01/08/2017 Supreme Court of Pakistan - Wikipedia

Supreme Court of Pakistan

Coordinates: 334341N 730555E

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Supreme Court of Pakistan (Urdu:

;Adlat-e-Uzma Pkistn) is the apex court Supreme Court of Pakistan
in the judicial hierarchy of Pakistan.[1]


Established in accordance to the Part VII (http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part7.ch1.html)
of the Constitution of Pakistan, it has ultimate and extensive appellate, original, and advisory jurisdictions
on all courts (including the high courts, district, special and Shariat court), involving issues of federal laws
and may act on the verdicts rendered on the cases in context in which it enjoys jurisdiction. In the court
system of Pakistan, the Supreme Court is the final arbiter of legal and constitutional dispute as well as final
interpreter of constitutional law.

In its modern composition, the Supreme Court is incorporated of Chief Justice of Pakistan, sixteenth
justices and two ad-hoc who are confirmed to their appointment by the President upon their nominations
from the Prime Minister's selection based on their merited qualifications. Once appointed, justices are
expected to completed a designated term and then retire, unless their term is terminated through
resignation or impeachment by the Supreme Judicial Council resulted in a presidential reference in regards
to the misconduct of judge(s). In their discourse judgement, the justices are often categorized as having the
conservative, textual, moderate, and liberal philosophies of law in their judicial interpretation of law and
judgements.:1915[2]:436[3]

The Supreme Court has a permanent seat in Islamabad and meets at the Supreme Court Building at the So judge between the people in truth
Constitution Avenue. The Supreme Court is sometimes colloquially referred to as SCOP, in analogy to (Quran 38:26 (http://corpus.quran.com/wordbywor
other PMOP.[4] d.jsp?chapter=38&verse=26))
Established 14 August 1947
(As Federal Court)
Contents 2 March 1956
(In its modern form)
1 History
Country Pakistan
2 Constitutional composition
2.1 Constitution of the court Location Islamabad
2.2 Size of Court
Coordinates 334341N 730555E
2.3 Eligibility, nomination and confirmation
2.3.1 Adhoc appointments and removal Composition Executive's selection with the
2.4 Tenureship, salaries and post-retirement method Presidential confirmation
3 Judicial independence (Qualifications imposed)
3.1 Court demographics
3.2 Judicial and philosophical leanings Authorized Constitution of Pakistan
4 Physical membership of the court by
4.1 Chief Justice of Pakistan and justices Decisions are President of Pakistan for
4.2 Registry and officers
appealed to Clemency/Commutation of
4.3 Law clerks and supreme court advocates
5 Court campus and facilities sentence
6 Jurisdiction Judge term 65 years of age
7 Rules and Process length
7.1 Rulings and transfer of cases
7.2 Oral arguments and decisions Website www.supremecourt.gov.pk (http://
7.3 Review Petition and actions www.supremecourt.gov.pk)
7.4 Published opinions and Citations Chief Justice of Pakistan
7.5 Supreme Court Bar Association
8 Institutional de jure powers Currently Hon'ble Justice Saqib Nisar
8.1 Contempt of court Since 31 December 2016
9 Literary criticism of the Supreme Court
9.1 Lawyer's movement, long march, and judicial activism
9.2 Constitutional petitions No. 8 and 9 of 2009
9.2.1 Controversial aspect of the decision
9.2.2 Review petition filed by Lahore High Court non-PCO removed judges
9.2.3 Key Controversial points
10 See also
11 References
12 External links

The Supreme Court Building in 2004.

History
In 1861, the British government in India enacted the Indian High Courts Act that created the high courts in all over the Indian subcontinent in various
provinces while abolishing the supreme courts Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Lahore, and also the Panchayati system in autonomous presidencies.:234[5]

Until the enactment of the Government of India Act in 1935 that created the Federal Court, these new high courts had the distinctionary powers of being the
highest Courts for all cases.:235236[5] The Federal Court had wide range of jurisdictions to resolve disputes between the provinces, presidencies, and the
British government of India, often hearing appeals against judgements of the High Courts.:4450[6]

After the independence of Pakistan as an aftermath of British partition of India in 1947, the Federal Court was also partitioned between India and Pakistan as
Justice Sir Harilal Kania became the first Chief Justice of India and Justice Sir Abdul Rashid becoming the first Chief Justice of Pakistan.:294[7]

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While the tradition of British law culture continues to remain an integral part of the Judicature, the modern existence of the Supreme Court of Pakistan came
when the first set of the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated on 23 March 1956.:1011[8]:2426[9] The ratification of the Constitution of Pakistan
reestablished the Supreme Court in 1956, replacing the name "Federal Court" to "Supreme Court", initially had its seat in Karachi where the Sindh High
Court exists now.[4] In successive years, the Supreme Court was moved to Lahore High Court until the Supreme Court was permanently moved into its new
building constructed in Islamabad in 1964.[4]

Constitutional composition
Constitution of the court

Although, the Supreme Court was established to the pursuant to the Government of India Act, 1947, the modern structure of the court was reestablished by
the second set in 1956, and restructured by the Constitution of Pakistan in 1973 where a significant part of the Constitution is dedicated towards the
restructuring of the Supreme Court.[8]

The Part VII of the Constitution, ranges from articles 176 through 191, deals with the powers, composition, rules, and responsibilities of the Supreme
Court.[10]

These articles concern:

Article 176 Composition of the Court

Article 177 Appointment and qualifications of the Chief Justice
Article 178 Oath of office
Article 179 Retirement
Article 180 Vacancy, absence, or inability of the Chief Justice
Article 181 Vacancy, absence, or inability of other justices
Article 182 Ad hoc appointments of justices
Article 183 Location of Court
Article 184 Jurisdiction in a dispute between two or more governments
Article 185 Jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals
Article 186 If requested, advise the President on important matters of law
Article 186A Authority to transfer venue
Article 187 Orders and subpoenas
Article 188 Power to review its own judgements and orders
Article 189 Binding nature of Supreme Court's decisions on all other Pakistani Courts
Article 190 All executive and judicial authorities in Pakistan bound to aid the Supreme Court

Size of Court

The Part VII of the Constitution of Pakistan reconstituted the composition of Supreme Court and the high courts but it does not specify the number of justices
to be served in the Supreme Court.[11] Qualifications to be served as a supreme court justice are strictly imposed that are based on merit, personal
intellecutualism, and experiences as a judge in the high courts.[12]

In 1947, the Supreme Court consisted of a Chief Justice and six senior judges from Sindh, Punjab, NWFP, Balochistan, and East Bengal.:9495[13] Over the
several successive years, the work of the Court increased and cases began to accumulate, leading the Supreme Court requesting the Parliament to increase the
number of judges.[4] As the number of the justices has increased, they sit in smaller benches of two or three (referred to as a division bench[14]), however,
coming together in larger benches of five or more (referred to as a constitution bench) when required to settle fundamental questions of law.:1617[8][15]

Eligibility, nomination and confirmation

a foreign citizen/ or an expatriate being eligible for the Supreme Court.[16] The nomination of justices in the Supreme Court comes from an executive
selections made by the Prime Minister based on judges' merited qualifications, personal intellectualism, and experiences as judge in high courts.[17] The
President then confirms the nomination summary and eventually appoints the Chief Justice and judges in the Supreme Court.[18]

The Constitution clearly states:

A citizen of Pakistan[16] who has been:

has for a period of, or for periods aggregating, not less than five years been a judge of a High Court (including a High Court which existed in
Pakistan at any time before the commencing day); or[19]
has for a period of, or for periods aggregating not less than fifteen years been an advocate of a High Court (including a High Court which existed
in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day).[20]

Since the 1990s, the nomination and confirmation process has attracted a considerable attention from the print press and electronic media, as news media
often comments and opinionate the executive'e selection for the appointment depends on whether their track record aligns with the their ideology.:388389[21]
Appointments of Chief Justices Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui, S.A. Shah, Iftikhar Chaudhry, Faisal Arab, and T.H. Jillani have gain prominent attention from
media in all over the country, mainly due to their ideological and philosophical leanings.:xxxx[22][23]

Furthermore, the major and influential recommendations for judges to be elevated at the Supreme Court as justices comes from the Judicial Commission that
is chaired by the Chief Justice of Pakistan who prepares the qualification summary before the nomination sent to executive.[24]

Adhoc appointments and removal

There has been Ad hoc appointment in the supreme court made when the quorum of Judges is not possible to complete the sitting number of justices in the
court, or if it is necessary to increase the number of justices in the Supreme Court.[25] The nomination comes directly from the Judicial Commission chiared
by the Chief Justice who prepares the nomination summary as President confirms their appointments.[26]

As of current, there are two justices are on the ad-hoc appointment that are from the Federal Sharia Court.[27]

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A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed under the Constitution only on grounds of proven misconduct or incapacity and by an order of the President of
Pakistan.[28] A written reference has to be sent to the Supreme Judicial Council that will conduct the hearings of allegations of misconduct that would
determine the removal of judge.[29]

Tenureship, salaries and post-retirement

The Judicial Commission determines the salary, other allowances, leave of absence, pension, etc. of the Supreme Court justices.[30] A Supreme Court justice
gets . 558,907.00 ($5,333.85) with additional allowances of . 259,009.00 ($2471.81).[30] Other benefits include the free housing and medical treatment
as well as tax-free electricity bills.[30] A judge who has retired as a justice of the Supreme Court is debarred from practising in any court of law or before any
other authority in Pakistan.[31]

Judicial independence
The Supreme Court has the explicit de jure powers and enjoys the powerful judicial independence to block the exercise of certain Prime Minister's executive
powers or Parliament's legislative powers that repugnant to Constitution.[32] The Supreme Court has maintained its institutional integrity and has been able to
maintain its authority to some degree in the face of martial law in Pakistan in last decades.:144145[33]

In another example of a de jure power granted to the Court, article 17 of the Constitution states:

Every citizen, not being in the service of (State of) Pakistan, shall have the right to form or be a member of a political party, subject to any
reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan and such law shall provide that where the
Government declare that any political party has been formed or is operating in a manner prejudicial to the sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan,
the Federal Government shall, within fifteen days of such declaration, refer the matter to the Supreme Court whose decision on such reference
shall be final.

Article 17:Freedom of association; Chapter I: Fundamental Rights and Principles, Constitution of Pakistan, Chapter source[34]

The Supreme Court thus provides, in principle, an important safeguard against the abuse of laws that could potentially have politically repressive
consequences or in clear violation of human rights.[32]

The Constitution also allows the Supreme Court to exercise powers and take sua sponte actions against the person, regardless of its statue, or the authority, of
being disobedient to or disrespectful towards the Supreme Court, its justices, and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the Supreme
Court's institutional integrity and popular authority.[35]

In 1997, Chief Justice S.A. Shah found Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif of contempt of court but the order itself was voided by the Supreme Judicial
Council.:4546[36] In 2012, Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry retroactively barred Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani of holding the office after the latter was
found of in charges of court of contempt and refusing to follow the court's orders.[37]

In 2013, the Supreme Court took suo motu actions against populist Imran Khan of criticising against the judgement of the Supreme Court's senior judges in
regards to the elections.[38] The case was later dropped when Attorney-General assured the Supreme Court justices that Imran Khan did not insubordinate the
judiciary.[38]

Court demographics

In practice awarded by Constitution, judges of the supreme court have been selected so far, mostly from amongst judges of the high courts. The Constitution
allows the judges to be appointed at the Supreme Court regardless of colour, race, and religious sect. Justices A.S.M. Akram, Fazal Akbar, Amin Ahmed,
Abdus Sattar, Hameedur Rahman, and Hamoodur Rahman (Chief Justice) were the Bengali/Bihari jurists who served as senior justices in the Supreme Court.
In 1960, Justice Alvin Robert Cornelius became the first Christian to be served as Chief Justice, while George Constantine also served in the Court.:55[39]

In the 1970s1980s, Justice Dorab Patel was the first Zorastrian, followed by Justice Rustom Sidwa who served as Supreme Court justice from 1989 until
1993.:226227[40] Justice Rana Bhagwandas was the first Hindu jurist who has distinction being the Chief Justice of Pakistan in 2007. Justice Qazi Faez Isa is
of the Hazara descent who is currently serving as the justice of the Supreme court.[41]

Judicial and philosophical leanings

The jurists/judges do not represent or receive the official political endorsements from the nation's political parties which is an acceptable professional
practice in the executive branch of the government.:199200[42] As their American counterparts in the U.S. Supreme Court, the Jurists philosophical leanings
in the Supreme Court are often categorized as conservative, moderate, liberal, and textualist that reflected in their judicial interpretation of the judgements in
the impending cases of importance.:xxx[43][44]:6768[45]

In 1947, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah confirmed the nomination of Justice Sir Abdul Rashid, at the behest of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali-Khan,
was said to be a national conservative leanings in his judgement.:6065[45] His successor, Chief Justice Muh'd Munir, was a liberal in his jurisprudence but
sided with conservative judgement when validated dissolution of the first Constituent Assembly in 1954 and the National Assembly in 1958 in the light of
doctrine of necessity.:67[45] Under the Chief Justice Muh'd Shahabuddin, the Supreme Court had the conservative leanings in regards to the constitutionalism
and their judgements in the cases of important issues.:6768[45] Chief Justice Shahabuddin plays a crucial role in drafting the second set of the Constitution of
Pakistan which incorporated the liberal ideas with the important Islamic provisions.:68[45]

In 1960, President Ayub Khan appointed Justice Alvin Robert Cornelius who took much liberal approach in his jurisprudence when deciding cases on
fundamental rights against the executive overreach.:436[3] Justice Cornelius led Supreme Court's verdicts on many constitutional cases were carefully sided
with the Islamic ideas but provided much broader role of liberal ideas to safeguard the fundamental rights ordinary citizens while being critical of the state
emergency.:437[3]

In 1968, the Supreme Court greatly divided when Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman presided the case hearings after President Yahya Khan declared martial
law and suspended the writ of the constitution.:59[46] In the views of Chief Justice Rahman, the martial law was invalid and notably ruled that Yahya Khan's
assumption of power was "illegal usurpation".[46] The Supreme Court also overruled and overturned its convictions that called for validation of martial law
in 1958.[46] Despite rulings, there was a split decision between the moderation justices, including Chief Justice Rahman, and conservative leaning justices of

the Supreme Court who "condoned" the actions in the light of "doctrine of necessity". :6061[46] The de jure powers of the Supreme Court has increased since
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the Supreme Court who "condoned" the actions in the light of "doctrine of necessity".:6061[46] The de jure powers of the Supreme Court has increased since
presiding the War Enquiry Commission in 1974, intervening in events that Supreme Court justices viewed as violation of human rights by the executive's
authorities.

In 1977, the Supreme Court had again legalized the martial law in 1977 in the light of "doctrine of necessity" and denied took petitions to review its decision.
During this time, Supreme Court justices were described as notoriously conservatives and only few moderats, appointed by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto as his role as President in 197173.:1915[2] The Supreme Court, however, did took the petitions to review the case of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, after his
counsels filed an appeal against the verdict of Lahore High Court.:365[47] The Constitution Bench formed under Chief Justice Sh. Anwarul Haq, had
contained Justice Muhammad Akram, Justice Dorab Patel, Justice Mohammad Haleem, Justice Nasim Hasan Shah, Justice Ghulam safdar Shah, Justice
Kareem Illahi, Justice Waheedudin Ahmad, and Justice Kaisar Khan.:61[48] By 1979, the Supreme Court greatly divided with Justice Dorab Patel, Justice
G.S. Shah, and Justice Moh'd Haleem, who had the moderate and liberal leanings in their jurisprudence strongly disagreed with Bhutto's sentence of Capital
punishment.:273274[49] On the other hand, Chief Justice Haq, Justice N.H. Shah, Justice Waheedudin Ahmad, and Justice Kaisar Khan, were described as
having conservative/texualist ideology in their rulings and found Bhutto suitable for capital punishment; hench, marking a split decision by 4:3.[50]

In 1993, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto controversially elevated the Supreme Court jurist, SA Shah, who had known for his liberal jurisprudence, as Chief
Justice over two senior ranking jurists at the Supreme Court.:xxx[51] However, Justice Shah's judicial leanings did not protected the Benazir' administration
when it was dismissed by President Farooq Leghari over allegations on corruption.:xxx[51] In 1997, judicial crises reached its peak when Supreme Judicial
Council took up the case against Justice Shah's appointment who eventually resigned from his office and succeeded by conservative jurist Ajmal Mian, only
to be replaced with conservative jurist Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui as the new Chief Justice.:6364[52]

On 12 October 1999, the Supreme Court partially validated the martial law in the light of "doctrine of necessity" on the technicality but Chief Justice
Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui decided to hear the petitions over the legality of the martial law.:25[53] Although, the Supreme Court had only validated the martial
law for three-years only, the Supreme Court's jurists and Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui in clear view of this coup as a "violation of constitution" as Sharif's
lawyers made a ground base for finding Musharraf of treason.[54]

General Musharraf, acting as Chief Executive, forcefully retired the conservative leaning jurists and elevated the judges who had known to have libertarian
views in their jurisprudence at the Supreme Court, including Justice Irshad Hasan as Chief Justice.:145[55] In 2002, The Supreme Court supervised the
general elections successfully oversaw the transition of power from the office of Chief Executive to Prime minister.:350[56] The legalization of Contempt of
court act further strengthened the judicial independence of the Supreme Court in 2004 when Shaukat Aziz became prime minister.:350351[56]

Physical membership of the court

The justices and jurists of the supreme court are set to retire at the age of 65, unless the jurists sooner resign or are removed from office, or records written
reasons for deviating from this rule in accordance with the Constitution.[57] By an act of parliament of 1997, there is a fixed number of justices at 17 and, as
of current, there are currently sixteen judges and one vacancy that is yet to fill.:14[58][59] There are two ad-hoc appointment of the jurists from the Federal
Shariat Court to assist with religiosity concerned cases.[60]

Chief Justice of Pakistan and justices

As of current formation, Hon'ble Justice Saqib Nisar is currently tenuring as the Chief Justice of Pakistan, having
being appointed on 31 December 2016.[61] The Supreme Court is currently composed of the following Justices (in
order of seniority), that included the seventeen regular judges including the Chief Justice and two ad-hoc judges who
were reappointed again after their retirement.[62]

The ad-hoc appointments are due to fill the Shariat Appellate Bench that is composed on legal scholars that has
expertised on Islamic jurisprudence since its establishment in 1980.[63] The ad-hoc appointments for this bench are
drawn either from the Federal Shariat Court or from among the Clergy.[64] Decisions made the Federal Shariat Court
Supreme Court of Pakistan from govt
may be appealed to the Appellate Bench, as the Appellate Bench of Supreme Court is the final authority on Islamic
flats, Islamabad.
interpretation of law in Pakistan.[65]

Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan

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Court of
Order Name Appointment Retirement Notes
Precedence
Appointed on 18 February 2010 and
Lahore High
1 Chief Justice Saqib Nisar 18 February 2010 17 January 2019 elevated to Chief Justice on 31 December
Court
2016.
Lahore High Second in the seniority list, he will become
2 Justice A. S. Khosa 18 February 2010 20 December 2019
Court 26th Chief Justice of Pakistan.[66]
Justice Afzal Khan (http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/p Peshawar
3 17 November 2011 7 May 2018 He is third in the seniority list.
age.asp?id=820%7CEjaz) High Court
Justice Gulzar Ahmed (http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/we Sindh High Fourth in the seniority list, he will become
4 16 November 2011 1 February 2022
b/page.asp?id=822) Court 27th Chief Justice of Pakistan.[66]
Justice Sh. Azmat Saeed (http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/ Lahore High
5 1 June 2012 19 August 2019
web/page.asp?id=1074) Court
Justice Mushir Allam (http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/we Sindh High
6 20 September 2013 18 August 2021
b/page.asp?id=1653) Court
Peshawar
7 Justice D. M. Khan 31 January 2014 20 March 2018
High Court
According to the seniority list, he will
Justice Umar Ata Bandial (http://www.supremecourt.gov.p Lahore High
8 17 June 2014 16 September 2023 become the 28th Chief Justice of
k/web/page.asp?id=1854) Court
Pakistan.[66].
According to the seniority list, he will
Balochistan
9 Justice Qazi Faez Isa 5 September 2014 26 October 2024 become the 29th Chief Justice of
High Court
Pakistan.[66]
Justice Maqbool Baqar (http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/w Sindh High
10 17 February 2015 4 April 2022
eb/page.asp?id=1920) Court
Justice Manzoor Ahmad Malik (http://www.supremecourt.g Lahore High
11 5 November 2015 30 April 2021
ov.pk/web/page.asp?id=2053) Court
Justice Sardar Tariq Masood (http://www.supremecourt.gov. Lahore High
12 5 November 2015 10 March 2024
pk/web/page.asp?id=2054) Court
Sindh High
13 Justice Faisal Arab 14 December 2015 4 November 2020
Court
According to the seniority list, he will
Justice Ijaz-ul-Ahsan (http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/we Lahore High
14 28 June 2016 4 August 2025 become the 30th Chief Justice of
b/page.asp?id=2220)[67] Court
Pakistan.[66]
Peshawar
15 Justice M. A. Khan[68] 30 December 2016 13 July 2022
High Court
Justice Sajjad Ali Shah (http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/w Sindh High
16 14 March 2017 13 August 2022
eb/page.asp?id=2427) Court
17 Vacant Pending Pending N/A Nomination Pending

Ad hoc appointments of the Shariat Appellate Bench

Institution of
Order Name listings Appointments Retirement Alma mater
Precedence
Justice Dr. Muhammad Al-Ghazali (http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/w International Islamic Islamia University,
18 n/a n/a
eb/page.asp?id=719) University Bahawalpur
Justice Dr. Khalid Masud (http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.a International Islamic McGill University,
19 n/a n/a
sp?id=1218)[69] University Canada

Registry and officers

The registry of the Supreme Court is its appointed officers who is assisted by registrars, several additional and deputy registrars, gazetted officers, and other
law clerks.[70] The registry branches provides speedy justice of all nature of crimes and disputes to the people living in remote areas in the country, while
keeping the civil registry of the people.[70]

There are five registry of the supreme court: Islamabad,[70] Karachi,[71] Lahore,[72] Peshawar,[73] and Quetta.[74]

The Officers and Registrars are appointed by the supreme court with the approval from the Chief Justices of High Courts and the President and may make
rules providing for the appointment by for their terms and conditions of employment that is granted by the Constitution.[75]

Law clerks and supreme court advocates

The Supreme Court has an extensive competitive program for the appointment of the law clerks and research associates at the Supreme Court Library.[76]
The Supreme Court hires the law clerks based on the recommendations provided by their professors from their respected universities and colleges.[77] Law
clerks reviews the petitions for writ of certiorari, research them, prepare bench memorandums, and draft opinions, and reported back to the supreme court's
administrative registrar.[77] As of current, the supreme court has 10 law clerks for the 2016-17 year.[78]

The Pakistan Bar Council provides qualification for senior advocates, barristers, lawyers, and selected civil court judges to be elevated as Advocate Supreme
Court (ASC) based on individual experience, qualifications, and selected invitations.[79]

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Court campus and facilities

The Supreme Court Building is located at the Constitution Avenue in Islamabad, flanked by the Prime Minister's
Secretariat to the south, the Presidential Palace and the Parliament Building to the north.[80]

Initially, the Supreme Court met in Karachi and later moved to Lahore/Rawalpindi on various location until 1960
after the government moved to Islamabad.[80] The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Islamabad
Police, maintaining the law and order as well as campus security of the court.[81]

The Supreme Court Building is designed by the renowned Japanese architect, Kenzo Tange, in a modernist style
complimenting the Parliament Building.[80] The CDA Engineering and the Environmental Protection Agency
supervised the engineering the Supreme Court's monument and civil works infrastructure throughout its lengthy
construction since the 1960s.[80] In the 1980s90s, CDA Engineering later expanded infrastructure of the Supreme
The Supreme Court of Pakistan.
Court especially when building the Supreme Court's law library.[80]|

The Court Complex is comprised on Main Central Block, Judges Chamber's block, and Administrative Block, covering 339,861sq. ft2.[80] Administration of
the Court is supervised by the Chief Justice who exercise the powers through the Registrars, Law clerks, Librarians, and private secretaries to run the judicial
functions in proper manner.[82]

The Court complex judges' chambers, a separate building consisting of the law library, various meeting spaces, and auxiliary services including a lecture
auditorium.[80] There is an Elizabethan-styled entrance hall, cafeteria, conference rooms, and a vintage Dining Hall, that resembles the Victorian era.[80] The
Supreme Court Library contains the collection of 72,000 law books, reports and journals is situated in the basement.[80]

Supreme Court Museum: The Supreme Court Museum serves as an invaluable repository for preserving the Judicial History of Post and pre-Independence
era for future generation.:12[83] The Museums collections include fine arts, oral histories, photographs, personal belongings of Honble Judges and Chief
Justices and an archival collection of rare documents.:2[83] These collections are displayed in the permanent exhibit gallery of the Museum, as well as in
temporary exhibits; surely in future these archival materials will be assets to the researchers.:3[83] The idea of Supreme Court Museum was dreamt in year
2010 by Chief Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani and completed in the June 2016.:56[83]

Jurisdiction
The Supreme Court has all the original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction on all of country's courts hence, the Supreme Court is the final arbitrator of all
cases where the decision has been reached.[84]:15[58] In 1976, the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court was contraint and limited by the passing of Fifth
Amendment to the Constitution but its powers were originally restored in 1985 through the Eighth Amendment, which further expanded the jurisdiction of
the Supreme Court.[85]

The Supreme Court enjoys a powerful jurisdiction in the country including on the federal government, provincial governments, governmental agencies,
NGOs, and where the government and governmental agencies fails to perform its mandated duty to protect the basic human rights or deviating from the law
in light of taking the Suo motu notice.[86][87]

From 20082013, the Supreme Court repeatedly exercise its suo motu power in a view of check and balance on the governmental authorities to prevent abuse
of human rights and to prevent the miscarriage of justice.[88]

The independent jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is taken as positive by the legal observers as an attempt of providing a fair, speedy, and public trial of
authorities accused of abusing the basic human rights.[86] Commenting of the issue of suo motu, Justice K.M. Sharif critically opined: "[Supreme Court]'s
jurisdiction will take notice of every matter in which the executive is showing slackness."[86] The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has
jurisdiction over the direct appeals from high courts decisions, as powers granted by the Constitution as an appellate jurisdiction.[89]

The Supreme Court also has an original jurisdiction in any dispute between any two or more provincial governments or the Government of Pakistan itself
where the Supreme Court may pronounce declaratory judgments only to settle the disputes.[90] However, almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court
on appeal, making the cases considered based on original jurisdiction rarely.:275[91] On events involving the legal and technical issues concerning the
implementation of law and the writ of constitution, Supreme Court has an advisory jurisdiction to answer questions and provides written opinions on public
importance as consulted by the President upon the request from the Prime Minister.[92]

In addition, the Supreme Court also enjoys the plenary jurisdiction and may exercise its plenary powers for passing appropriate orders to ensure the
completion of its orders and to complete the justice at all levels of commands.[93]:231[94]

Rules and Process

Rulings and transfer of cases

The Supreme Court is empowers to frame its own rules for the purpose of regulating the practice and procedure of the Court.[95] When the cases are
determined as their final rulings, the jurists deliver their rulings in an open court, either at once or may announced future date to the concerning parties
through their advocates upon writing their opinions during their recesses.:2223[96]

All cases that comes before the supreme court through the writs of certiorari that are processed through the law clerks and advocates.:23[96] The Supreme
Court has powers to transfer any case, appeals, or other pendings proceedings before any High Courts to any subordinated court if the supreme court
considers it expedient to do so in the interest of justice and speedy trial.[97] The Supreme Court may issues advisory directions, orders, and decrees in any
case or matter pending in the high courts necessary for doing the complete justice, including an order for the purpose of securing the attendance of any
person or the discovery or production of any document.[98] The directions and orders issued by the Supreme Court are finals despite questions are arises
during the hearings in the High Court for the directions provided the Supreme court.[99]

Oral arguments and decisions

When the cert petitions are granted by the Supreme Court, the case is then set for the oral arguments, issuing orders to advocates of concerning parties in the
case of importance.:6[100] If the parties, despite the opportunity granted by the court to make oral submissions, do not avail the same, the court is not bound
to wait indefinitely for them and keep on adjourning the matter.:67[100] During the time of the orality by either sides of the parties, the Justices may interrupt
the advocate and ask questions.:7[100]
The petitioner gives the first presentation, and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent's arguments after the 6/14
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the advocate and ask questions.:7[100] The petitioner gives the first presentation, and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent's arguments after the
respondent has concluded.:7[100]

At the conclusion of oral argument, the case is submitted for the final judgements where cases are decided by majority vote of the Justices.:1025[101] It is
possible that, through recusals or vacancies, the Court divides evenly on a case, as such happened on the case Nusrat Bhutto v. Federation of Pakistan (1977-
78).[46]

Review Petition and actions

Despite its final rulings, the Supreme Court may review any case upon the filing of review petition of any party to any civil and criminal case of any
decisions, judgements/rulings have been pronounced by the Supreme Court.[102] The party that filed an appealed through the supreme court advocates to the
Supreme Court is the Appellant and the non-mover is the respondent, where all case names before the Supreme Court are styled "petitioner/appellant vs.
defendants/respondent".:104105[96]

All decisions that are pronounced by the supreme court, after hearing the review petitions, are considered as final rulings that are to be binding on all other
courts in Pakistan.[103] The Constitution also empowers the Supreme Court to call upon any authority, either an executive or judicial, to act in aid of the
Supreme Court to ensure its rulings are delivered to complete justice.[104]

Published opinions and Citations

The Supreme Court of Pakistan Press is the official authority that publishes the reportable Supreme Court's decisions and opinions, as well as judicial
supplements, law reports, and bibliographies.[105] The Supreme Court's opinions are first published and is made available on the Court's web site, in form of
"press release."[106] Secondly, comprehensive opinions and orders are bound together in paperback form in which the final version of the Court's opinions
appears which is called a preliminary print of "Annual Report".[107][108]

About a year after the paperbacks are published, a final and more cited volume of decision of supreme court volume of Annual Report is published and
numbered whereas the researchers may cite the works in their reports.[109]

Supreme Court Bar Association

All supreme court advocates are required to be a member of the Supreme Court Bar Association in order to plead the cases before the court.:12[110] Formed
and established in 1989, the Bar comprises the supreme court lawyers who are elected from all over the country and is aimed to uphold the rule of law, cause
of justice and protect the interest of the legal profession as well as that of public.[111]

The Bar is governed by an executive council consisting of 22 elected members with an elected President.[112] Advocate can be admitted as either individuals
or as groups and their admission is approves by the elected President of the Bar.:23[110] Members of the Supreme Court Bar Association are also granted
access to the Supreme Court Library's research collection and law periodicals.:34[110]

Institutional de jure powers

The Supreme Court has played an influential and pivotal role in the political history of the country since its inception in 1947, and has taken constitutional
role for protecting the rights in the light of "doctrine of necessity".:236[113] The de jure institutional powers of the Supreme Court as outlined in the
Constitution can only be understood as an exemplary of constitutional cases involving the actions of the Pakistan's military turning over the civilian
government in an attempt to restore law and order to prevent chaos in the society.:236[113]

In 1954, the Court under Chief Justice Moh'd Munir exercised its institutional power in a supreme court case (Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan vs. Federation of
Pakistan) when it validated the dismissal of Constituent Assembly, whereas M.A. Bogra continued to serve as Prime Minister under Governor-General Sir
Malik Ghulam.:118119[114] There were three constitutional cases overheard by the Supreme Court:

1. Federation of Pakistan et al v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan

2. Usil Patel v. Two others v. The Crown
3. Special Reference made by the Governor-General of Pakistan

First, the Supreme Court validated the Governor-General's actions in case 1 but soon considered such powers as Ultra vires in case 2 and case 3. However,
the Court found it legal in its jurisdiction in thrice cases when it validated the actions under the impression of "doctrine of necessity".:236[113] Despite its
rulings, the Court maintained its institutional authority over the Governor-General's actions and ultimately supervised the election of the Constituent
Assembly which was transformed into National Assembly of Parliament that promulgated the first set of Constitution of Pakistan.:119121[114]

In 1969, Supreme Court justices again heard the petitions against the suspension of the second set of the Constitution when army chief General Yahya Khan
took over the presidency amid the resignation of President Ayub Khan.:59[46] This constitutional case cited as, "Asma Jillani v. Government of the Punjab",
evenly divided the justices on this issue but bitterly approved such actions in the light of "necessity doctrine", with Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman
critically opined against this actions as he notably ruled that Yahya Khan's assumption of power was "illegal usurpation".:5960[46] In doing so, the Supreme
Court also overruled and overturned its convictions that called for validation of martial law in 1958.:6061[46]

The institutional influence of Supreme Court on the political events in the country grew since 1971 after the conclusion of the War Enquiry Commission that
provided far reaching insightful recommendations to prevent foreign intervention.[115] In 1975, the institutional powers of the Supreme Court were constraint
after the passing of the fifth amendment that ultimately disturbed the check and balance system in the country, that eventually strain the executive and
judiciary relations.[85] In 1977, the Supreme Court courted by Chief Justice S. Anwarul Haq used the institutional powers to provide a legality to justify the
actions resulted in martial law to dismiss the Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto but decided to hear a petition to review the death sentence awarded by the
Lahore High Court after the murder trial reached to its conclusion.:103[116] In a controversial leanings of 4:3, the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence
and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto but it maintained its institutional integrity while taking many cases involving the Zia administration.[117] The institutional de jure
powers of the Supreme Court were restored to its original position after the passing of the Eighth Amendment in 1985.[85]

After the military takeover of the civilian government, the pro-democracy organizations and PML(N)'s lawyers challenged the legality of the military
takeover, asking the supreme court to review its rulings.[118] After the lengthy court battle between Sharif's and Musharraf's lawyers, the Supreme Court was
in a clear view of the military take over as "unconstitutional" but favoured the legality on necessity grounds that was viewed as very limited, on 12 May
2000.[119][120][121]

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Widely publicised case, the Nawaz Sharif vs. Federation, the supreme court relied its judgement based on the principle of salus populi est suprema lex and
rejected the options of "complete surrender" to the regime or total opposition which, in its judgement, would have led to the "closure of the courts".[120] Due
to the Thirteenth Amendment removed the effective check and balance of branches of the government, the supreme court marked its reference using the
"Necessitas facit licitum quod alias non est licitum" and asserted on the right of the Superior Courts to review the orders, proceedings, acts, and legislative
measures of the Musharraf regime.[120] In addition, the situation was termed by the supreme court as a "case of constitutional deviation for a transitional
period", and accepted Musharraf's argument for holding the national elections within two-to-three years, giving Musharraf until 12 May 2002 to hold new
elections.[120] While issuing a lengthy judgement, the supreme court effectively established its institutional authority on Musharraf as it reserved for its right
to review and re-examine the continuation of Musharraf's emergency powers.[120]

Before this judgement, Musharraf did not hint a timetable for the restoration of democracy having argued that it needed an indefinite and possibly
prolonged time to reform the country Musharraf publicly submitted to the Court's judgement.[122][120] Several of Pakistani legal theorists have posited that
Pakistan's "grundnorm", the basis for its Constitutional convention and system of laws, continues in effect (and the Supreme Court therefore retains its
authority) even when the written constitution is suspended by the imposition of a military dictablanda.[120]

Contempt of court

The Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to exercise its powers of contempt of court to punish any person or an authority found of scandalizing,
abusing, interfering, and obstructing the procedures of the court or its rulings.[123] In 20012002, there were additional amendments made that further
empowers the Supreme Court and its institutional powers to struck any federal authority found on the charges of contempt of court.[124]

In a much publicized case, the Supreme Court effectively used its constitutional powers when it ceased Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani from running the
government when the court found him guilty of contempt of court charges hench disqualified the prime minister from holding any public offices in the
country.[125][126]

Literary criticism of the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court has been given literary criticism by historians and authors of history of Pakistan for validating the martial law against the elected
governments of Pakistan by the military interventions.[36]

Lawyer's movement, long march, and judicial activism

In 2007, it was reported widely by the news media that the Military Intelligence officials, acting under then-President and army chief General Pervez
Musharraf, were using photographs of the justices involved with prostitutes to blackmail and pressurize the supreme court justices to take the oath of
allegiance and make rulings favorable to the then-President Musharraf.[127]

The Lawyer's movement, allied with the Rule of Law movement led by PML(N), eventually called for a successful long march to have to justices of the
supreme court restored before state of emergency imposed in 2007.[128] Led under the direction of PML(N)'s President Nawaz Sharif, now the Prime
Minister, the long march effectively restored the supreme court justices when Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani appeared on national television, only to
announced the announced unconditional restoration of the judiciary.[128]

On immediate effect on 17 March 2009, Justices Javaid Iqbal, Ijaz Ahmed, K. R. Ramday, and Fayaz Ahmad were restored to their position as of 2
November 2007 with Justice Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry assuming the post of Chief Justice on 22 March 2009.[128] The news media pundits eventually
noted that it was General Tariq Majid, then-Chairman joint chiefs, and General Ashfaq Pervez Kiani, then-army chief, had played an ambiguous role in
intervening and encouraging a rapprochement between the government and the opposition.[128] Neither side acknowledged this role, however, until lawyers'
movement leader Aitezaz Ahsan publicly admitted Kayani's role.[128] There were mass speculations that protestors and law enforcement agencies would
have violently collided otherwise had they not intervened.[128]

The restoration of the justices that resulted from the immense public pressure led to the judiciary to begin a quest for independence with an aim to ensure a
strong and efficient judicial system that could quickly deliver justice to the public.[128] The Supreme Court took notice of several important constitutional
and other cases in the period that related to the public interest. These cases of importance included the constitutional petitions and judgements on:

Constitution Petition No. 8 & 9 of 2009

Dr. Mubashir Hussain vs. Federation of Pakistan
Missing Person vs. the Federation of Pakistan et.al
Petitioners vs. Federation of Pakistan et.al
Steel Workers Union vs. Federation of Pakistan et.al
Applicants vs. NICL et.al.

The Supreme Court rendered its judgement declare the appointments based upon PCO on 3 November 2007 as null and void as well as declaring the NRO as
also null and voided that ultimately opened the investigations and cases against then-President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Gillani.[128]

The Supreme Court became extremely vigilant on corruption cases related to the Gillani administration, effectively led to the government shutdown and
critics noted that the judicial activism slowed of government productivity without corruption has created a tension between the Chaudhry Court and the
Gillani administration in 2008 till 2013.[128]

Constitutional petitions No. 8 and 9 of 2009

Of the 14 justices that rendered a verdict related to taking an oath under the PCO, 12 had taken the oath themselves. However, they controversially did not
apply the judgement to themselves.

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Name Status
Mr. Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, CJ. Took Oath on PCO as Chief Justice Balochistan High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Javed Iqbal Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Balochistan High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Sardar Muhammad Raza Khan Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Peshawar High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Khalil-ur-Rehman Ramday Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Lahore High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Mian Shakirullah Jan Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Peshawar High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Lahore High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Nasir-ul-Mulk Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Peshawar High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Raja Fayyaz Ahmed Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Balochistan High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Ch. Ijaz Ahmed Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Lahore High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Ghulam Rabbani Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Sindh High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Sarmad Jalal Osmany Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Sindh High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Muhammad Sair Ali Khattak Appointed as a Judge of the Lahore High Court Lahore on 2 May 2001
Mr. Justice Mahmood Akhtar Shahid Siddiqui Appointed as a Judge of the Lahore High Court Lahore on 21 September 2001
Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Lahore High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Jawwad S. Khawaja.
Mr. Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Sindh High Court on 26 January 2000

As a result of the 31 July 2009 decision handed down in the case of Constitutional Petitions 8 and 9 of 2009, the following justices resigned before their
cases were referred to Supreme Judicial Council:

Status on 2 Nov
Name Appointed PCO oath, Result of Judgement
2007
Faqir Muhammad 10 January Supreme Court Khokkhar resigned from the Court on 5 August 2009. His normal retirement would have been
Khokhar 2002.[129] Judge 15 April 2010[130]
Justice M. Javed Supreme Court Buttar resigned from the Court on 5 August 2009. His normal retirement would have been 15
29 July 2004[129]
Buttar Judge November 2013[130]

In addition to the above justices, the following justices were removed from the Supreme Court of Pakistan[131] on the ground that their appointment to the
court was made without consultation with the de jure Chief Justice of Pakistan.

Status on 2
Name Appointed PCO oath, Result of Judgement
Nov 2007
Justice Peshawar
Khan became a Supreme Court justice on 6 November 2007. He was removed and deemed to have
Muhammad 6 November 2007 High Court
retired as a judge.
Qaim Jan Khan Judge
Peshawar
Justice Ijaz-ul- Ijaz-ul-Hassan became a Supreme Court justice 6 November 2007. He was removed and deemed to
6 November 2007 High Court
Hassan have retired as a judge.
Judge
Justice
Mohammad Judge Sindh Legari became a Supreme Court justice 6 November 2007. He was removed and deemed to have
6 November 2007
Moosa K. High Court retired as a judge.
Legari
Chairman
Justice Ch. Yousaf was a retired Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court before he became a Supreme Court
6 November 2007 Press
Ejaz Yousaf justice.[132] He was removed from the bench.
Council[132]
Justice Zia Judge Sindh Perwez became a Supreme Court justice 13 November 2007. Perwez was removed and reinstated as a
13 November 2007
Perwez High Court judge for the Sindh High Court.
Justice Mian Lahore High Farooq became a Supreme Court justice 10 December 2007. He was removed and deemed to have
10 December 2007
Hamid Farooq Court Judge retired as a judge.
Justice Syed
Lahore High Bokhari became a Supreme Court justice 10 December 2007. He was removed and reinstated as a
Sakhi Hussain 10 December 2007
Court Judge judge for the Lahore High Court.
Bokhari
Justice Syed Retired Sindh
Jaffery became a Supreme Court justice 10 December 2007. He was removed and deemed to have
Zawwar 10 December 2007 High court
retired as a judge.
Hussain Jaffery Judge
Justice Sheikh 8 February Lahore High Ali became a Supreme Court justice 8 February 2008. He was removed and deemed to have retired as a
Hakim Ali 2008[133] Court Judge judge.
Justice Retired
Muhammad 8 February Lahore High
Mahmud became a Supreme Court justice 8 February 2008. He was removed from the bench.
Furrukh 2008[134] Court
Mahmud Judge[130]
Osmany refused the PCO oath and was appointed to Supreme Court on 19 September 2008. He was
Hon. Sarmad Sindh High
19 September 2008 removed from the bench of Supreme Court and reverted to a Sindh High Court Judge. He was then
Jalal Osmany Court Judge
appointed as Chief Justice of Sindh High Court on 1 August 2009.
Justice Sardar
Lahore High Aslam took the PCO oath on 3 November 2007 and became a Supreme Court Justice on 7 March 2009.
Muhammad 7 March 2009
Court Judge He was removed and deemed to have retired.
Aslam

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Controversial aspect of the decision

The decision of the Court summarily removed all justices of the higher judiciary who were not part of it as of 2 November 2007. Their removal was ordered
on the grounds that the de jure Chief Justice was not allowed to advise in these cases. In the same decision the court held that the de jure Chief Justice from 3
November 2007 to 22 March 2009 was Justice Chaudhry.[128]

There were three groups of removed justices:

Those elevated to higher courts who initially took oath under the PCO
Those who were elevated to higher courts after restoration of the Constitution and were appointed by Musharraf
Those who were elevated to higher courts after restoration of the Constitution and were appointed by Asif Ali Zardari

The Supreme Court bench that rendered the decision consisted entirely of justices who had taken oath under the PCO of 1999 themselves, but were already
sitting justices of the higher judiciary at the time and had taken a constitutional oath. The 1999 PCO and decisions made under it were given constitutional
protection by Seventeenth amendment.[128]

This decision has resulted in situations where:

1. newly appointed justices who never took any sort of oath under any PCO have been removed
2. sitting justices who took an oath under the 2007 PCO are still acting as justices, though their cases will be sent to Supreme Judicial Council
3. sitting justices who were reappointed and took oath under Justice Dogar are still acting as justices with no action
4. justices who took oath under the PCO of 1999 are still functioning as justices of higher judiciary

Critics of the decision question the fact that some PCO judges are still working and some non-PCO judges have been sacked.

Review petition filed by Lahore High Court non-PCO removed judges

Removed ad hoc judges of the Lahore High Court have filed several petitions in the Supreme Court in Lahore for review of its judgment, which sent 76
judges of Supreme Courts and High Courts immediately home.

These judges argue that they were qualified to be appointed as judges of the High Court in accordance with the requirements of Article 193(2)of the 1973
Constitution and were offered to serve as ad hoc judges following the consultation required under the Constitution. They accepted the offer and took oath
when the state of emergency was lifted. They never took oath under a PCO and continued performing the functions of judges of the High Court until
judgement was rendered against them.

These judges were appointed by Lahore High Court Chief Justice Justice Zahid Hussain, who is still a justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and is not
being tried before the Supreme Judicial Counsel.

The petition also noted that none of the sacked judges were made parties to the decision against them, nor were they able to comment in the hearing or in
some cases aware that the hearing was taking place. They also allege that no copy of the decision was sent to the High Court or to the judges concerned.

Key Controversial points

According one news article,[135] the Supreme Court has applied its judgement retroactively, having effect from 3 November 2007. The 14-member Supreme
Court bench has not, however, applied the sanction to judges who took oath under the 1999 PCO. Some of these are current justices, and some have not yet
taken a constitutional oath.

Critics of the decision also argue that it is inconsistent with the principles laid down in Malik Asad Ali's case where it was held that the Chief Justice was
bound by the Court's judgement. Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah was removed from office based on this case.

Inconsistently with the decision, the present Chief Justice Chaudhry has accepted the stance of the government that Justice Dogar was the Chief Justice until
his retirement.

Following the decision, the official website of Supreme Court was hacked by an unknown person. The hacked website made derogatory remarks about Chief
Justice Chaudhry.

See also
Punjab Bar Council
Pakistan Bar Council
Law Minister of Pakistan
Lists of Pakistan Supreme Court cases
Islamabad High Court
Peshawar High Court
Balochistan High Court
Sindh High Court
Lahore High Court

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External links
Supreme Court of Pakistan (http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk)
Constitutional Supreme Court of Pakistan (http://www.supremecourtpakistan.org)
Law and Justice Commission Government of Pakistan (http://www.ljcp.gov.pk/)
Supreme Court of Pakistan (http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/user_files/File/SCP_Annual_Report_2015_2016.pdf)

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