Physics Work, Energy and Power

PHYSICS 11
Work, Energy and Power
Energy
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Work and Energy
ENERGY
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Energy
Abstract quantity; no exact definition
Scalar quantity (no direction)
Manifested in different forms
Potential energy position dependent
Kinetic energy motion dependent
Thermal energy heat
Solar energy - radiation
Potential energy
Stored energy of the object
Related to its position or configuration
Gravitational PE Elastic PE
Due to gravity Due to elastic property
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Potential energy
Gravitational potential energy
Related to position
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Potential energy
Height h depends on the reference
object
h2
h1 Measured from 3rd floor
Measured from the ground
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Potential energy
Elastic potential energy
Related to its displacement from
equilibrium (unstretched) position
k is the spring constant

x is the displacement from unstretched position
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Kinetic energy
Dynamical form of energy
Depends on the speed
resources.yesican-science.ca
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Energy
Quantity involved in all interactions leading to a
changes in states of objects/systems
Changes in system configuration
Changes in thermal properties
Changes in state of motion of an object
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ssbow-elastic-potential.gif
flickr.com
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:8fOrxeBZ0H9rEM:http://weblogs
.sun-sentinel.com/news/weather/hurricane/blog/Hot-Cold.jpg
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Energy
Quantity involved in all interactions leading to a
changes in states of objects/systems
Changes in system configuration
Changes in thermal properties
Changes in state of motion of an object
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/cro
ssbow-elastic-potential.gif
flickr.com
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:8fOrxeBZ0H9rEM:http://weblogs
.sun-sentinel.com/news/weather/hurricane/blog/Hot-Cold.jpg
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Law of Conservation of Energy (COE)
Energy is neither created nor
destroyed. But it can be
transformed into another form.
where E K UG U E
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Energy is neither created nor
destroyed. But it can be
transformed into another form.
K 1 U G1 U E 1 K 2 U G 2 U E 2
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U maximum
K zero
(biker momentarily stops)
E K U
U increases
K decreases
h2 U decreases
K increases
E K U h1 h3 E K U
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Total Energy REMAINS CONSTANT.
But it can be transformed from KE to PE and vice-versa.
U maximum
K zero
(biker momentarily stops)
E K U
U increases
K decreases
h2 U decreases
K increases
E K U h1 h3 E K U
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(1) Ball released from rest
at height h
E K U
(2) Ball falling downward E K U Ano daw beshie?
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(1) Ball released from rest
1
at height h
mgh mv 2 mgh2
2
E K U
2
(2) Ball falling downward E K U Ano daw beshie?
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WORK AND ENERGY
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MOTION IN 1D WITH CONSTANT FORCES
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Work done by constant forces
If force is constant
Magnitude and direction not changing
Example of constant forces:

WEIGHT
W mg
m = mass of object
FRICTION
g = gravity
= coefficient of friction
N = normal force
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To get Friction
Need to determine NORMAL force first
NORMAL force is the force exerted by the surface
acting on the object
Normal force
FN
THERE MUST BE A SURFACE TO WHICH THE

OBJECT IS IN CONTACT WITH
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Friction
For a leveled surface,
W=mg
The friction force is then equal to
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Friction
For an incline plane,
The friction force is then equal to
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Friction
Is a constant force
For Leveled surface
For Inclined plane
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Work DONE by constant force
Work is the product of force and displacement

W F d cos

F Constant force
Displacement covered by
d the object
Angle between the force and the displacement
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Work DONE by constant force

W F d cos

F Constant force
Displacement covered by
d the object
Angle between the force and the displacement
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Work Standard unit

W F d cos
Joule ( J ) Standard Unit of work
and of energy
1 J 1 N .m
Conversion factor:
1 J 1 kg .m / s
2 2
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Work Physics definition
Zero Angle
when the force acts PARALLEL to the direction of the
objects displacement

W F d cos 0 0

d

F
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Work is negative
when the force acts opposite to the direction of the
objects displacement

d

Friction is a force that
F does NEGATIVE WORK.
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Zero Work
when the force acts perpendicular to the direction of
the objects displacement

F d
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SO the point is.
IT IS IMPORTANT to know the angle between the Force
and the direction of displacement

W F d cos

F d
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Work A scalar product
Work is the dot product of force and displacement
Recall that:
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Work A scalar product
Work is the dot product of force and displacement
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Work done by many CONSTANT forces
Get the work done by each force
Work done by each force just add up
F1
F2
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Get the work done by each force
Work done by each force just add up
Wtotal W F 1 W F 2 ...
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Since the object moves along one displacement, d
Wtotal F1 cos 1 F2 cos 2 ... d
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Work done by Friction
Friction is a constant force
W fd cos 180 0
W mgd
For Leveled surface
f mg
For Inclined plane

f mg cos W mgd cos
is the angle of the inclined plane from the ground
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Test your understanding
Specify if the work done in each situation is +,- or 0
You slowly lower your bag to your chair. What is the sign of the
work done BY YOUR HAND on the bag?
Negative. Force is upward, displacement is downward.
You slowly lower your bag to your chair. What is the sign of the
work done BY GRAVITY on the bag?
Positive. Force is downward, displacement is downward
You lift your bag from your chair to your shoulder. What is the sign
of the work done BY GRAVITY on the bag?
Negative. Force downward and displacement upward.
You carry your bag and walk 1.0 m forward. What is the sign of the
work done BY YOUR HAND on the bag?
Zero. Motion is perpendicular to force.
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Problem: Pulling the box
A box of mass 1.00 kg is pulled on top of a frictionless
table with a constant force of magnitude 0.250 N oriented
at 250 from the horizontal. If the box moves by 3.00 m due
to the action of the force, what is the work done by the
force?
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Problem: Carriage
A carriage is being pulled by a horse that supplies a
constant force of 99.3 N to the right. After the carriage
has travelled a distance of 50.0 m, what is the work done
by the horse on the carriage?
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Problem: Work done by weight
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along frictionless
track at a uniform velocity 0.750 m/s. The track is turned
on such that the surface has zero friction. If you place a
second mass m2 = 0.100 kg on top of the first mass, what
is the work done by m2 on m1 after 1.00 s?
m2
0.750 m/s
m1
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Problem: Work done by weight
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along frictionless
track at a uniform velocity 0.750 m/s. The track is turned
on such that the surface has zero friction. If you place a
second mass m2 = 0.100 kg on top of the first mass, what
is the work done by m2 on m1 after 1.00 s?
Force (F) of m1 on m2 is its weight (downward)
m2 Displacement (d) of m2 is to the right
0.750 m/s W=0

m1
Since F and d are perpendicular
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Problem: Work done by friction
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along a track at a
uniform velocity 0.750 m/s. The track has =0.200. If you
glue a second mass m2 = 0.100 kg on top of the first mass,
what is the work done by friction after 1.00 s?
m2
0.750 m/s
m1
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m2 W fx2 cos 180 0
0.750 m/s
f m1
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m2 f ( m1 m 2 ) g
On leveled surface
0.750 m/s
f m1
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1
m2 x 2 x1 v t a x t 2
2 2
1x 2
2
Using kinematics
0.750 m/s
f m1
x1 =0, t1=0s x2 =? , t2=1s

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Using Newtons law
Fnet , x f
m2
0.750 m/s Fnet , x
m1 ax
f m1 m 2
x1 =0, t1=0s x2 =? , t2=1s
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W fx2 cos 1800

m2
1 f 2
m1 W f v1 t 2 t 2

f 2 1
m m 2
x1 =0, t1=0s x2 =? , t2=1s
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W fx2 cos 1800

m2
2
W ( m1 m 2 ) g v1 t 2 g t 2
1
f m1
2
x1 =0, t1=0s x2 =? , t2=1s
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Problem: Constant velocity
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along a frictionless
track at a uniform velocity 0.750 m/s. If you glue a second
mass m2 = 0.100 kg on top of the first mass, what is the
total work done by the system after it has moved after
1 s?
Wtotal Fnet x 2 cos
m2
0.750 m/s
f m1
x1 =0, t1=0s x2 =? , t2=1s

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Problem: Constant velocity
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along a frictionless
track at a uniform velocity 0.750 m/s. If you glue a second
mass m2 = 0.100 kg on top of the first mass, what is the
total work done by the system after it has moved after
1 s?
Wtotal 0
m2
since
Fnet , x m1 m 2 a x 0
0.750 m/s
f m1
ax =0, for constant velocity
x1 =0, t1=0s x2 =? , t2=1s
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WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
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Work and Kinetic energy
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem:
The work done on an object is equal to the change in
kinetic energy
K1 KE at position 1
K2 KE at position 2
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kinetic energy
m Mass of the object
v1 Velocity at position 1
v2 Velocity at position 2
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kinetic energy
POSITION 1
Ball released from rest
POSITION 2
Ball moving downward
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Work done by constant force

W F d cos
Recall
1 1
W K 2 K 1 mv 2 mv 1
2 2
2 2
Hence 1 1
F d cos mv 2 mv 1
2 2
2 2
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Work done by constant force
We can get the force from the

change in kinetic energy
Hence 1 1
F d cos mv 2 mv 1
2 2
2 2
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Problem: Work-Kinetic Energy
A box of mass 10.0 kg is placed on top of a 5.00-m
long incline (frictionless) oriented 27 from the
horizontal and allowed to slide freely from rest.
What is the kinetic energy of the box at the
bottom of the incline?
270
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Problem: Work-Kinetic Energy
A box of mass 10.0 kg is placed on top of a 5.00-m
long incline (frictionless) oriented 27 from the
horizontal and allowed to slide freely from rest.
What is the kinetic energy of the box at the
bottom of the incline?

POSITION 1
Box released from rest
F d cos K 2 K 1
530 d mgd cos 53 K 2 K 1

0
W
270 POSITION 2
Box reaches the bottom
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WORK DONE BY VARYING FORCES
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Force vs. displacement graphical analysis
Work done by a varying force
Special case: Spring forces
Graphical analysis
Plot force F as a function of displacement x, F(x)
If F is constant, its magnitude is unchanged
F(x)
F0
x1 x2 x
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Graphical analysis
Work is the AREA under the curve of
the Force versus displacement plot
F(x)
F0
x1 x2 x
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Work done by varying forces
Work is STILL the AREA under the Force versus
displacement plot
F(x) The value of the force is
CHANGING as we move
from x1 to x2.
x1 x2 x
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Work done by varying forces
Work is STILL the AREA under the Force versus
displacement plot
x2

F(x)
Fdx
x1
where F = F(x) is a function of x
x1 x2 x
We can perform INTEGRATION
to get the area
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Quiz: Work done by varying forces
A force Fy varies with y as shown. Find the work
done by the force on a particle as it moves from
y=0 m to y=6.00 m. F ,N y
5.00
What if the particle moves

from y=6.00 m to y=0?
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 y, m

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Example of work done by varying force
RESTORING FORCE on a spring:
F kx
Negative sign since the spring
want to be back to its unstretched
position
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Example of work done by varying force
RESTORING FORCE on a spring:
F kx
Negative sign since the spring
want to be back to its unstretched
position
Hookes Law
Linear response of materials to
the applied force
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Plot of force on spring
x is the distance from the unstretched/equilibrium
position
F
F kx
x
Force is not constant, it

depends on the position
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Work done on/by springs
Consider: Work done to extend spring from 0 to x
For varying force: Work is the area under the curve!
0 x
area of a triangle
x
But F = -k x by Hookes Law,
F
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Work done on/by springs
Work done in changing a spring length from x1 to x2
.The work done by the spring force is the negative.

Work done by a force in compressing/elongating a spring.
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Problem: Work done on/by springs
A woman weighing 585 N steps on a bathroom
scale containing a stiff spring. In equilibrium the
spring is compressed by 0.010 m under her weight.
What is the spring constant?
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What is the spring constant?
Using Newtons law:
Fnet , y ma y 0 mg
k
Not moving
Fnet , y kx mg x
Spring force opposes weight
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What is the work done by the weight?
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What is the work done by the weight?
W Fd cos W mgx cos 0 0
Direction of displacement is
same as the weight
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A spring of force constant k = 450 N/m has spaces
between its coils, and you apply force to compress
it from its original length of 0.120 m to 0.090 m.
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Power
Average Power
Work per unit change in time
W
Pave
t
You are exerting more power by
Working Over Time
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Average Power
Also the Product of force and speed
Since speed is distance over time
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Average Power
Watt is the standard Unit for power.
1W 1 J / s
Another unit is Horsepower
1 hp 745.7 W
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Problem: Gym rat
Bob lifted a 10-kg barbell by 0.50 m in 1.0 second.
Dan, on the other hand, did the same action within
5.0 seconds.
Who did more work?

Who exerted more power?
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Problem: May Liwanag ang Buhay
If your family consumes 1,500 kilowatt-hours of
electricity this month, what is this amount in
horsepower-hours?
Let the power rate this month be PhP 1.50 per

kilowatt-hour. What will be your bill this month?
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WORK AND POTENTIAL ENERGY
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Work and Potential Energy
In terms of potential energy,
work is given by
U1 PE at position 1
U2 PE at position 2
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Work and Grav Potential Energy
Work and Gravitational potential energy
object
Position 1
h
Position 2
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Work and Grav Potential Energy
Work and Gravitational potential energy
object
Position 1
Work done is positive since

gravity and displacement are h
in the same direction.
Position 2
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Conservative force
object
Position 1
Force is CONSERVATIVE, when

Only the final and the initial h
values of the potential energy
matters Position 2
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Conservative force
Initial
Is Path-independent Path C
The actual paths can be

Path B
neglected!
Same work done in all paths
taken
Path A
Final
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Test your understanding
Raise your hand if the statement below is
ABSOLUTELY TRUE.
An object starts from the ground and is acted upon
by gravitational and external forces.
If the object returns to its initial position, the work
done by gravity is equal to zero. TRUE. y = 0.
If the object returns to its initial position, the
gravitational potential energy is zero.
NOT NECESSARILY TRUE. Setting y is arbitrary so
U = mgy might not be zero.
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Work and Elastic Potential Energy
Elastic potential Energy

Potential Energy due to
stretching or compression
Usually associated with
springs
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Work and Elastic Potential Energy
Note: x is the change in length of the spring

Either compression or elongation
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Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Conservative and Non-conservative Forces
Work Done by Other Forces
Conservation of Energy
CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
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Mechanical energy
Keyword: Mechanics
Energy associated with objects motion or location
Involves kinetic and potential energy
Emech K U
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Mechanical energy
For a system with gravitational potential energy

and elastic potential energy,
1 1 2
E mech mv mgy kx
2
2 2
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Potential energy in a Swing
For example: Swing
Initially: Energy is given/Work is done by pushing
Eventually, no further push needed to maintain motion
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For example: Swing
At the highest point of the swing,
K = 0 (momentarily stops)
Where did the energy go?
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For example: Swing
At the highest point of the swing,
K = 0 (momentarily stops)
Where did the energy go?
Energy is stored in the form of

potential energy.
After initial energy input, energy just gets
converted from one form to another.
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Conservation of mechanical energy
If total work is done by gravity or springs,
W K 2 K1
Work-energy theorem; Note that this is always valid even if
not all work is done by gravity or springs.
W U 2 U 1
Work and potential energy relationship; valid for both
gravitational and elastic potential energies.
K U
K 2 K 1 U 2 U 1
K 2 U 2 K1 U1
Conservation of mechanical energy
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Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Total mechanical energy is conserved.
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Problem: Hilly terrain
A box (mass 2.00 kg) slides along a frictionless
irregular road. It starts from rest at point A 2.00 m
above the ground.
What is the work done when it reaches point B?
2.00 m
B
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above the ground.
What is the work done when it reaches point B?
Position 1
A
Force is due to gravity
2.00 m Conservative
B Position 2
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above the ground.
What is the speed of the box at point B?
Position 1
2.00 m
B Position 2
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above the ground.
What is the speed of the box at point B?
K 2 U 2 K 1 U1
Position 1
A
Only gravity is present
2.00 m
B Position 2
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Example: Simple pendulum
A small ball of mass m is attached to a light string of
length L forming a simple pendulum. The ball is initially
held at a distance h from the lowest point and is then
released. Determine the kinetic and potential energies of
the ball at its various positions.
Initial
h
Lowest point
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Example: Simple pendulum
A small ball of mass m is attached to a light string of
length L forming a simple pendulum. The ball is initially
held at a distance h from the lowest point and is then
released. Determine the kinetic and potential energies of
the ball at its various positions.
Initial (A) At lowest point (B)
Potential energy PE is maximum PE is minimum (zero)

The ball is at its maximum height The ball is at its lowest position
Kinetic energy KE is minimum (zero) KE is maximum

The ball is at rest The ball gains its maximum speed
Total energy Energy is conserved Energy is conserved

In the form of potential energy In the form of kinetic energy
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Problem 1
A 2.00 kg block is pushed against a spring compressing
it 0.220 m. The spring is of negligible mass and force
constant k = 400 N/m. When the block is released
(from rest), it moves along a frictionless, horizontal
and then up a frictionless incline with slope 37.00. Let
the origin be at the relaxed position of the spring.
(a) Where is the block located when it attains its

minimum potential energy?
(b) How far does the block travel up the incline before
starting to slide back down?
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Problem 2: Conservation of Emech: All Ugrav
A baseball (m=0.150 kg) is given an initial velocity
of 20.0 m/s. How high up in the air will it fly if it
starts from y=0?
final
initial
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starts from y=0?
K f U f Ki U i
final
initial final
initial
Note: We set the initial height as reference

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starts from y=0?
K f U f Ki U i
final
initial final
initial
Note: At maximum height, the ball momentarily stops

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starts from y=0?
K f U f Ki U i
final
initial final
initial

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starts from y=0?
final
initial

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Problem 3: Conservation of Emech: All Uel
A stiff horizontal spring (k=1025 N/m) attached to
a box (m=0.250 kg) is compressed by an amount
equal to 3.00 cm from its initial length. If the
spring is released, what will be the final speed of
the box immediately after it loses contact with the
spring?
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Problem 3: Conservation of Emech: All Uel
A stiff horizontal spring (k=1025 N/m) attached to
a box (m=0.250 kg) is compressed by an amount
equal to 3.00 cm from its initial length. If the
spring is released, what will be the final speed of
the box immediately after it loses contact with the
spring?
K f U f Ki U i
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Problem 4: Vertical spring gun
A vertical spring gun (spring initial length = 10.00 cm, k = 1200 N/m)
is loaded with a metal ball (m=0.125kg) and compressed to of its
initial length. By pulling a trigger, the gun fires the ball upward. Take
the ground to be the location for y=0.
What is the total potential energy of the ball before the trigger is pulled?
What is the maximum speed that the ball will reach?
What is the highest point that the ball will reach? C
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Problem: Its the Climb
What minimum speed should a 5.00 kg rock have
to be able to climb a 70.0 m high mountain?
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Problem: Rampa
Two identical blocks are released from rest at the
top of two frictionless ramps. Which arrives at the
right end with the larger speed? Block 1 or Block
2?
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CONSERVATIVE VS.
NONCONSERVATIVE FORCES
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Conservative vs. Non-conservative forces
Conservative forces
Offers direct conversion from U to K
The work done by this force is zero if the particle
returns to initial position
Example: Gravity, Spring forces
Non-conservative forces
No direct conversion from U to K
Example: Friction, Drag forces
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Conservative vs. Non-conservative forces
Basic Difference
Conservative forces are path-independent.
Initial
Such that the work done is Path C
Path B
W U Path A
Only the final and initial potential energies matter Final
Valid for gravity and springs
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Forces and Emech Conservation
If all forces in the system are conservative, total
mechanical energy is conserved.
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Forces and Emech Conservation
If a non-conservative force is present in the
system, total mechanical energy is not conserved.
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Work done by non-conservative forces
If non-conservative forces are present
W K
W U Wother Total work done by conservative

and nonconservative forces
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Work done by non-conservative forces
If non-conservative forces are present
W K
W U Wother Total work done by conservative

and nonconservative forces
K U Wother
K 2 U 2 K 1 U 1 Wother
Mechanical energy relation in the presence of work done by other forces.
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Wother done by Friction
Friction is a constant force
W fd cos 180 0
Wother mgd
For Leveled surface
f mg
For Inclined plane

f mg cos Wother mgd cos
is the angle of the inclined plane from the ground
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Complete - Conservation of energy
Useful to write in the form:
K 2 U G 2 U E 2 K 1 U G 1 U E 1 Wother
Crucial: Determine which terms are zero

K=0 if not moving
Ugrav=0 if in specified ground level (y=0)
Uelastic=0 if spring is in natural length (or if no contact)
Wother =0 if all forces are conservative
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Effect of a NON-Conservative Force
U is maximum
K is Emech decreases due to

max friction
Emech conserved
Due to friction, total mechanical energy decreases and

is converted to Work done by other force
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Example: Work done by friction
Consider a skier of mass 45kg that encounters a snowy terrain with an inclination
of 300 and a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.350. Her initial speed is 1.00 m/s
upon encountering this relatively rough terrain. She travels in a straight path of
length 7.50 m.
What is the total work done on the skier?
What is the speed of the skier at her final position?
initial
final
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length 7.50 m.
K f U f Ki U i Wother
initial final
initial
Note: We set the ground as the reference

final
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length 7.50 m.
K f U f Ki U i Wother
initial final
initial
Note: We set the ground as the reference

final
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length 7.50 m.
For Wother: the work done is due to friction
initial
Note: friction force is in opposite to the

final incline plane
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length 7.50 m.
To get friction force:
initial
final
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Problem: Spring and gravity
A spring of negligible mass has force constant
k=1600N/m.
How far must the spring be compressed for 3.20J of
potential energy to be stored in it?
You place the spring vertically with one end on the
floor. You then drop a 1.20- kg book onto it from a
height of 0.80m above the top of the spring. Find the
maximum distance the spring will be compressed.
7/15/2017 132
Problem: CME in Pendulum
A wrecking ball is used to demolish a building. The
600-kg ball starts from rest, with its 37-m-long
cable making a 22o angle with the vertical. It
strikes the building when the cable is vertical.
What is the speed of the ball on impact?
7/15/2017 133
SUMMARY
for CONSTANT FORCE for VARYING FORCE
Both magnitude and directions Either magnitude or direction
are constant is changing
1. Apply this equation 1. Perform the integration
xf
W F d cos W F ( x) dx
xi
where is the angle between the force
2. Get the area under the F vs. x curve
and displacement directions
2.

Get the scalar product F
W F d Area
x
7/15/2017 134
SUMMARY
only CONSERVATIVE forces w/ NONCONSERVATIVE force
Total mechanical energy Total mechanical energy NOT
conserved conserved
Emech,i Emech, f E mech Wother
W K W K
W U W U Wother
Wother is due to the non-conservative force
7/15/2017 135
SUMMARY
Emech K U G U E
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
KINETIC ENERGY U G mgh

1 2 ELASTIC POTENTIAL
K mv 1 2
2 U E kx
2
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FORCE AND POTENTIAL ENERGY
7/15/2017 137
Lets do a dimensional analysis...
Units of force and energy (work)
FORCE in newton, N
ENERGY in joules, J = Nm
So, roughly,
ENERGY (Nm)
FORCE (N) =
Position (m)
7/15/2017 138
Force and potential energy
For a conservative force,
On the other hand, for a constant force
7/15/2017 139
We can relate the force to the potential energy
In differential (derivative) form:
7/15/2017 140
Check: Gravitational force

dU y
U y mgy F mg
dy
Check: Spring force
dU x
U x kx
1 2
F kx
2 dx
7/15/2017 141
For a conservative force, Gravitational force
is downward so that
U decreases
(1) Ball released at height h
U G 1 mgh1
Negative Signs means The Force leads

(2) Ball is falling downward
to a DECREASE in the POTENTIAL
ENERGY of the object. U G 2 mgh2
7/15/2017 142
Stable vs. Unstable equilibrium
All objects tend to be in a position where
The force acting on the object directs the object

toward lower potential energy
7/15/2017 143

Physics Work, Energy and Power

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Physics Work, Energy and Power

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PHYSICS 11

Work, Energy and Power

Measured from the ground

k is the spring constant

(2) Ball falling downward E K U Ano daw beshie?

Example of constant forces:

THERE MUST BE A SURFACE TO WHICH THE

The friction force is then equal to

The friction force is then equal to

For Leveled surface

For Inclined plane

Angle between the force and the displacement

Angle between the force and the displacement

Since the object moves along one displacement, d

Wtotal F1 cos 1 F2 cos 2 ... d

For Inclined plane

0.750 m/s W=0

m2 W fx2 cos 180 0

x1 =0, t1=0s x2 =? , t2=1s

W fx2 cos 1800

W fx2 cos 1800

x1 =0, t1=0s x2 =? , t2=1s

m Mass of the object

We can get the force from the

530 d mgd cos 53 K 2 K 1

What if the particle moves

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 y, m

Force is not constant, it

Work done in changing a spring length from x1 to x2

.The work done by the spring force is the negative.

W Fd cos W mgx cos 0 0

Since speed is distance over time

Who did more work?

Let the power rate this month be PhP 1.50 per

Work done is positive since

Force is CONSERVATIVE, when

The actual paths can be

Elastic potential Energy

Note: x is the change in length of the spring

For a system with gravitational potential energy

Energy is stored in the form of

Total mechanical energy is conserved.

Potential energy PE is maximum PE is minimum (zero)

Kinetic energy KE is minimum (zero) KE is maximum

Total energy Energy is conserved Energy is conserved

(a) Where is the block located when it attains its

Note: We set the initial height as reference

Note: At maximum height, the ball momentarily stops

Note: At maximum height, the ball momentarily stops

Note: At maximum height, the ball momentarily stops

Only the final and initial potential energies matter Final

Valid for gravity and springs

W U Wother Total work done by conservative

W U Wother Total work done by conservative

For Inclined plane

7/15/2017 124 124

Crucial: Determine which terms are zero

K is Emech decreases due to

Due to friction, total mechanical energy decreases and

Note: We set the ground as the reference

Note: We set the ground as the reference

For Wother: the work done is due to friction