 3 5 15 15 5 3 15 5 15 15
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6 Answer the question in words. 2

is bigger than 35.
3
The symbol > means is bigger than or is greater than.

The symbol < means is smaller than or is less than.
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When we write 12 < 34 , it means that 12 is less than 34 .

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WORKED EXAMPLE 7
Insert the appropriate symbol, < or >, between each pair of fractions to make a true statement.
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6 7 7 5
a b
7 8 12 9
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THINK WRITE
a 1 Find the lowest common a Multiples of 7 are:

multiple of the denominators. 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63,
Multiples of 8 are:
8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64,
The lowest common multiple is 56.
2 Write each fraction as an equivalent 6 6 8 48 7 7 7 49
= = and = =
98 Maths Quest 7

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
3 Decide which is bigger by 6 7

is less than .
comparing the numerators of 7 8
the equivalent fractions.
4 Answer the question. 6 7
<
7 8
b 1 Find the lowest common b Multiples of 12 are: 12, 24, 36, 48,
multiple of the denominators. Multiples of 9 are: 9, 18, 27, 36, 45,
The lowest common multiple is 36.
2 Write each fraction as an equivalent 7 73 21 5 5 4 20
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= = and = =
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3 Decide which is bigger by 7 5
is greater than .
comparing the numerators of 12 9
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the equivalent fractions.
4 Answer the question. 7 5
>
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12 9
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Exercise 4.2 What are rational numbers? AT
INDIVIDUAL PATHWAYS
PRACTISE CONSOLIDATE MASTER REFLECTION
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Questions: Questions: Questions: Why is it important to express
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8b, d, 9b, c, e, f, 3, 5, 6a, e, i, 7b, d, 10, 11, 13, one quantity as a fraction of
another?
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12, 13a, c, 18 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
Individual pathway interactivity int-4323
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FLUENCY
1 WE1 What fraction of each of the following rectangles has been shaded?
a b
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c d
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SA
2 What fraction of each of these flags is coloured red?

a b
c Do you recognise these flags? Can you name the country to which each flag belongs?

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
3 a What fraction of the total number of pieces of fruit

is made up of:
i bananas? ii oranges?
b What fraction of chocolate biscuits in this packet
has been eaten?
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4 WE2 Draw a number line from 0 to 2. Show the position of each of the following
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fractions on the number line.
1 4 3 7
a b c 1 d
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5 5 5 5
5 Draw a number line from 0 to 3. Show the position of each of the following fractions
on the number line.
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1 4 8 3
a b c d
3 3 3 3
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6 WE3 For the following equivalent fractions, find the number which has been used to
multiply both numerator and denominator. AT
3 9 1 3 3 12 2 10 5 30
a = b = c = d = e =
8 24 4 12 5 20 3 15 6 36
9
f
10
= 81
90
g
7
8
= 77
88
h
7
8
= 84
96
i
2
5
= 14
35
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7 WE4 From the list, find those fractions which are equivalent to the fractions marked in red.
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2 7 20 5 12 14 40 4 12 15 36 16 28 80
a b
3 9 30 8 16 21 60 5 15 20 45 20 35 100
7 17 40 56 14 18 21 7 18 35 14 21 14 140
c d
8 18 45 64 18 19 24 10 25 50 21 30 20 200
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8 Fill in the gaps.

3 9 3
a = =
5 20
= 35 b
4
= 40 = 18 = 36
1
= 28 = 6 = 3 5
= 15 = 42 = 40
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c d
4 6
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UNDERSTANDING
9 WE5 Write a sequence of the first three equivalent fractions for each of the following.
5 5 3
a b c
6 8 10
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2 1 7
d e f
3 8 8
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10 WE6 Which is the bigger fraction? Justify your answer using a fraction wall or number line.
2
a
5
or 35 5
b or
8
7
8
1
c or
5
1
6
1 1 1 3 3
d
8
or 10 e
2
or 10 f
4
or 35
2
g
5
or 58 h
3
5
or 58 i
4
5
or 58
11 WE7 Insert the appropriate symbol, < or > , between each pair of fractions to make a
true statement.
5 3 5 7 3 1
a b c
8 8 6 6 5 4
3 3 1 1 3 2
d e f
4 5 5 4 10 5
100 Maths Quest 7

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
12 MC a Which fraction is smaller than 58?

7 17 11 3 13
A B C D E
8 24 12 5 16
3
b Which fraction is equivalent to 4
?
3 6 9 12 15
A B C D E
8 8 16 24 24
13 Write the following fractions with the same denominator and then write them in
ascending order. (Ascending means from smallest to largest.)
3 1 1 3 1 1 2 4 6 3 2 7
a , ,
10 2 5
b , ,
8 2 3
c , ,
3 5 15
d , ,
4 3 15
14 Four hungry teenage girls ordered pizzas, but none could eat the
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whole pizza. Sally ate 68 of her seafood pizza. Hanna ate 12 of her
Hawaiian pizza. Sonya ate 34 of her special pizza. Vanessa ate 56 of
her vegetarian pizza.
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a Draw the four pizzas and shade the amount that each girl ate.
b Which girl ate the most pizza?
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c Who ate more pizza, Sally or Sonya?
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REASONING
15 is a Greek letter that represents the ratio between the circumference of a circle
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and its diameter. This symbol was introduced by the British mathematician William
Jones in 1706. Its approximate value has been known for almost 4000 years. Ancient
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Babylonians used 3 and later 3.125 as values for . The famous mathematician
Archimedes of Syracuse (287212 BCE), worked out that > 223 71
and < 227
.

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223 22
71 7
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With the development of computers, mathematicians all over the world have been
interested in computing to as many decimal places as possible. In December 2013,
Shigeru.Kondo and Alexander.Yee computed to 12 000 000 000 000 decimal places.
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The approximation 3.14 is quite commonly used in schools for calculations.

a Is a rational number? Explain your answer.
22
b Although 3.14 , when making calculations it is recommended to use the
7
button on a calculator. Explain the reasoning behind this recommendation.
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223
c Why are
71
and 22
7
rational numbers?
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d After how many digits do the numbers 223

71
, and 22
7
become different?
16 On the number line shown, the fractions have the same numerator but the denominator
is always double the previous one. Explain, with reasons, the relationship between
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these denominators and the distance between the numbers.

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1 1 1 1
16 8 4 2
PROBLEM SOLVING
17 Stephanie puts four equally spaced points on a number line. The first point is at the
3 7
10
mark and the last point is at the 20 mark. Where has she placed the two points in
between?
18 Shirly is sitting 257 m from the classroom door and Brent is 211
2
m from the classroom
door. Place Shirlys and Brents seats on the number line given.

number and algebra
4.3 Simplifying rational numbers

Generally, fractions are written in their simplest form. In other words, we reduce the
Digital doc
SkillSHEET fraction to its lowest equivalent form.
Highest common factor To simplify a fraction means to divide it by the highest common factor of the numerator
doc-6442
and the denominator.
The highest common factor (HCF) of two numbers is the largest factor of both numbers.
Dividing the numerator and denominator by the same number is called cancelling.
WOrKed eXamPle 8
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Write 36 in simplest form.
THInK WrITe
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1 Write the fraction and find the highest common 3
6
factor (HCF) or the largest number that is a factor
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of both the numerator and the denominator (3).
2 Cancel by dividing the numerator and denominator 31
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by this factor (3 3 = 1, 6 3 = 2). =
62
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3 Write the answer in simplest form. = 12
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If the largest factor is not used, the process can be repeated to find the simplest fraction.
To simplify a mixed number, leave the whole number part and simplify the fraction part.
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WOrKed eXamPle 9
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Simplify 740
64
.
THInK WrITe
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1 Write the mixed number and think of the HCF or 740

64
largest number that divides into both numerator
and denominator; that is, the number 8.
2 Divide both numerator and denominator by 405
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that factor (40 8 = 5, 64 8 = 8). =7

648
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3 Write your answer as a mixed = 758

number in simplest form.
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Exercise 4.3 Simplifying

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rational numbers
IndIVIdual PaTHWaYS
reFleCTIOn PraCTISe COnSOlIdaTe maSTer
What strategies will you use Questions: Questions: Questions:
to write a fraction in simplest 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11 1a, f, k, 2a, c, e, h, j, 3, 412
form?
102 Maths Quest 7
c04RationalNumbers.indd 102 14/05/16 9:39 AM

number and algebra
FLUENCY
1 WE8 Write the following fractions in simplest form.
5 8 21 48 28
a b c d e
10 12 24 60 35
18 81 49 100 48
f g h i j
24 90 56 120 50
63 49 33 22 21
k l m n o
72 70 36 50 56
2 WE9 Simplify.
21
a 4
35
b 7 45
54
c 10 10
20
d
7
5 42 e 3 56
64
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44
f 1
48
g 6 21
28
h 5 16
48
i 3 11
55
j 2 16
64
3 MC The fraction 26
28
is the same as:
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2 2 3 9 13
A B C D E
3 6 8 12 14
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UNDERSTANDING
4 Kylies netball team scored 28 goals. Kylie scored 21 of her teams goals. What fraction
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of the teams goals did Kylie score? Simplify the answer.
5 Jacobs basketball team scored 36 goals. Jacob scored 20 of the teams goals.
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a What fraction of the teams goals did Jacob score? Simplify the answer.
b What fraction of the teams goals did the rest of the team score? Simplify
the answer.
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6 Year 7 students at Springfield High School ran a car wash to raise money for the local
hospital. They raised a total of $1000 and drew up a table showing how much money
each class raised.
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7A$2007B$1507C$320
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7D$80 7E$250
Express as a simple fraction how much of the total each class raised.
7 Below are the results of a book-reading competition.
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Mark 5 books
Ken 10 books
Samantha 8 books
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Jules 6 books
Ahmed 4 books
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Darren 7 books
How many books were read in total?
a
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For each contestant, record the number of books read as a fraction

b
of the total number of books read. Where possible, reduce the
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fractions to their simplest forms.

8 a Can you arrange the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 to form a
fraction which is equivalent to 12 ? For example, one way is 14658
7329
.
Can you find two others?
Hint: Try starting with a numerator beginning with 72 for one of
them and 67 for the other.
b Can you find a way to arrange the nine digits so that they form a fraction equivalent
to 13 ?
9 The Geelong train to Melbourne runs on time 3 out of every 5 trains. The
Melbournetrain to Geelong runs on time 4 out of every 7 trains. Which train is
morereliable?

number and algebra
reaSOnIng
10 a Draw three lines to divide the triangle shown in 4 equal parts.
b What fraction of the original triangle is one of the small
triangles formed?
c Halve each smaller triangle.
d What fraction of the initial triangle is the new triangle
formed?
2 1
e Using all the triangle available explain why = .
8 4
PrOblem SOlVIng
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11 One of the designs for a patchwork motif is made up of
squares and right-angledisosceles triangles as shown.
What fraction of the whole has been shaded?
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13
12 The fraction is not written in its simplest form.
n
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Whatnumber could the denominator be? Explain
youranswer.number and algebra
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An improper fraction has a numerator larger than the denominator, for example, 32.
AT
Digital docs
SkillSHEET A mixed number is made up of a whole number and a fraction, for example, 134, 212.
Converting an
improper fraction to a
Change improper fractions to mixed numbers
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mixed number
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SkillSHEET An improper fraction can be changed to a mixed number by dividing the denominator
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Converting a mixed into the numerator and writing the remainder over the same denominator.
number to an
improper fraction
doc-6444 WOrKed eXamPle 10
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Draw a diagram to show 54 as parts of a circle, then write the improper fraction as
amixed number.
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THInK WrITe
1 Draw a whole circle and divide
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it into the number of parts

shown by the denominator.
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4
This is 4 quarters or 4.
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2 Find the number of parts left

over and draw them.
1
Extra 4 needed.
3 Write the improper fraction 5
= 114
as a mixed number. 4
If the improper fraction had a larger numerator, it might be necessary to draw more
circles and the whole number part would then be greater than 1.
104 Maths Quest 7

number and algebra
WOrKed eXamPle 11
Express 11
5
as a mixed number.
THInK WrITe
1 Write the improper fraction. 11

5
2 Determine how many times the denominator can be = 11 5
divided into the numerator and what the remainder is. = 2 remainder 1
Thewhole number is part of the answer and the remainder
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becomes the numerator of the fractional part with the
same denominator as the original improper fraction.
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3 Write the answer. = 215
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Changing mixed numbers to improper fractions
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A mixed number can be changed to an improper fraction by first multiplying the whole
number by the denominator then adding the numerator. The denominator stays the same.
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WOrKed eXamPle 12
AT
Draw a diagram to show 213 as pieces of a circle and then write 213 as an improper
fraction.
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THInK WrITe
AL
1
Draw two whole circles and 13 of a circle.
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2 Divide the whole circles into thirds.

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3 Count the number of thirds and write the 213 = 73

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mixed number as an improper fraction.

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WOrKed eXamPle 13
SA
Express 234 as an improper fraction.

THInK WrITe
1 Write the mixed number. 234
2 Multiply the whole number with the denominator 24+3
=
then add the numerator. The result becomes the 4
numerator and the denominator stays the same.
3 Evaluate the top line of the fraction. 8+3
=
4
4 Write the answer. = 11
4

number and algebra
Exercise 4.4 Mixed numbers and improper fractions

IndIVIdual PaTHWaYS
What strategies will you use to Questions: Questions: Questions:
write an improper fraction as a 1, 2, 3af, 4ae, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 2, 3di, 4cg, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 1, 2, 3gl, 4fj, 5, 6, 7a, e, i, 8a,
mixed number?
12, 13a, d, g, 18 13, 16, 18 e, i, 918
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FluenCY
1 WE10 Draw a diagram to show the following improper fractions as pieces of a circle,
then write each improper fraction as a mixed number.
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5 4 11 13 12 7
a b c d e f
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2 3 6 8 4 6
2 a Aamira ate 32 or 3 halves of an apple. Draw the
amount of apple that Aamira ate and express 32
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as a mixed number.
9
b Dean ate or 9 quarters of pizza. Draw the
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4
amount of pizza that Dean ate and express 94 as a
mixed number. AT
3 WE11 Express these improper fractions as mixed
numbers.
7 11 21
a b c
5 4 2
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39 51 92
d e f
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10 12 11
29 23 100
g h i
13 8 3
25 20 10
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j k l
2 3 3
4 Change these improper fractions to mixed numbers.

8 27 11 97 58
a b c d e
5 8 2 9 7
E
117 67 74 31 89
f g h i j
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10 8 9 12 6
5 MC a Which of the following is the same as 61
8
?
a 558 b 658 C 758 d 858 e 958
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b Which of the following is the same as 74

10
?
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7
a 310 b 725 C
7
710 d 745 e
4
710
c Which of the following is the same as 48
5
?
a 845 b 559 C 959 d 935 e 949
6 Draw a diagram to show the following mixed numbers as pieces of a circle and
WE12
then write each one as an improper fraction.
1 3 1
a 1 b 3 c 2
8 4 6
d 116 e 514 f 135
106 Maths Quest 7

number and algebra
7 WE13 Express the following mixed numbers as improper fractions.

a 117 b 1
4
5
c 2
2
3
d 3
1
3
e 614
f 419 g 1112 h 378 i 745 j 925

8 Change these mixed numbers to improper fractions.
1 1 4
a 3
2
b 4
5
c 5
5
d 657 e
9
210
7 Digital doc
f 312 g 535 h 947 i 110
11
j 856 Spreadsheet
Converting improper
9 MC a Which of the following is the same as 1027? fractions to mixed
numbers
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27 72 10 72 72
a b C d e doc-1725
10 10 27 7 2
b Which of the following is the same as 856?
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85 58 56 53 68
a b C d e
6 6 8 6 5
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9
c Which of the following is the same as 711 ?
86 99 79 97 77
a b C d e
N
11 7 11 11 9
underSTandIng
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10 Kim and Carly arrived home from
school quite hungry and cut up some AT
fruit. Kim ate 9 quarters of an apple
and Carly ate 11 quarters. How many
apples did they each eat?
U
11 Daniel was selling pieces of quiche
at the school fete. Each quiche was
AL
divided into 8 pieces. If Daniel sold

52pieces, how many quiches did
Daniel sell?
EV
12 It was Cecilias responsibility to supply

oranges for her soccer team at half-
time. If 19 players ate 14 orange each,
E
how many oranges were eaten?

13 Insert the appropriate < or > sign between each pair of fractions to make a true
PL
statement.
8
a
5
125 b
19
2
812 c
33
32
3
132 d
15
2
512 e 3
3 19
4 4
M
f 717 65
7
g 213 8
3
h 116
17
35
17
i 438 36
8
SA
14 a Nasira made apple pies for her

Grandmas 80th birthday party. She
divided each pie into 6 pieces, and
after the party she noted that 416 pies
had been eaten. How many pieces had
been eaten?
b Nasiras cousin Ria provided cordial
for the same party, and calculated
that she could make 20 drinks from
each bottle. At the end of the party
317
20
bottles had been used. How many
drinks had been consumed?

number and algebra
15 A catering company provided 12 quiches which were each cut into 8 pieces for a
luncheon. At the end of the function there were 12 pieces of quiche left over. How
many whole quiches were eaten?
REASONING
16 a Convert the following numbers to improper fractions.
2
i 3
7
ii 534
b Explain with the use of diagrams why 327 = 23
7
.
LY
17 A bakery makes birthday cakes to serve 24 people. Arabella takes one to school to
celebrate her birthday, but there are 30 people in her class. What fraction of the original
slices will each student receive?
N
O
N
IO
AT
U
AL
EV
PROBLEM SOLVING
E
18 Baljinder walks to schoolfour days a week and her father drives her to school on
213
PL
Fridays. If she lives km from school, calculate:

a the distance Baljinder walks to school and back home each day
b the total distance walked by Baljinder over the four days
M
c the total distance she travels to school either walking or by car over the
whole week.
SA
State your answers in improper fractions and mixed numbers if possible.
19 The following mixed numbers are missing their denominators. The missing
denominators are 3, 4, 6, 8, and 14. The mixed numbers are placed in order from
smallest to largest. Find the missing numbers.
1 1 1 1 1
1 ,2 ,2 ,3 ,3
a b c d e
108 Maths Quest 7

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA

Adding and subtracting proper fractions Interactivity
Fractions can be added and subtracted if they have the same denominator. Adding and
subtracting fractions
When fractions have the same denominator we can add them by adding the numerators int-2357
and we can subtract them by subtracting the numerators. Do not add or subtract
thedenominators.
Simplify the answer by cancelling, if possible.
WORKED EXAMPLE 14
LY
Digital doc
SkillSHEET
Find 59 + 19. Adding and
subtracting fractions
N
with the same
THINK WRITE denominator
doc-6445
O
1 Write the question. 5
+ 19
9
2 Add the numerators since the = 69
N
denominators are the same. 62
= 3
9
IO
3 Simplify the answer if possible by =3 2
cancelling. Divide by the highest common AT

factor(6 3 = 2, 9 3 = 3).
If denominators are different, make equivalent fractions by finding the lowest common
U
denominator, LCD. The LCD is the smallest multiple of all the denominators in a set
AL
offractions.
WORKED EXAMPLE 15
EV
Find 56 12
1
, expressing the answer in simplest form.
THINK WRITE
E
1 Find multiples of each denominator. Multiples of 6 are 6, 12

Multiples of 12 are 12
PL
2 Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) LCD is 12.

of 6 and 12. Therefore, 12 is the lowest
M
common denominator, LCD.

3 Rewrite the fractions as equivalent 5
121
SA
fractions with 12 as the LCD. 6

52 1
=
6 2 12
10 1
=
12 12
4 Subtract the numerators. 9
=
12
5 Simplify the answer if possible by 93
cancelling. Divide by the highest common = 4
12
factor (9 3 = 3, 12 3 = 4). 3
=
4

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
Exercise 4.5 Adding and subtracting

rational numbers
INDIVIDUAL PATHWAYS
REFLECTION PRACTISE CONSOLIDATE MASTER
What difficulties might you Questions: Questions: Questions:
experience when adding and 1af, 2af, 3af, 4af, 5af, 1di, 2di, 3di, 4di, 5di, 1di, 2di, 3di, 4di, 5di,
subtracting fractions with
6af, 7, 8af, 9, 11, 14 6ej, 8ch, 10, 12, 13, 14 6ej, 8ch, 915
different denominators? How
could you overcome them?
LY
FLUENCY
N
1 WE14 Find:
1
+ 35 9 3 3
+ 26
O
a
5
b
11
11 c
6
20
d + 11 e
15 6
25 f
12 1
12
N
50 50 25 12
5 1 3 4 5 3 33 7 11
g + h + i + 100 100
IO
8 8 8 7 7 7 100
2 Find the following, expressing the answers in simplest form.
5 1 7 3 9 4
a + 12 b 16 c 15
12 16
AT 15
37 13 9 7 4
d
100
+ 100 e
4 4
f
7
+ 57 27
U
13 9
g
16
+ 16 10
16
h
11
28
+ 10
28
i
21
81
+ 21
81
+ 30
81
AL
3 WE15 Find the following, expressing the answers in simplest form.

1 1 1
a +
2 4
b
2
14 c
1
3
2
+ 21 d
1
8
+ 20
32
e
9
18
+ 16
EV
17
f
40
+ 12 g
7
9
8
27 h
31
35
37 i
8
10
28
70
4 Find the lowest common multiple of each of the following pairs of numbers.
a 2 and 3 b 3 and 5 c 5 and 10 d 4 and 6 e 5 and 6
E
f 9 and 6 g 4 and 8 h 6 and 8 i 7 and 5

Use the answers that were found in question 4 as the lowest common denominators to
PL
5
add or subtract these fractions.
1
a 13 b
2
25 c
3 3
+ 10 d
3
16 e
4
16
M
2 3 5 4 5
1
f
9
+ 56 g
1
4
+ 38 h
5
6
38 i
5
7
25
SA
6 Answer the following questions by first finding the lowest common denominator.
Simplify your answer if necessary.
4
a
5
34 b
7
10
2
+ 15 5
12
+ 29
c d
7
11
+ 14 e
3
10
1
20
7
f
8
35 5
g
9
2
7
h
2
3
1
13
i
4
5
23 j
6
11
13
7 MC a The lowest common denominator of 13, 14 and 16 is:
Digital doc
Spreadsheet A 16 B 24 C 18 D 12 E 72
Adding and 1 1 1
subtracting fractions b The lowest common denominator of ,
2 4
and is:
5
doc-1726
A 8 B 10 C 20 D 30 E 40
110 Maths Quest 7

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
UNDERSTANDING
8 Answer the following:
1
a
2
+ 13 14 b
3
10
4
+ 15 16 c
7
8
34 + 46 d
11
12
8
15 3
20
1
e
16
+ 18 + 14 f
5
6
7
18 19 g
1
2
+ 23 + 34 h
3
4
+ 13 + 56
9 Melissa and Antonio went berry picking.
3
Melissa picked 10 of a bucket of berries and
Antonio picked 16 of a bucket.
a How much did they pick altogether?
LY
b If they needed 1 full bucket of berries, what
fraction more do they need?
3
N
10 Bread needed to be cooked at 200 C for hour
1 4
then a further 2 hour at 150 C. What is the total
O
cooking time in hours?
11 Robert, Jason and Luke play football in the
same team. Last Saturday, Robert kicked 14
N
ofthe teams goals, Jason kicked 13 and
IO
5
Luke12 . What fraction of the teams goals were
kicked by: AT
a Jason and Luke
b Robert and Jason
c the three boys together?
U
12 Suraya and her friend decided to climb the
tree in her Nans front yard. It took Suraya
AL
10 minutes to climb halfway up, 10 more minutes

to climb another sixth of the way and yet another
EV
10minutes to reach a further tenth of the way.

Here she sat admiring the view for 5 minutes
before beginning her descent.
a What fraction of the height of the tree had
E
Suraya climbed after 20 minutes?

b What fraction of the tree did Suraya climb
PL
intotal?
REASONING
M
13 Without using a calculator perform the following additions:

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
SA
a b c
2 3 3 4 4 5
d Do you notice any pattern in these additions?
1 1
e Using your answer to part d, state the answer to the addition + .
n n+1
14 Without using a calculator perform the following additions:
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c
2 3 3 4 4 5
d Do you notice any pattern in these additions?
1 1
e Using your answer to part d, state the answer to the subtraction
n n+1

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
PROBLEM SOLVING
15 Jane sold 23 of the cupcakes she made. She had only 45 cupcakes left. How many
cupcakes did she make?
16 Chris lives on a farm and has a horse he rides every day. He fills up the horses trough
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 4.1 with two-thirds apples, 16 carrots, 12
1
oats and the rest maize. What fraction of the trough
doc-1721
isfilled with maize?
CHALLENGE 4.1
LY
N
O
N
IO
AT
U
AL
EV
E
PL
M
4.6 Multiplying rational numbers

SA
It has been seen in an earlier chapter that multiplication by a whole number can be
Interactivity thought of as repeated addition.
Repeated addition
int-2738 For example, 5 6 = 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 30
The same principle applies to multiplying a whole number by a fraction.
For example, 15 6 = 15 + 15 + 15 + 15 + 15 + 15 = 1 15
To multiply two fractions we need to use an alternative approach.
To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators and then multiply the denominators.
It is important to note that the denominators do not need to be the same.
Simplify the answer if possible.
112 Maths Quest 7

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
WORKED EXAMPLE 16
Find 13 12 by using the method of repeated addition.

THINK WRITE
12
3
2 Write the expression = 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13
as a repeated addition,
that is, sum 12 thirds.
LY
3 Add the numerators. = 12
3
4 Simplify the answer. =4
N
O
WORKED EXAMPLE 17
Find 15 34.
N
THINK WRITE
IO
34
5
2 Write as one fraction. 13
AT =
54
3 Multiply the numerators, then the denominators 3
= 20
and simplify the answer if appropriate.
U
AL
Before being multiplied, fractions can be simplified by dividing both the numerator and
denominator by their highest common factor. This is often called cancelling.
When multiplying fractions, cancelling can occur:
EV
31 5
vertically, for example,
24 8 7
21 5
E
diagonally, for example, .

3 63
PL
WORKED EXAMPLE 18
M
Find 23 10
9
.
SA
THINK WRITE

9
3 10
2 Write the two fractions as one keeping 12 93
the multiplication signs. = 13 105
3 Divide the numbers in the numerator and

denominator by their highest common factor.
Note: This may be done vertically or diagonally.
4 Multiply the numerators, then the denominators = 35
and simplify the answer if appropriate.

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
Using the word of

Sometimes the word of means multiply.
It might take a third of an hour (60 minutes) to cook a pizza. A third of an hour, or 13 of
60 minutes, is the same as 13 60
1
= 20 minutes. It takes 20 minutes to cook the pizza.
If a customer wants to buy 14 of the remaining 8 pizzas, it is the same as 14 81 = 2 pizzas.
The customer buys 2 pizzas.
WORKED EXAMPLE 19
LY
Find 23 of 14.
THINK WRITE
N
of 4
1
3
O
2 Change of to and 21 1
cancel if appropriate. = 2
3 4
N
3 Perform the multiplication. =6
1
IO
WORKED EXAMPLE 20 AT
Mum put a 2-litre carton of flavoured milk in the refrigerator. When the children
came home from school, Joanna drank one quarter of the milk, Kieren drank one
half of it and Daisy drank one sixth of it. What fraction of the milk, in litres, did
U
each person drink?
AL
THINK WRITE
1 Write the fraction of the milk that Joanna: 14 of 2 = 14 2

EV
Joanna drank and simplify the answer.

2 Perform the multiplication. 1 21
=
24 1
= 12
E
3 Write the fraction of the milk that Kieren: 12 of 2 = 12 2

PL
Kieren drank and simplify the answer.

=
M
21 1
=1
SA
5 Write the fraction of the milk that Daisy: 16 of 2 = 16 2

Daisy drank and simplify the answer.
=
3
6 1
= 13
7 Write a sentence giving Joanna drank half a litre, Kieren
the answer in litres. drank 1 litre and Daisy drank a third
of a litre of milk.
114 Maths Quest 7

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
Exercise 4.6 Multiplying rational numbers

INDIVIDUAL PATHWAYS
PRACTISE CONSOLIDATE MASTER REFLECTION
Questions: Questions: Questions: Is repeated addition an
efficient method of multiplying
2ah, 3ah, 4af, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13 2el, 3el, 4fk, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13 2ip, 3io, 4kp, 514
fractions? Explain your
reasoning.
FLUENCY
1 WE16 Find:
LY
2 5 15 5
a
3
3 b
14
7 c
22
11 d
16
4
2 WE17 Find:
N
1 1 1
a
2 4
b
3
23 c
2
5
35 d
5
9
43
O
11 1 6 9 11
e
13
2
f
7
11 g
12
1112
8
h
9
5
9
5 1 2
i
8
3 j
3
23 5
k
6
11
12
l
5
11
125
N
7 7 2 4 3 3 4 2
m n 13 o p
8 8 3 5 10 7 3
IO
3 WE18 Find:
4 3 2
a
8 9
b
5
12 c
3
7
56 AT d
3
8
4
15 e
10
11
22
25
24
f
27
98 g
18
32
6472
h
48
56
2460
i
15
27
36
45
j
8
49
14
16
4 6 6 8 42
k
9 8
l
12
10 m
54
1249
n
5
25
12
48
o
18
24
12
48
U
4 WE19 Find:
1 1 3
a of b of 23 c
5
of 56 d
9
of 57
AL
2 4 4 6 10
8 1 5 7 4 7
e of f of 25 g of 20 h of 32
9 4 7 5 8
9 2 3 8
i of 50 j of 45 k of 25 l of 81
EV
10 5 5 9
3 9 1 3
m of 6 n of 15 o of 10 p of 12
4 10 12 7
UNDERSTANDING
E
5 WE20 Joshuas mum made 6 litres of cordial for his birthday

party. Emily drank 13 of the cordial, Tracy drank 12
1
and
PL
1
Jonathandrank 18. How much cordial, in litres, did each person
drink?
6 Zoe and Sarah play basketball with the Sharp Shooters. The
M
games are played for 40 minutes. Zoeplayed 45 of last weeks

game and Sarah played 78. How many minutes of the game
SA
Digital doc
Spreadsheet
did: Multiplying fractions
a Zoe play b Sarah play? doc-1727
7 Marks uncle gave him a family-size block of chocolate.
He divided it into thirds to share with his two sisters. His
friends Tom and Nick then arrived tovisit, and Mark shared
his portion of the chocolate with them, so that they each had
the same amounts.
a Draw a block of chocolate with 9 6 pieces, and shade
Marks third of the block. Then draw lines torepresent
Toms share.
b What fraction of the block of chocolate did Nick receive?

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
8 A cars petrol tank holds 48 litres of fuel. The tank was full at
the start of a trip. E F
a What fraction of the tank does the petrol gauge show has
been used on the trip?
b How many litres of petrol have been used?
9 a Draw a quarter of a pie.
b Shade half of this piece of pie.
c What fraction of the whole pie is shaded?
1 1
d Complete the mathematical sentence = __ to show how the answer was found.
4 2
10 a Find how many half pizzas in 1 pizza.
LY
b Find how many half pizzas in 2 whole pizzas.
c Find how many half pizzas in 5 whole pizzas.
N
REASONING
11 Gustaves monthly take-home pay is $2400.
O
From this he spends a quarter on his home
loan payments, one half on food and drink
N
and one sixth on clothing. One half of the
remainder goes into his savings account.
IO
How much money does Gustave put into his
savings account each month?
12 To make a loaf of fruit bread in a breadmaker
AT
the fruit needs to be added after the second
rise stage and the top of the bread needs to
be glazed two-thirds of the way through the
U
baking stage. The recipe shows how long
AL
each stage of the total cycle takesto make.

Stage Length of time
First knead 5 minutes
EV
Second knead 20 minutes

First rise then punch down 40 minutes
Second rise then punch down 25 minutes
E
Third rise 50 minutes

PL
Bake 40 minutes
a After what length of time should the fruit be added?
M
b Express this as a fraction of the total time in the bread maker.

c After what length of time should the top of the bread be glazed?
SA
PROBLEM SOLVING
13 On a given map, one kilometre is represented by 29 cm. If a distance on the map is
27cm, how many km does this represent?
2
14 Andrea requires 5 m of fabric to make a pattern on a quilt. One-third of this fabric has
7
to be red and 14 green. How many metres of red and green fabric does she need?
116 Maths Quest 7

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA

The reciprocal of a fraction is found by turning the fraction upside down. So 35 is the
reciprocal of 53. eLesson
Dividing fractions
A whole number can be written as a fraction by putting it over 1. This means that 14 is eles-0003
the reciprocal of 4 or 41.
WORKED EXAMPLE 21
Find the reciprocal of 23.
LY
THINK WRITE
Turn the fraction upside down and The reciprocal of 23 is 32.
write the answer in a sentence.
N
O
To find the reciprocal of a mixed number, express it as an improper fraction first.
WORKED EXAMPLE 22
N
Find the reciprocal of 1 23.
IO
THINK WRITE
1 Write 1 23 as an improper fraction.

AT
1 23 = 53
2 Turn it upside down and write The reciprocal of 1 23 is 35.
the answer in a sentence.
U
AL
To find out how many quarters there are in one half, we could
draw a diagram and find that there are 2 quarters.
This means that 12 14 = 2. Interactivity
EV
The answer could also have been found by changing the Dividing fractions
int-2358
division sign to multiplication and tipping the second fraction
upside down.
Division by a number is the same as multiplication by its
E
reciprocal.
PL
WORKED EXAMPLE 23
Find 23 49.
M
THINK WRITE
SA

49
3
2 Change the division sign to a multiplication = 23 94
sign and tip the second fraction.
3 Cancel if possible, vertically or diagonally. 21 93
=
31 44
4 Perform the multiplication. = 32
5 Simplify your answer. = 1 12

number and algebra
Exercise 4.7 Dividing rational numbers

IndIVIdual PaTHWaYS
What strategies will you use to Questions: Questions: Questions:
divide fractions? 1ah, 2ae, 3ad, 4af, 6, 7, 9 1el, 2dh, 3be, 4gl, 6, 7, 9 1mp, 2gj, 3cf, 4lo, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9
LY
FluenCY
1 WE21 Find the reciprocals of each of the following.
3 2 5 5
a b c d
4 7 3 12
N
6 9 5 10
e f g h
5 2 3 3
O
1 1 3 2
i j k l
5 12 15 22
m 5 n20 o 13 p 1
N
2 WE22 Find the reciprocals of these mixed numbers.
a 1 23 b 4
3
c 7
1
d 4 25 e 9 27
IO
7 2
3 67
f g 3
3
8
h 5
1
3
i 10 29 j
9
6 10
3 Multiply each of these numbers by its reciprocal.
5 2 3
AT
a
7
b
9
c
5
d 3 27 e 2 18 f 3 34
4 WE23 Find:
U
1 2 8
a
4 3
b
9
76 c
9
10
12 d
1
12
2
3
e
4
11
56
AL
7 9 10
f
12
11 g
3
1521
2
h
7
20
21
i
8
15
16
15
j
4
9
49
4 5 4 15 7
k 10 l 20 m 12 n 5 o 30
7 8 3 11 9
EV
underSTandIng
5 What is the value of this expression?
1
E
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 1
2 +
PL
Dividing fractions
doc-1728 1
2
reaSOnIng 2
1
6 Mai is making sushi. The recipe requires cup of rice. She has a 2 kg bag of rice. If
M
4
1cup of rice weighs 250 g, how many batches of the recipe can she make?
SA
118 Maths Quest 7

number and algebra
7 Without using a calculator evaluate the following multiplications.

3 4 3 4 5
a b
2 3 2 3 4
3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6 7
c d
2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 6
e Convert the answers in parts a, b, c and d to mixed numbers. Explain the pattern.
3 4 5 6 7 n+1
f ... . Explain the reasoning
2 3 4 5 6 n
LY
behind your answer.
PrOblem SOlVIng
N
8 Find the average of 14, 15, 10
1 1
and 20 .
O
9 Maytreyi bought 112 kg of chocolates for her birthday party. She is going to give each
1
child attending her birthday 10 kg. How many people are attending her birthday party?
N
IO
CHallenge 4.2 AT
U
AL

Introduction to ratios
EV
Ratios are used in many aspects of everyday life. They are used to compare quantities of
the same kind.
Where might you hear the following comparisons?
What are the quantities being compared?
E
1. Sebastian Vettels F1 car is twice as fast as Micks delivery van.

PL
M
SA
(continued )

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
2. You will need 2 buckets of water for every 12 bucket of sand.

3. The fertiliser contains 3 parts of phosphorus to 2 parts of potassium.
4. The Tigers team finished the season with a win : loss ratio of 5 to 2.
5. Mix 1 teaspoon of salt with 4 teaspoons of flour.
In the last example we are considering the ratio of salt (1 teaspoon) to flour
(4teaspoons). We write 1 : 4 and say one is to four; we are actually mixing a total of
5teaspoons. Ratios can also be written in fraction form:
1
1:4 4
Note: Since the ratios compare quantities of the same kind, they do not have a name
LY
orunit of measurement. That is, we write the ratio of salt to flour as 1 : 4, not
1 teaspoon : 4 teaspoons. The order of the numbers in a ratio is important. In the
example of the ratio of salt and flour, 1 : 4means 1unit (for example a teaspoon) of salt
N
to 4units of flour. The amount of flour is 4times as large as the amount of salt. On the
O
contrary, the ratio 4 : 1 means 4units of salt to 1unit of flour, which means the amount of
salt is 4times as large as the amount of flour.
N
WORKED EXAMPLE 24
IO
Look at the completed game of noughts-and-crosses at right
and write down the ratios of: AT
a crosses to noughts
b noughts to unmarked spaces.
U
THINK WRITE
a Count the number of crosses and the number of noughts. Write the a 4:3
AL
2 numbers as a ratio (the number of crosses must be written first).

b Count the number of noughts and the number of unmarked b 3:2
EV
spaces. Write the 2 numbers as a ratio, putting them in the

order required (the number of noughts must be written first).
Before ratios are written, the numbers must be expressed in the same units of
E
measurement. When choosing which of the quantities to convert, remember that ratios
contain only whole numbers.
PL
WORKED EXAMPLE 25
Rewrite the following statement as a ratio: 7 mm to 1 cm.

M
THINK WRITE
SA
1 Express both quantities in the same units. 7 mm to 1 cm

To obtain whole numbers, convert 1 cm 7 mm to 10 mm
to mm (rather than 7 mm to cm).
2 Omit the units and write the 2 numbers as a ratio. 7 : 10
Simplifying ratios
Equivalent ratios are when the numbers in a ratio are multiplied or divided by the same
number.
For instance, the ratios 2 : 3 and 4 : 6 are equivalent, as the second ratio can be obtained
by multiplying both numbers of the first ratio by 2.
120 Maths Quest 7

number and algebra
Ratios 10 : 5 and 2 : 1 are also equivalent, as the second ratio is obtained by dividing both
numbers of the first ratio by 5.
Ratios are usually written in simplest form, that is, reduced to lowest terms. This is
achieved by dividing each number in the ratio by the highest common factor (HCF).
WOrKed eXamPle 26
Express the ratio 16 : 24 in simplest form.

THInK WrITe
1 What is the HCF of both 16 and 24? It is 8. 16 : 24
LY
2 Divide both 16 and 24 by 8 to obtain an 2:3
equivalent ratio in simplest form.
N
WOrKed eXamPle 27
O
Write the ratio of 1.5 m to 45 cm in simplest form.
THInK WrITe
N
1 Write down the question. 1.5 m to 45 cm
IO
2 Express both quantities in the same units by 150 cm to 45 cm
changing 1.5 m into cm. (1 m = 100 cm) AT
3 Write both numbers as a ratio. 150 : 45
4 Simplify the ratio by dividing both 10 : 3
U
numbers by the HCF 15.
AL
WOrKed eXamPle 28
Simplify the following ratios.

EV
2 7 5 5
a :
5 10
b :
6 8
THInK WrITe
E
a 1 Write the fractions in ratio form. a 2: 7

5 10
PL
2 Write equivalent fractions using the lowest = 104 : 107

common denominator: in this case 10.
3 Multiply both fractions by 10. = 4:7
M
4 Simplify the ratio, if possible. In thiscase

SA
it cannot be simplified.
b 1 Write the fractions in ratio form. b = 56 : 58
2 Write equivalent fractions using the lowest = 20 : 15
24 24
common denominator. In this case 24.
3 Multiply both fractions by 24. = 20 : 15
4 Simplify the ratio by dividing both = 4:3
numbers by the HCF, which is 5.

number and algebra
Dividing in a given ratio

Consider the following situation:
Isabel and Rachel decided to buy a $10 lottery ticket. Isabel had only $3 so Rachel
put in the other $7. The girls won the first prize of $500 000. How are the girls going to
share the prize? Is it fair that they would get equal shares?
In all fairness, it should be shared in the ratio 3 : 7.
WOrKed eXamPle 29
Share the amount $500 000 in the ratio 3 : 7.
LY
THInK WrITe
1 Calculate the total number of parts in the ratio. Total number of parts = 3 + 7
= 10
N
2 The first share represents 3 parts out of a First share = 103 $500 000
O
3
total of 10, so find 10 of the total amount. = $150 000
3 The second share represents 7 parts out of a Second share = 107 $500 000
N
7
total of 10, so find 10 of the total amount. = $350 000
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We can mentally check the answer by adding the two shares together. The total should be
AT
the original amount to be shared.
WOrKed eXamPle 30
U
Concrete mixture for a footpath was made up of 1 part of cement, 2 parts of sand
and 4 parts of blue metal. How much sand was used to make 4.2 m2 of concrete?
AL
THInK WrITe
EV
1 Write in ratio form 1:2:4

2 Find the total number of parts. Total number of parts = 1 + 2 + 4
= 7
3 There are 2 parts of sand to be used Amount of sand = 27 4.2 m2
E
in the mixture, so find 27 of the total = 1.2 m2

PL
amount of concrete made.
Exercise 4.8 Fractions as ratios

M
SA
IndIVIdual PaTHWaYS
Why is it important to be able Questions: Questions: Questions:
to write ratios as fractions? 14, 5ij, 6, 7aj, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 5fo, 6, 7fo, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 5kt, 6, 7kt, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 21 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20,22, 23
122 Maths Quest 7

number and algebra
FLUENCY
1 WE24 Look at the completed game of noughts-and-crosses and write down the
ratios of:
a noughts to crosses
b crosses to noughts
c crosses to total number of spaces
d total number of spaces to noughts
e noughts in the top row to crosses in the bottom row.
2 Look at the coloured circles on the right then write
the following ratios.
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a Black : red b Red : black
c Aqua : black d Black : aqua
e Aqua : red f Black : (red and aqua)
N
g Aqua : (black and red) h Black : total circles
i Aqua : total circles j Red : total circles
O
3 For the diagram shown, write down the following
ratios.
N
a Shaded parts : unshaded parts
b Unshaded parts : shaded parts
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c Shaded parts : total parts
4 In the bag of numbers shown to the right, write down the
AT
ratios of:
a even numbers to odd numbers
2 9
b prime numbers to composite numbers 4 5
7
U
c numbers greater than 3 to numbers less than 3 6 8
d multiples of 2 to multiples of 5
AL
e numbers divisible by 3 to numbers not

divisible by 3.
5 WE25 Rewrite each of the following statements as a ratio.
EV
a 3 mm to 5 mm b 6 s to 19 s
c $4 to $11 d 7 teams to 9 teams
e 1 goal to 5 goals f 9 boys to 4 boys
E
g 3 weeks to 1 month h 3 mm to 1 cm
i 17 seconds to 1 minute j 53 cents to $1
PL
k 11 cm to 1 m l 1 g to 1 kg
m 1 L to 2 kL n 7 hours to 1 day
o 5 months to 1 year p 1 km to 27 m
M
q 7 apples to 1 dozen apples r 13 pears to 2 dozen pears

s 3 females to 5 males t 1 teacher to 22 students
SA
6 MC In each of the following situations, choose the

best ratio approximation.
a Of the 90 000 people who attended the test match,
23 112 were females. The number of males to
females is approximately:
A 1:4 B 4:1
C 3:1 D 1:3
b A Concorde jet travels at 1050 km/h and a Cessna
travels at 210 km/h. Compare their speeds.
A 2:1 B 3:1
C 4:1 D 5:1

number and algebra
c A house-and-land package is sold for $200 000. If the land was valued at $80 000,
compare the land and house values.
A 1 : 2 B 1 : 3 C 2 : 5 D 2 : 3
d In 1.65 kilogram of fertiliser, there are 550 g of phosphorus. Compare the amount of
phosphorus to other components of the fertiliser.
A 1 : 2 B 4 : 3 C 3 : 1 D 5 : 1
e Sasha saves $120 out of his take-home pay of $720 each fortnight. Compare his
savings with his expenses.
A 7 : 12 B 1 : 5 C 1 : 3 D 1 : 7
7 WE26 Express each ratio in simplest form.
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a 2 : 4 b 3 : 9 c 5 : 10 d 6 : 18 e 12 : 16
f 15 : 18 g 24 : 16 h 21 : 14 i 25 : 15 j 13 : 26
k 15 : 35 l 27 : 36 m 36 : 45 n 42 : 28 o 45 : 54
N
p 50 : 15 q 56 : 64 r 75 : 100 s 84 : 144 t 88 : 132
O
8 Complete the patterns of equivalent ratios.
a 1 : 3 b 2 : 1 c 2:3 d 64 : 32 e 48 : 64
2:6 4:2 4:6 __ : 16 24 : __
N
_:9 _:4 6:_ __ : 8 12 : __
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_ : 12 _:8 _ : 12 8 : __ __ : 8
5 : __ 20 : _ _ : 24 __ : 1 __ : __
9 Write the following ratios in simplest form.
WE27
a 8 cm to 12 cm b $6 to $18
AT c 50 s to 30 s
d 80 cm to 2 m e 75 cents to $3 f 2 h to 45 min
g 300 mL to 4 L h 500 g to 2.5 kg i 45 mm to 2 cm
U
j $4 to $6.50 k 2500 L to 2 kL l 2500 m to 2 km
AL
m 30 cents to $1.50 n 2 h 45 min to 30 min o 200 mto 0.5 km

1
p 0.8 km to 450 m q 1 min to 300 s r 1.8 cm to 12 mm
2
s 3500 mg to 1.5 g t $1.75 to $10.50
EV
10 Compare the following, using a mathematical ratio (in simplest form):

a The Hawks won 8 games and the Lions won 10 games.
b This jar of coffee costs $4 but that one costs $6.
c While Joanne made 12 hits, Holly made 8 hits.
E
d In the first innings, Ian scored 48 runs and Adam scored 12 runs.
PL
e During the race, Rebeccas average speed was 200 km/h while Donnas
average speed was 150 km/h.
f In the basketball match, the Tigers beat the Magic by 105 points to 84 points.
M
g The capacity of the plastic bottle is 250 mL and the capacity of the glass
container is 2 L.
SA
h Joseph ran the 600 m in 2 minutes but Maya ran the same distance in 36 seconds.
i In the movie audience, there were 280 children and 35 adults.
j On a page in the novel Moby Dick there are 360 words. Of these, 80 begin with a
vowel.
11 WE28 Write the following ratios in simplest form.
1 2 5 6 1 1 2 5 4 9 2 3
a to b to c : d : e to f :
3 3 7 7 4 2 5 6 5 20 3 5
3
g
10
: 1 h 123 to 13 i 114 :112 j 313 to 212 k 1 : 135 l 314 to 245
12 WE29 Share the amount of $1000 in the following ratios.
a 2:3 b 3:1 c 1:4 d 1:1 e 3:5
f 5:3 g 3:7 h 9:1 i 7:13 j 9:11
124 Maths Quest 7

number and algebra
13 Rosa and Mila bought a lottery ticket costing $10. How should they share the first prize
of $50 000 if their respective contributions were:
a $2 and $8 b $3 and $7 c $4 and $6
d $5 and $5 e $2.50 and $7.50?
UNDERSTANDING
14 WE30 Concrete mixture is made up of 1 part cement, 2 parts sand and 4 parts blue
metal.
a How much sand is needed for 7 m3 of concrete?
b How much cement is needed for 3.5 m3 of concrete?
LY
c How much blue metal is required for 2.8 m3 of concrete?
d How much sand is used for 5.6 m3 of concrete?
e How much cement is needed to make 8.4 m3 of concrete?
N
15 Three friends buy a Lotto ticket costing $20. How should they share the first prize of
$600 000, if they each contribute:
O
a $3, $7 and $10 b $6, $6 and $8 c $1, $8 and $11
d $5, $6 and $9 e $5, $7.50 and $7.50?
N
16 Three angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. What is the magnitude of each
angle?
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17 In a school, the ratio of girls in Years 8, 9 and 10 is 6 : 7 : 11. If there are 360 girls in
the school: AT
a how many Year 8 girls are there?
b how many more Year 10 girls are there than Year 8 girls?
18 In a moneybox, there are 5 cent, 10 cent and 20 cent coins in the ratio 8 : 5 : 2. If there
U
are 225 coins altogether:
a how many 5 cent coins are there?
AL
b how many more 10 cent coins than 20 cent 10
coins are there? 20

c what is the total value of the 5 cent coins?
EV
d what is the total value of the coins in the moneybox?
REASONING
19 In a family,3 children receive their allowances in the ratio of their ages, which are
E
15years, 12 years and 9 years. If the total of the allowances is $30, how much does
each child receive? Explain your answer.
PL
20 The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4 : 6. What is the difference in

magnitude between the smallest and largest angles?
M
PROBLEM SOLVING
21 You drop a rubber ball from a height of 10 m. The ball rebounds to a height of 8 m and
SA
then to a height of 6.4 m. The ball continues to bounce in the same ratio. What is the
height of the ball when the top of its bounce is less than 3 m, and on what bounce does
this occur?
22 Two brothers are going on a trip. They are each carrying a backpack weighing 2 kg. In
these backpacks they will carry 4 kg of books, 6 kg of clothes, 3 kg of toiletries, 3 kg
of shoes, 2 kg of snacks and 2 kg of water. The older brother offers to carry double the
weight carried by his younger brother. Can the older brother divide the luggage such
that his backpack weighs double that of his younger brothers backpack?
23 A rectangular lawn measures 40 m by 20 m. Your lawn mower can cut a path 30 cm
wide. If you start along the outer edge of the lawn and mow around the outer portion of
the uncut lawn twenty times, what fractional part of the lawn have you mowed?

number and algebra

Adding and subtracting mixed numbers
Change mixed numbers to improper fractions.
Use equivalent fractions to find the lowest common denominator (LCD).
Add or subtract the numerators. Do not add or subtract denominators.
Estimation can be used to find approximate answers to addition and subtraction of mixed
numbers.
This allows you to check easily whether your answer to a calculation is reasonable.
LY
WOrKed eXamPle 31
Find 234 + 112.
N
THInK WrITe
O
1 Write the question. 234 + 112
N
2 Change each mixed number into an = 114 + 32
improper fraction. 11 3 2
IO
= +
4 22
3 Write both fractions with the lowest = 114 + 64
AT
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5 Simplify the answer. = 4 14
AL
WOrKed eXamPle 32
Find 315 134.

EV
THInK WrITe
1 Write the question. 315 134

E
2 Change each mixed number into an = 165 74

PL
improper fraction. 16 4 7 5
=
54 45
M
3 Write both fractions with the lowest = 64 35

20 20
SA
4 Subtract the numerators. = 39

20
5 Simplify the answer. = 119
20
WOrKed eXamPle 33
Find 313 212 and check the answer by estimation.

THInK WrITe
1 Write the question. 313 + 212
126 Maths Quest 7

number and algebra
2 Change each mixed number into an = 103 + 2

5
improper fraction. 10 2 5 3
= +
32 23
3 Write both fractions with the lowest = 206 + 156
5 Simplify the answer. = 5 56
LY
6 Check the answer by adding the whole 313 + 212 > 3 + 2
numbers to find an approximation. 313 + 212 > 5
The approximation shows
N
that the answer we obtain
O
should be greater than 5.
Multiplying mixed numbers
N
Change mixed numbers into improper fractions.
IO
Simplify fractions by dividing, either vertically or diagonally, by their highest common
factor. AT
Multiply the numerators. Then multiply the denominators.
U
WOrKed eXamPle 34
AL
Find 112 3 35.

THInK WrITe
EV

2 Change mixed numbers to improper 3 189
fractions and cancel if possible. =
12 5
E
3 Multiply the numerators and = 275

PL
then the denominators.

4 Simplify the answer. = 525
M
SA
Dividing mixed numbers

To divide mixed numbers, first change them to improper fractions.
Once the fractions are written as improper fractions, divide as normal.
WOrKed eXamPle 35
Find 112 325.

THInK WrITe

number and algebra
2 Change the mixed numbers = 32 175

to improper fractions.
3 Change the to and tip = 32 5
17
the second fraction.
4 Multiply the numerators, then = 15
34
the denominators and simplify
the answer if necessary.
LY
Exercise 4.9 Working with
mixed numbers
N
IndIVIdual PaTHWaYS
O
How could you convince Questions: Questions: Questions:
someone that 12 of 3 13 is 123 ?
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 18, 21 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 15, 17, 1c, f, 2c, f, 3d, 4c, f, 5i, o, r, 6c,
N
20, 21 f, i, l, o, 720, 22
IO
FluenCY
AT
1 WE31 Find:
a 115 + 312 b 323 213 c 523 214
U
d 938 + 4 e 235 112 f 312 + 234
AL
2 Find:
WE32
2
a 75
3
b 213 56 c 312 178
EV
d 435 210
9
e 514 112
7
f 534 356
3 Find:
1 2 5
a +2
5 7
b
8
+ 334 12 c 229 + 113 + 16 d 423 + 138 3
E
4 WE33 Find the following and check the answers by estimation.

1
+ 214 1
b 1 +2
1 1
c 3 +1
1
PL
a 5
3 6 2 3 6
1
d 6
2
214 e 435 110
3
f 756 313
M
5 WE34 Find:
1
a 1
4
23 b
3
4
158 c 112 112
SA
5
d 2
8
134 e 215 312 f
9
1010 2
3
1
g 2
4
212 h
4
5
167 i
9
10
323
1 3
j 4
3
5
k 112 12 3
l 2 6
4
m 5 312 n 8 314 3
o 4 2
5
1
10
p 356 957 q 515 623 3
r 3 2
4
2
3
7
s
8
313 t 625 417
128 Maths Quest 7

number and algebra
6 WE35 Find:
a 114 34 b 9 412 c
9
4
312
10
d
3
313 e 5 234 f 7 49 1
3
1 1
g 2
8 2
h 115 213 i 567 234
1 1 9
j 1
2 2
k 10 10 4 l 412 367
2 1
m 3 2
7 7
n 4 23 7
6
o 358 134
UNDERSTANDING
LY
7 One-third of a litre of cordial is mixed with 112 litres of water. How many litres of drink
have been made?
8 The lengths of bolts and nails are often measured in inches. For the bolt shown, find the
N
length of the threaded section if the total length of the bolt is 314 inches.
O
?
185"
N
5
16 "
IO
9 Julia is planning a holiday to the US. She has 5 months and has worked out the
1 2
following itinerary. She will be in California for 1 months, in Colorado for 1
AT months
2 3
3
and in Florida for of a month. The other state she will be visiting is New York. How
4
much time will she spend in New York?
U
AL
EV
E
PL
M
10 James is building a house. Before the frame can be assembled the footings need to
bedug. The digging will take 312 days. The concrete slab that is then needed will
SA
3
take 2 days to pour and set. How long will it be before James can start assembling
4
theframe?
11 Lachlan was looking for something to do one Saturday afternoon and his dad suggested
he cook something for afternoon tea. Lachlan found a recipe for peanut butter muffins.
Ingredients:
1
4
cup sugar, 14 cup margarine
1
2
cup peanut butter, 2 eggs
112 cups milk, 212 cups self-raising flour
1
4
teaspoon baking soda
(continued)

number and algebra
LY
Method:
N
Blend the sugar, margarine and peanut butter. Beat in the eggs and milk. Add the
self-raising flour and baking soda. Place the mixture in greased muffin pans and
O
sprinkle with cinnamon sugar. Bake for 1520 minutes in a 200 C oven.
This recipe makes 10 muffins, but Lachlan wants enough mixture to make 15. He
needs to multiply the quantities by 112. Write the quantities of each ingredient Lachlan
N
needs to make 15 muffins.
IO
1
12 Felicity is dividing 1 kilograms of mince steak into 8hamburger portions. How many
2
kilograms of mince will be in each hamburger portion?
13 Ned spends his school holidays helping his father with the shearing.
1
AT
a It takes Ned hour to shear one sheep. How many sheep will Ned shear in 5 hours?
1
4 2
1
b Neds father, Wesley, shears a sheep every of an hour. How many sheep would
12
Wesley shear if he worked continuously for 8 hours?
U
AL
EV
E
PL
14 Andrew bought 734 kg of prawns for a party and 35 of them were eaten. How many
kilograms of prawns were left over?
M
3 1
15 Teagan buys 8 kg of sugar. She wants to store it in containers that can hold 1 kg. How
4 4
many containers will she need?
SA
16 Max works as a train driver and is paid $21 per hour. If Max works on a public holiday,
he is paid double time and a half, which means he earns 212 times his normal hourly
rate. Calculate what Max earns per hour worked on a public holiday.
130 Maths Quest 7

number and algebra
REASONING
17 To make the casing for a simple collapsible telescope you need two cylinders, one of
which fits inside the other. One cylinder has measurements as shown below left.
7
? cm ? cm 3
16 cm
1
4 cm 1
1 cm
4 cm 4
LY
a What is the width of a cylinder (see middle diagram above) which would slide over
the one shown above left?
N
b What is the width of a cylinder (see diagram above right) which would slide into the
one shown above left?
O
18 Michelle can run one lap of a cross-country course in
1
5
hour.
N
1
a How many laps could she complete in 1 hours?
3
(Assume she can keep up the same pace.)
IO
b How many minutes does it take Michelle to run
onelap? AT
2
19 Five-eighths of the class were girls and of the girls were
3
brunette. What fraction of the class are brunette girls? If
there were 24 people in the class, how many are brunette
U
girls?
AL
PROBLEM SOLVING
1 2
20 Worldwide figures indicate that 10 of men are left-handed, while 25 of women are
left-handed. If there are 400 men in a room, how many women would need to be
EV
there so that there are the same number of left-handed men as left-handed women
in the room?
21 A skydiver opens his parachute at 846 m above ground level. He has already fallen
five-sevenths of the distance to the ground. How high was the plane from which he
E
jumped?
PL
M
SA

number and algebra
22 A new vending machine stocking water and sports drinks was installed at the local
gymnasium. The number of bottles sold each day over the first 5 weeks after its
installation is shown.
4, 39, 31, 31, 50, 43, 60, 45, 57, 61, 18, 26, 3, 52, 51, 59, 33, 51, 27, 62, 30, 40, 3, 30,
37, 9, 33, 44, 53, 16, 22, 6, 42, 33, 19
The gymnasium realises that the number of daily sales will vary, depending
particularly on the weather. The machine is stacked with 60 bottles at the start of each
day. The supplier advises that, because of electricity costs and other running expenses,
the machine is not worthwhile having unless at least three-quarters of the bottles are
sold on average 2 days per week. Round these sales to the nearest 5 and analyse the
LY
figures to determine whether the gymnasium should keep the vending machine.
N
O
N
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AT
U
AL
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 4.2
doc-1722
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E
PL
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SA
132 Maths Quest 7

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
ONLINE ONLY 4.10 Review www.jacplus.com.au
The Maths Quest Review is available in a customisable format
Review
for students to demonstrate their knowledge of this topic.
The Review contains:
questions
Fluency questions allowing students to demonstrate the
skills they have developed to efficiently answer questions
LY
using the most appropriate methods
Problem Solving questions allowing students to Download the Review
demonstrate their ability to make smart choices, to model questions document
N
and investigate problems, and to communicate solutions
effectively. from the links found in
O
A summary of the key points covered and a concept your eBookPLUS.
mapsummary of this chapter are available as digital
N
documents.
IO
Language AT
It is important to learn and be able to use correct mathematical language in order to
int-2589 communicate effectively. Create a summary of the topic using the key terms below. You
can present your summary in writing or using a concept map, a poster or technology.
U
cancelling lowest common proper fraction
denominator denominator rational number
AL
fraction mixed number reciprocal

int-2590 improper fraction numerator simplest form
EV
E
int-3165
PL
M
SA
Link to assessON for Link to SpyClass, an exciting

questions to test your online game combining a
readiness FOR learning, comic bookstyle story with
your progress AS you learn and your problem-based learning in
levels OF achievement. an immersive environment.
assessON provides sets of questions for every Join Jesse, Toby and Dan and help
topic in your course, as well as giving instant them to tackle some of the worlds
feedback and worked solutions to help improve your most dangerous criminals by using the
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www.assesson.com.au your study of mathematics.
www.spyclass.com.au

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
<INVESTIGATION>
INVESTIGATION FOR RICH TASK OR <NUMBER AND ALGEBRA> FOR PUZZLE
RICH TASK
The Memory game
LY
N
O
N
IO
AT
U
AL
EV
E
PL
M
SA
134 Maths Quest 7

NUMBER
NUMBER AND
AND ALGEBRA
ALGEBRA
1 As an introduction to the game, match the pairs of equivalent fractions on the cards below.
6 3 1 3 4 1
8 9 3 4 8 2
A B C D E F
The requirements for your game are outlined as follows.
LY
There are 15 pairs of equivalent fractions in this game that makes 30 cards.
One of the fractions of each pair must be in simplest form.
For example, 13 and 12
4
are an acceptable pair, but 10
30
4
and 12 are not.
N
Fractions dont have to be proper fractions. Equivalent mixed numbers and improper fractions are
allowed.
O
2 Using the above information, write down the 15 pairs of fractions that will be a part of your memory game.
When the game is packaged for sale, additional information accompanies the cards. This information
N
includes a list of the fractions enclosed and instructions for the game. The list of fractions is given in order
from smallest to largest.
IO
3 List your fraction pairs in order from smallest to largest.
When items are placed for sale, presentation of the packaging is important. Eye-catching designs will
AT
attract attention and mistakes must be avoided at all costs. You are now the designer for a company that
is going to market the Memory game.
4 In the space below, design the back of your card and how each fraction will appear on the face of the card.
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EV
E
PL
M
The playing instructions are very important pieces of information in games.

They explain the number of players allowed, how the game is to be played and
SA
who wins.
5 Taking into consideration all of the information that has been provided for you
throughout this task, write a set of instructions that show how your Memory
game is played.
6 Now construct your own set of cards and present them in a suitable package.
Remember, presentation of the game is important. When you have finished, try
the game out with your friends.
Topic 44 Rational
Topic numbers 135
Rational Numbers

<INVESTIGATION>
NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
FOR RICH TASK OR <NUMBER AND ALGEBRA> FOR PUZZLE
CODE PUZZLE
Flatback turtle facts
LY
Connect the dots next to equivalent fractions. Each straight
line drawn will pass through a letter and number, giving
the puzzles answer code.
N
O
7 4 28 1 18 21 5 2 10 5
28 20 49 2 21 35 8 5 14 9
8 4
28 5
N
B K 3
3 4
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4 F 21
9 7
Y
13 16
15 5 M
24
40 2 12
AT
R 3
1 8
7
U
1 E
C
6
12 7
AL
30 10 17
W 15
27 15 21 18
EV
63 6
V 3
U 7
20
D N
36 18 1
S 3
E
G 11
4 20
L 12
7 14
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T H
16 27
2
17
3
19 O 34
M
4 1
A 8
24 6
SA
3 I
1 1
5 4
5 35 12 18 4 3 2 4 5
6 56 15 24 9 5 7 12 7
1 2 3 4 5 3 3 6 7 2 8 9 7 5 2 7 10 3 11 1
10 8 12 7 1 1 13 14 11 15 8 5 16 17 7 13 3 18 18 14 18 5 12
3 11 13 8 11 19 12 15 7 8 16 17 7 13 3 18 18 5 17 7
3 20 5 7 2 15 8 2 2 14 7 2 2 7 7 18 8 11 19
5 8 21 7 13 7 6 7 11 4 7 7 21 13 5 3 17 8 5 16 17
136 Maths Quest 7

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
Activities
4.2 What are rational numbers? Spreadsheet (doc-1726) Adding and subtracting fractions
elesson WorkSHEET 4.1 (doc-1721)
Types of fractions (eles-0002) 4.6 Multiplying rational numbers
Digital docs Interactivities
SkillSHEET (doc-6437) Types of fractions Repeated addition (int-2738)
SkillSHEET (doc-6438) Equivalent fractions I IP interactivity 4.6 (int-4327) Multiplying rational numbers
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SkillSHEET (doc-6439) Equivalent fractions II Digital doc
SkillSHEET (doc-6440) Lowest common multiple Spreadsheet Multiplying fractions (doc-1727)
SkillSHEET (doc-6441) Ordering fractions
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Interactivities
eLesson
Fraction walls (int-0002)
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Dividing fractions (eles-0003)
IP interactivity 4.2 (int-4323) What are rational numbers?
Interactivities
4.3 Simplifying rational numbers Dividing fractions (int-2358)
N
Digital doc IP interactivity 4.7 (int-4328) Dividing rational numbers
SkillSHEET (doc-6442) Highest common factor
IO
Digital doc
Interactivity Spreadsheet (doc-1728) Dividing fractions
IP interactivity 4.3 (int-4324) Simplifying rational numbers
ATInteractivity
Digital docs IP interactivity 4.8 (int-4329) Fractions as ratios
SkillSHEET (doc-6443) Converting an improper
U
fraction to a mixed number
Digital doc
SkillSHEET (doc-6444) Converting a mixed
AL
WorkSHEET 4.2 (doc-1722)

number to an improper fraction
Interactivity
Interactivity
IP interactivity 4.9 (int-4330) Working
IP interactivity 4.4 (int-4325) Mixed numbers and
EV
with mixed numbers

improper fractions
4.10 Review
Interactivities
Interactivities
Word search (int-2589)
E
Adding and subtracting fractions (int-2357)

Crossword (int-2590)
IP interactivity 4.5 (int-4326) Adding and subtracting
PL
Sudoku (int-3165)
rational numbers
Digital docs
Digital docs
Topic summary (doc-10724)
SkillSHEET (doc-6445) Adding and subtracting
M
Concept map (doc-10725)

fractions with the same denominator
SA
To access eBookPLUS activities, log on to

<**dia**> www.jacplus.com.au

number and algebra
Answers
Topic 4 Rational numbers
4.2 What are rational numbers? 18
3 15 7 5
1 a b c d
4 16 8 9
1 3 Shirly Brent
2 a b
3 4
c The flags belong to Italy and Samoa.
3 2 3 2
3 a i ii b 2 11
11 11 11
4
0 1 1 7 2 2 57
4
1 35
LY
5 5 5
5
0 1 3 4 2 8 3 4.3 Simplifying rational numbers
3 3 3 3 1 2 7 4 4
1 a b c d e
N
2 3 8 5 5
6 a 3 b
3 c 4 d 5 e
6 3 9 7 5 24
f 9 g 11 h
12 i
7 f g
h
i
j
4 10 8 6 25
O
20 14 40 12 36 16 28 80 7 7 11 11 3
7 a b k l m
n
o
30 21 60 15 45 20 35 100 8 10 12 25 8
56 21 35 21 14 140 3 5 1 1 7
c d 2 a 4 b
7 c
10 d
5 e
3
5 6 2 6 8
N
64 24 50 30 20 200
9 11 3 1 1 1
8 a
15
= 12
20
= 21
35
30
b
40
= 18
24
= 27
36
f 1 g
6 h
5 i
3 j
2 12 4 3 5 4
IO
7 6 3 15 3 E
c
28
= 24 = 12 d
18
= 35
42
= 40
48 21 3
5 10 15 20 5
4
28
= 4
9 a = = = b = 10 = 15
= 20
20
6 12 18 24 8 16 24 32
= 59 b 16
= 49
c
3
= 6
= 9
= 12 2
d =
4
= 6
= 8
5 a
36
1 3
AT 36
8 2
10 20 30 40 3 6 9 12 6 7A: , 7B: , 7C: , 7D: ,
5 20 25 25
7E: 14
1 2 3 4 7
e
8
= 16
= 24
= 32
f
8
= 14
16
= 21
24
= 28
32 7 a 40
U
5
10 a
3 7
b
1
c
1
d
1
e b Mark:
40
= 18, Ken: 10
40
= 14, Samantha: 40
8
= 15, Jules: 40
6
= 3
20
,
5 8 5 8 2
4 1 7
Ahmed: 40 = , Darren: 40
AL
3 5 5 4
f g
h
i 10
4 8 8 5
7293 6792 5823
11 a > b
< c
> d
> 8 a ,
14586 13584
b
17469
e < f < 9 Geelong to Melbourne is more reliable.
EV
12 a D b
B 10 a
3 5 2 1 3 1 9 12 8 1 3 1
13 a , , ; , , b
10 10 10 5 10 2
, , ; , ,
24 24 24 3 8 2
10 12 6 6 2 4 45 40 28 7 2 3
c , , ; , , d
, , ; , ,
15 15 15 15 3 5 60 60 60 15 3 4
E
14 a Sally Hanna
PL
1
b
4
M
<***dia***>
c
SA
Sonya Vanessa
b Vanessa
c They ate the same amount.
15 a No, because it cannot be written as a fraction.
b For accuracy. The calculator uses a more accurate value
for .
c Because they can be written as fractions with integers on the 1
d
numerator and the denominator. 8
<***dia***>
d After 3 digits. e Because two smallest triangles form one middle size triangle.
2
<**dia**>
<***dia***>
16 As the denominator doubles the distance between fractions 11

halves, because doubling the denominator is the same as dividing 5
the fraction by 2. 12 The denominator could be any multiple of 13 because the fraction
19 1 is not written in its simplest form and 13 is a prime number.
17 ,
60 3
138 Maths Quest 7

number and algebra
4.4 Mixed numbers and improper fractions c 13

1 a 2 12 6
b 113 d 7
6
21
c 156 e 4

LY
d 158
N
O
8
f 5
e 3
N
8 9 8 10 25
7 a b c d e
IO
7 5 3 3 4
37 23 31 39 47
f g h i j
9 2 8 5 5
7 21 29 47 29
f 116 8 a
AT 2
b
5
c
5
d
7
e
10
43 28 67 21 53
f g h i j
12 5 7 11 6
9 a D b
D c
A
1 3
U
3
2 a 2
= 112 10 Kim: 2 , Carly: 2
4 4
1
11 6
AL
2
12 434
13 a > b > c
< d
> e
<
f < g < h
< i
<
EV
9
b 4
= 214 14 a 25 b
77
1
15 10
2
23 23
16 a i ii
7 4
2
3 a 1 b 234 c 1012 d 9
310 414
E
e
5
4 3 7 parts in a whole
f 8 g 213 278 i
h 3313 j
1212
PL
11
2
k 6 l 313
3 7 parts in a whole 21 parts
3
4 a 1 b
5
338 c 512 d 1079 e
827
M
7
f 11 g
10
838 h 829 i 7
212 1456
j 7 parts in a whole
5 a C b
B c
D
SA
6 a 9 2 parts in a whole
8
4
17
5
14
18 a
3
or 423 km
15
b 4
56
b or 18 km
2
3 3
70 1
c or 23 km
3 3
1 1 1 1 1
19 1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 3
4 12 6 8 3
4 6 5 31 9
1 a b c d e
5 11 6 50 25
11 7 6 29
f g h i
12 8 7 100

number and algebra
1 1 1 1 1 5 4 55 25
2 a
2
b
4
c
3
d
2
e
2
i 24
j
9
k l
72 132
3 3 8
f 1 g 4
h
4
i
9 m 4964
n
8
39
o
9
50
p
8
21
3 1 3 3 2 1 1 5 1
3 a b c d e 3 a b c d
4 4 7 4 3 6 5 14 10
37 13 16 2
f g h i e 45 f 1 g
1
h
12
40 27 35 5 2 35
4 a 6 b
15 c
10 d
12 e
30 i 49 j 1
1
k l
2
f 18 g 8 h 24 i
35 7 3 5
4 1 1
5 a
1
b
4 9
c
7
d
19
e
m 21 n
20
o
4
6 15 10 12 30
1 1 25 9
17 5 11 11 4 a b c d
f g h i 8 2 26 14
18 8 24 35
6 a
1 5
b c
23 39
d
1
e e 29 1
f g 16 h 28
LY
5
20 6 36 44 4
11 17 23 2 7 i 45 j
18 k 15 l
72
f g h i j
40 63 39 15 33 1
7 a D b
C 2
1312 o
m 4 n
5
6
p 5
1
7
N
8 a
7 2
b c
19
d
7 5 Emily drank 2 litres. Tracy drank 12 litre.
12 5 24 30 1
7 1 Jonathan drank litre.
e 16 111 111 3
O
f g h
3 12 12 6 a Zoe 32 minutes b Sarah 35 minutes
7 8 1
9 a b 7 a b
15 15 9
1
N
10 1 hours
4
3 7
11 a b 1
c
IO
4 12
2 23
12 a b
3 30
5 7 9
13 a b c
6 12 20
d When adding two fractions with numerators 1 and

AT Answers may vary.
denominators consecutive numbers, the answer is the fraction 8 a
3
36 litres
b
4
sum of denominators 9 a b
U
.
product of denominators
n + (n + 1)
AL
e
n(n + 1)
1 1 1
14 a
6
b
12
c
20 =
c d
1 1 1 1
8 2 4 8
EV
d When subtracting two fractions with numerators 1 and 10 a 2 b

4 c
10
denominators consecutive numbers, the answer is the fraction 1
1 11 2400 = $100
. 24
product of denominators 12 a 90 minutes b
90
= 12
180
1
E
e 2 2
c 140 + 26 = 166 minutes
n(n + 1) 3 3
1
13 121 km.
PL
<***dia***>
15 135 2
16 9
16
1 14 Red = 1 m, green = 128 m
12 21

M
Challenge 4.1
4 7 3 12
1 a b c d
1 3 2 5 5
SA
2 5 2 3 3
1 3 e f
g
h
6 9 5 10
6 4
i 5 j
12 k
5 l
11
1
4 1 1 1
m n
o 1
p
5 20 13
1
2
12 3 3 7 2 5
2 a b c d
1 5 31 15 22
3 7 7 8 3
e f g h
65 27 27 16
9 10
i j
4.6 Multiplying rational numbers 92 69
1 1 1
1 a 2 b
2 c
7 d
1 3 a 1 b
1 c
1 d
1
2 4 2
1 2 6 20 e 1 f
1
2 a b c d
8 9 25 27
e 11
26
f
54
77
121
g
144
40
h
81
140 Maths Quest 7

number and algebra
4 a
3 16
b 145 d
c
1 2 a $400, $600
1 b $750, $250
8 21 8
c $200, $800 d $500, $500
24 77 2 3
e f 4 h
g e $375, $625 f $625, $375
55 108 3 10
1 2 1
g $300, $700 h $900, $100
1 k
i j l
2 35 32 i $350, $650 j $450, $550
1 3 7 13 a $10000, $40000 b $15000, $35000
m n
o
9 11 270 c $20000, $30000 d $25000, $25000
5 e $12500, $37500
5
12
14 a 2 m3 b 0.5 m3 c 1.6 m3 d 1.6 m3
6 32 e 1.2 m3
7 a 2 b 3 d
c
5 7 15 a $90000, $210000, $300000
2 2 b $180000, $180000, $240000
1 1
e 2, 2 , 3, 3 . Every time a new fraction following the pattern is c $30000, $240000, $330000
LY
2 2
addded to the multiplication, the answer increases by 12 d $150000, $180000, $270000
e $150000, $225000, $225000
n+1
f The answer is because all the other numbers cancel 16 30, 60, 90
2 17 a 90 b 75
N
3 4 5 6 7 n+1
down; ... . 18 a 120 b 45 c $6 d $19.50
2 3 4 5 6 n
19 $12.50, $10, $7.50
O
3
8 20 96
20
21 2.6 m, 6th bounce
9 15 people 22 The older brother carries a 2 kg backpack, 4 kg of books,
N
Challenge 4.2 6 kg of clothes, 2 kg of snacks, 2 kg of water; a total of 16 kg.
2 4 The younger brother carries a 2 kg backpack, 3 kg of toiletries,
,
IO
3 5 3 kg of shoes; a total of 8 kg.
18
23
4.8 Fractions as ratios 25
1 a 4:5 b 5:4 c 5:9 d 9:4
e 1:2
AT
2 a 5:3 b 3:5 c 1:5 d 5:1 7
1 a 4 b
1 c 1
3 d
13 5 3
e 1:3 f 5:4 g 1:8 h 5:9 10 6 12 8
1 1
U
i 1:9 j 3:9 e 1 f 6
10 4
3 a 5:7 b 7:5 c 5:12 1 1
4 a 4:3 b 3:4 c 6:1 d 4:1 2 a 1 b 1 c 158 d 7
110
AL
3 2
e 2:5 2
e 3 f 111
5 a 3:5 b 6:19 c 4:11 d 7:9 3 12
e 1:5 f 9:4 g 3:4 h 3:10 17
3 a 2 b 3 7
c 313 d
1
324
35 8 18
EV
i 17:60 j 53:100 k 11:100 l 1:1000

7 2
m 1:2000 n 7:24 o 5:12 p 1000:27 4 a 7 ; >7 b 3 ; >3 c
12 3
412; >4 d 414; >4
q 7:12 r 13:24 s 3:5 t 1:22 3 1
6 a C b D c D d A e 3 ; >3 f 4 ; >4
10 2
e B 5 7
5 a b 132 c 214 d 419
E
7 a 1:2 b 1:3 c 1:2 d 1:3 6 32

e 3:4 f 5:6 g 3:2 h 3:2 7
e 7 f 7 4
g 5 5
h 1 17
10 15 8 35
PL
i 5:3 j 1:2 k 3:7 l 3:4

3 3
m 4:5 n 3:2 o 5:6 p 10:3 i 3 j
10
25 k 18 l 1612
q 7:8 r 3:4 s 7:12 t 2:3 1
8 a 1:3 2:6 3:9 4:12 5:15 m 17 n
2
26 o 933
50
p 37215
M
b 2:1 4:2 8:4 16:8 20:10 2

q 34 r 10 s 211 t 2618
c 2:3 4:6 6:9 8:12 16:24 3 12 35
d 64:32 32:16 16:8 8:4 2:1 2 9
6 a 1 b 2 c d 1
SA
3 14
e 48:64 24:32 12:16 6:8 3:4
9 1 1 18
9 a 2:3 b 1:3 c 5:3 d 2:5 e 1 f 223 g h
11 20 35
e 1:4 f 8:3 g 3:40 h 1:5 10 29
i 9:4 j 8:13 k 5:4 l 5:4 i 2 j
77
3 k 240 l 116
m 1:5 n 11:2 o 2:5 p 16:9 m 1 n
8
4 o 1
214
q 3:10 r 3:2 s 7:3 t 1:6 15
5
10 a 4:5 b 2:3 c 3:2 d 4:1 7 1 L
6
e 4:3 f 5:4 g 1:8 h 10:3
5
i 8:1 j 9:2 8 1 inches
16
11 a 1:2 b 5:6 c 1:2 d 4:5 1
e 16:9 f 10:9 g 3:10 h 5:1 9 1 months
12
i 5:6 j 4:3 k 5:8 l 65:56
10 614 days

number and algebra
3 2
11 cup sugar 18 a 6 laps b 12 minutes
8 3
5
38 cup margarine 19
12
, 10
34 cup peanut butter 0 500 women
2
21 2961 m
3 eggs
22 The gymnasium should keep the drink machine.
214 cups milk Investigation Rich task
334 cups self-raising flour 1 A and D, B and C, E and F
2 to 6 Teacher to check.
38 teaspoon baking soda Code puzzle
3 Grow to over a metre long. Lay eggs in batches of fifty on
12
16
kg
sandybeaches off the outer barrier reef and take seven weeks
LY
13 a 22 b
96 tohatch.
1
14 3 kg
10
15 7 containers
N
16 $52.50
O
15
17 a 3
16
cm b 215
16
cm
N
IO
AT
U
AL
EV
E
PL
M
SA
142 Maths Quest 7

LY
N
O
N
IO
AT
U
AL
EV
E
PL
M
SA

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NUMBER AND ALGEBRA

What do you know?

3 SHARE As a class, create a thinking tool such as a large

4.3 Simplifying rational numbers

4.5 Adding and subtracting rational numbers

4.7 Dividing rational numbers

4.9 Working with mixed numbers

c04RationalNumbers.indd 92 12/05/16 2:43 PM

c04RationalNumbers.indd 93 12/05/16 2:43 PM

4.2 What are rational numbers?

the second quantity.

a What fraction of the rectangle shown has been

fraction of the number of squares in total.

rectangle has been divided into.

3 Write the answer in a sentence. 3

c04RationalNumbers.indd 94 12/05/16 2:43 PM

Fractions on a number line

Show the positions of 56 and 1 16 on a number line.

For the equivalent fractions 45 = 10

multiplyboth numerator and denominator.

Topic 4 Rational numbers 95

c04RationalNumbers.indd 95 12/05/16 2:43 PM

3 Continue until all fractions have been 1 10 10

2 Write the sequence of equivalent 2 4 6 8

c04RationalNumbers.indd 96 12/05/16 2:43 PM

a Which is the bigger fraction, 23 or 35 ?

b Justify your answer using a fraction wall and a number line.

Topic 4 Rational numbers 97

c04RationalNumbers.indd 97 12/05/16 2:43 PM

3 Decide which is bigger by

by using the lowest common

5 Mark 23 and 35. 0 1 2 1 4 1 2 7 8 3 2 11 4 13 14 1

6 Answer the question in words. 2

The symbol > means is bigger than or is greater than.

When we write 12 < 34 , it means that 12 is less than 34 .

a 1 Find the lowest common a Multiples of 7 are:

c04RationalNumbers.indd 98 12/05/16 2:20 PM

3 Decide which is bigger by 6 7

2 What fraction of each of these flags is coloured red?

Topic 4 Rational numbers 99

c04RationalNumbers.indd 99 12/05/16 2:43 PM

3 a What fraction of the total number of pieces of fruit

8 Fill in the gaps.

100 Maths Quest 7

c04RationalNumbers.indd 100 12/05/16 2:43 PM

12 MC a Which fraction is smaller than 58?

The approximation 3.14 is quite commonly used in schools for calculations.

d After how many digits do the numbers 223

these denominators and the distance between the numbers.

Topic 4 Rational numbers 101

c04RationalNumbers.indd 101 12/05/16 2:43 PM

4.3 Simplifying rational numbers

1 Write the mixed number and think of the HCF or 740

that factor (40 8 = 5, 64 8 = 8). =7

3 Write your answer as a mixed = 758

Exercise 4.3 Simplifying

102 Maths Quest 7

c04RationalNumbers.indd 102 14/05/16 9:39 AM

For each contestant, record the number of books read as a fraction

fractions to their simplest forms.

Topic 4 Rational numbers 103

c04RationalNumbers.indd 103 14/05/16 9:39 AM