NG HUY NAM

_CAM NANG
GIP BN XY NH

TP SCH HNG DN DNH CHO CH NH
(Ti bn)

NH XU T BN X Y DNG
H N I-2 0 1 1
 LI GII THIU

"Tu tr i, c i V, l ih", t h e o q u a n n i m tr u y n
tli l ba cn vic quan trni nht tri i
ngi. Nliig kh phi ai al c kinh nghim v hin
bit v lnh vc xy clig, ngoi cc nh chuyn mn. Rt
nhiu nqi bt tav vo lm nh m cha c ihi hiu
bit ti tii v xy d^, dn n s y ti, mt mi
tro qii trnh li cm>, p rt liiu kh kn v cm
ti khng tin tn ai. Hu qu l cng ri kliti c
nh ca d li, v c qu nhiu kho pht sinh khng
i c.
Lu nay, troni khi cc igih khc co rt nhiu loi
sch ph cp kin thc th nvh xy dng lai vt t. Trog
qu trl lm vic, ciin%i thng gp cac ch nh phn
nn rs trc khi bt tay vo xy n h , h pldi tm hiu
ba cch c sch xy tv hoc hi han kinh nglii
ca nhii nqi c ( huyn mn. Nhng vic tm hiu nh
vy %p rt nhiu ch. Sch xy dn% c hin so
cho iln nyi c trnh nht nh, kg phi ai CU
c c. Cn vic ch dn bnv mi, tg- khng th bao
qut ht rt cng vic tro qu trnh xy dm, m
th(g ch l khi gp phi kh khn h mi nh tm bin
pip gii quyt. Do d, rt cn c mt loi sch p h cp
kin thc v ngnh xay dng.

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 Thi gian qua, nn kinh t nc ta a c nhn tin b
vt bc. Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t, b
kin trc thi cn ang thay d i tht vi tc mnh
m. Tp qun c truyn ca dn tc t l " an c lc
n g h i p N h i u gia nh c gng dnh dm c i c
th xy c ngi nh theo ca ring mnh. Ai cni mun
c trong m t ngi nh khang trang, rng ri. Nhng
khng phi ai cng lm c iu m t cch d dng-
Nhng ngi nh mi mc ln hng lot, kiu cch a
dng, nhng nhn b m t p h phng, khng ai c th ph
nhn s ln x n , x b ca kiu ccl. V y lm sao
trnh c tnh trng ? M t trong nhng nguyn nhn
chnh cn gii quyt l cn nng cao kin thc cho nhng
ngi b tin ra xy dng - nhng ch u t theo cch
ni chuyn mn. S giu c v kinh t phi i theo s giu
c v thm m, v kin thc th hiu ca ngi dn.
M t hin trng na l rt nhiu ia nh dn ht kh
nng vo vic lm cho ngi nh ca mnh cao hn, to ht>
p l, nht l so vi nhng ngi nh ln cn. Cuc
chy ua m thm nhiig khng km phn quyt lit
khin nhiu gia nh lm vo cnh n nn, mu thun, bt
ho sau khi xy xong nh. S u t khng ng mc ny
mng li nhiu hu qu xu, khn ch lng p h tin bc
ca c nhn m cn lm b mt x hi ln x n f m cn
i nn kinh t. V vy ch nn t iu kin ca m nh, ph
hp vi nhu cu s dng trong thi gian trc mt m xy
dng, khng nn chy theo s ganh ua, cnh tranh ph
phim m gy ra nhiu hu qu ng tic. Nh ca khng
th chy theo m t nh thi trang, cng khrti nn chp v,
ai cng. Do t ui cht hp, manh m nt nh n xay sau

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c tnh nh ra hol, cao che khut nh kia, i ht
cn bit vic xy dng c mnh c xut pht t nhu cu
s dng hay khng. H thng cung cp nc sch v thot
nc thi lm rt cu th, liu lnh, khin cho mi trng
ngy cng nhim , nh hng ngay n chnh nhnq
ni ch .
Rt nhiu nhUi ch h khng tin tng vo kin trc
s thit k. H -m un hin kin trc s thnh th v phc
v cho ca h, v thig t ho khoe vi mi ngi,
rng: 11Nh ny do ti thit k*. Chnh v vy, m quy
phm kin trc b coi thng, rt nhiu cch b tr bt hp
l , ch n khi s dng lu di, nhc im mi bc l. V
lc , h li than th: " mt tin thu kin trc s m
vun khng c th " ?!)
Tronq khi , li c rt nhiu nh xy ps khng c
thit k, vic rhi cng hon ton ph thc cho th. Rt
nhiu ch thu v tgc khuyn gia ch c tin tiq hon
ton vo mnh, tng xy ig hng trm cng trnh l
nh, "Kiu g" cng lm c, ti g mt tin thu thit k (?)
N h xy dnq khng xin php, mc d iu kin
c cp php . n khi b kim tra, pht hnh chnh, lc
mi nhn ra vng cn tn km v phc tp l xin
php nghim chnh ngay t u. M t trong nhny nguyn
nhn ca vic y l tm l lo ni vic xin php. Trc
y, h thng php l qu cht ch, my mc, th tc xin
php .xy dng phc tp v lu di, nn tm l ny tn ti
l iu h iu . Nhng hin nay, vic ci cch hnh chnh
m thiu rt nhiu th giy t, v nhiu ngi nt
nhiu khu t iu kin xin php.

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 Cun sch ny nhm hng dn k thut c hn ( lil
nh nm c yii cu k thut v phng php thi cng,
t qun t cht lm* cng trnh ca m nh. Hy vng s
ip c cc bn hiu c nquyn l vic xy dng
c nhng quyt nh t n hn cho nhn itl
thc hin yu cu ca mnh, t rans tr, khng an, mu
s c , h tr , s p x p io n th i n n i n h , tr a n g b v t
tt hn, s dng nh siq c hiu qu, hp lv, tit kim v
an ton cao, ng thi c kin thc chm sc bo dng
ngi nh thi qian s dng, hi sut s d cao -

Tc gi

6
 Chng 1

NHNG KIN THC c BN

KHI NIM V CU TO CNG TRNH

1. Nhng tiu chun cho nh

Sgi nh l t m gia nh, t bo ca x hi. Theo quan im

>a hc, l ni phc hi sc kho v sn sinh sc lao ng mi.
Corbusier, mt kin trc s Php lng danh u th k XX,
ri (lt nn mng cho nn kin trc hin i a ra nh
a: "N gi nh l c m y d ". nh ngha ny c a ra
g vo thi im cng cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut (Vcnu
ang c nhng thnh tu vt bc, nhiu tin b khoa hc c
dng trong lnh vc xy dng, nhm nng cao tin nghi cho i
g ca con ngi. Cho n nay, quan nim v ngi nh tin nghi,
IC v cho nhng nhu cu sinh hot ca con ngi vn cn
lyn gi tr.

Ngi nh mi a phng, mi dn tc c th c nhng c

m ring bit, ph hp vi iu kin kinh t, tp qun sinh hot,
hu, v.v... ca tng a phng.

Cu trc ngi nh Vit Nam ang dn dn thay i. iu kin

(lai khng qu cht chi, kinh t khng eo hp v cu trc gia
h gim bt xu hng "tam i ng ng". Do vu cu
mt cn nh hin i dng nh bt rt nhiu yu t kt hp
Ir nn chuyn bit hn. Nh ch l ni , khng cn qu bc

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xc v "mt tin kinh doanh. Phng v sinh, khu cu thang, ni
sinh hot chung gia nh, cn bp. nlne din tch phu theo quan
nim trc kia c quan tm hn. Vai tr ca khu vc thng
thong, chiu sng, v cy xanh cung c u hr ns mc.
c coi l mt cn nh hin i, theo quan nim hin nay,
nh phi l nhng tiu chun sau:
- Tiu chun v s khp kn: cn nh c th s dng hon ton,
khng phi s dng chung cc din tch ph.
- Tiu chun v s ring bit: cc phnu s dn theo chc nng
ring nh phng bp, phng ng, v sinh, phng khch, lm vic.
- Tiu chun v s thng thong: khng kh phi c lu thng
t nhin.
- Tiu chun v s tin nghi: b tr hp l, trang thit b tt.
- Tiu chun v nh sng: c chiu sne t nhicn v nhn lo tt.
Theo nh nsha ca T chc Y t Th sii WTO: mt tii nh
l tng l "ngi nh kho mnh", tc l ni m con ngi sinh
sng trong lun lun kho mnh c v th xc ln tinh Ihn.
Ngi nh ny phi p ng c cc yu cu c bn sau:
a. Khng b nhim bi cc ho chi.
b. Phi c c yu t to s thon kh, thi cht nhim ra khi
nh, thanh lc khng kh thng xuyn.
c. Nh bp phi thot kh tt, ht khi v cc cht kh th:i khc.
d. Nhit phng mc n nh, trong VI1S 17- 2 7 c
e. Nng kh Cacbonic thp di 1000 ppm.
g. m trong phng mc 40 - 70 %.
h. Nng bi l lng thp hn 0,15 nm /m \
i. n nh hn 50 CB.

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 2. Cc vu t kv thut
2.7. Yu t nh sng
C hai loai chiu sne c bn l chiu snt t nhin v chiu
ng nhn to.

2.1.1. Chiu siv thin nhin:

nh nng mt tri trc tip c tc dng dit vi sinh c hi cho

rc khe nn rt can thit. Noi ra, c th tn dng lung nh sr
) khc x t bu tri v phn x do cc vt cn pha di nh bc
ng nh ln cn. nh sng thng c cung cp qua ca s, qua
thng >i, cc knh ly snu pha trn ca v cc mi nha,
nh pha trn mi. Nng lni mt tr'i en dc cung cp nh
mg cu Inc ny. Tuy nhicn, anh nang cng c mt liu cc l
m tng lhil v ma h. i nim nrm, lm lo mt, hy hoi
t s vt liu nh tranh anh, vi mu. V th kch thc ca s
li c thit k ph hp vi mi v tr nh, mi hng nh, mi
111 vc khc nhau. Trons iu kin kh hu nhit i nh nc ta,
i gian nng nng ko di, nn c khu vc m nh ban CI1,
gia, snh thi Rrn<4 chiu nnc trc tip c mc (bui sng
m v chiu mun, - nne mi chiu nnan C- < vo ca).
' nh sn" C-*'
in nhicn l ngun sng c nhiu bin ng, do ch c th tnh
n vi mt gi tr trung hnh.

2.7.2. Chiu sn> n to:

Naoi lng chiu sng thicn nhin, nh sng nhn to c tc
ing tch cc trong vic iu tit nh sns. Cn quan tm n lns
ng, chiu sng, phn quans v khuch tn. chiu sng
li ph hp vi cng vic, tm quan trn", mc ti m ca cng
c, khng gian cn chiu sng.

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 H thng chiu sng nhn to cn to ra phong cch, nhp cliu
trang tr cho cn nh.

2.2. Yu t thng thong

Khng kh ngoi tri c th b nhim t cc qu trnh n xut
cng nghip, t nhin liu, bi rc. Khng kh trong nh cng c
th b nhim, ch yu do hi ngi, mi thuc l. Tuv nhin,
khng phi lc no con ngi cng nhn bit c s nhim ny
do mi mt cm gic thnh nhy vi mi l sau mt th! gian
trong vng nhim.
Khng kh c th c ci thin bng cc hng ch vu sau:
ngn chn cc ngun pht sinh nhim, cho thot ra ngoi cc kh
thi, qua ca s, qut.thng gi, hay s dng my iu hoa khng
kh. Lung khng kh lu thng trong phng c th lm gim ng
k m.
Thng gi t nhin cho nh phi t c nhng yu c sau:
- m bo v sinh trong cc phng, c bit l cc khu v sinh.
- To hng cho khng kh lu thng thnh lung, nhrg trnh
c gi la ma ng.
Lan can hnh lang khng nn lm cc kt cu c n h tmg
xy, m nn lm thong bng vt liu nh (thp hn, inox) (a
gi vo hnh lang v thot nhit tt.
Cc cn phng trong nh, nht l cc phng khu v s:nh cn
c u tin chiu sng t nhin qua cc ca s m trc tip ra
khng gian trng bn ngoi.
Din tch ca s ly bng 1/5 din tch phng (i vi tng 1), 1/6
din tch phng (i vi tng 2 r ln). Chiu su cc phr.g c
chiu sng ch 1 pha khng nn ln qu 2,5 ln chiu cao phng.

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 Nh lin k di qu 18 m cn co sn tri gia, kch thc ti
thiu 2 x3 m.
Nh chung c (cn h du lims vo nhau) cn c ging tri theo
kch thc ti thiu nh sau:

2-3. Y u t chng bi

B mt tng v cc cu kin khc nn phng, khng c li

lm hm bi, s dng sn loi tt, trn mt c th lau ra bng
nc v x phng.
Cc kt cu nh ra v cc g Irans: tr phi d lau ra. Cc chi
tit thch cao cn phi c sn bnu N11 nc (sn tng) hoc
sn du (sn ca).

2.4. Yu t chng n
C hai ngun gy n l t bn imoi v t phng ny sang phng
khc trong cng ngi nh. Tin n" trong nh c th gy nhiu
mc d nh hng khc nhau:
- Ting n qu ln gy tn hi thn kinh thnh gic.
- Ting n trung bnh "y nh hns n i thoi.
- Ting n thp gy kh chu, c2 thng.
khu vc c bit n o (gn ch, nh my, khu cng nghip,
trng hc...) nn c gng kim sot ting n.

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 Cc phno c nhu cu chng n cn c t v tr u hi
pha yn tnh v nm tng cao nht ca nh. C gng a cc
phng ng, phng lm vic vo cc v tr cch xa ngun m.
Tng dy t ra hiu qu trong vic chng n. Nu lm tng 2
lp, gia l lp khng kh hoc bng khong thu tinh, kh nng
cch m cao hn. .Tng cn xy no va, khng l rng. Xy
tng dy, trt tng bng loi vt liu c bit. Tng dn giy
hay vi cng l vt liu ht m tt.
Phng tri thm len dy trn nn thm mt hay cao su c tnh
ht m tt.
Ca l b phn cch m yu nht, nn mun c phng cch m
tt, phi gim thiu kch thc ca ra vo v ca s. Ca phi c ti
thiu 2 lp g hoc knh. Ca gia cng bng vt liu tt, d\y v
ng cht, khng cong vnh, bo m tnh kn kht cc khe h(V.
lm c iu , ca cn c khun 4 mt, hm ca c giong cao
su, cnh ca lp hi nghing sao cho khi ng, trng lng ca
lun ln cc giong m.
Tng 1 nn s dng lp ct sch, kh c chiu dy tng i ln
lm lp lc cch m. Lp mt sn cu to bng hnh thc: sn
nh trn lp m cao su v cch ly cc kt cu chu lc ton b
chu vi. C th s dng lp cch m n hi bng bt cao su nghin
t lp t c, ri thnh lp dy 2 cm trn tm sn; hoc dung hng
khong.

2.5. Yu t chng nhim

Cc khu v sinh phi b tr nhng v tr kn, ring bit, c thot
nc tt, d lau ra, thot hi tt v tt nht l c ca s c chiu
sng. Khu bp phi c hng thot khi v mi thc n ra khi khu
vc sinh hot.

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 2.6. Yu t p h n g ha
Vic phng chng chy tron" nh lin quan cht ch n kt
cu v vt liu xy dng. Khng dn" nhng vt liu c tnh bt la
cao nh rm r, g. Nu bt buc phi s dng cc loi vt liu bt
la cao v mc ch trang tr, cn c phng tin cu ha ni b khi
cn thit.
Ngoi ra CI1 2 cn lu n khong cch thot him t cc
phng n hnh lano, rng ca cu thang. Cc ca phng ng,
phng lm vic nn m vo troim khng cn tr' ngi i li pha
ngoi hnh lang. Ngi m ch n ko cnh ca v pha mnh.
Ring ca bp, ca i hi (ca i chnh) nn m ra ngoi, gp
phn thot him tt cho ni bn tron. Khng nn lm ca y
nhng v tr ny, cho d mun tit kim din tch.
i vi nhng nh cao trn 3 tng, nn c bnh cu ha t
hnh lang.

2.7. Yu t k h hu
Cc pling c gng b tr v hng tt trong iu kin c th.
Trnh cc hiing gi xu (ty - ty nam). Phng tng mi phi c
bin php chng nng, chng thm hu hiu. Mi tn ang l gii
php kh nht (nh, tit kim, d thi cng, d tho d, to thng
gi pha di). Tng bao v hng ty, v cc hng ty bc, ty
nam nn l tng 220, xy bng ch l rng v tng 220 chng
nng tt hn tng 110. Cc ca s m v hng nht thit phi
c vng che ma nng. Trng hp t hn ch phi lm mnh
che chn kt hp vi cc nan chp b tng theo phng ngang hoc
ng.
Ma lnh nc ta thng ko di t thng 11 n thng 3 nm
sau. Do khng kh c m cao, hay ma phn, sng m, gy ra

13
gi but. Cc mt nh v hng ng bc nn ch n s' ln
ca v cch m ca. Bin php hu hiu l s dng khng gian rr
trc khi vo phng chnh (nh hnh lang, ban cng, nh v sinh
kho v.v...) ngn cn bt lung gi ht, gi la. Cc phng n)
cng nn u tin s dng cc thit b si m.
S dng iu ho nhit khng nn thp hn 25HC khi lm ml
v cao hn 20c khi si m.
H thng thng gi phi s dng ti a thng gio t nhin. H
thng thng gi c kh phi c thit k, lp t bao tr sao chc
khng lm nhim mi trng, khng gy n, khng gy kh chu
cho ngi .
Nh vy, ngi nh phi p ng c cc yu cu nhiu khi mu
thun nhau. Bn cnh vic thng thong, tn dng ti da lung
khng kh thin nhin chng nng, chng m, li phi dc che
chn chng li nh nng gay gt ca Mt Tri v lng ma cao.
Nhng ngi nh do Php xy dn? nc ta t u th k, n
nay vn cn c a ra nh nhng bi hc v cch to ra khng
gian thch ng vi iu kin kh hu nhit i nng m. t phn
cc bit th u quay v hng ng nam (v hng nam nhiu
hn). Cc tng nh u cao, gia trn v mi lun c li) m
khng kh. Nn nh tn cao, tch khi mt t chng m tt. Cc
mt nh, nht l mt ty, lun c hng hin rng bao bc. Hng
hin ny cn l ni ngh ngi, ngm cnh th gin.

2.8. Yu t m i trng
Vi cc cng trnh c din tch t rng ri, nn b tr khong
sn vn thch hp, ly nh sng thng gi v to cnh tr p.
Sn c th trc, sau, bao quanh hoc gia nh. B tr chu cy
cnh nhng v tr thch hp trong nh: gc phng, hnh lang, tin

14
snh, ging tri. Ch cy xanh cn nh sng v khng kh lu
thng. Nhng khu vc t trng khng trng cy nn to thm c
xanh. Kt hp vi cc tiu cnh trang tr nh la , hn non b,
cui, gm s. Mt nc trc cng trnh gp phn to cnh quan
p, th mng v cn ng gp ngha tch cc v mt phong thu.

3. Cu trc ngi nh (hnh 1.1)

3.1- K t cu phn m ng
M ng nh l thnh phn lin kt vi nn t chng cc yu t
ca cng trnh v khng gian bn trn.
Mng bao gm tng mng, tr mng v mng.
Phn mng cn bao gm cc thnh phn k thut nh b nc
ngm, b phi, cc ng ne, cp thot nc, i khi c ng
in, ng d.n thoi (trong khu vc cc ng k thut ny u
c chn ngm).

3.2. K t cu ph n thn
Ct: ] kt cu chng lc nn thng ng.
Dtrn: l thnh phn nm ngang, chng lc tc dng thng
gc theo chiu di ca dm. Dm l cu kin vt qua khng gian
gia cc ct. Ct v dm hnh thnh h kt cu khung v lin kt
cc ct lp i p li trong khng gian.
Tng: l :hnh phn thng ng, c nhim v ngn cch cc
phng vi nhu v vi bn ngoi, nhng tm sn, mi che v
truyn xung mng trng lng ca bn thn chng v ca nhng
cu kin khc
Theo v tr. tng c chia ra:
- Tng bao: c nhim v che kn ngi nh, bo v bn trong i
vi thi tit.

15
 Hnh 1.1. Cu rc ca i nh

- Tit 11%^cuv. c nhim v ngn cch gia cc phn:2-

Theo chc nng, tng c chia ra:

- Ti chu lc: Tng chu lc tc dng t trn XLng di.
Tng ngn thng h tr tng chu lc tng tnh in nh.

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 - Tii khiii c hu lc: Tno chi chu ti bn thn n v khng
lin kt vi kt cu khung tr thnh h thng chu ti. Chng t
do b tr, thay i ph hp vi thch, hon cnh.
S/I ' l tm b t ns ct thp t nm ngang v phns, c nhim
v phin cch gia cc tng v ' lp li. Sn ta ln cc tii chu
lc hay ln cc dm ca khung chu lc
Cu thii: l b phn dng cho vic i li gia cc tns nh
(cu thang trong) v gia sn vi trong nh (cu thang ngoi).

3.3. K t cu phn mi
Mi nh l b phn che ch cho ngi nh.
Phn rni a ra trc cng trnh khng cho nc ma ri t
trn mi xung mt trc gi l mi (lua. Nc c lp trung vo
h thng mng tn, sau d chy vo ng ng v vo h thng
thot. Ca tri l ca chiu sng tng gip mi.

4. Kch thc ti thiu ca l t xy dng nh gia nh

(theo Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam- Phn uy nh v kin
trc th)

Loi nl Kch thc (m) Din tch (nr)

Nh lin k 3,3 X 12 40
(lin tng, nh ph)
Nh lin k c sn vn 4,5 X 6 72
Bit th n lp 14 X 18 250
Bit th song lp 10 X ,4 140
Bit tl lin lp 7 X 15 105

17
 Chiu di nh lin k khng nn qu 24 m. Nh licn k c sr
vn, ehi su ti thiu sn trc l 2,4 m; sn sau ncu c l 2,Om.

B. n h n g k h i n i m v bn t h i t k

I. TM HIU CCH C BN V

Mi bn v, d c th kch thc khc nhau u c c in

chune. Hin IK1Y Iiiiri ta thng dng bn v kh A4 hay A3 ch<
d s diis v sao chp. CYtc bn v bao gm khung bn v, phi
ni dung hili v v phn khung tn.

Khung tn ihii t gc phi di ca mi trang bn v, ba<

qm:

- T I i i i i tin \ cng t r n h : tn cng trnh, tn ch u l;

- Tii> tin v bu v: tn bn v, s th t, loi bn v (h s<

xin php xy dnq, h SO' thit k s b, h s thit k thi cng, h(
s k thut) t l bn v (1/100; 1/200; 1/500; 1/50; 1/20), ngy v.

Thng thn5 bn v c th hin t l 1/100. i vi nhn

chi tit nh, nh chi tit lan can cu thang, chi tit khu v sinh <
th hin t l 1/20, 1/50. Tng mt bng cc cng trnh ln c chii
di khong vi chc mt c th hin t l 1/200 hay 1/500.

77///" rin v CII ty t t k : tn c n g ty thit k, ng i v

ngi kim tra.

II. THNH PHN MT B H s THIT K

1. Cc bn v thit k kin trc
Thng c s th t l K T0, KT02,V.V... gm bn v :

18
 - Mt hng v tr, tng th (xc nh v tr nei nh nm trn
ng ph, hay trons khu chia l);
- M bns tng 1 (hay trt);
- Ml bng tng 2 (hay lu 1)
- Mt bng mi;
- Ml ct nanc;
- Ml ct dc;
- Mt ta chnh;
- Cc mt ig bn;
- Chi tit thaim (cm c mt bns, mt ct, chi tit bc thang v
lan can);
- Chi tit v sinh;
- Chi tit ca;
- Cc chi tit tran5 tr (bc tam cp, u ct, pho ch, p,
chi tit mi , in hoa b tng, v.v...).

2. Cc bn v kt cu
- Thn c s th t l KC01, KC02,V.V... gm c :
- Kt cu mng, chi tit mng;
- Kt cu sn b tng cc tna, sn mi;
- Kt cii cc khung;
- Kt cu an thang;
- Kt cu cc chi tit lanh t ca, vm cun;

3. Cc bn v cp in
Cc bn v cp in, gm c :
- in mt bng cc tng;

19
 - S nsuvn l phn phi in;
- Thng k vt liu in.

4. Cc bn v cp nc
Cc bn v cp nc, gm c :
- Mt bng cp nc cc tng;
- S cp nc cc khu v sinh, ton nh;
- Thngo k vt
-
liu

nc.

5. Cc bn v thot nc
Cc bn v thot nc, gm c :
- Mt bng thot nc cc tng;
- S thot nc cc khu v sinh, ton nh (ch r hng tho
ra ngoi cng trnh);
- Thng k vt liu thot nc.

6. Bng tng d ton kinh ph xy dng

Bng tng d ton kinh ph xy dng, gm :
- Phn thn ? k khi lng vt liu;
- Gi c p dng;
- Gi thnh tmg hng mc ;
- Chi ph pht sinh;
- Gi tr nhn cng;
- Gi tr my thi cng.

III. K HIU TRONG BN V

Dy kch thc:
- Dy kch thc st ng bao mt bng ghi kch thc cc
ca, cc mng tng, v.v...

20
 - Day th hai elii khon<i cch cc trc tim, [rc CI. v.v...
- Dy ngoi cn5 li kch thc cc trc urno bin theo chicu
dc hay ngan" ngi nh, v.v...
- Cc trc tna v trc ct c keo i ra nsoi v ln cn"
bng cc vng tron. Trono shi s th t 1, 2, 3... cho cc urn"
ngang t tri sang phi v A, B, c... cho cc lng dc, k l di
ln trn (hnh 1.2).
Trono cac b phn cl;i ni nh. th cu thanc l b phn cn
c lu :

Hnh 1.2 Mt hii t phn nh

21
 Trn mt bnc cu thang c v hng i ln ca cnh thana; bng
mt ng gp khc. ng ny c mt chm ghi bc dau tin
ca tim di, v tn cng bng mi ten ch bc thang cui cng
ca tnu trn. Dng ng gch cho th hin cnh thang b mt
phng ct i qua. Trn mt bng tng 1 c mt cnh thang b ct,
mt bnu tna; trn CI1 khng c cnh thang no b ct (hnh 1.3).

MT B N G THANG TI M I B N G T H A N G T2 MT B N G II i A N G T;

Hnh 1.3. Mt hi cu thanx i

nh 1.4 : Mt ct n

22
t . MT S THUT NG XY DlNG

M t bng: l bn v nhn xung khne eian bn trong sau khi

rt ngang. Mt phng ct thng lv cch mt sn khoni 1.5 m.
rng t nh ta nhn t trn trn nh xung (xem hnh 1.1).
M t ct: l bn v th hin phn nhn thy sau khi ct mt
chng gian theo chiu ng, tng t nh ta ct mt chic bnh
cem v nhn thy cu lao cc thnh phn ca n (hnh 1.4)
M n^: l bn v th hin hnh dng bn ngoi ca ngi nh.
Phi cnh: l bn v th hin tm nhn ca a trong khng gian
hc t.
T l- l t s gia kch thc o trn ban v v kch thc totas
'mg o trn thc t.
Ct 0.00: l mt phng chun c dng so chiu cc mt
)hng khc. Cc mt phng cao hn c gi l dng (+) v cc
nt phig thp hn gi l ct m (-). Cc kch thc trn k hiu
c ghi theo h mt, ch cao ca v tr so vi ct 0.00.
B ny: l mt loi nhn to chu nn tt nhng chu ko
;m, cho nn ngi ta t ct thp vo nhng vng chu ko ca kt
:u khc phc nhc im ca b tng.
B tng ct thp: l loi vt liu hn hp di dng b tne lin
:\ vi ct thp chng cng lm vic vi nhau trong mt kt cu.
Ct thp: l thp c a vo b tng lam tn kh nim
:hu Ic ca b tng, c hai loi:
- C t m m: gm nhng thanh thp c mt ct trn.
- r t cit: sm cc thanh thp hnh (ch I, ch U)
 Ct mem thng c s dng hn ct cne. Ct mm li chia
ra: ct trn v CI gai.

Tu theo tc dng ca ct thp trong kt cu, ngi ta phn ra:

Ct thp chiu lc: / thnh phn chu lc chnh.
Ct di: dng gi cc ct thp chu lc vi tr lm vic, ng
thi cng tham gia chu lc.
Ct cun to: c t thm do yu cu cu to. tit din cua
chng khng xt n trong tnh ton.
Cc ct thp thng c lin kt thnh khung hay thnh li,
dng dy thp nh lin kt hoc hn. Cc on ct thp ni cng
lin kt nh vy.
tng cng lin kt trong b tng, ct trn c un thnh
mc hai u.
MH: l b phn ca cng trnh nm ngm di t, c nhim
v truyn ti trng t .ng trnh xung di nn t.
y m/li*: l mt tip xc nm ngang gia mng v t.
nh hiii : l mt tip xc gia mng v cng trnh.
Chiu sn chn niii: l khonq cch t y mng ti mt t.
Nn thin nhin: l lp t t nhin nm di y mng, chu
tc dng trc tip ca ti trng do cng trnh truyn xung.

Nn nhn to: l t c in nn k hoc c gia c bng

cc phng php thch hp.
Kiiuii chu lc: Ct v dm hp thnh khung, chu lc trng
lng ca ci 12 trnh vi tt c ti trng t ln n v qua , cc ti
trng c t;uyj.i xung mng.
 Chng 2
CC TH TC TIN XY DNG

A. T H I T K E NHA
I. LAM VIC VI KIN TRC S

Ngoi nh hoan ho ca ring mnh l m c ca tt c mi

ngi, nhng khng phi ai cng t c mc ch. Nhiu ngi
nh ngay khi xy xong, ch nhn thy khng tha mn. Phn ln
l do ho cha c mt qu trnh chun b thit k k lng, cn nhc
cc yu cu v s thch hp l, dn n s vi v, gp rt m qu
trnh thi cng khng khc phc c.
Khng c sn nhiu kiu nh cho ta chn la, m phi cng vi
kin truc s tm ti, nghin cu. Ngi ch nh nn coi kin trc s
l ngi bn bit chia s ng cm vi cc iu kin sinh hot ca
mnh v nhng ngi thn.
Mi cng trnh xy dng phi tri qua 3 giai on chnh:
1. Phn chun b thit k v cc dch v;
2. Phn thi cng k thut v qun l cng trnh;
3. Phn nghim thu cng trnh.
Nn tng ca ton b qu trnh xy dng l s lm vic hi hoa
gia ch nh v kin trc s thit k. Trn nhng yu cu ca ch
nh, kin trc s mi c th thit k v ra k hoach thi cng
cng trnh.

25
 Cc giai on lm vic

Ch nh Thit k

Tm hiu v kin trc s. Tm hiu v mnh t.

i tham kho cc cng trnh Tm hiu nsl nghip, tp qun sinh
xy dng. hot ca ch nh.
Mi mt s kin trc s thit Thit k th theo yu cu ca
k th ch nh.
Chn la kin trc s a thm cc phng n tham
kho.
Chn la phng n B sung thm chi tit, chnh sa theo
vu cu ca ch nh.
Xin giy php xy dng V h s xin php xy dng.
Xem xt h s v nh t, t vn cho
ch nh b sung h s.
K hp ng thit k. Tm ng Thit k chi tit mt s bn v chnh,
thit k ph. mt bng, mt ng.
B tr ni tht ch nh quyt nh.
La chn i thi cng T vn, di thiu v i thi cng-

Xc nh yu cu ca ngi s dng
Ngi ch nh cn cung cp cho ngi thit k nhng thng tin
tm tt v gia nh mnh, v mnh t v nhu cu, s thch s dng
ca cc thnh vin trong gia nh. Cn c s tho lun gia cc
thnh vin, i n mt bng lit k tng i thng nht lm c
s cho ngi kin trc s thit k c th hnh dung c c im,
mong mun ca ngi s dng.

26
 Bng lit k ny phi bao gm nhng thng tin sau:

1. Phn thng tin chung

- Din tch t, a im, cng trnh ln cn, iu kin k thut
h tng khu vc, v.v...
- Din tch xy dng d kin, s tng d nh xy.
- S ngi trong gia nh, iu kin, thi quen sinh hot ca mi
ngi.

2. Phn thng tin chi tit

2.1 Li vo:
- C my li vo'' Chun hay rin?
- Li vo thng nh hay qua sn?
- C khu snh n khch khng?
- C ch o khoc ngoi, m v che ma khng?
- Khu vc cc ng h in, nc?

2.2 Phng khch:

- Din tch ti thiu?
- C cc c g ln khng?
- C dng chung chc nng vi phng no khc? V d kt hp
phng n?

2.3 Phng bp:

- C li i ring khng phi qua phng khch khng?
- Din tch nu nng ti thiu l bao nhiu?
- C lp t b t bp c chu ra - bp nu - t lnh hay khng?
C inv ht khi khng?

27
 - C my git trong bp khng?

2.4 Phng n:
- C s dng chung khng gian bp khng?
- Cn b tr ti thiu cho bao nhiu ngi?
- C t thm thit b g khc (v d: tivi, my nghe nhc, my
sy, v.v...)?
- Bn n c inh hay lu ng?

2.5 Phng ng:

- C my phng ng? Ging n hay i? C b t u
ging? T qun o? C s dng bn lm vic trong phng ng>
- C lp t thit b iu ho nhit khng?

.2.6 Phng tr em:

- C my tr? tui hin nay?
- Ging n hay ging tng? C t bn hc hay khu vc chi
ring khng? Tr c tip bn trong phng khng?

2.7 Phng v sinh:

- C my phng v sinh?
- S lng, chng loi thit b lp t cho mi phng (chu ra,
bn tm, b x, vi hoa sen, bnh nc nng, vi nc ngoi, v.v...)?
- C cn khu vc tm cho tr em khng?
- C dng cho ngi gi, ngi tn tt?
- Ch t dng c tm, treo ?
- C t qun o khng?

28
 2.8. Nh kho:
- C cha nhng g ( thi, cht t, c hng khng
dng, dng c lm vn, v.v...)?
Cn lu rng bng lit k cng chi tit, t m, ngi thit k
cng c CO' s hnh dung ra c im, iu kin sinh hot ca
ch nh, t dn n gii php thit k ph hp. Tt nhin khng
phi iu kin no cng c tha mn, v cn ph thuc nhiu yu
t: iu kin mt bng t, s thch khc nhau (i khi s thch
ngi ny tri ngc ngi kia), v.v... Ngi thit k phi quyt
nh u l im chnh cn phi t dc trn c s thng lng
vi ch nh.

II. KHO ST A CIIT CNG TRNI

1. Mc ch v phng php kho st

i vi cc cng trnh trn 3 tng, v din tch xy dng trn
200 rrr, nn t chc kho st a cht cng trnh trc khi thi cng.
Mc ch cua vic kho st ny l thu thp ti liu v cc lp t,
cc c trng kt cu lm c s tnh ton cu to mng cho ph
hp v la chn cc bin php thi cng thch hp. tin hnh
cng tc thu thp ti liu, ta phi o ging thm d hoc khoan
kho st.

1.1. G ing thm d

Ging c ng knh 0,65 m -1,00 m hoc 1,0 X 1,2 m. Phi to
t nht mt vch thng ng o cao cc lp t v ly mu.
Khi o, phi trnh ma m bao s chnh xc cho cc mu t.
Dng c ly mu t trong ging l mt ng hnh tr bng kim
loi cao 10 cm, c li mt u ct vo trong t. Sau khi ly t

29
y ng, dng parain ph kn hai u ng v dng nt g hoc kim
loi ng cht. Nu c nc ngm cng tin hnh ly mtu ng
trong chai nt kn. Mu t nho c ng trong bnh tlni tinh c
nt kn. Cc mu ny cn gi n phng th nghim nghi-n cu.

1.2. Phng php khoan

Vic khoan l thm d c tin hnh bng my khoam hoc
my rung. Mi khoan n su vo t c cc rnh xon, khi ly ln,
mu t thm d c th hin trn hnh tr l khoan. mg knh
l khoan thng thng l 100 -325 mm.

1.3. Phong php xuyn

Vic thm d t c tin hnh bng cch ng mi xuyn
xuYin dt (xuyn ng) hoc n xurm (xuyn tnh). ui trnh
xuyn ng bao gm vic n" cn xuyn vi mi xuyn hunh cn
xung t.
Mt phng php khc l o in tr ca t. Phng phip ny
khng ch cho bit cu to cc lp t m cn o c icht v
m ca n. Phng php ny c chnh xc ln nhurng gi
thnh cn cao nn cha c ng dng.
Trn c s kho st, ngi ta lp mt ct a cht ca k:hu vc
xy dng, trn th hin cao cc lp t v cao tnig nc
ngm.

2. Phn loi a cht (hnh 2.1)

: gm cc loi granit, ct, vi v cc loi nham thclh khc.

Khi khng c tc ng t bn ngoi nh nc c cha ho ch t c
tnh kim, hoc axit n mn, l loi nn c cng ln nht
i vi cng trnh.

30


III
Or THN NHIN TP CT

A 7
s ' s Ss s s '
^ V " <
s s s ss r s
s s s s ^
s V > <
V /> <J <3 ^ i
s ' s s s s '
p* n P'
<
L- 1 '
v
!>
SL s s s ^ s s

DM ST XM XANH T THAN BN

\ \ z - v - \ - Xv

BN S ST NU H N G NC N G M

Hnh 2.1 Mt s k hiu cc loi dct (

t na : Bao gm macm,silicat st thch cao v ct thch
cao, cng chu nn ca t na trong trng thi bo ho nc
nh hn 50 kj cin2. Khi ngp nc, t na bin thnh bn.
v n : l loi khng cnh kt, gm cui, si, khng thay
i lnh cht theo nhit .
t ct: trng thi kh th ri rc, khng c tnh do. C th
chia thnh: ct ln, ct va, ct nh, ct mn. trng thi m t,
di nh hng ca p lc ct c hin tng chy. Vic xy dng
trn nn ct rt kh khn (ta c cu thnh ng "x\ nh trn ct").
Nhng ct sch (c bit l ct to) dng lm nn cng trnh rt tt.

31
 Trong trng hp lp ct gm nhng ht khc nhau V ' kch
thc th khong trng gia cc ht to c lp y bi nhmg ht
b hn, v khong trng gia cc ht nho ny li c nhng h t nh
hn na, i khi nn ct nh vy cn tt hn c tna.
Trong trng hp ct ng nht, kch thc bng nhau th n li
ging nh mt cht lng m c. Loi ct chy ny l ni lo lng
cho cc nh xy dng khi gp phi.
Hog th: t hong th gn ging t ct, nhng khi c nc
s c tc ng xu. Nc ho tan cc si vi c trong t Lm t
xp xung, gy ln.
t st: l loi t dnh, c tnh do, tc l c kh nng tlnay i
hnh dng di tc dng ca ngoi lc. Vo ma ng, t st c
th gin n to hin tng nt rn khng u, gy ra bim dng
mng nh.

Bng phn cp t

Cp Nhm Tn t Cch xc nh
1 2 3 4
Ph sa, ct bi, t mu, mn, Dng xng xtc d
t en, hong th. dng
Ct pha tht hoc tht pha ct; Dng xng m nng
Ct pha st; tay xc c
2
Nguyn th ti xp, ln r cy,
mn rc, si , gch vn.

I St pha tht, st pha ct; Dng xng p

St vng hay trng, tht, chua, bnh thnjg
kim; ngp xng
3
Ct, t en, mn ln si ,
mn rc;
t ct ngm nc ln.

32
 1 2 3 4
t en, t mn ngm nc; Dng mai sn c
t tht, st pha tht, pha ct,
4 ngm nc;
t tht, 't set nng;
t mu mm.
t tht pha mu xm, Dng cuc bn
t mt sn i t si, t cuc c
5 i ni;
t st trng, t ct, mn ln
si .
t tht, st, nu rn chc Dng cuc ch c
t chua kim th cng tng hn nh
6 t mt , mt ng c,
II
vi phong ho p v vn
nh x.
t i ln si, ; Dng cuc chim
t mt ng dm; nh li nng n
7 2,5 kg
t cao lanh, tht, t st ivt cu
cht.
t ln tng; Dng cuc chim
8 t mt nha ng hng, trn 2,5 kg hoc
t ln bt. dng x beng
III
t ln tng, ln tng va ; Dng x beng
9 phin ong xen k; chong, ba mi
t si rn chc. o c

Sau khi c kt qu kho st t, ngi thit k cng vi ch nh

xc nh li cc yu cu c th, t tm ra cch b tr mt bng
thch hp.

33
III. XC NH PHNG N MT BNG T i u u

1. Xc nh hng nh ti u
Thnh ng dn gian c cu "Lm bp trng ru, lm nh trng
hti" chng t tm quan trng ca vic chn la hng nh.
Thut phong thu t xa xa cng ch trng tm hiu "tht, hng
nh" lm sao cho con ngi c ng trn gp nhng iu kin
thun li, may mn nht.
Vic xc nh hng nh cn bo m hng gi v hng mt
tri tt nht. Cc cng trnh c mt chnh vung gc vi hng gi
s tip nhn mt cch y nht vn tc p lc ca n. Gc gia
hng gi ch o v ng vung gc vi mt phng ca s thay
i trong gii hn 30, s l hng nh l tng thng gi t
nhin. Trong diu kin min Bc nc ta, hng ng nam c th
p ng yu cu thng gi t nhin xuyn phng v ma h tt
nht, xc nh trong gii hn 105 - 165. Ch yu hng nh tt
nht l nam v ng nam. Cc hng s dng c l nam- lch ty
nam 15 , ng - nam lch ng 15 . Cc hng khng tt l ty
nam, ty, ty bc, bc, ng bc. Khi thit k cn trit li dng
cc hng c li v ngn cn cc hng c hi.
V mt bo v chng cc tia mt tri, cc b mt pha nam nhn
t nhit v ma h v li nhn ti a nhit lng v ma ng, cn
cc b mt hng v pha ng v pha ty u b t nng mnh c
v ma h v ma ng.

2. Phng php t chc mt bng

Sau khi tm hiu np sng v sinh hot ca gia nh, t nhng
yu t' m ch nh ngh, ngi kin trc s s phn tch, tng
hp v trn c s , la chn kiu b tr mt bng thch hp vi
ch nhn. Kch thc mnh t, iu kin thng thong ca n

34
cng l yu t quan trng quyt nh vic b tr mt bng mt kiu
nh. t hp, khng c khng gian, vic b' tr cng t c kh nng
thay i, t c c hi la chn.
i vi nh 1 hoc 2 tng, kh nng thit k rt a dn. Hng
lu thng c bn l theo chiu ngang. Do din tch t rng, thng
thng khu vc cu thang v v sinh b tr gia, cc phng ,
khch, bp quy xun^ quanh l kiu tit kim din tch nht.
Nh cng cao tng, kh nng thay i, to cc khng gian c
kch thc khc nhau cng hn ch. Hng lu thng theo chiu
ng l quyt nh ng k vic b tr mt bng. Cn xc nh ngay
VI tr cu thang, t phn ch'1 cc khng gian khc ca cn

nh. Khi b tr, can lu tm n s chiu sng v thng gi t nhin

cho Iit s khng gian quan trng nh phng ng, phng v sinh.
Trng hp khng th M tr c, cn phi c yu t nhn to tc
ng (qut thng gi, n) cung nn hnh dung gii php c th
thc hin c. V d khu v sinh nn t cnh cu thang c th
thot hi ln thng mi tum. Khng nn xy dng ht ton b din
tch t, m phi c cc khong sn hoc thng tng (ging tri).
Vn u tin trong thit k l quan tm n cc nhu cu. Nhu
cu chung ca con ngi l ni tin nghi, ring bit, yn tnh.
Quan tm n mi tng quan gia cc khong khng gian: khng
c phng ng no b t qu xa phng v sinh, phng n phi gn
bp, phng lm vic khng t gn ni sinh hot n o.
Tip theo l tm ra cc gii php thc hin. C th a ""
nhiu phng n phc v cho cc mc ch khc nhau.

Bc th ba l phn tch, la chn, loi b nhng gii php cha

ph hp, hoc cha hon ton p ng ht cc mc tiu t ra.
Trong cc bin php, chn bin php ti u nht.

35
 Nui ch nh phi tp lm quen vi bn v thit k, hnh dung
irc mt bns ngi nh ca mnh. Ging nh c mt b'c nh chp
t trn cao, cn hnh dung vic sng trong ngi nh ih th no.
ng giao thns c thun tin khng? T phng na;, hay phng
lm vic n bp, hay phn khch, khong cch nh th no,
nc i trons cins tim hay phi qua cu thang, c qu xa v gy
mt mi kh ns7 Khu v sinh c c b tr hp l khng? C phi
i vi khong cch qu xa khng9
Ngi ch nh cn d on v mt tng lai gn ca gia nh.
V du con trai ln sp lp gia nh, nhng cha c iu kin ring.
Nh vy, ci; c mt phng chun b cho gia nh nh ca con trai.
C th vo thi im xy dng, vic t ra cha cn thit. Nhn
cn b tr cn nh c kh nng thay i, ci to theo mc ch
nh trc.
Vic thay i mt chi lit, c th gii quyt c mt vn
nhng s li pht sinh cc vn khc. Ch nhn cn cn nhc k
lno c nn lm nh vy hay khng? Nu khng c cch no
khc, bn phi tm cch p ng I1.
Ngi nh 'ca mi ngi c th c xem nh chic v bc ca
h, cng nh o qun v n phi mang du n ca c nhn. Nhng
du n c nhn d c nm trong mt tng th hi ha. V th
ngi nh phi l gii php cho nhng iu kin ca tng gia nh,
mang c th ca ring h. Ngi nh c xy dng phc v
cho nhn2 nhu cu s thch ca ch nhn. Nu n p ng c
nhng nhu cu , l vic xy dng thnh cng.
Quan h gia ch nh - khch hng v kin trc s - ngi c
thu cn c s thng hiu nhau. Kin trc s khng th khng
khng sp t mi vic theo ch quan ca minh, bi v anh ta
khng sng trong ngi nh . Ngha v ca anh ta la t vn cho

36
g i a c h , b n g n h n q k i n h n g h i m v s h i u bit c a m n h . CLI.1 ra
phng n ti u theo yu cu ca ch nh. Xt v mt lc quyn,
anh ta v ch nh c vai tr ng s hu. Nu kin trc s chi qu;>n
tm ti nhng iu anh ta cho p, bt chp s phn khng cua ch
nh, anh ta s lm cho quan h tr nn xu i, v ch nh c th
mt s tin tng i vi mi vic anh ta lm. Ngi kin irc s
gii phi dung ho c mi quan h ht sc tinh t ny, lm cho
ch nh hiu c rng chnh h ang t thit k cn nh ca mnh,
v anh ta chnh l phng tin din gii. Nsi ch nh thn"
khng c c quan nim chuyn mn v s hnh dun nhanh
chng n h ngi k i n tr c S, c v n h i u bit v s tch lu knh
nghim trong cuc sng. H s mau chnq cho rn" ncari kin Irc
s c t hng khng p i 1Z, c nhne ycu cu ca ho
Khi kin trc s c khch hng t lng tin. anh ta c Ih trnh
by nhng hiu bit ca mnh v mt lnh vc c th c khch
hng chp nhn. V qua , anh ta i;><> dc v thm m kin trc
cho khch hng, ng thi chnh khch hng cn S c nliin v
thuyt phc kin trc s tin vo s la chn ca mnh. Khch hns
cn gi cho kin trc s sng to, cn mua cht xm ca kin trc
s. Sau cng vic thit k, kin trc s cn l nh t vn sut qu
trnh xy dng.
Trn c s thit k v d ton, ch nh hnh dung c ngi nh
ca mnh s dc xy dng nh th no. Cng thit k cn thn, chi
tit, ch nh cng tit kim c kinh ph v t c hiu qu
mong mun. D ton thit k c gi tr tham kho va l c s gi
thu. Nu ch nh t mua vt liu, d ton gip ch nh nm c
khi lng v d tr kinh ph s mua cho tng loi vt liu. Do d
khng nn b qua khu ny trong thit k.
Ngi ch nh nn hiu rng mi mun ca mnh b gii hn
bi mnh t. c mun th nhiu nhng t ai c gii hn, nn

37
phi chp nhn mt s dung ho phc v nhng mc tiu no l
ch yu, quan trng nht. Phi nhn tng quan vi nhng ngi nh
c din tch, th t tng t so snh. Tuy nhin, cng c th ni
rng din tch mt cn phng nhng nh th s lm phng hi n
din tch cn phng khc. C th c nhiu gii php a dng, nhng
la chn thch hp th khng nhiu.

Khng gian nh , cc hng giao thng, din tch s dng l

nhng iu cn quan tm hng u. p ng tt chc nng s dng,
t hiu qu thm m v kinh t, l ba yu cu c bn cho bt c
gii php no.
Nhiu khi ngi thit k b cun theo chiu hng ca ch nh
(c nhng yu cu d bit a ra ngay t ban u, li khng khng
bo lu kin ca mnh) nn khng a ra c gii php hay.
Chng c th tha mn mt vi yu cu d bit no , nhung nhn
chung li, s b tr tng quan gia cc phng, hng giao thng
khng p ng c cc yu cu c bn. Ch nh do thiu kinh
nghim thng cho rng li ti ngi thit k khng thc hin c
ca h, v h khng tin tng vo nhng ngi lm vic
cng h. H li tm kim v cui cng khng tha mn c vi
nhng ngi khc.
Ngi ta thng tm cch ph v ci s kh cng, cng thc ca
nhng cn phng hnh hp bng cch to thm cho n nhng gc
cnh, y thm nhng ct trang tr khng n nhp vi bi cnh, vay
mn nhng hnh thc trang tr ngoi lai, c un ln ng thng
thnh ng cong, hoc thay i cao sn, cc cp trn khc
nhau. m m qu nhiu loi vt liu hon thin, vt liu lt sn,
tri sn, mu son tng, v nhng chi tit trang tr chp v, chng
nhng khng lm ci thin chc nng m cn ph v chng.

)
 Vn chnh l s thng hiu gia kin trc s v ngi ch.
Khi t c mt quan h tt, s ng iu gia h s dn n
nhng cng trnh p. Rt nhiu ch nh cho rng h b tin ra, h
c quyn lm theo h. Ci p ca s hc i, theo mt khin
h bt chp tt c quy lut v kin trc, cng nng v thm m c
bt chc cho c nhng g h cho l p. Ngi kin trc s v
mun chiu lng" thng ", bt buc tr thnh anh "th v".
V ic nghin cu mt cch cn thn mt bng b tr cc tng, s
lin h giao thng gia cc phng vi nhau theo phng ngang l
mt iu kin tin quyt xem ngi nh c c thit k p hay
khng. i vi a s nh nc ta hin nay, c din tch khng
ln, chiu ngang thng 3,5- 5 m chiu su t 15- 20 m, khng phi
l th t l tng c th to ra nhng ngi nh p. Ba mt bn
l nh, ch c mt mt trc ra vo, ly gi v nng, ph din s
giu c (?). i vi nh ng c chiu di di 12 m, cch hp l l
a khi cu thang vo bn trong, gi li ton b din tch pha
ngoi lm khng gian chung, ch ngn cch mt cch tng trng
gia phng khch v bp n.
Chiu cao nh khng nn vt qu 3,8 m. Nh cng cao, din
tch cu thang cng phi ln. ng thi gy ra nhng phc tp
trong kch thc ca. Chiu cao nh 3,6 m chiu cao ca 2,4 m v
1,6 m i vi ca s (bu ca cao 0,8 m). Pha ngoi ca s nu tip
xc trc tip vi thin nhin, nn lm vng che nng, ti thiu
rng 0,6 m.
Tng bao ngoi v cc tng chnh nn dy 220, cch nhit,
cch m v bo v tt. Tr trng hp hai bn c nh st vch
cao tng.
Phng tin ly nh sng tt ngoi ca knh l gch knh. Gch
knh c kch thc 20 X 2 0 X 10, nh sng tinh lc trong tro v

39
lng ly. Khi t nhiu knh lin nhau, nn t bn thep mng
bo v.
Mi bng phai c xem xt v tho lun k lng. Ch khi mt
bng c nghin ca mt cch cn thn, khng cn nhng thay
i c bn mi tiii nh cc khu thit k tip theo.
Vic xc nh kch thc cn phng cn nghin cu sao cho ph
hp vi vic sp xp, b tr c. Cc nhm c lin quan, th
d bn gh, hay ging t c c hp l, tit kim din tch
khng? ng i c nh hng n vic b tr ny khng cng l
vn cn xem xt. Cc phng v sinh, phng bp nn b tr gn
nhau, v cng mt v tr cc tng khc nhau b tr cc ng
ng cp thot nc c d dng.
Nh l ph, ch c mt mt tip gip ng c th tr ca, ba
mt cn li gip nh. Theo lut xy dng, khng th m ca s trn
cc tng chung. Nh hai bn xy cao, ch c cch s dng
chnh ca cc mi n gi. cu thang nn lm cao v tht
thong. Cc lam btng t thng gi trn ca i, ca s mt
tin to lung khng kh lu thng trong nh. Tuy nhin cn c
bin php che chn v ma lnh.
Khun vin t cht, cn tn dng ti a khng gian, khng nn
phn chia thnh nhiu phng nh, tn din tch xy tng, li lm
khng gian thm bc bi. C th b tr cu thang gia, phn chia
mt cch tng trng hai khu phng khch bn ngoi v bp bn
trong.
Sau khi xc lp mt s phng n t chc mt bng, cn phi
tho lun, nh gi thit k trn c s:
- So snh cc phng n thit lp vi cc mc tiu v tiu
chun ra.

40
 - Cn nhc thun li, iru im so vi chi ph ca mi phng n.
- Xp th t cc phng n t trn xung di chn phng
n ti u.
Mt phng n thit k tt phi p ng:
- Cng nng v mc ch: p c ti a cc chc nng sinh hot.
- Thch dng v kinh t: tit kim trong vic thi cng.
- Phong cch: trnh by p, r rng, d hiu.
Cng nng l yu t c bn, hng u ca thit k. Vic hon
thin cc cng nng bn trong to ra s thoi mi, d chu v thch
th cho ngi s dng.

IV. THIT K CHNH THC

Trn c s mt bng la chn, ngi thit k bt tay vo giai

on thit k chnh thc. Lc ny, ngi ch nh cn phi hiu r
v chp nhn gii php m ngi kin trc s vch ra, trnh s thay
i trong qu trnh thit k chi tit k thut. Phi nh rng mt s
thay i nh s dn n rt nhiu s thay i khc, v mt khi mt
bng c b tr hp l n tng chi tit nh, mi sthay i s
lm nh hng n nhng chi tit lin quan n n, phi thay i
tip v i khi n lm o ln ton b, phi t li vn t u.
Nhng thng th nu tm ra gii php ti u cho mt mt bng
nh, vic thay i s i vo ng ct hoc dn dn li tr v gii
php ban u.

Nn trnh ti a vic thay i vo lc m cng vic tin hnh

bng cch suy ngh tht k cng, tm hiu mi kha cnh ca vn
trc khi c nh thay i.

41
 Ngi ch nh thng khng c kinh nghim trong vic nhn
bn v mt bng, nn cn tm hiu k v cch th hin ca mt bn
v kin trc. C th ngh ngi kin trc s v mt bn phi
cnh tng mt bng d hnh dung v nn n nhng ngi nh c
din tch t v thit k tng t tm hiu.
Ngi ch nh thng hay tham kho kin ca nhiu ngi m
h cho l c kinh nghim trong lnh vc xy dng, nht l i th
thi cng. Tuy nhin, h cn hiu r vic thi cng trc tip ca mt
ngi th vi vic thit k l rt khc nhau. Ngi th c th c
hng chc nm kinh nghim, nhng anh ta lm theo s ch o ca
bn thit k c sn. Anh ta khng c o to v khng th c
kinh nghim v vic t chc mt bng, khng gian nh ngi kin
trc s. Anh ta c th nhn ra u mt vn g, nh thay i
(ging nh mt ngi nh m anh ta tng xy) nhng anh ta
khng bit cch gii quyt n p dng vo trong trng hp ny
sao cho tha ng. V v vy m nhng l l anh ta a ra cng
khng th thuyt phc c. Gp trng hp ny, ngi kin trc
s cng cn kin nhn, nghin cu v gii thch cho ch nh ti sao
li khng th thc hin c phcng n .
Mi ngi c mt thch trong vic b tr nh , nn ngi ch
nh phi vng tin vi quyt nh m mnh v ngi thit k la
chn, khng nn b dao ng bi nhng kin bn ngoi. Chp
nhn nhng kin hp l, nhng nhng vn thuc v nguyn
tc, thch c nhn th khng nn thay i. Ch thay i nhng vn
khng quan trng, hoc khng ng chm n cu trc cng
trnh. Hy nh rng ngi nh l ca mnh, cho mnh c s tin
nghi, thoi mi khi sng trong , nn khng l thuc vo thch
ca ngi khc.

42
 1. Kin trc cng trnh
L I P h n g ng
Kch thc phng ng ph thuc vo kch c ca ging. Phng
c ging i ti thiu phi rng 15 m2. Ging nn t song song
vi hng ca s thun li cho vic c sch v quan st. Phng
ng phi l ni ngh ngi th gin hon ton sau mt ngy lm vic
mt mi. S lin h gia tng v ging rt quan trng, v l thit
b chnh trong phng. Ngi t tin thng k ging cch xa tng,
ngi t t tin thch k st tng. Nn khong trng xung quanh
0,4 m - 0,6 m lm li i vo. u nm nn quay v hng bc,
theo nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc, nm theo hng t trng s
c tc dung tt vi tr no, gip ta c gic ng su v tt hom. Nu
c iu kin, v chng cng nn nm ging ring, khi nh
hng gic ng ca nhau.
T tng l mt thit b nn c trong phng ng, c tc dng
cha qun o v cc dng c thng dng nh bn l, l si, qut
ma h, chn m ma ng. Nn xy t chm tng tit kim
din tch. i vi cc phng thng nhau, c th dng t nh bc
vch ngn cch, chng n hiu qu. Cc ngn st t giy
dp, ngn ngang tm tay qun o gp v treo, ngn trn cng l
m, nn, va li, chn m. Nu c iu kin lm ni thay ring
bit, treo qun o trong va kn o va ring bit (hnh 2.2).
Ting n trong phng ng gii hn 45 -50 dB. Nhng ni qu
n phi dng hai lp ca knh. Nhng ni qu n o, phng ng
phi khut v c phng m v hng pht ra ngun m.
Ca s phng ng nn b tr song song vi ging khng b
nh nng chiu trc tip vo mt. Ca i ra vo phi b tr v tr
nhn c t ging ng.

43
 Hnh 2.2. Plim> t c li thng t tng

1.2. Phng bp
Quan nim truyn thng coi bp l khu ph, thng bt tr nh
ngang, hoc nh sau, tch bit khi khng gian chnh - Diu l
ph hp khi cc phng tin nu nng l than, ci, rm r v cc

44
cht t r tin khc. Ngy nay, bp d l mt khu trung tm ca
ngi nh. Thi gian con ngi sinh iiot trong bp cng gr. bng
thi gian sng trong phng ng. Cng vi nhng phng tien nu
nng ngy cng hin i, sch s, khns gy nhim, bp ngy
cns c quan tm, chm cht. S sch s, thna thong v gn
cng, p mt n mc c th khng gian bp ni lin vi phng
khch m khng cn bc tng chn no.
Tuy nhin tp qun nu nng ca ngi Vit Nam nng v gia
v v mi v, nn cn trnh nhng mi gy nhim cho cc
khng gian sinh hot khc trong nh.
Theo quan nim nc ngoi, nh bp l tng l ni nhn thy ca ra
vo, ch tr em chi. i vi nh ca ta hin nay, din tch cht hp,
do thi quen s dng khng mun khch nhn thy khng gian bp nc
th vic b tr nh vy khng phi lc no cng t c.
Nu c phng n ring th phng bp phi c t gn phng
n. Cc v tr khc c lin quan l khu v sinh, phng git i, kho
cha thi, sn phi qun o.
Bp phi phc v c cho cc hot ng chnh nh: chun b,
nu thc n v dn ra sau . Mt dy chuyn hp l phi to thnh
tam gic gia ba khu vc chun b - l bp - bn ra (hnh 2.3)
Bn ra:

Tt nht l t ti ni c nh sng thin nhin, gn ca s.

Bp v b bp:
B bp phi c cao cng vi mt bp, tc l t bp chm
trong t bp. Chiu cao b bp vo khong 0,8 m. B bp rng t
0,5 m - 0,6 m, cao 0,75 m - 0,8 m. Khng t bp (bp ga, bp
in) ngay di ca s trnh gi la ngc khi v mi thc n
vo trong phng. Khng t bp di t treo ng chn bt

.45
 CHU RA BP GA

Hnh 2.3: Tam t(ic hot ng

Bn ra - L nu - T lnh

khng chy nc vo bp. Cng nn t bp trnh xa ca ra vo, c

th gy nguy him v gi lm thi tt la.
T lnh:
T lnh l mt b phn quan trng trong tam gic hot ng
phi c t gn b bp. Ch hng cnh ca m ra khng
vng ng phi cc vt khc.
Cc kiu b' tr bp thng dng l hnh ch u , ch L. bp k dc
theo mt mt tng v bp hnh vung (hnh 2.4, hnh 2.5, hnh 2.6)
Phng bp s dng lm phng n:
Nu phng rng c th ngn bng cc t k hoc thay i cao
mt sn tch khng gian n v bp ring. Trng hp bp cht,
c th b' tr b bp c th ko di hay m ra thnh bn n.

46
 T ANH

BP HNH CH L

T LANH

8PG> o ,uRA
/
//= * = / ZLZ27
/
/

BP HNH CH

CH> J RA

B PG A

^IANH

BP HNH CH u

Hnh 2.4. Mt s kiu h tri bp

47
 N RUA U l A N h

J2-----

V ----X
Op
o

F LANH

BP HNH CH u BP HNH CH J L

T LANH 8N RA BP

nu o

'_ L .____________________________ _________'

BP HNH CH I

BN RA

Hnh 2.5. Mt hn\> mt s kiu b tr phng bp

48
H n h 2 ,6a : cp hnh >'ii l 1

Hnh 2.6b : Be/> /lnh c h L

49
 1.3. Phng n
Phii" n ring bit, i khi c th s dung lm phng tip khch
lam thi. Bn n c kcb thc thng Ihng 0,55 rn n 1,1 m. Bn
trn ns knh 1 m ch cho 6 ngi. Bn n phi t ' v tr
cch tirns ti thiu l Im. Nu li i phc v th phi cch t
nht 1,3 111. C th b tr b?n n kt hp gh ri vi y gh c nh
trong gc iirm, hoc mt k.u bn p st tng. V :r l tng ca
phng n gn phng bp, phng khch v hnh iang, c ca thng
sang nhau.
C th s dng mt phn hnh lang lm ch n ngoi tri.

1.4. Phng v sinh

Phng v sinh khng cn c coi l khu phu nh cch y vi
thp k m ngy cna, 'c quan tm hon. Phrm v sinh tiu chun
phi thong, mt, rng d b tr cc tin nghi ti thiu: lavab
b x v vi sen tm. Phng rng c th b tr bn tm, loi nm
hay nsi. Phng tm sach s va kh ro s tr thnh ni nghi ngi
th sin l tng cho con ngi trong bt k iu kin thi tit no.
Phng tm c th b tr cy xanh, treo tranh nh v mt vi k nh
t sch, khi can, tr thnh mt khng gian yn tnh, th gin
hon ton (hnh 2.7).
Trong mt ngy, trun^ bnh con ngi phi sinh hot trong
plng v sinh lng cng gn 1 ting. Nh vy, riu cuc i di 60
nm ta sng trong phng v sinh ti 2,5 nm. Phng v sinh cn b
tr ni thng thong, c ca s. Nhiu gia nh b tr phng tm
nhng ni qu kn nh gm cu thang tit kim din tch lm
mt i vai tr thoi mi, tin nghi ca phng tm. nh sng khng
ch ng vai tr chiu sng m cn c tc dng dit khun tch cc,
chng m mc. c bit nn quan tm n vic sp xp b tr cc
thit b trong phng tm, sao cha hp l. B x phi t ni khut,

50
khng trong thng ra ca. Trng hp c th ncn chia phne tm
thnh hai khu vc kh v t. Khu t l bn tm, hoc tm ng
cng nn c non cch bng rm nilon che. Khu t cn bao gom
c ni git gi, ra chn v c ra ph. Khu kh l ni tranc im,
ra mt (hnh 2.8).
Phng v sinh phi c b tr h thng thn" hi tt. Trng
hp khng th m ca s, phi s dns qut thng gi, b tr ng
ng dn n ni trc tip vi khn" kh thin nhin.
Mu sc trong phng v sinh khng nn qu i chi, lo lt
nhiu mu. Mu tns; va trang thit b phi hi ha vi nhau. Bn
tm, b x, lavab phi cnt mu, cang nh cc thit bi phu tr
k h c . iNn b tr qirn? c v c h t u n e c la v a b . i u n y s y
c a m g i c p h n c v s i n h r n ri, tran t n h v s c h s hn.

Cc hno tt nht b tr phim v Mnh l ty bc - ng nam

(trong tnrng hp c th m ca s). Phng ve sinh nn t trong
hoc gn phno n (u tin nhnq phng 11 su chnh, nq ngi).
Phng v sinh chia ra khu v sinh v khu tam: nu iu kin cho
php, nn b tr thnh hai phng thng nhau (hmh 2.9).

1.5. P hng tr em
Tr em khng nn cho ng chui 12 vi cha me m nn c phng
ring, tng cns tnh c lp cho tre. Phng tr em nn t cch
x a p h n g k h c h , n h n g p h i VI tr d d n g q u a n st. P h n g d n h
cho tr di 10 tui nn lm sn, vch vi ec vt liu rn, d lau
chi v tr hay nghch ngm, v lun" tung. Tng phi d c ra.
Kch thc vt dng nn t hoc mua cc loi ph hp vi la
tui, khng dng chung cc ca nsi ln. Cc em nho ph hp
vi cc gain mu nng nh , vng, cam,... Mu cng tng phn
nh xanli - vng tm - cam l cn" sy n tng. Nu chi dnh

51
 Hnh 2.7. Phng v sinh
ve- f'

** g mgaBgmmM

m n h 2.8. Phng v sinh c my fit

 I Q
o
'o
14QQ

1500
------------- - - ..........
B DNG C KT HP

'PHNG V SINH THNG THNG

P H N G V SINH C MY GIT

Hnh 2.9. Kch thc phns v sinh ii chun

53
 H nh 10. Phnv tr em rn nlia mu sc tng phan
c mt phng cho c 2 con, nn tm cch ngn vch lng, nh,
dnh cho em ln, nh, nht l gi v trai ring. C th bo tu ging
tns t kim din tch. Ging tng 2 phi c tay vin treo v
thanh chn khi ng (hnh 2.10).

1.6. Phng khch

Phng khch thng c nhiu cng dng Tip khch, sinh hot gia
nh c sch, ngi ung tr, tr em chi. Tuy nhin, khng nn
lm phng khch qu rng v sinh hot chnh cua con ngi khong
din ra trons phnc khch. Nn tit kim t cho cac phong sinh

54
hot nh phng ng, phng v sinh. Phng khch chi cn riia
tip khch mt cch thn mt, trans nh. ni tht ti thiu
ca phng khch thns thng l b salon v t raim tr. Khns
nn bin phng khch thnh vin bo tng ca cc vt.

1.7, P h n g lm vic
ITing c t gn phng khch. Nu c iu kin, ncn b tr

H n h 2.11 Phnv lm vic c vch p v

m t p h n m ' c c p h a x u n g q u a n h n g u n p h t m v h t m '
pha ngi nsi nhe. Phn l tng v m hc c hnh vung v
vch p s.

1.8. N h kho

Nh kho nn lm ' tng trt th c hiu qu s dng hn cc

tng mi. Nh kho nn s dne ti a din tch tng k cc k
t. Thng kh v nh sns qua cc ca s hp.

1.9. Tin snh

Ti thiu cn c noi treo m, o, giy dcp i bn noi. Nu

c th, lm lin sanh c bc tam cp gy n tng trang trng trc
khi bc vo nh.

1.10. Ca s

Tc n dn gian Vit Nam c cu "Mt pht gi t i hH c

di qut" ni ln tm quan trng ca vic thng thong t
nhin. Yu t thng thono ph thuc rt ln vo vic b tr ca s.
Ca s l mt chi tit kin trc -nhng ng thi l mt yu t
trang tr ni tht p. Ca s dem li nh sng v khng kh t bn
ngoi vo khn" gian nh , ng thi cho la thy c canh quan
bn ngoi cn trnh (hnh 2.12).
T l ca ca s khnq ch lin quan n mt tng xung quanh
m c n n c k c h th c r i n g c a c o n ng i, c a s t h n g t h n g
c chiu cao vt qu u ngi v c bu cao ngang tht lng. Khi
m mt ca s rng, nn chia thnh nhiu nh gi c t l
vi con ngi. Khn? phi c m ti a din tch tng thnh ca
s l bin php ti u. Dn n phi i mt vi mt lot vn v
ting n, nng, nng v an ninh.

56
 H n h 2.12. Mt s kiu ca s thns thiii

Cc a s t quay hng nam n nhn c nh nng nhiu

nht troig ngy v nhiu thi gian nht trong nrrt.
Cc :a s chim nhiu din tch tng, khi thit k cn cn
nhc CI li bao nhiu din tch mt tng gia cc ca s, t l
ca cciiing tno ny c ph hp vi vic sp t cc c cn

57
thit khng. Ca s m st trn v ca tri l nhng gii php tt
s dng ti a din tch tng, ca nn t cch gc tcmg mt
khon cch ti thiu c th s dng trn tng vung gc.
Kch thc ca s cn c nghin cu t l vi cc bc tng. Ca
s ln lm cho cn phng c cm gic nh. Bu ca thp hn ch
s dung khong sn pha trc ca s (hnh 2.13)

Hnh 2.13. Ca m i ht ciu cao i

58
 Cc ca s ln v cc bc tn bng knh l int c gng
xo nho s cch bit gia khng gian bn trong v bn ngoi,
nhng cng em li nhiu bt tin: hng qu nng, dn n
chi cao, bc x nhit cao, cn u t vo cc bin php chng
sng, chng nng. Knh l vt liu cch nhit thp. tng cng
kh nng cch nhit, nu bt buc phi I1 ca s rng ly sng,
nn lm ca hai lp knh. Cc m khng kh gia hai lp knh c
tc dng cch nhit tt hn.
Trong nhiu nm qua, nc ta hnh thnh phong tro dng
tng knh, r rt nht l mt tin cc nh. s dng ba bi cc
mng knh khng c che nng v cch nhit khin nhiu ngi
nh nh l la khng ch vo ma h. Nng lng v ma ng nu
s clns iu ho nhit thng phi tng cng sut gp i, v
lng nhit ta ra qua tng knh hng 3 ln qua tng xy gch.
Hn na, nh nng trc tip qua tn knh ln hn 10 ln qua
tiig gch.

L U . Ca i
Ca di vch ra li i t khng gian ny n khng gian khc.
Cc ca i cnh nhau lm vt i nsn lai, tnq din tch mt sn c
th s dng (hnh 2.14).
Ba ca i m trn ba tng s mt nhiu din tch phng i
li, hn ch khng gian s dng. Cc np p bao quanh ca i, ca
s v chn tng cn nghin cu thng nht.

1.12. C hiu cao nh

Phng c chiu cao va phi, ph hp hin nay t 3 n 3,6 m.
Phng cao thng gy cm gic trang trng, cn phng thp gy
('m gic m cng, thn thit. S nh la th gic cng c th gy
qu. Nu chia int tng thnh cc di nm ngang, phng c

59
 NN TRNH N N LM

H nh 2.14. B tri li i ron phn

v thp i. Nhng nu chia thnh cc di ng, tng s c v cao

hn thc t. C th dng cc di sn mu khc nhau, hoc cc g
ch, cc pho trang tr gy cm gic ny.

1.13. Giao thng trong nh

Khng gian giao thng c chia thnh 3 dng:
- Giao thng hng ngang: hnh lang, nh cu.
- Giao thng hng ng: dc thoi, cu thang b, thang my.
- u mi giao thng: tin snh.
Vic Dhn lung g2o thng, xc nh hng giao thng hp l
c tc (ng tl n cng txnh, khng mt nhiu din tch cho vic
i li, gim chi ph xy ng. S lng ca m v vic b tr cc
ca dc theo chu vi cn phng quyt nh ti vic hnh thnh cc
lung di chuyn trong khng gian, ti s sp xp c v t chc
cc hot ng ca con ngi.

60
 1.13.1 Giao tlig hng liain :
L giao thng trn cng mt phng lin h gia cc phng vi
nhau. Giao thng hng ngang c chia thnh ba loi:
a. Hnh lang gia
i vi mnh t c kch thc mi chiu t nht t 7,5 m tr
ln, c th b tr hnh lang gia, cc phng hai bn. Kiu b tr ny
c u im l tit kim din tch, lin h d dng gia cc phng,
nhng ng thi cng c nhc im: hnh lang di thng ti v
ch c th ly nh sng t hai u hnh lang.
b. Hnh lang bn
L loi hnh lang c phng bn cnh. u im l nh sng
thng thong tt, nhng li tn din tch.
c. Nh cu
L loi hnh lang khng b tr phng hai bn. Nh cu thng
dn t khi nh ny sang khi nh khc, v d t khu nh chnh n
nh xe hay khu bp nu xy hai khu ny tch bit. Nh cu thng
ch c sn v mi che. Nu tng cao th c ct v lan can. C th
xy tng thong bng l hoa b tng nhng nn hn ch v gy
cm gic cht chi.
i i u cao ca hnh lang thng thng bng chiu cao tng nh,
tr trng hp lm trn gi ( che cc kt cu nh dm b tng,
ng ng k thut) nhng khng nn thp hn 2,5 m ( d lu
thng, vn chuyn cc vt cao, thong kh tt).
Hnh lang cn l ni thot ngi khi c s c nn cn rng,
trong nh ti thiu l 0,8m. Khng nn cc vt che chn lm
cn tr li i, khng s dng cc loi vt liu d bt chy cho hnh
lang. Khng thit k cc mng tng hoc treo cc thit b nh ra.
Khng nn lm bc hnh lang.

61
 1 . 3.2 Giao thn hng /iy:
L giao thng gia cc b phn c cao khc nhau. Dng c
bn l cu thang, bc tam cp. Dc ln xung cng l mt dng ca
hng giao thng ny.
a. Cu thang
L phng tin giao
thng theo chiu ng DC CU THANG
n gin nht. Cu thang
nn lm bng vt liu tt,
(190 mm)
khng chy v bn CHIU C A O m ax

vng cao. Cu thang nn

(250 mm)
b tr cng gn gia nh CHlu RNG m

cng tt. Cu thang bao

gm cu to bc, chiu (125 mm)
CHIU C A O min
ngh, lan can v tay vn (400 mm.1
CHIU RONG max
(hnh 2.15).
- Cu thang thng:
+ Thang 1 t: lm H nh 2.15. Cu to bc than l
rng din tch s dng
cho tng 1, nhung li tn din tch cho cc tng trn v phi to
hnh lang bn.
+ Thang 2 dot: din tch chim t t, nhng cc t di thng
ti nu khng c ca s chiu ngh.
+ Thang 3 t: giao thng tt, thng thong v nh sng hp l
nhng tn din tch nhiu nht (hnh 2.16)
Chiu nghi l phn din tch ni hai t thang. Chiu ngh dng
ngt nhp bc chn, thay i hng cu thang v cho chng ta

62
 H n h 2.16. Cu hcm hin ra sau ra nh n mi

tm nghi ly sc i tip, v tr rng v co ca s, chiu ngh cn

l ni ngm nhn quang cnh xung quanh. C hai loi chiu ngh:
chiu nghi phns; v chiu ngh c bc cho.
- Cu thang trn:
L loi bc thang xoay quanh m trc (hnh 2.17)

63
 H nh 2.17. Cu tiiaiii> trn /loi tri

Thng c s dng lm thang ph, t tng 1 ln tng 2 pha

trc nh, hoc t sn thng ln mi. u im: to dng p, mm
mi cho cng trnh. Nhc im: thi cng kh hn thang thng.
- Tiu chun cu thang:
T l gia chiu cao v chiu ngang ca bc thang lm nn
dc cu thang. Cu thang nh nn c dc trong phm vi t 25 -

64
36. Nu cu thang c chiu cao c bc l 17 cm v chiu rng l
26 cm s to gc 33 10, l kch thc thang p.
Theo Tiu chun thit k Vit Nam, chiu rng cu thang nn
l 0,9 m (i vi nh 2 tng) 1,05 m (i vi nh 3 tng tr ln).
Chiu ngh nn b tr bc phng. Trng hp khng th b tr
c mi nn lm bc cho chiu ngh. cho 2 ngi n
xung d dng, thn thang cn rng l,2m - 1,4 m. Chiu rng
bc thang thng thng 24 cm- 27cm. Chiu cao thng thng t
16 cm -18cm.
Nu kch thc mt bc thang nh hn s d ht chn khi bc
xung. Ch trng cho hng i xung hn i ln v d gp tai nn
hn. phng tr nh t 1 n 5 tui, b ng ln khi leo tro ln
ca~ tay vn cu thang, chiu cao lan can cn khng thp hn 90 cm.
Trn cc thanh thng ng, khng nn c cc song ngang thnh bc
cho tr d tro bm. Khong trng ch ln nht gia 2 thanh chn
song khng rng qu 14 cm tr khng th lt qua ri xung t.
u v chn cu thang phi c mt bng ln hn b rng cu
thang v phi bng phng. Mi t thang c ti a 16 bc. Khong
trng pha trn mi bc thang ti thiu l 2m. Cc bc thang trn
cng mt t phi cng cao. Mu bc khng nh qu 15 mm.
- Kt cu bc thang:
+ Loi xon v : thng p dng i vi cc cu thang ln
irn (hnh 2.18).
+ Loi bn trt: l kiu cu thang thn.: thng xy bc gch
trn cc tm an b tng ct thp c dc.
+ L oi git cp: l kiu bc thang git ln tng cp.
Hai tiu chun cng nng quan trng nht ca cu thang l an ton
va d dng ln xung. Cc kch thc chiu cao v rng bc thang
phi t l vi vn ng ca con ngi (hnh 2.19) (hnh 2.20).

65
 Cu thang cn l phng tin quan trng gip a gi tri t
tng thng vo nh, cho nn cn quan tm ng mc n nh che
cu thang trn sn thng (thng gi l tum thang). Phi m bo
yu t thng thong ti a m khng b nng gt trc tip, ng
thi cao vai tr an ton.

Hnh 2.18. Cu thani ln trn mm ...i

66
 b. Ic tam cp
L ba bc thang on gin tnrc khi bc vo snh chnh hay
phu. Thng c s dung tin snh, hai bn hoc chnh sia i
vi cc nh c din tch rng, mt tin b th. Chiu cao 15 -17 cm,
rng 28 - 30 cm l l tong.

Hnh 2.19. Bc hny hono ronq phi khch

67
 c. Dc thoi
Thng c s dng tin snh, gn lin vi bc tam cp, hai
bn hoc chnh gia. dc 8 - 15 % l hp l. u im: i li d
dng, mt, dnh cho ngi tn tt, ngi xe ln. Nhc im:
chim nhiu din tch.

H nh 2.20. Pliig v sinh b tr di im than<i t 2

68
 2. Kt cu
Quan h gia kin trc v kt cu l mi quan h hu c, gn b
ht sc cht ch vi nhau. Hnh dng v khng gian kin trc c
th hin trn c s h kt cu ca cng trnh. Nu coi kin trc l
ci v bc bn ngoi th kt cu l phn ct li bn trong gip cng
trnh tn ti m t cch vng chc qua cc iu kin ca thi gian,
ca ti trng s dng, vt liu cu to cng trnh. Cc khng gian
n gin nht c to nn bng h dm, ct, tng v sn theo h
li ct vung hoc ch nht. D chn khng gian kin trc nh
th no th ngay t khi s phc mt bng ca cng trnh, ngi kin
trc s phi ngh n kh nng chu ti trng thng ng, ti
trng ngang (gi, ng t), nhng bin thin nhit v ln lch
c th xy ra. Do vy, trong thit k cc phng n kin trc
phi cha ng ni dung c bn ca cc phng n kt cu.
T thi La M c i, con ngi c kt rng: cc kt cu ca
nh chia lm hai nhm , nhm kt cu thng ng v nhm kt cu
nm ngang.
Tng v ct l nhm kt cu thng ng.
Dm v sn l nhm kt cu nm ngang.
Nhng kt cu c bn ny nhiu ngi bit, v ng dng ca
n v cng rng ln, khng ch trong lnh vc xy dng.
Ct thng ng chu nhng tc ng khc so vi dm nm
ngang. Tng v ct thng l b nn. V vy y cn gi l nhng
kt cu chu nn.
Trong cc dm gi ln hai im ta, phn di ca dm chu
ko, cn phn trn th li chu nn.

2.1. C c yu cu k t cu
S kt cu phi r rng. Vt liu lm kt cu phi c la
chn cn c vo iu kin thc t cho php v yu cu c th vi

69
cng trnh ang thit k. Kt cu phi c tnh ton vi mi ti
trng v tc ng c th xy ra, bao gm trng lng bn thn ca
kt cu v cc b phn ln n, hot ti s dng, ti trng gi, tc
ng ca nhit , co ngt v t bin ca b tng, kh nng ln
khng u ca mng.

i vi cng trnh c thi hn thi cng nhanh, phai chr. dng

kt cu v cc chi tit kt cu c kh nng thi cng nhanh.

Kt cu phi c tnh ton vi mi ti trng v tc ng xy ra

trong qu trnh thi cng. Trons mt s trng hp, ni lc xut hin
trong giai on thi cno ln hn ni lc trong giai on s dng
mt cch ng k. Khi phi iu chnh kt cu v chn bin
php thi cn" thcli hp gim nh kt cu (hnh 2.21).

GAN

* *
------ /

/
' N - *
L D Iy ! il

'8 '8

..
&

H nh 2.21. H thn%kt cu uyn i

70
 H in nay nc ta, kt cu b tnt ct thp ton khi ang c
ng dng rng ri trong hu ht cc cng trnh nh nh nhng
tin b trong lnh vc sn xut b tna bng cc bin php CO' gii
(m y trn, b tng ti cung cp n cn trnh), k thut hm b
tng ln hoc xung, vn khun tm ln, vn khun trt, vn
khun leo,v.v... lm cho thi gian thi cng c lt ngn, cht
lng kt cu c m bo trong iu kin chi ph vt liu thp.

2.2. T nh ton ti trng tc n g ln kt cu

Ti trng c chia thnh ti trng thng xuyn v ti trng
tm thi.

TAI T R N G
TNH

NG T

H nh 2.22. Cc ti trng tc ng ln cng trnh

71
 T-i trong thng xuyn (tnh ti) l ti trng khng bin i
trong qu trnh xy dng v s dng cng trnh: trng lng bn
tnn cng trnh, trng lng v p lc ca t lp, t p,v.v...
Tai trng tm thi (hot ti) l ti trng c th thay i v tr tc
dng, thay i ln v chiu tc dng trong qu trnh xy dng v
s dng cng trnh. N c th l ti trng s dng trn sn nh
(ngi, thit b, dng c, sn phm, ti trng g i . Ti trng tm
thi c mt phn tc dng di hn (nh trng lng vch ngn
tm thi, trng lng ca cc thit b gn c nh trn sn nh)
v m t phn tc dng ngn hn (nh trng lng ngi v
c di ng) (hnh 2 .22).
Ti trn gi thuc loi ti trng tm thi tc dng ngn hn.
Tnh ti tc dng thng xuyn ln kt cu, trong khi hot ti c
th xut hin nhng ch khc nhau vo nhng thi im khc nhau.

2.3 N guyn tc cu to k t cu b tng c t thp

Chn hnh dng v kch thc tit din ngang ca cc cu kin
(dm, ct, panen, tng) hp l s va tng cng kh nng chu
lc, va tit kim vt liu li m bo m quan cho cng trnh.
Chn hnh dng v kch thc cng phi m bo cc yu cu
chng thm v xt n cc yu t n mn ca mi trng. Trong mi
trng bin, tnh trng n mn b tng ct thp l rt nghim trng cn
phi c bit lu c chiu dy thch hp bo v (hnh 2.23).
Khi ko di ct thp t cu kin ny sang cu kin khc phi
ch im dng thi cng, va phi m bo yu cu chu lc, va
m bo d thi cng. Cc chi tit ni phi c nghin cu cn
thn m bo d thi cng v m bo cht lng. Phi m bo
cc quy nh v neo, un, ni ct thp, khong cch ct ai khu
vc m i ni.

72
i _______ t i _______ t

T r
VNG CH|U NN

CHIU DY=D

lf

2D

21

T T T
] C I CHU NN 2. c MNH O B! UN CONG
3 CT TO CHU NN Ti . CT G HAY B TNG B N

Hnh 2.23. Ct v dm chu tc ng ca lc

73
 2.4 Yu cu bn v kt cu
Thnh phn b bn v b tng ct thp bao gm:
- Cc bn v b tr kt cu;
- Cc bn v cu kin b tng ct thp ti ch;
- Cc bng thng k.
Bn v kt cu phi chnh xc, r rng, y v ng cc k
hiu quy nh, ngha l bo m cho ngi thi cng hiu trn vn
cc chi tit kt cu, t kch thc hnh hc n v tr v hnh dng
ct thp trong kt cu, nh c th lm vn khun v t ct thp
mt cch chnh xc theo thit k.

2.4.1 Bn v b tr kt cu:
Bn v kt cu c th hin t l 1/1U0; 1/200; 1/500. Ni dung gm:
- Cc on v b tr h kt cu chiu lc nh khung dm sn.
th hin r rng cn phi c bn v b tr kt cu trn mt bng cho
cc tng nh v m t s bn v mt ct.
- Cc bang thng k cc b phn kt cu v cu kin.
Trn bn v kt cu cn ch r:
- Cc trc cnh v ca nh hoc cng trnh, khong cch gia cc
trc vi nhau va kch thc tng cng.
- Cc cao nhng ni c trng nht c a kt cu
- K hiu cc b phn kt cu.
2.4.2 Bn v b' tr ct thp trong cu kin:
Bn v ct thp c th hin t l 1/20: 1/50; 1/100. Trn bn v
ct thp cn ch r:
- Cc ng bao ca kt cu ti ch hay cu kin, cc kch
thc c th lm vn khun v xc nh v tr ca ct thp.

74
 - V tr v hnh dng ct thp trong cu kin, cc chi tit c
hn trc vo cot thp khi c h to (ch) ghi k hiu v kch thc
nh v, cn chi tit phi c th hin rinsr vi t l ln hon).
- Chiu dy lp b tng bo v (tnh t mt ngoi ca thanh thp
n m p gn nht ca cu kin)
- Cc b phn cua kt cu tip gip dng lm gi ' cho kt cu
ti ch (v du khi xy gch l gi ta cho dm ) hay cc b phn
m kt cu c ngm vo .
- Cc bng thng k ct thp v khi lng b tng cho tng cu
kin. Trong bng thng k ny, chiu di v s lng cc thanh
thp phi c tnh ton chnh xc.
- Bn v trin khai ct thp vi cc kch thc cng nhn
c th ch to c nh chiu di mc neo. cc on un, bn knh
cc on cong. Khi hnh dng ct thp n gin th hnh dng trin
khai c a chng c th c ua vo bng thng k ct thp.
- d dng hnh dung oc v tr ca ct thp trong cc cu
kin cn phi th hin mt so mt ct ngang (thng gc hoc
nghin g vi trc ca cu kin). Ty l kch thc ca mt ct ngang
phi ging nhau cho tng cu kin v phi ghi kch thc cho
cc m t ct (hnh 2.24).
Trn bn v b tr ct thp phi co cc ghi ch ngi c bn
v n m c thng tin v:
- M c thit k ca b tng;
- Loi ct thp v cng tnh ton ca ct thp;
- Phng php ni ct thp, v tr ni nu cha c th hin trn
ban v, loi que hn dng ni ct thep;
- N h n g iu cn ch khi thi cng.
Q u y c v k hiu cc thanh thp trong cu kin:

75
 L U THANH C T THP KHNG C M C
V
U THANH C T THP C M C RN HOt
NM SONG SONG VI MT PHANG b n V c

f \ OU THANH C T THP C MC RN VUNG

G C VI MT p h n g b n V

I OU THANH C THP C M C VUNG

SONG SONG VI MT PHANG b n v

K ____________________________ OU THANH CT THP C M C VUNG

VUNG G C VI MT PHANG b n v

Hnh 2.24. K hiu thanh thp tron bn v kt cu

3. Thit k in

3.1 Yu cu k th u t
K thut chiu sng ni tht phi t c s phn b nh sng
ph hp yu cu s dng, thun tin v p ng tt cng nng.
Thit k phi xc nh c s dng kiu chiu sng no cho
khng gian no, loi n, cao ca n trn tng hay trn, v tr,
s lng n cn thit. Ngi thit k phi tnh ton c mc
chiu sng c ph hp khng, kim tra mc tin nghi cho ngi
s dng. Phi m bo sng tng th ca tng khu vc ph hp
vi cng nng s dng, to cm gic d chu th gin.
Mt c im c bn ca nh sng t nhin l hng chiu t
trn xung. Bu tri bao gi cng tp trung sng gia, cng xung

76
di, nh sng cng yu dn, do b tr nh sng tp trung chnh
gia, trn cao, sau b sung nh sng cc tng bn bao gi cng
to nn cm gic t nhin. Nhng trng hp chiu sng ngc t
di ln thng c p dng cho ngoi tht. Hng sang chch 45 -
60 so VI vng cn chiu sng lun l hng sng l tng.
nh sng c th lm tng gi tr ca vt liu ni tht, lm bin
i cm xc ca con ngi trong cng mt khng gian. Ngun sng
chiu t gc vo mt bc tng c p gch th trang tr s tr nn
c chiu su, ni bt cc mch va vi nhiu cung bc mu sc
khc nhau m khi chiu trc din li lm mt i cc chi tit .
C hai loi ngun sng ch yu: nu phn theo mu sc l
vng v trng, nhng nu phn theo nhit mu th l nng v
lnh. Gam mu nng lun ph hp vi nh , cc phng ng, phng
n, phng sinh hot. Gam mu lnh thch hp vi phng lm vic,
sn vn, sn thng...

Chiu sng ni tht ni chung tun th hai yu cu c bn: chiu

sng ni tht vt dng (nh sng nn) v chiu sng vng lm vic
(nh sng trc tip). Ngun sng nn phi t ti thiu 200 lux.
(n si t 60 w c sng l 500 lux khong cch 60 - 65 cm
trong khi n hunh quang l,2m , 40 w cho nh sng 500 lux
khong cch 1,0m ).

n si t cho nh sng vng, cm gic m nng; n hunh

quang gn vi nh sng thin nhin; n halogen nh sng mnh, t
trng n vng v n cao p, nh sng thu ngn trng xanh.

Ngay c trong trng hp c iu kin chiu sng t nhin tt,

cng nn phi hp s dng nh sng nhn o iu tit nh sng
n nh, v nh sng t nhin cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t (my
che, hng nng thay i).

77
 chiu sng din rng s dng nh sng trng ca n neon.
nh >ng phng khch phi nh nhng, khng gy chi, c bit l
khng chiu trc tip vo mt khch. n nn hng ti cc chi tit
trang Li p, lm ni bt mt vi bc tranh hay vt p. Bn
thn n cng l vt trang tr nn cn tm k lng trong vic chn
mua sao cho m thut v ng b. Nn s dung loi c chit p
iu chinh sng ti ca nh sng trong tng iu kin c th.

3.2. N guyn tc th it k
Cc h thng in thng do ngi k s in c chuyn m n thit
k. Ch u t cn tm hiu v v tr lp t cac thit b xem c ph
hp vi IIU C ch s dng v b tr ni tht cua mnh khng. Nhiu
trng hp sau khi ngi nh hnh thnh, ch nhn mi thy rng
cc cm nm khut sau ging, hoc cng tc n b tr tp trung
c ca phng nn rt bt tin khi cn s dng vo bui m. Nn
tm hiu cc k hiu in hnh trn bn v, bit c v tr t
cc thit b c ph hp khng (hnh 2.25).
Thit k chiu sng nn tin hnh lm 4 bc:
Bc 1:
Chn kiu bng n da trn cc ch tiu: nhit mu, tui th
bng n, hiu sut sng v tn sut s dng lin tc hay gin on.
Bc 2:
Chn kiu chiu sng (hnh 2.26):
- Kiu chiu sng trc tip: nh sng c ri thng t ngun
sng n i tng r in chiu sng.
- Kiu chiu sng na trc tip: nh sng c ri thng t
ngun sng n i tng cn chiu sng nhng qua tm phn
quang iu chnh hng sng.

78
 BNG IU KHiN NH SNG

ANG IN

CONC C N

CONG C I

C;,'.

CM
' HUYN CiNG

CM OitN THOAI

TV CM Tl\

J| ON HUNH QUANG

ON SI GN TRN

CH DN SI TC ; rn t n g

H nh 2.25. K hiu thng nu, tron hn v i t

- Kiu chiu sng hn hp: l kt hp c hai loi chiu sng trn.

- Kiu chiu sng gin tip: nh bng c chiu ln tm phn
quang ri mi phn x vo i tng cn chiu sng.
- Kiu c h i u s n g na gin tip: nh sn g c ri thng vo
i tng cn ch iu sng, ng thi vn c tm chn chiu
sn g gin tip.

79
 Hnh 2.26. Cc kiu chiu sii

Bc 3:
Chn cao treo n:
Lin quan trc tip n ri sng ca n v kinh t khi s
dng, v vy phi cn nghin cu k da trn loi n v v tr cn
chiu sng.
Cn trnh n ri vo thng tin mt, nn cc v tr thp, nht
thit n phi c chp bo v hoc chao m hn c h hng
chiu sng.

80
 Bc 4:
Xc nh s lng n can thit:

nhng vung cn sim iu ho. khim phi ch s d n s 1

n c e r m s u t l n m n n d i n s n lic u n n h . t o S12 n s
4n n qu sne, cc khu vc khc li ti.
u, trnh khu vc <

Mt thit k chiu s n 5 tt se p ns dc cc yu cu sau:

- Ph hp cng nnq: nhm m bo sn s cho cc cng vic
c lli, ph hp chc nng ca ni tht.
- Thm m kin trc: to n tim p, tn c irns lt kin
trc ca cns trnh.
- Kinh t: tict kim, khn tha thi m p n<* tt ca hai yu
cu rcn.
Flnh thc chiu sn": (linl 2.27)
Nmin im: Chiu SUI cho tiu im khn uian cho mt
viiii hoc mt vt. Nhiu neun CC nho lo thnh nh sim lp
lnh.
Nmn khi: L cc ngun im c pht trin do dni cc vt
liu chp, chn bt nh sn.
N c u n t u y n : C c t h i t b c h i u s nu c t h c c u n s c p n h s n g
trc tip hoc gin tip.
N g u y n t c t h i t k i m d y i n ni t h t : a n t o n , m q u a n ,
n gian v kinh t. Nn cha vi ng dc thng hot ng c
lp : cm, cc n, cc thit b in nng ln nh iu ho, bnh
nc nn, v.v... Trorm mi phns c t nht mt cm, k c bp
v khu v sinh, c n s tc dn nn sn ca ra vo, trorm phn ni
p h i c c n q t c n u g i n g C th S d n g c n g t c hai c h i u
cho mt n chnh ca phns im, mt b tr qn ca, mt b tr

81
 TRC TIP KHUYCH TN

Hnh 2.27. Cc nqun chiu sn

NGUN TUYN NA TRC TIP. NA I lN TIP

82
 16r

01

__

8*

H n h 2.28. Cc cao t cng tc v cni

u ging. Cng tc nn t v pha tay nm cua cnh ca. Cns

tc nn gn cch mat t 1,2 m; cm chm cch mi t 0,3 m
(hnh 2.26).

Bp in nen dng mt cm ring, khng chung vi cc thit

b khc. Cc thit bi c bit nh iu ho, bnh nc nng khng
nn lm cm, m iu khin bng aptomat. Cu thang dng cng
tc hai chiu. Nu s uung h thng in chm, phi s dng cc
thit b chm nhu cng tac. Ni d cm ''hm hai l, l trn bng
dy dng, l di bng dav m. 0 cm ba dy, trn ni dy t,
l tri ni dy m, l phi ni dy dng.

Nn b tr cc ng in c lp: mt ng cho h thng

chiu sng, m t ng dnh cho cm, mt ng dnh cho cc
thit bi tiu hao in nng cao nhu iu ho, bnh un nc.

83
 Cc v tr tp trung s dng l: ca, gm bn lm vic, u
ging, truyn hnh, in thoi, my vi tnh.

3.3 T hit k p ng cn g nng

Phng no c chc nng ca phng , nu khng bit s dng
chiu sng hp l, ng cch s dn n tiu ph nng lng, m
vn khng t hiu qu thm m.

3.3.1 Chiu sm>phitq khch:

Phng khch gia nh phi to c khng kh m cng gn gi

ch khng th lnh lo sng rc nh cng s. Phng khch nn c
n chnh, l loi n gy c cm gic sang trng nh n chm,
qut trn c n chm. Tng c th dng n trang tr chiu
sng ph cho cc phng rng. B cc: tng c tranh ch ngang,
hai n cn xng hai bn bc tranh. B gh salon nn c n hoc
bn hoc n sn. Phng khch nh hoc trn thp, khng thch
hp n chm, nn b tr ngn n treo c cng tc git (kiu n
bn n) thp gn bn khch. Ch khng nh sng chiu thng
vo mt khch. Cc loi n m trn s dng bng trn, halogen
hoc neon, compact to nn nh sng lin va phi. Cc n ri
tranh, n t c b tr chiu sng cc b lm ni bt cc chi tit
trang tr.
Gian phng khch c b sopha mu m hoc sng (nh cc mu
crem) nn dng nhng ngn n cy nh, chiu sng tng gc, to
nn s m cng, ng iu gia ch v khch.
Tng nh sng mu, c gng ln, h s phn x cao, mc hp
th nh sng t, tit kim nng lng cung cp cho ngun sng.
Nu dng n cy, phi c chao vi hoc cho kim loi ht ngc
ln trn, cho nh sng du nh phn quang. Ch nn dng mt loi n
si t sng vng, trnh dng n neon ong phng khch.

84
 Phng khch c din tch thng thng hin nay l 4 X 6 m, vi
chiu cao khong 3,6m ch nn dng b n chm mt tng t 4 n 6
bng. Nhng b n chm pha l Tip, i Loan nhiu tng nn dnh
cho cc i snh hoc cc kin trc c, chiu cao trn t 4 m tr ln.

3.3.2 C hiu sng ni lm vic

Phng lm vic no cng cn cng nh sng n nh v nn

l nh sng trng ca n hunh quang. n phi c chao ngi
ngi vi t th nhn ngang khng b lo mt bi nh sng trc tip
t n. ng thi nh n khng chiu vo mn hnh my vi tnh.
Bn lm vic ti thiu cng cn c ngun sng trc tip khng b
nhc cng mt. Ni c ti liu, giy t, nh n tt nht l ri t
trn cao khong 40-70 cm ( nu l bng halogen 50 W).

3.3.3 C hiu sm* troiii khu ph

nh sng cn khuych tn u, to s m du th gin. Nn

dng bng qu l m 60 -75 w . Gng dng n chiu sng ring,
v chiu sng vo v tr mt ngi ng ch khng phi chiu vo
gng, gy chi.
T treo qun o to (loi chm tng) cng nn c n thun
tin cho s dng. Nhng t trang tr c chiu n ngoi tc
dng chiu sng cn lm ni bt vt trng by.

3.3.4 C hiu sng p h n g ng

Phng ng, khng cn nh sng rc r m tp trung vo nhng

im ch yu: u ging, bn trang im. Nn c ngun sng pha
sau hoc gn tivi lm gim s chi mt do cng sng thay
i lin tc pht ra t bng hnh.

85
 nh sng phns ng ban ngy nn dng rm tng i dv
khuych tn. Th anh sang trong vt tinh lc qua lp rm ca s
gp phn cho s th gin ngh ngi.

3.3.5 C hiu plii bp v phiii n:

Bp cn c tn dng ti a nh sng thin nhin c cm

gic trung thc v mu sc ca thc phm ch bin. n c b tr
tai cc khu vc bn n v cc v tr quan trng khc (bp l, t
lnh, V V . . . ) . n treo c th di chuyn cao to s m cng cho
khu vc quanh bn n.
Phng n phi c nh sng chiu trc tip vo khu vc nu, hin
nay my ht mi thng c km bng n. Nu khng dng my ht
mi, c th lp thcm loi n ncon ngn hoc bng halogen nh.
Khu vc bn n lt nht dng loai n th, cng tc git, c th
iu chnh cao chiu sng khong chi ml ngi ngi m tp
irune; lm ni bt v hp dn ca thc n.

Cng sut Loi dy Aptomat

Tn thit b
(W) (s day X tit din) (A)
Bp in 1500 2x12 20
T lnh 400 2x12 20
My git 500 2x12 20
T ivi 300 2x14 14
iu ho nhit 1500 2x12 20
Bm nc 500 2x12 20
L nng 5000 3x10 30
Bn l 1000 2x12 20

86
 4. Thit k h thng cp thot nc
4.1. H th n g cp nc
4.1.1 T iu chun dng mc:
N c s i n h h o t p h t h u c v o CiiC y u t :

- Mc trang b thit b v sinh ca ngi nh.

- iu kin kh hu (m a ng s dng t nc hn ma h).
- Tp q u n sinh hot.
Tiu chu n dng nc trung bnh l 150 - 200 / cho mt ngi
trong m t ngy m. V d mt gia nh c 4 ngi, lng nc s
dng trong m t ngy m s l:
200 X 4 = 800 /

Nh vy, b nc c th tch 2nr = 2000 / s c s dng trong:

2000 : 8 = 2, 5 ngy.
V y nu dng b cha nc 2 rrr, sau trung bnh 2 -3 ngy phi
bm nc m t ln.

4.1.2. P h n g p l p lm sch nc:

C nhiu phng php lm sch nc nh s dng thit b hay
ho cht. C ng c th p dng cc hin tng vt l nh Hun trong
v kh m u ca nc b ng nh phn. Vic kh st c tin hnh
bng gin phun nc thnh cc ht nh li ti. Dng Clo nguyn cht
hoc cc hp cht nh Ozon, bc kh trng. Hin nay, c
bin php lm sch nc bng sng siu m, tia t ngoi nhng gi
thnh thit b cn cao.

4.1.3 C u to m ng li cp nc:
1. ng ng:
L thit b dn nc t ni cha n ni s dng nc. ng
cp nc chn ngm di t, ngm trong tng phi su ti

87
thiu 1.5 em so vi mt trt hon thin. n s cp nc phi t trn
OII thot nc.
2. V a n k h o :

L thit bi ciin s n s, m' nc cho tm L on 0112.

3. V a n 1 c h i u :

L thit b cho nc ch y theo mt c h i u , ngn nc c h y theo

hnt nmrc li, thn dng ' dng cp nc.
3 . B cha:
L thit h tch tr nc dnh s chum. B cla nht thit phi
c im trn hoc van phao (c hav t im). B cha ngm nn xy
uch, hoc co m po site. b trm ct thp. Bc c th xy c h m lon
lon hoc na ni, na chm. Be chra phi c phns tin (ho
nc d lm sch b: nu x, (c th im hm ht). B cha trn
cao c th bum tn, bans co m p o sitc h ay inox.
4. T h i c t hi* i i mk- n c :

G m c vi. vi sen, hnh un nc nnu, h x , lavabo, chau

ra, v.v...

5. nu h do nc:
Dng xc nh cn sut ticu th nc. ng h thng dng
su' dnn nguyn l cnh qut o vn lc dng nc chy qua.
C th t tron nh, trons tng hm, di gm cu thang ngoi
hay 2 c hnh lang, phi t trong mt hp l in" hoc xy gch,
v c np che. Hp phi v tr d dng nhn thy v d m
kim tra.
n g k n h n S h p h i n h h n n g o n c p vo.

4.1.3 N guyn tc vch tuyn cp mc:

nq im i ti moi thit b dng nc c chiu di ngn nht.

88
 D tnq gn chc vi cc kt cu ca nh, m bo thm m
kin trc.
Thun tin cho vic qun l, kim tra khi can thit.
K h i m n n t n< i q u a c c p h i m .

Mi no nhnh khn phc v qu 5 ihit b dng nc.

C c i m n g t h u n u t c p h n g , g n n i t h i t b c l u
lns i nc ln nht (hnh nc nng, chu ra,v.v...).
Cc ng nq ns thng ip trunu trong hp k thut, v nn
lm mine thm x l khi can thit.
Ilin nay, do p lc nc ca cc nh my yu, nn mi cng
trnh phi s d n <4 my bm rin a nirc ln b, sau dng
p lc t c h a y p h n p h i li c c thil h s d n g .

Nn s dim tm cp cho h mi rim, nu s dn chunc

w c. w

dnq cp xunu ih phi irm van m chicu v tr trc my

hn 1.
( h p lc cua cc tng cao (sn b) sc yu hn p lc cc
tang di. Nu mun p lc nc u phi s n mt bm rinc;
cho irnc xune (bm p) hot nsi ch khi c thit b s dng
nc hot n (m vi, git nc trons kt v sinh, my git lm
vic, v.v...) hoc tng cao ca b nc mi.

4 2 H th n g th ot nc

4.2.1 N g u y n t c h th n i th o t c

H thns cp nc kt thc ti mi thit b dng nc. Sau khi

nc c s d ns, nc c thi vo h thng cng thot v sinh.
H thng thot thi ny ch da vo trng lc gii quyt nn
ng ns: thoi cn ln hn nhiu so vi ng ng cp. Thm vo

89
, c cc m a st theo chiu di, v dc theo chiu ngang, cc loi
v s lng cc ch vng, khp ni. Cc hi mi hnh thih trong
ng cng thot do s phn hu cht thi. ngn chr cc hi
mi ny xng vo khng gian nh , cn c cc xi phrg mi
thit b. Thm vo , h thng thot thi v sinh phi rc thng
hi ra ngoi khng kh. Cc nt nc lm cho khng kh ch lu
thng trong h thng v thot ra ngoi qua cc ng thu hi
(hnh 2.29)
Nguyn tc chung ca tuyn thot nc v cc thit b thot
nc phi m bo nhng yu cu sau:
- C li chn bo v, ngn chn rc chui vo lm tc rg.
- C xi phng (tm chn thu lc) ngn chn mi hi thVi v hi
c t b pht v ng cng xng ln.
- m bo bn vng, trn, khng thm nc (cc thit t c th
b n g s h a y k im l o i t r n g m e n , in o x ; n g n g , p h u 'h u b n g
cht do).
ng ng chy sut chiu cao nh, t gc tng gn cc thit
b v sinh c lu lng thi nc ln (d= 50) ring cho b x l
n g Knh 100 mm.

Phi b tr mt ming kim tra c np y cht v tr lm cch

mt sn tng 1.
ng nhnh l on ng nm ngang dng thu nc thi cu a cc
thit b v sinh vo ng ng ng. C th nm st rrt sn b
tng hoc nm di. Mt ng nhnh khng thu qu 5 th t b v
sinh. ng thng hi: ni tip vo ng ng, vt mi t m t 1 m.
Nu mi s dng lm sn thng, th phi nng cao ng vt qu 3 m.
Tc dng thng hi t nhin, gii to khng kh trong ng k h x nc
trnh xut hin p lc ln.

90
H n h 2.29. S d h th n thot v sinh din hnh

91
 dc ca cc n s nm ngan" l 3,5 7oo n 5 /00, vn tc
V min = 0,4 ni/s (vn tc qii hn y c cht thi).
v max = 6 m/s (vn tc gii hn cho php trnh ph v ng).

4 .2 .2 T h n h p l n v tn h c h t n c th i

Nc mi(a: Nc ma thng c quan nim l nc sch,

nhng thc cht cha nhiu cn bn, bi v cc cht nhim trong
khng kh, khi chy theo mi nh nhiu t bi ko theo cht bn.
Nc ma phi c thot trc tip ra ngoi, khng qua b pht,
trnh lm nc b lu thng nhanh.
Nc thi sinh h o t: l nc thi t nh bp, cc khu v sinh,
cha cht bn do qu trnh hot ng ca con ngi.
Thot nc sn v sinh, bp cng phi c thot trc tip khng
qua b phi v nc c nhiu x phng trong qu trnh ty ra,
s t i c u d i t v i s in h v t t r o n ? b p h t . C h i c n c t h i t b x m i
dc dn on bc pht x l, ln" cn trc khi thot ra h thng
cng thnh ph.

4 .2 .3 C u t o h th iii th o t Kc

Mng li thot nc sm:

+ Thit b th nc thi;
+ Xi phng (tm chn thu lc);
+ Mng li ng ng: ng ng, ng nhnh, ng thng hi.
Cc cng trnh x l cc b: b pht, b lc, h ga.

4.2.4 Cc tlit bi thu nc thi

a. B x
Phn bit theo cu to, c 2 dng l b x xm v b x bt. Theo
cht liu, c cc loi bng granito, hay bng s trng men. Theo
nguyn l x nc c th phn bit loi kt nc lin hay ri.

92
 b. Chu ra
Chu ra mt (lavabo) c cc dng: c chn hay khng chn, ni
trn mt bn hay chm di, loi trn hay gc.
c. Bn tm
C cc loi bng thp trng men, bn? s trng men, bng
composit.

d. Phu thu

L thit b thu nc mt sn khu v sinh, c th bng gang,

nha hoc inox. Loi c r n rc tin dng v c th nhc ln
rc.
e. n g ng

iTing s dn<* ng plastic: bn, trn nhn, m quan, d thi

cng. Trc kia hay dng ng snh, tuy r tin nlurnc nhc im
l d r r v cc mi ni kh ghp kn, nn" n, d v.
g. B pht

B pht c nhim v x l cc cht thi trc khi a thot ra

ng c n g thnh ph. C 2 loi b pht l bn t hoi v t hoi.
B bn t hoi khng /li/i lc):

B c nhim v lng cn v ln men cn lng. Thi gian nc

lu li trong b t 1 - 3 ngy. Cc ht cn ln xung y nh cc
vi sinh vt ym kh, nh xi ho cc cht hu c, cn s ln men v
mt m i hi thi.
Th tch b cng ln th nc chy qua b cng chm, nc cng
sch hn, nhng gi thnh xy dng cao.
Nhc im: do b thng xuyn b sung cn cha x l lm
cc h p cht hu c b xy ho chm.

93
 Cc cht kh c to ra (metan) thnh bt ko theo cn ni ln
thnh lp mng bn n. M ng dy, cc ht cn li ri xung, nc
trong tr thnh c, b khng sch.

B t hoi (c ngn loc):

Lm sch trit hn b bn t hoi. Ngn lc thng cha cc
lp lng cn nh si, ct, than ci, v.v...

B. CH U N B T H I C N G

I. CHN LA NH THAU
Chn la nh thu thi cng bao gi cng l cng vic phc tp
nht trong qu trnh xy dng v y l yu t quyt nh cht
lng ca cng trnh.
C ba hnh thc lm vic vi nh thu:
- Hnh thc khon gn ton b.
- Hnh thc khon gn tng phn.
- Hnh thc khon phn nhn cng.
Hnh thc khon no cng cn co s gim st cht ch ca ch
nh. Cho d nh thu c kinh nghim v uy tn, nhng c rt nhiu
vn khin nh thu khng he quan tm n trc tip bng ngi
ch nh.
Tt nht l hp ng vi cng ty thi cng c y t cch php
i' v chc nng hnh ngh xy dng. Vic s m bo cho cng
iiih c xy dng mt cch chnh quy, chuyn nghip v ng
quy trnh k thut. Trong trng hp xay ra s c, s c ngi i
tiin t cch php nhn chu trch nhim trc php lut.
N hng trong giai on hin nay c rt nhiu ch thu t nhn.
Nhiu ch u t khng ngn ngi khon trng c vic thi cng

94
ngi nh tr gi hng trm triu ng ca mnh vo tay h mc d
khng bit trnh , nng lc thc t ca h ra sao. m bo
cng trnh ca mnh c thi cng ng quy phm k thut, trch
pht sinh nhng khon tn ph khng cn thit, ngi ch u t
cn pii tm hiu cc thng tin v i thu thi cong v t ra mt s
yu cu. Nu c th, nn xem xt cc cng trnn nh thu thi
cng, v trao i vi cc ch nh lm vic vi ho hc hi kinh
nghim.
Yu cu v i ng:

C nhn hnh ngh xy dng cng phi l ngi c ngh nghip

xy dng c o to ti trng dy ngh, hoc gia truyn, khi
hnh ngh phi c chng ch ngh nghip - bc th do nh trng
hoc do S xy dng cp. C nhn hnh ngh xy dng phi c
chng ch bc th, v ch c lm cc cng vic thuc tiu chun
bc th ca mnh. Cn b k thut thi cng phi c trnh tng
ng k s xy dng. Cc i th khng c phi thu cn b k
thut, tt nghip i hc xy dng chu trch nhim v quy
phm k thut v hng dn k thut cho th thi cng theo ng
thit k. Ngi ch thu thi cng phi l ngi c chng ch ngh
nghip bc th xy dng t 4/7 hoc c bng trung cp xy dng,
kin trc tr ln.

Th cng ngy cng chuyen mn ho v tay ngh, khng lin s

dng m t i th t u n CUOI cng trnh.

Yu cu v trang b:

Ngoi nhng dng c xy ciimg thng thng, cn yeu cu i

thi cng phi c nhng trang thit b h tr cng vic tn cng
m bo cht lng v tin du nh my trn b tng, my dam bn
v m di; my hn loi nho. i io. b tng bng my m bao cho

95
mc va b tng c cht lng tt, n u v c cng n
nh hn trn th cn.
Nhm> vn d cn tho lun:
Phi tho lun chi tit v bn thit k vi nh thu trc khi thi
cng, thng nht tng khi lng, hng mc cng trnh s lm,
trnh ti a pht sinh. Sau ngh nh thu tnh chi tit khi
lns, gi thnh tng hng mc.
Trong trn hp khon gn ton b, cn ch vic nh thu
gim bt khi hrne gim gi thnh c n " trnh. V d gim bt
khi lng thp, gim tit din thp, thay th cc vt liu t tin
bns nhngg loi r tin, mau hng. m bo cht lng cng
trnh, cn thn" nht v t l cp phi b tng, va trt.

II. HP NG THI CNG

Son tho hp tii thi cns l mt c n s vic quan trn . Tronc

hp ng phi th hin tt c ni duni C I1 2 vic v cc vn lin
quan n vic thc hin theo thit k lp. Vi nsha l mt vn
bn c tnh cch php l rng buc trch nhim gia ch thu xy
dng vi ch u t. hp n " thi cim l chihm l quan trng
trong trng hp hai bn c tranh chp khng tha thun c.
Trons; trng hp c bit, c n s trnh c yu cu cht lng cao.
ngi ch u t nn lp bn ph lc v cht lng cng trnh,
trong m t cng vic v quy cch k thut.
Hp ng thi cng phi quy nh chi tit thi gian cho tng khi
lng cng vic, gi c, iu kin thanh ton, bo hnh v iu kin
thng, pht. Lu cc iu khon v an ton lao ng.
Trong trng hp khon gn ton b, cng cn theo di cht
lng v chng loi vt t c ng quy cch, gi thnh c hp l
khng.

96
 Vt liu cung cp phi m bo phm cht, c xc nhn trc
khi a vo s dng ti cng trnh. Trng hp ngi ch u t
cung cp vt liu, ngi ch thu c quyn t chi khng s dng
nu xc nh vt liu khng m bo cht lng v s lng.
Trong trng hp vt t do nh thu cung cp, cng cn xc nh r
chng loi, s lng, gi c, ngy thng v a im mua cc loi
vt t , lm c s cho nhng tranh chp v chng loi, quy cch
phm cht c a vt t gia ch thu v ch u t.
Trong trng hp khi lng pht sinh ngoi d kin, phi tha
thun trc v gi c, cch thc tin hnh bng giy t b sung vo
hp ng c trnh tranh chp v khi Urng, gi c sau ny. Nu
vic ny khng c tin hnh, ngi ch nh thng khng hnh
dung y l khi lng pht sinh ngoi d kin, trong khi nh thu
ngh rng ng nhin y l khi lng b sung, pht sinh, s phi
tnh ton thm vo lc quyt ton. V cng vic quyt ton thng
tin hnh vo thi im hng thng sau, ncn rt d gy nhm ln.
Cch tt nht l ghi li bng vn bn. Vic thanh ton tin hnh
theo ng d kin, khng p ng cc yu cu tm ng trc thi
hn ca nh thu.
Trong trng hp ngi ch thu khng c mt thng xuyn
cng trng, phi c mt ngi i din thay mt cho ch thu.
Ngi c th l th trc tip hoc gin tip, nhng phi c trnh
chuyn m n v trnh qun l nm bt c nhng yu
cu ca ngi ch u t, hay ngi gim st thi cng.
Ngi ch thu chu trch nhim v vt \ vt liu nm trn phm
vi cng trng, sau khi ngi ch u t bn giao cho ch thu.
Ngi ch u t cn lm vic vi cc c quan chc nng qun
l, chnh quyn a phng trc v trong khi xy dng cng trnh.

cng trnh xy dng c thun li, ngi ch u t cn

thng bo cho cc gia nh ln cn bit vc vic xy dng, gii quyt

97
nhCnm tranh chp, khiu ni ca nh hng xm v vic thi cng
cn,2 trnh trn t mnh lm ch s hu.

Khi c yu cu phi khai qut cng trnh ngm kim tra,

ngi ch thau phi chu trch nhim. Cng vic phi c tin
hnh trc s chng kin ca ngi thit k, ngi ch u t hoc
gim st thi cng. Nu cng tc lm khng c g thiu st, sai k
thut (h ph tn o, lp, thi cng li do ch u t chu. Nu c sai
st, vic thi cng li hon ton do ngi ch thu chu trch nhim
m khng c tnh l pht sinh trong hp ng.
Thi gian thi cng hon tt cng cn phi c xc nh, trnh
tnh trng ko di cong trnh Hp ng phi ghi r iu khon pht
nu ch thu khng hoan tt cng vic trong thi hn quy nh.
Thi gian ny phi tnh c thi hn 2a tng hp l, khng tnh thi
gian phi dng cng trnh do nhng nguyn nhn khch quan bt
kh khng nh thi tit xu, b c quan php lut nh ch xy
dng, nhng tai n.n nh ha hon, ng t.
Hp ng cng cn quy nh thi gian bo tr cng trinh. i
vi nhng khuyt tt ca cng ninh trong mt thi hn nht nh
cn phi c sa cha, thay th. Trng hp do vt liu hay do
nhng nguyn Iilin no khc ngoi m un ca ch thu, nhng
ch thu xc nhn cht lng th phn trch nhim chnh vn l
ch thu. Nu ch thu khng chp nhn sa cha, ch u t phi
thu ngi khc thc hin cng vic v khon chi ph s khu tr
vo tin thanh ton vi ch thu.
Trong trng hp nh thu nh hon cng vic thi cng, hoc t
b kh ns tip tc thi cng, ch du ur cn thng bo bng giy t
cho ch thu yu cu chm dt hp ng v thu ngi khc tip
tc thi cng.

98
 Tuy vy, ngi ch cng trinh cn nh r mt iu l hp ng
d son tho cht ch n u cng khng th ghi ht c tt c
cc trng hp xy ra. Nn phi c s linh hot, thng hiu nhau
gia ch u t v nhng ngi thi cng. Cn phi c s bn bc
vi nhau trong qu trnh tin hnh cng vic v nu ngi ch cng
trnh th y c s g khc mc, hoc cha hiu r, hoc cho i ngi
thi cng khng lm ng cn phi thna; bo ngay hai bn bn
bac di d n thng nht, v pha ch thu cng phi hiu rng ngi
ch c n g trnh khnu phi lc no cng hiu r cc vn chuyn
m n n n nhiu khi a ra nhng quyt nh hoc c nhng su>
ngh v l, cn phi thng bo ngay cho ch cng trnh trc khi
tin hnh thi cng. TTitm thn2 vic ihns k nhng pht sinh l
khu g p nhiu kh khn nht trong cng trnh. Trong khi ngi
ch c n g trnh ngh rn2 Lic khon d nm trong s tnh ton
trc, th nci thi cng li cho l khon mi b sung v sau.
Vic thng nht cn tin hnh cng sm cng lt trc khi hon
tt mt khi lng no k cng vic.

Mi c n g trnh c yu cu cht lns, tin v cch thc tin

hnh kh c nhau, do khng th a ra mt ban hp ng mu cho
tt c cc cng trnh. Nhng nhng pnn chnh ca mt bn hp
ng phi c ghi r l:

- Thi gian lp hp ng, cc bn tham gia lp.

- Khi lng cng vic, n gi thc hin v thnh tin tm tnh.

- Thi im v th thc thanh ton, quyt ton hp ng.

Cc i u khon rng buc cng uc lp chi lit cng d x l

nhng trng hp xy ra tranh chp.

99
c . XIN PHP XY DNG
I. TH TC T AI

1. Th tc xin cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t

Giy chng nhn quyn s dng t ti ni thnh do y ban
nhn dn tnh hoc thnh ph cp. Ngi xin cp n lm vic ti
S a chnh.
Giy chng nhn quyn s dng t c cp cho cc i tng
sau:
- Nhng ngi tha k quyn s dng t gn lin vi nh
hoc ti sn m khng c tranh chp v tha k nhng cha lm th
tc sang tn trc b.
- Ngi chuyn nhng t thc s c nhu cu c chnh
quyn a phng xc nhn.
- Ngi s dng t n nh, khng c tranh chp, ph hp vi
quy hoch, c chnh quyn a phng xc nhn.
lm th tc, cn:
- on xin cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t.
- Giy mua bn nh.
- Cc giy t lin quan v tha k, chia, nhn qu tng (nu
ngi lm n khng phi l ch ng tn trong cc giy t hp l
v t ai).
Cc giy t ny bao gm:
- Quyt nh giao t hoc giy xc nhn quyn s dng t.
- Giy s hu t hoc giy t hp l khc.
- t khng c tranh chp, khng thuc din giao cho ngi
khc s dng do thc hin cc chnh sch ca Nh nc.

100
 i vi trng hp hon ton khng c giy t hp l, nhng t
ph hp vi quy hoch, khng c tranh chp, v c chnh
quyn a phng xc nhn s dng n nh t trc ngy
18/12/1980 v giy xc nhn ca c quan qun l quy hoch.
Trng hp m ua bn bng giy vit tay, m t khng phi l
t th c th ngi mua phi xin chuyn mc ch s dng t th
canh sang th c.

2. T hu t c xin chuyn nhng quyn s dng t

i vi bn chuyn nhng:
- 3 n xin chuyn nhng (theo mu).
- Bn chnh giy chng nhn quyn s dng t v cc giy t
c lin quan n quyn s dng t.
- Bn sao h khu.

- Bn chnh ha hin trng v tr t.

i vi bn nhn quyn s dng t:
- cm xin nhn quyn s dng t (theo mu).

- Bn sao h khu.
- Bn chnh giy u quyn cho ngi i din (nu bn nhn
quyn s d ng c 2 ngi tr ln).

- n xin ng k quyn s dng t.

T h u chuyn quyn s dng t:

i tng chu th u l tr gi t c chuyn quyn s dng

bao g m tr gi cc loi t nng nghip, t lm nghip, t khu
dn c nng thn, t th v t chuyn dng. Trng hp bn
nh c n g vi chuyn quyn s dng t c nh trn , th i

101
tng chu thu l phn tr gi t chuyn quyn s dng, khng
tnh phn tr gi nh chuyn quyn s hu. Trng hp chuyn i
t cho nhau, c pht sinh chnh lch v tr gi t th i tng
chu thu l phn chnh lch v tr gi t.
Phng php tnh thu khi chuyn quyn s dng t l:

Gi tr gi t tnh
S' thu phi np = thu chuyn quyn x Thu sut
s dng t
Trong :
Tri gi t tnh (hu Din tch t thc
, * , Gi t tnh
ch u y n q u yn s = t c h u y n q u y n X ,
, ihu
dng t s dng t
Din tch thc t chuyn quyn s dng l din tch s
chuyn quyn s dng. Trong trng hp chuyn i t cho nhau
th l phn din tch chnh lch khi chuyn i.
Gi t tnh thu do Nh nc ban hnh, nim yt ti tr s c
auan thu v c quan qun l nh t, a chnh ti a phng.
Trong trng hp din tch ghi trong giy ch quyn t t hn
din tch ang s dng, do cc nsuvn nhn:
Khi lm giy ch quyn, c quan c thm quyn khng ghi y
din tch chnh, ph thuc phm vi t th ngi s dng c
quyn yu cu c quan qun l xc nh li, c ghi r trn giy t
v bn v hin trng.
Khi mua bn t, c tnh khai din tch gim i gim thu
trc b, th phi lm li th tc mua bn, ng trc b, chng
nhn ch quyn nh theo lut nh.

102
 Trng hp do qu trnh s dng, d san lp, bi p ao h, ci
to t hoang thnh t ring, phi c s xc nhn ca cc h ln
cn, cn b a chnh khu vc l mnh t ang thuc quyn s
hu ca bn, k h n s c tranh chp ri tin hnh lm th tc xin cp
quyn s dng t.

II XIN PHP XY DNG NH

1. N hng trng hp phi xin php

T c cc cng trnh xy dng m'i, ci to, m' rng hay sa

cha cii phi xin giy php, tr nhns trng hp ci to nh
khng lm thay i cu iric cng trnh nh trt v, qut vi, o
n u i , lt n c n , t h a y ci (Iir t r n g h p m c a ra d n e p h c h n h ) ,
thay ti irano, thit b ni tht trong nh, cai to tuyn k thut h
tn;, cc CI1C trnh Mm.
Trn hp c min xin php xy dng l nh xy tm trn
t th c l 3 uni: 1r* xum; c din tch sn nh hn 200 n r
cc vng nng thn, min ni hoc nm nsoi ranh si i quy hoch
th trn, imim tm th x, tr cc nh vcn quc l, tnh l, huyn
l. i vi nh th dc x na hp php tron2 khun vin
ca cc d n phi trin nh, c 2 y s dng t hp php,
c quy lo icli chi tit c cp c thm quyn ph duyt, cl c c
s h tng cng khng cn phi lm th tc xin php.

C quan c thm quyn cp siy php xy dng l Uy ban nhn

dn qun, i vi trng hp di 3 tng v di 200 m : sn.

2. H s xin cp giy php xy dng

C hai loi h so xin php k 'i xy dng mi hoc ci tao, sa

cha.
 H s.xin cp giy plp xy (lng mi nh , bao im:
+ n xin php xy dng do ch u t ng tn.

+ Bn sao giy chng nhn quyn s dng t, km theo trch

lc bn t l 1/200 - 1/500 hoc s ranh gii l t. Trng
hp cha c giy chng nhn quyn s dng t th phi c hp
ng thu t hoc quyt nh giao t.
+ Ba b h s thit k k thut, bao gm:

- S v tr cng trnh.

- Mt bng l t t l 1/ 200 hoc 1/500. Trong xc nh v

tr cng trnh xin php xy dng.

- Mt bng cc tng, cc mt ng v mt ct ch yu ca cng

trnh, t l 1/10 0- 1/200.

- Mt bng m n" t l 1/100-1/200 v chi tit mt ct m ng t l

1/50.

- S h thng thot nc ma v thot nc thi t l 1/100 -

1/ 200.
i vi loi nh c chiu cao trn 3 tng v tng din tch sn
trn 200 n r , ch u t phi thu t chc t vn xy dng c t
cch php nhn, c php hnh ngh thit k v phi c thm nh.

i vi nh c chiu cao t 3 tng tr xung v c tng din

tch sn n 200 m 2 th ch u t c th t lp h s thit k.
Nhng cng trnh ny khng phi thm nh v khng ph duyt
thit k k thut.

H s.xin cp giy plp ci to, sa cha, m rn ti hin c:

n, giy t v quyn s hu, b h s thit k nh trn, v c

thm:

104
 nh chp kh 9 x 1 2 mt chnh cng trnh c khng gian lin k
trc khi ci to, sa cha.
i vi cng trnh nh t 4 tng tr ln, phi thit k ng
ng cp nc cha chy. Tu trng hp, nu xt thy cn thit, c
qu an nhn h s cp giy php xy dng s gi vn bn ly kin
ca Phng cnh st phnc; chy cha chy xin tha thun ph
duyt v an ton phng chy cha chy.

V ic tip nhm h s xin php x y di>:

C quan tip nhn h s c nhim v c cn b c thm
quyn v nng lc tip nhn h s xin php xy dng, kim tra ni
d ung v quy cch h s, sau lp phiu nhn h s, v hn ngy
tr kt qu. i vi h s k h n " hp l, trong thi qian ti a l 7
ngy k t khi tip nhn, nei tip nhn phi trc tip thng ho
bng vn bn cho nc s bit v yu cu cn b sung v hon
chnh h s. Ch u t c quyn ngh ngi tip nhn h s
gii thch r nhng yu cu cn b sung v hon chnh h s hp l.
Thi cian oii quyt khng qu 30 ncy k t khi nhn h s
hp l. Ring thi gian hon chnh h s khng tnh vo thi gian
gii quyt. Trns hp t chi tip nhn h s xin cp giy php
xy dng, th ngi trc tip nhn h SO' xin cp giy php xy dng
phi tr li bng vn bn, trong nu r l do t chi cho ng
s bit.
iu kin cp php xy dng:
- Ch s hu nh mun xin cp php xy dng phi c giy t
hp l v quyn s hu nh v quyn s dng t.

- Bn v xin php phi ph hp vi nhng iu lut xy dng

quy nh.

105
 Q uy nh ti L ut xy dng: (Trch m t s iu khon trong
chng7 Quy nh v kin trc th):
tt

7.4.1. Cc b phn c nh ca ngi nh:

1. Trong khong khng t mt va h ln ti cao 3,5m m i b

phn nh u khng c nh qu ng , tr cc trng hp
di y:

a. Bc thm, vt dt xe: c nh ra khng qu 0,3 m.

b. ng ng ng thot nc ma gn vo mt ngoi nh: c

php vt qua ng khng qu 0,2 m v phi m bo m quan.

c. T cao lm tnh t mt va h, tr ln cc bu ca, g ch,

b phn trang tr: c php vt ng khng qu 0,2 m
(hnh 2.30).

2. Trong khong khng t cao 3,5 m (so vi mt va he) tr

ln; cc b phn c nh ca ngi nh ( vng, s n, ban cng, mi
ua... khng p dng vi mi n, mi h) c vt qu ng
theo nhng iu kin nh sau:

a. vn ra (o t ng d ti mcp ngoi cng ca phn nh

ra) phi khng c ln hn gii hn c php, tu thuc chiu
rng l gii, quy nh bng 7.4.1, ng thi phi nh hon chiu
rng va h t nht 1,0 m.

b. V tr v cao vn ra c th ca ban cng phi theo quy

nh v qun l xy dng khu vc sao cho thng nht trong tng
cm nh.

c. Trn phn nh ra ch c lm ban cng khng c che chn

to thnh l gia hay bung.

106
TRNG HP CH GII XY DNG KHNG TRNG VI NG

TRNG HP CH GII XY DNG TRNG VI NG

Hnh 2.30. Quy nh v kin trc th

107
 Bng 7.4.1 : vn ti da ca ban cng, mi dua , vng

Chiu rng l gii (m) vn ti a(m)

<6 0
6-12 0,9
12-16 1,2
>16 1,4

3. Phn ngm di mt t:
- Mi b phn ngm di mt t u khng c vt qu
ng .
4. Mi n, mi h ph: Mi n l mi che cng, gn vo tng
ngoi nh. Mi h ph l mi che gn vo tng ngoi nh che ph
mt phn va h.
- Phi c thit k theo quy nh ca khu vc thng nht c
cm nh.
- Khng c nh hng n hot ng cha chy.
- Phi cao cch mt va h 3,5m tr ln.
- vn ra (o t ng ti mp ngoi cng ca phn nh
ra) phi nh hn chiu rng va h t nht 0,6 m.
- c lm bng vt liu chu la khng di 2 gi.
Bn trn mi n, mi h ph khng c s dng vo mc ch
khc (ban cng, sn thng, by chu cnh)
iu 7.8 V sinh th:
- Nc ma v cc loi nc thi khng c x trc tip ln
m t h, ng ph m phi theo h thng c n g ngm chy vo h
thng thot nc th.

108
 - Nc thi ca khu v sinh phi c x l qua b t hoi, xy
dng ng theo tiu chun k thut, trc khi vo cng thnh
ph.
- My iu ho nhit phi t cao 2,7 m tr ln v khng
x nc ngng trc tip ln mt h ng.
iu 7.9 M quan th:

Cc mt ngoi nh khng c sn mu en, mu ti sm v

trang tr cc chi tit phn m thut.
iu 7.10 Khong cch an ton in:
T ct in ti mp ngoi cng ca kin trc l 0,75m.
Dy dn t dc theo cng trnh phi m bo:
+ Theo chiu n<:
- Cao hn ban cng, mi nh 2,5m
- Cao hn m p trn ca s 0,5 m
- Thp hn m c p di ban cng v di ca s 1,0m.
+ Theo phng ngang:
- Cch ban cng 1,0m
- Cch ca s 0,75 m
Ch trng:
- Khng b phn no ca ngi nh, k c thit b, ng ng,
mng c vt qu ranh gii t s dng.

- Khng x nc ma, nc thi cc loi, k c nc ngng t

my lnh kh bi, kh thi sang nh bn cnh.

- Ch c m cc ca i, ca s, l thng hi trn cc bc tng

cch ranh gii t vi nh bn cnh t nht 2 m. Khi m ca cn c

109
bin php trnh tia nhn trc tip vo ni tht nh bn cnh (chn
tm nhn hoc b tr so le ca s gia hai nh).
- Mp ngoi cng ca ban cng trng sang nh hng xm phi
cch ranh gii t gia hai nh t nht 2 m...
Lut quy nh: " N gii c quyn s dn t c s d n g
khng gian v lng t theo chiu thng ns t ranh gii trong
khun vin t p h hp vi quy hoch x y diig do c quan N h
nc c thm quyn quy nh v khng c lm nh hng n
vic s dng t lin k ca ngi khc." (khon 2, iu 270 b
Lut dn s) Do , d nh cao hn cc nh lin k, nhng cng
khng c quyn m ca s, l thng kh hoc c tng t kt cu
xy dng sang khng gian pha hai nh bn. Nu tng nh l
tng xy ring tc l nm hon ton trn ranh gii t ca ch s
hii, ch s hu c quyn m cra s, c tcmg t kt cu xy
dng, nhung ch gii hn n mc ngn cch, khng cnh ca,
b ca, mi che ln sang khng gian nh bn (nn lm ca y, ca
chp lt).
Thi UII hiu lc ca g iy p h p x y dng:
Sau khi nhn c giy php xy dng, ch u t phi thng
bo ngy khi cng cho c quan cp php, n UBND Phng ng
k xy dng cng trnh v xut trnh giy php xy dng cho chnh
quyn s ti trc khi xy dng.
Trong thi gian 12 thng k t ngy cp ghi trn giy php xy
dng m cng trnh cha khi cng th ch u t phi xin gia hn
giy php, thi gian gia hn l 12 thng v ch gia hn 1 ln. Qu
thi hn trn, giy php xy dng khng cn gi tr.
Kim tra theo di vic thc hin giy php xy dng:

Cc ch u t phi chp hnh nghim chnh cc quy nh ti

giy php xy dng. Khi c nhu cu thay i, b sung nhng ni

110
dung ghi trong giy php xy dng, th ch u t phi lm n xin
php c quan cp giy php xy dng, trong phi gii trnh r l
do v ni dung cn thay i, b sung.

C quan c thm quyn x em xt v quyt nh thay i, b sung

giy php xy dng khng q u 10 ngy k t khi nhn c om
gii trnh ca ch u t.

Khi tin hnh nh v cng trnh, xc nh cao nn ct 0.00

xy m n g v cng trnh ngm, ch u t phi bo cho c quan cp
giy php xy dng bit c cn b n kim tra ti hin trne
v xc nhn vic thi cng cng trnh theo ng giy php xy dng
cp. Sau 3 ngy k t khi nhn c giy bo ca ch u t m
c quan cp giy php xy dnc khng c ngi n kim tra, xc
minh ti hin trng, th ch u t c tip tc trin khai thi cng
cng trnh. Mi sai st do vic kim tra chm ch gy ra, c quan
cp giy php phi chu trch nhim.

i vi cc giai on thi cng tip theo, ch u t phi thi cng

ng nh giy php xy ng c cp. Trng hp ch u t xy
dng sai vi quy nh ca giy php xy dng th c th b nh ch
thi cng, b x l theo php lut. Nu s thay i c l do chnh
ng c c quan cp php chp thun cho iu chnh, th ch u
t phi lp h s hon cng. Thnh phn h s hon cng ging
nh thnh phn h s xin cp php, va ch th hin li nhng bn v
m thc t xy dng cng trnh c nhng thay i so vi giy php
xy dng.

3. Nhng thut ng
C l gii di\ l ng ranh gii c xc nh trn bn
quy hoch v thc a phn nh ranh gii gia phn t xy

111
dng cng trnh v phn t c dnh cho ng giao thng hoc
cc cng trnh k thut h tng, khng gian cng cng khc.

Trong th, thng gp l gii l ch gii ng ca phn

t dnh lm ng th, bao gm ton b lng ng, l ng
v va h. Phm vi quy nh l gii thng ln hon phm vi ca cc
con cmg hin trng, do d kin m rng hoc ci to ng. Cc
cng trnh xy ct vi phm n l gii xy dng s phi gii ta khi
c yu cu m ng. Tu theo tnh cht ca trc ng, tu theo
chiu cao v hnh khi ca cng trnh m c quan Kin trc s
trng thnh ph s quy nh c php xy dng st l gii hay
phi li vo.

C h ;ii xy (Im> l ng i hn cho php xy dg nh,

cng trnh trn l t.
Ch gii xy dng c th trng vi ch gii ng , nu cng trnh
c php xy dng st ch gii ng (tc l ranh gii l t).
Hoc li vo so vi ng nu cng trnh phi xy li vo so
vi ch gii ng (do yu cu ca quy hoch).
K h o n g li l khong cch gia ch gii ng v ch gii
xy dng.
M t x y dg: Mt xy dng = Din tch t xy dng
ton cng trnh/ Din tch ton l t (%).
H s' s dtg t: H s s dng t = T ng din tch sn ca
ton cng trnh/ Din tch ton l t.

(Tng din tch sn khng bao gm tng h m v tng mi.)

112
 C h n g 3

Q U Y T R N H C H U N B

A. CHN MA VT LIU
I. VT LIU XY TH

1. G ch
Gch l mt trong nhng vt liu c bn cu to nn cng trnh
xy dng. Gach nung c ch tao t t st nho trn nhuyn, to
hnh, phi kh nung chn. Gch c chia lm hai lo.ii chnh l
gch c v gch rng.
Och c chu lc l gch my hoc gch th cng (gch ch) c
kch thc chun 220 X 105 X 60 rr.n, trng lng: 2,3 kg /vin.
Gch c phn loi theo cc \ihm cht nh sau:
L oi A : gch chn gi, bo m hnh dng kch thc, mu sm
khng b nt n cong vnh.
L o i B : gch chn, bo m hnh dng, kch thc, mu hi
nhat, c th b nt nh, khng cong vnh.
L o i C: gach chn qu gi, tng phn b ho snh, bo m hnh
dng kch thc, m u sm hoc chai snh, c th b nt n cong
vnh, chiu nn tt.
Thng thng tng chu lc phi s dng gch loi A. Tng
ngn xy ni kh ro c th dng loi B. Xy mng, nht l ni
ngp nc dng gch loi c .

113
 cong ca gch trn mt y: 4mm; m t bn: 5 ram; vt mt
xuyn qua chiu dy (trn m t 220 x60) k o sang chiu rng (trn
mt 220 x l 0 5 ) khng qu 40m m . M t vin gch h cho php 1
vt nt.
Vin gch c vt nt vi kch thc v s ln ! vt q u quy
nh nu trn c xp vo loi gch v i.
Vin gch phi u mu, khng c ch qu sm mu hoc en
(nung gi la), hoc nht mu (nung non la).
Vin gch khng c ln nt vi.
Nhn b ngoi, vin gch c, chc, gc cnh khng m o m,
khng nt v. Khng dng gch dnh bn, ru mc.
Gch rng, thng l 2, 4, hoc 6 l. Gch l dng xy tng
ngn, khng chu lc, c tnh cach nhit, cch m tt. Gch 4 l
rng c kch thc chun: 200 X 90 X 90 m m . Sai lch cho php ca
vin gch khng c vt qu:
Theo chiu di: 6mm;
Theo chiu rng: 4 m m ;
Theo chiu cao: 3mm .

2.
si, cui do cc loi thin nhin tan v ra, cng nh ct
nhng ng knh ln, t ngoi 5 em tr ln.
ng c b tng c ng knh t 5 m m n 150 mm . si
dm phi cha cc ht p v vi s lng khng nhhn 80 %
theo khi lng.
M c d m t thin nhin xc n h theo nn p trong
xi lanh cn phi cao hn m c b tng. K h n g di 1,5 ln i

114
vi b tng m c di 300. Khng di 2 ln i vi b tng mc
3 0 0 tr ln.
Tu theo nn p trong xi lanh, dm t thin nhin
c chia ra 7 mc, tcmg ng vi gii hn bn khi nn sau: 1200,
1000, 800, 600, 400, 300 v 200.
Hm lng ht thoi dt trong dm, si dm v si khng c
qu 25 % khi lng. Ht thoi dt l ht m chiu rng hoc chiu
dy nh hn hay bng 1/3 chiu di. Chiu di c o ch di
nht, cn chiu rng (chiu dy) i trung bnh cng ca ch rng
(dy) nht v ch hp nht.
Hm lng ht mm yu v phong ho trong dm, si dm v
i khng c ln hn 10 % theo khi lng.

Ht dm mm yu l cc hat dm gc trm tch hay

phn xut. dm phong ho l cac ht dm gc phn xut
hoc cc ht dm gc bin cht. Khi o ra, thng b v
v vn. Loi c th hoc c lp r rng cng khng tt, v gin,
d gy v.
Hm lng tp cht sun phat v sun phit trong dm, si dm
v si khng vt qu 1 % khi lng. Khng c c tp cht silic
khng nh hnh (opan).
Ham lng ht st, bn, bi trong dm v soi xc nh bng
cch ti ne xi ra. Hm lng cc st khng c vt qu
0,25 %. Khng cho php c mng st bao ph cc ht dm, si dm
v si v nhng tp cht khc nh g muc, l cy, rc ri ln vo.
Si tt c mu vng nht hoc trni v n thuc gc cng, si
en hay xm khng tt v khng cng, li gin, hay tch lp. v
hnh dng, si c hnh trn nhn khng tt v khi trn b tng,
chng kt dnh km hcm si khng trn nhn.

115
 c phn cp nh sau:
Bng phn cp

Cp Cng chu p
Cpl cng, cng chu p > 1000 kg/ cm2
Cp II tng i cng, cng chu p > 800 kg/cm2
Cp III trung bnh, cng chu p > 600 kg/ cm2
Cp IV tng i mm, cng chu p < 600 kg/ crrr

3. Xi m ng
Cng vi st, thp, ct, , gch, xi mng l mt nguyn liu
khng th thiu trong thi cng cc cng trnh xy dng.
Xi mng l loi cht kt dnh thu lc sn xut bng cch nghin
nh clinke vi thch cao cha nung v mt s cht ph gia. Tc
dng ca xi mng khi ng kt l kt hp vi thnh nhn to
(btng) c tnh cht tng t thin nhin.
Xi mng sau khi nho trn trong nc tri qua 3 giai on rn
chc. Trong khong 1- 3 gi u sau khi nho trn n do v d to
hnh. Sau n bt u ninh kt. Hn hp c dn li v mt dn
tnh do nhung cng khng ln. Giai on ny kt thc trong 5
-10 gi sau khi nho trn. Sau hn hp chuyn t trng thi c
st sang trng thi rn chc, c ngha l kt thc ninh kt v bt u
rn chc. Do thi gian ny phi thi cng (bao gm nho
trn, vn chuyn, khun, m).
Ngi ta chia xi mng theo cc loi mc: 200, 250, 300, 400 v
500, Mc xi mng l sc chu nn ca nhng mu xi mng hnh lp
phng, v d xi mng mc 300 c sc chu nn 300 kg/cm7. Kch
thc v cch lm mu theo quy nh ring. Loi xi mng ph bin
trn th trng hin nay l xi mng mc 300 v 400.

116
 Xi mng khng c vn cc, nu c phi loi b bng ry.
Khng s dng xi m ng sn xut qu 3 thng. Tt nht l s
dng loi xi m n g gn ngy sn xut. S tay v^o xi mng trong bao,
thy mt mn v m tay l xi mng nh mn, khng b vn cc.

Xi mng bo qun ch thi cng phi trong ch kn khut

khng b m a ht. Sn phi lt vn cao 30 cm, nu ni m thp
phi lt vn cao trn 50 cm. Xi mng a v nhiu t khc nhau
phi xp cng v tr. Xi mng c thi hn sn xut trc dng trc.
K hng chng cao qu 10 bao xi mng. Cc bao xi mng b rch v
phi dng trc, nu ang dng d phi y kn, buc cht.

Cc loi xi mng ph bin trn th thng:

- Xi m ng en:
+ Xi m ng H ong Thch: c mu xanh xm, khi trn nc mu
xanh cng r rt. ho nc cao v qu trnh ng kt chm;
+ Xi m ng Bm Sn: mu xm ghi;
+ X i mng Chinont Hi Phng;
+ X i mng Hi Phng: mu hi , ho nc cao, s dng tt
trong iu kin ngp nc, thng c dng xy b nc, b pht;
+ Xi mng H Tin: mu xm tro.
Ngui ra cn rt nhiu loi xi mng a phng: xi mng Qun
khu 7, XI mng Bnh Chnh, xi mng ng Nai (min Nam)...
Xi m ng a phng ch nn dng vo cc hng mc km quan
trng, khng chu lc nh xy tng bao, tng ro, tng lan can,
v.v... K hng nn s dng b tng cc kt cu chu lc ca nh v
cht lng cha aua kim nghim, khng m bo.

117
 - Xi m ng trng:
c ch to t clinke vi trng. V it Nam ch c duy nht
ngun xi mng trng Hi Phng. Xi mng Trung Quc c mu
trng ng xanh.
Xi mng trng Singapore, Korea c mc cao hn c xi mng en
trong nc, tuy nhin gi thnh cao.
Cht lng xi mng nh thuc vo thi gian xut xng.
Phn b it ximng gi:

- Xi mng gi thng c mt phn xi mng tht vi cc loi bt

mu xm.
- Xi mng tht nhng l loi xi mng ri vi gom vl li, ln t
ct bn.
- Xi mng mc thp ng bao xi mng mc cao, hoc xi mng
a phng ng mc xi mng nh my.
phn bit, ta phi ch vo ng ch may. Thung xi mng
gi c ng vo v bao xi mng qua s dng. Khi tho ch v
giy np u bao, s thy hai ng kim may.

Nu ch c 1 ng kim may, nhng m p bao khng c rng ca

(vt ct t gin my cng nghip) cng l xi mng gi. Chiu di v
bao b ht so vi bao xi mng nguyn vn 2 - 3 cm.
trnh khi mua phi hng gi, ch nn mua xi mng cc i
l ln. c tn nhim Mi nh my sn xut u c vn phng ai
din hay ca hng gii thiu sn phm cc thnh ph ln.

Xi mng b vn cc l do ht hi m trong khng kh hoc b

ma ht vo. V vy khi vn chuyn hay bo qun cn ht sc gi
gin, trnh nc.

118
 4. Ct
Ht ct c kch thc t 0,15 n 5,0 mm do cc loi thin
nhin tan vn ra, hoc do dng my nghin san xut. Ct phi c
thnh phn khong hc v thnh phn thch hc xc nh; khng
cha cc phn t tc hi, gy phn ng vi qu trnh thu ho v
ng rn ca xi mng; khng cha cc tp cht n mn ct thp.
Ct ph sa l loi ct ch dng san nn.
Tu theo thnh phn ht, ct c phn thnh cc nhm: ct to,
ct trung bnh, ct nh v rt nh.

Bng phn loi nhm ct

Nhm ct Moduyn nh T din (crrr/g)

To >2,5
Trung bnh 2 - 2 ,5
Nh <2 100 - 200
Rt nh <2 201 - 300

Ct c t din ln hn 300 cm2/g khng c dng trong xy

dng.
Ct dng cho b tng, lng ht lt qua sng 0,15 mm khng
c qu 10 % khi lng ct.
Trong ct khng c c tp cht dng cc, st hay st. Ct
khng ph hp vi nhng tiu chun trn, khng cho php dng
trong xy dng.
xc nh thnh phn ht ct, dng b sng tiu chun c
ng knh mt sng nh sau: 5; 2,5; 1,2; 0,6; 0,3; 0,15 mm.

119
 Ct dng cho b tng mc trn 200 phi c moduyn nh t
2,5 n 3,3.

Ct dng cho b tng mc 200 tr xung phi c moduyn nho

t 2 n 3,3. Hm lng ht t 5 n 10 mm khng vt qu 5 %
khi lng ct.

Nu c: 'm mu, tc l ln nhiu tp cht hu c, phi tin

hnh ra bang nc vi trong, sau o ra bng nc l.

Mun bit ct c sach v tt khng, ta nm mt nm ct kh cho

chy xung, nu ;t lo xo v khi chy ht, tav khng b bn l ct
sch. Ct a v cng trnh cha thi cng n cn phai "bo qun
tt, nh ng gn gng, c chn phn na hoc gch quanh chn
ct khng b tri khi tri ma. Khu vc cha cn sch s, khng
t, bn, cy c ln vo.

5. T hp

Thp xy dng hin chim t trng 4/5 khi lng st thp trn
th trng. Thp c dng ch yu lm ct thp trong b tng ct
thp. Ct thp c dng ch yu l thp trn, thp vung, i khi
c thp hnh.

Thp trn chia lm 2 loi l thp trn v thp gai.

Thp trn ch yu dng lm ct thi cng, thanh ngang, c t ai.

Thp gai l thp c vn sc c s dng nhiu nht trong b

tng ct thp nhm lm tng s kt dnh gia b tng v ct thp,
ng thi lm gim chiu rng ca vt nt trong min b tng
chu ko.

Thp c gi tn theo ng knh. V d thp (> 6 l thp c

ng knh 6 rnm.

20
 Trng lng theo mt di ca cc loi thp trn

n v: kg/m

<D Trng lng <D Trng lng d> Trng lng

6 0,222 16 1,580 26 3,850

8 0,395 18 2,020 28 4,840

10 0,620 20 2,470 30 5,550

12 0,8n 22 3,050 32 6,310

1
14 1,210 24 3,550 34 7,130

V tr v ra r dng c a th D trong kt cu b tng c t th p :

Nhim v ch yu ca thp l chu ko (ko khi b un cong, b

nn lch tm va ko trung tm). Cn c vo nhim v, c th chia
ct thp thnh cc kiu sau:

C t thp chu lc: dng chng li lc ko trong cc cu kin

chu un nh dm, x hoc trong cc cu kin chu ko.

C t thp phn phi: ch yu dng trong dm chng li cc

lc cc b v lc ph. Cn c tc dng gi nguyn v tr gia cc
ct thp chu lc v phn phi u ti trng trn sn.

C t thp ui: dng trong dm, ct, bo m v tr ca ct thp

chu lc khng bi > dch, ng thi chng li ng lc chnh ca
tng b phn mt.

C t thp cu to: dng gi v tr cc thanh thp chu c v

lm ton b ct thp to thnh khung vng chc, tng n nh
ca cu kin.

121
 Cc loi thp:
Thp xy dng Vit Nam ch yu do Cng ty lin hp luyn
cn thp Thi Nguyn v Cng ty lin hp luyn cn thp min
Nam sn xut. Thp xy dng c cc o nh sau: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,
16, 18, 20, 22, 24.

Thp phi bng, trn, p, mu xanh bic, trn tra.

Loi thp o ln c ct thnh cc thanh di 6 m hoc 12 m gp

i (hnh ch U). Loi thp nh c b thnh tng cun, mi
cun c trng lng 160 kg.

Hin nay thp do nh my sn xut cng c loi chnh phm v

th phm, c cc phi nh hn phi thc t, nn cn phn bit r. V
d thp o 5,5 d ln vi 6. Loi thp ny c gii hn bn bin
dng, gii hn chy, gii hn ko t rt km, khng theo quy
chun xy dng. Loi thp ny mu , gin, rt d b. B th
mt vi ln l gy.

Khi cha thi cng n, thp phi c gi trong mi trng kh

ro, trnh ma. Thp b g phi co sch mi c dng. Nu
lu, phi cch ly thp vi mi trng m bng cch qut mt lp
du ln b mt thp.

II. VT LIU HON THIN

1. Gch p lt
1 .1 C h n l a c h n g l o i v k i u l t g c h

Gch p, lt nn v tng c rt nhiu chng loi v kiu dng

khc nhau. Hnh dng c bn thng l vung, lc gic hay ch
nht. Trc khi chn mua gch, nn tnh ton k khi lng cn

122
thit. Ch nh cn c thc chn mu gch cng nh mu tng,
ngay t khi thit k cng trnh.
Khng c bn v no c th thit k chi tit n tng mu gch,
nn tham kho kin chuyn mn ca nh kin trc. Nhiu cng
trnh xy p, v c con mt chuyn mn thit k nhng vo trong
nh, nhn mu sc gch, mu sn tng th li thy cha n, v ch
nh t chn theo thch.
Mu sc nn ph hp vi mu tng. Nu cn phng sn mu
xanh th gch lt nn c th l mu xanh sm hn, hoc vng vn
nu. Khng dng nhng mu tng phn, v d tng xanh, nn
hng hay nu . Nhng cn phng c bit nh phng tr, phng
sinh hot chung gia nh c th dng tng mu i chi nhau gia
mu nng v mu lnh, nhng phi tham kho bng mu cho ph
hp. Thng cc hng sn c nhng bng mu ny, c th cn
c vo m chn mu gch nn. ng chn tng, nu c loi
gch chn ph hp th nn dng, nu khng nn p g chn tng.
u im l che c phn tip gip gia tng v sn, to chn
c cm gic vng chi, c ng vin ni bt.
Gch lt phng v sinh l loi mu trn hay c hoa vn, nhng ch
nn dng nhng hoa vn chm trang nh. iu u tin cn gy c
l mt phng v sinh sch s, hoa vn cu k sc s gy cm gic ri
mt. Nu s n iu, dng loi gch c rim trang tr i mt ng
tm cao 60 - 80 cm, v ng trn cng ca phn p gch.

Khng nn lt loi gch men vn g, v cht liu g khc hn

cht liu gch men, nhn cn phng lt loi gch nv c cm gic
gi to. Nhng loi gch men c hoa vn un ln, khng hn l
khng nn dng, nhng chi nn dng tit ch cac V tr nh bc
thm, tam cp, hay hnh lang.

123
 Gch men vn hoa cng thch hp v hai loi cht liu kh
tng ng. Khng nn dng nhng mu hoa vn c chi tit qu
nh, mu sc cc chi tit nht nho, v nhn xa, ton b cn phng
gy cm gic bn, kh phn bit mu sc chnh xc.
Vi kiu lt gch thng dng:

K iu lt m t mu trn: Thng dng mu sng, t trng n

xanh nht hoc vng nht. Nn lt khu vc thiu nh sng t
nhin.
Kiu lt caro: Phi gia hai mu tng phn to nn kiu bn c l
mt cch lt kh ph bin. Nhng nn lt cho kiu trm khng
thy n iu. Ch kiu ca hai loi gch phi ng cht. Nu mu
sng c vn lm tm th mu ti cng phi c vn tng t.

K iu tri thm: C th phi hp mt s loi gch hoa vn to

nn mt tm thm y mu sc cho cn phng ca bn. Mt s tiu
chun c th lt gch kiu ny l cn phng phi vung hoc ch
nht u n. Cn xc nh v tr cho vt ngay t khi lt. V d
tm thm phi nm chnh gia v tr sau ny s t bn gh, ging.
Tm thm phi c vin bng mt loi hoa vn khc, c nhiu ng
rim trang tr. 0 gch bn trong tm thm phi dng loi khc vi
nn gch bn ngoi, thng l c mu sm hn. C th nhc li
ng rim ny cc cnh tng, io nn mt tm thm ln bao
trm ton b cn phng.
Th hiu ca s ng hin nay khc nhiu, a s thin v
nhng mu nht nh nhn, nn nhng loi gch ny c gi nhnh
hn. Nhng loi gch Trung Quc hoa vn sc s, cht lng qu
ti t mt ch ng trn th trn"
Gch lt ngoi tri hiu Terrazzo (Italy) l loi gch lt khng
nung theo cng ngh p hi. Mu sc gch ging nh gch granito,

124
thng c trn dm, rt thch hp lt ngoi tri v khng c men
trn bng.
Phng v sinh, sn thng (klrng c mi che), sn vn nn lt
gch chng trn c men sn hoc cc ng hoa vn ni c tc
dng chng trn, chng ru bm, gp phn gi bi t khng a
vo nh.
Gch knh c th dng xy ton b mt bc tng. Nu nh
ca bn v tr qu cht v thiu sng, cn tn dng ti a lng
nh sng thin nhin, nn dng gch knh xy ton b bc
tng, hoc phi hp trong tng gch theo cc hnh hoa ph hp.
Tng knh em li cm gic chc chn, v kn o hn ca s. C
hai loi ph bin trn th trng l gch Indonesia v gch sn xut
ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, cht lng khc nhau c th nhn bit
kh r.
S xut hin tr li ca gch Tu trong ni tht l mt du n
ng k cho xu hng tm v ngun ci. Lc u c a s ngi
nc ngoi dng trong cc cn nh h thu hoc xy dng Vit
Nam , dn dn c ngi trong nc s dng. Gch Tu hin nay
khng khc trc l bao, khng men, gi m, to cm gic mt
m gia ma h. Mu gch au, tip vi mu vecni nu bng ca
g , ca, vi mu vng nh nhm cua tng, tt c to nn mt
ho sc dn d m sang trng.
M t s ch khi phi hp mu sc gia cc loi gch lt nn:

K hng phi ai cng thch lt cng mt loi gch trong nh.

Phng ng con ci, phng b m , hay phng lm vic c th c cc
mu gch, loi khc nhau. Hay hnh lang cng c th dng loi
khc. Khi kt hp gia nhng loi gch khc nhau nh vy, nn to
mt ng bo ni tip gip gia hai loi gch. D p l dng
hoa cng mu en to nn ng bo khun ca.

125
 Gch gm trang tr thng c dng tin snh, hay sn vn,
tao nn nhng ng ln mm mai cho canh quan. Chng loi
gch gm nc ta cn cha phong ph. C th dng cc loi bt
da s Bt Trng p v, gn thnh rim chn tmg, hay to nn
tm thm ni bc tam cp rt p v la mt.

1 .2 . C h o n c h t l n g g c h

Trc khi mua, cn tnh ton k khi lng gch cn thit. C

th nh th n tnh ton hoc t mnh tnh bng cch:
Xc nh kch thc khu vc mun lt v kch thc loi gch
lt, thm vo 5 % d phng nt v hoc gch km phm cht phi
loi (cong, vnh, kch thc khng u, v.v...).

Chn gch hoa ximng:

Cc cnh ca mt men khng c st m, cc gc ca vien gch

khng c nt n hay c vt m. Cc cnh ca lp khng c
c qu 2 vt m su nht l 10 mm, rng nht khng qu 5mm. Cc
gc ca lp b m khng qu 1 gc, rng nht khng qu 10 mm.
Mt vin gch phi phng, khng cong vnh, khng c ng nt.
Hoa vn sc nt, cc ng thng khng c sai lch qu 5 mm.
Trn mt men khng c c vt try xc, khng c l bt.

C th chn bng cch p v 1 vin gch xem b dy lp men.

Nu lp b phn thnh 2 lp r rt th gch c cht lng km.
Dng vt nhn (u inu, mi dao... ) gch hoc co ln p
v lp men. Nu gch d dng hoc vt gch su v rng, hoc khi
co ra c nhiu bi th lp hoc lp men c cng yu.
Xc nh lc un gy ton vin gch bng cch k 2 mp vin
gch cn th ln 2 mp ca vin gch khc, k cng st m cng tt.
Sau , ng 1 chn ln vin gch mun th, dn ton b trng

126
lng c th ln chn v nhn vi ln. Nu 1 ngi nng 45 kg
va ng ln m vin gch gy th chc chn l vin gch c
lc un gy thp. Tri li, nu 1 ngi nng 60 kg ng ln nhn
vi ln m vin gch vn khong gy th vin gch c chu lc
un gy cao.
Cch chn gch th nghim: chn bt k (ngu nhin) trong
s g h, khng ly cc vin by mu th.
S lng cn chn: t nht l 3 vin.

Chn gch men:

'ch m en c lm t t st, mng nh v nung nhit cao
t iu o o - 1250c. Gch men nm trong viong nhm gm xy dng,
bao gm c gch xy, gch t nung khng men (gch tu), ngi
lp. H in nay xut hin loi gch men khng bng v gch men
m. C loi gch men b mt sn khng bng dng lt ni
cng cng nhiu ngi qua li, hoc nhng ni d n trt nh
phng tam, phng v sinh.
Hai khuynh hng ha tit chnh trong gch men lt nn hin
nay trn th trng Vit Nam l cc ha tit hnh hc v cc ha tit
khng hnh hc nh vn , mu trn.

2. p lt
T ngn xa. con ngi bit khai thc v s dng phc v
sinh hot ca con ngi. trong thin nhin c nhiu loi, nhiu
kiu dng, do qu trnh hnh thnh chng khc nhau. Theo thnh
phn cu tao, cc loi c th phn chia thnh 3 nhm nh sau:
trm tch;
xm th c;
bin chl.

127
 C 3 thuc tnh quan trng quyt nh vic la chn . l
tnh bn vng, tnh thm m v gi thnh sn phm.
Trong cc vt liu xy dng, t c vt liu no c c cng
chu lc, bn vng v n nh nh . Sau khi c hon thin,
nh bng b mt, lt lm cho cn phng tr nn sang trng
v mt m.
M i vin c mt vn hoa khc nhau, cho d cng trong mt
va , chng vn c s phn bit.
Thun li khi s dng :
Hin nay t nhin kh so vi nhiu sn phin cn g nghip
khc. Thng thng lt c kch thc 30 X 30, 4 0 X 4 0 hoc 30 X
40, c bit c loi 25 X 50, v 60 X 30. Khng nn s dng nh
hn (20 X 20) v chia nh lm mt cm gic sang trng. B dy vin
lt thng thng 20 mm n 25 mm.
p tng cng tng t nh lt nn. Khi p, phi c h
thng neo gi bi trng lng bn thn ca l rt ln.
granit ( hoa cng) nm trong nhm macma xm nhp, l
loi axit c nhiu ni, ch yu do thch anh, enspat v mica
to thnh. Granit c mu tro nht, hng nht, hoc vng, phn ln
c kt tinh ht ln. Granit l loi c, chc, khi lng th tch
ln, cng chu nn ln, ht nc nh, kh nng chng
phong ho cao. Granit chu la km. Granit c nhiu loai mu sc
p. Thng dng p b mt cng trnh.
vi thuc nhm trm tch, c thnh phn ch yu l
canxit, thng ln nhiu tp cht. Mu sc t trng n xm tro,
xanh nht, vng, hng sm, en. vi c khi lng th tch nh
hn granit, cng chu nn km hn, ht nc cao hn.
vi nhiu silic c cng cao hn, nhng gin v cng. vi
cha nhiu st th bn km.

128
 hoa thuc nhm bin cht, bao gm nhng tinh th ln
nh ca canxit, xen ln cc ht dolomit lin kt vi nhau rt cht.
hoa c nhiu mu sc nh trng, vng, hng, , en... xen ln
nh ng m nh nh v vn hoa. d sia cng c hc, mi nhn v
n h bng. hoa c dng lm tm p tran s tr mt chnh,
lm bc cu thang, lt sn nh, lm ct liu granito.

3. T hm
Tri thm t c nhng yu cu nh: m m m i, cch m, to
t i n n g h i v g i m n v a c h m , a n to n c h o v i c i l i .

C hai loi chnh l thm tri v thm sn nh.

T h m tri l nh n u tm thm nh, c tri b nh thng ln
sn nh.
iTim sn nh phi ph kn din tch phng v c gn cht ln
sn bng keo cc loi thm sn nh, gm :
l l i m len: n hi tt, m p, d chy.
T h m si tng hp: b m t gn gi n g len, c h u v nhu v
k h n g m c.
ITim nilon: mt si ni, chng bn v bn hn.
ITim bng: khng bn, nhng r v m m mi.
iTim m odul ho: cc m ing ct theo kch thc sn (thng l
3 0 0 x 3 0 0 ) c rng ci rt d lp, d thay th nu b bn. Nhc
im: khng u mu. Trnh bng cch b tr hai m u kt hp nh
lt gch caro.
Tnh ton: o kch thc cn phng, chn loi thm thch hp.
Nu k h thm khng tri ht b ngang hoc b rng phng, phi
ni thm . B tr cho ng ni khut xa nh sng, vung gc vi
tng c ca s chnh v trnh ca ra vo.

129
 m li thm: m lt lm tng kh nng cch nhit, cch m
v tui th ca thm. C hai loi: cao su v n dy.

4. Sn, vecni
S n:
Sn du l hn hp ca cht to mu, cht n c nghin m n
trong my nghin cng du thc vt. Cht lng ca sn du
thng c nh "i bng hm lng cht to mu v du sn.
kh hon ton ca sn du nhit 18 - 2 3 c phi khng c
qu 24 gi.
Sn nc l hn hp ca cc cht kt dnh v c, bt m u v cc
cht ph gia c ha vo trong nc. Sn ny thng c ch to
t bt phn nghin mn, ht tan, bt km trng v bt mu bn
kim vi dung dch thy tinh lng kali hoc natri.
Thng thng nn chn sn lt v sn m t ring. Sn lt l loi
sn r tin c bng khng cao, thng dng sn chng g cho
cc thit b kim loi. Sn lt cng lm tng bm dnh v bng
ca lp sn mt, ng thi gip tit kim lp sn ny.
Sn mt phi t yu cu mu sc p, bng, v bn, kh nng
bm dnh tt. Nu dng sn ngoi tri phi chn loi sn nha gc
tng hp khng b nt, trc.
Khi mua, cn lu nhng im .-au:
- Son c mi chua, hi khi cao su, m u khng ti l loi sn
km phm cht, chm kh.
- Son c mi xng thm l loi sn kh dng sn vt dng
trong gia nh.
- Hp .n phi nguyn vn, khng m p bp, chy sn bn ngoi.
- Sn khng b ng cc, ng m ng trn b mt.

130
 - Cho bt sn vo quy u, kh nhc ln, sn phai bm dnh vo
bt c h k h n g c h y thnh siot.

Vecni:
V c c n l u n n d ch nha tro n s d u im m i bciy hi. D u n c m i s
b a y h i t r o n s Mua t r n h o i n n s t r n b m t s n p h m l m c h o m t
sn phm b n ^ v cnu. V e c n i c nhiu lo i kh c nhau, tuy theo
m c c h s d u n g nh clne, qut ln mt ngoi , h ay st; l m
m n g c h n n m n, im i nc k i m xm thc...

N g y n a y , s s nq v c c n i hn c h dn, nhng v e cn i l
lo i cht li u th hin b mt 2 mt cch t nhin nht. n h
v e c n i i h i k tliul cao v thi iian lu. D o c h y theo k h i
lng, n h i u nu i nh rt dp n h ii" phan ca vccni b thi cnq u,
q u i ch k h im nh vocni .n trnu lem nhem , o n s m u, t k
t h u t g i l " c h y ri x u . L o i v e c n i p h a s a n b n Iiiio th t r u n g
c n kh rm nn ne: v cht ]trn l thp. N c n m ua gm lc cnh
kin trnq en ve niani trons; cn 90". 30 g m ngm IOH2, 1 /
c n, phi n n i to. a o u n c h o Srn m au tan. Sau 1 tun l, c
th dni c.
4 0 c cm lc c th nh dc
* h m 1 n r . ! / vecni
dng c cho 5 - 8 n r .

B. C H O N M U A T H I T B

I. T H I T B V S I N H

1. N g u y n t c c h u n g
S lng v kiu thit b v Sinh phi an ne yu cu ca ngi
s (lng, ph hp chc n ns, quv mo cong .rnh v s lng ngi
s (lng cn c vo gii tnh, la .Ji, na i khuyt ti.
Cc thit b v sinh phi c Ivt cu vng chc v bo m v
sinh: thot ht nc, khng r r, khng bm bn, khn" pht sinh

131
mi hi. Khi lap t phi s dng thun tin, an ton, ph hp vi
i tng s dng, thun tin cho lau chi, sa cha, thay th,
khng r r nc ra sn, tng v khng chy ngc vo h thng
cp nc.
Nhng thit b v sinh thng thng khng th thiu l b x
(bn cu) v chu ra (lavab).

2. B x
Nn chn cc loi c mu sc ng b v hi ho vi cc mu
gch men chn. Khng nht thit l m u trng. N hng m u ti
nu dng t cng gy n tng sang trng. cao tiu chun ca
bn cu l 375 - 400 mm.

Sn plim phi c b ngoi bng, p, nhn nghing trc nh

sng khng c vt gn. Nu c hin tng gn sng, tc l lp men
hoc lp lci s khng phng, d dn n bm bn, vng khi s
dng mt thi gian. y s l mi trng tt cho vi khun pht
trin, ngoi nhng yu t v thm m thng thng.
Phn xi phng cng ln th lng nc cha bn trong cng
nhiu, ngn chn tt lung kh thi. Do cc bn cu c din tch
mt nc ln s v sinh tt hn.
M t tiu chun tip theo l cc thit b phi gim nh ting n
khi s dng. C ch x xoy v x ht thng to ra p lc mnh,
tng cht thi v nc bn xung nhanh hon m khng gy n nh
loi x thng.
Khi th nc, phi xem dng nc xoy ly tm vi p lc nh
th no ra sch lng b x.
Cc ph kin phi y , np ngi v np bn cu c cng
khng b gy v. Cn m u a lun cc ph kin nh hp l giy,

132
gi gng, thanh treo khn, c khi nim thng nht v hi ho
vi cc thit b chnh.
Loi b x 2 khi rt ph thng, thn" nc ring bit trn b x.
Loi ny x nc khng m v khng v sinh bng loi 1 khi vi
nc d lt vo khe h gia hai khi. Loi 1 khi, thng nc gn
lin trn b x, kiu dng gn nh.

3. B n tm
Phn loi theo vt liu, c cc loi nh sau:
- Bng gang trng men: nng, bn, nhng hin nay khng ph
bin.
- Bng thp dp pha km trng men: nh, gi trung bnh.

- Bng composite: rt nh, nhns; chng b lo ho, phai mu, d

bm bn, gi thnh r.
- Bng acrylic: nh, bn, gi thnh cao.
p h n loi theo kiu lp t, c cc dng:
- Bn tm c thnh: bn tm hon thin c mt ngoi, ch vic
t vo v tr.
- B n tm kh n g thnh: phi xy tng gch , p gch
m en s.
Phn loi theo cch s dng, c cc kiu bn tm ngi, bn tm
ng v nm. Loi bn tm ng a nng nhn hiu ARISTON bao
gm 6 li ch: s dng nc vi hoa sen, t iu chnh nhit
nc, m assage c, m assage thn mnh, m assage bn chn, xng hi
v thng lp gc phng.
N IR V A N A V A PO R l bung tm c m assage thu lc, knh
pha l chu nhit, vi sen, h thng m assage vng lng, xng hi

133
nc, bng iu khin in t, n chiu sng halosen, gng, b
ngi v cc khay vt dnq dc thit k sn.

N IR V A N A III nsoi nhng chc nng trn, cn c R A D IO

A M /FM , vi ma nhn to, thc nc, iu ho khng kh, mt
bng iu khin in t vi mn hnh hin th vi nhng hng dn
bng 6 loi ngn ng khc nhau, ng h in t.

Mt h thng massage thu lc bao gm: 6 vi phun c th

chnh hng dc dt quanh thnh bn c th m assage ton
thn, 12 vi kh t di y bn to thnh lp m kh, 6
chng trnh musage c thit k sn nhm p ng nhng nhu
cu massage nh: dnh cho tr em, lm gim cng thng, hi phc
sau khi chi th thao, v.v..., b iu khin t xa khng thm nc
v ni trn m t nc thun tin cho iu khin cc chc nng ca
bn tm: mn hnh ha hin th hnh nh cc chc nng m asage,
nhit nc, thi qian massage, lc y ca bm, n chiu sng
cho bn, h thng t ng ra sch ng ng.

Cabin tm: c thit k vi nhiu vi phun xung quanh, lp t

theo cc v tr khc nhau: trc, sau, hai bn v trcn gc ca
cabin. Cabin r y thch hp s dng cho cc cn h cht hp, thm
ch c th dt ngay trong phng ng. Tuy nhin h thng thot nc
phi tt v phng tm kn kht, m bo khng chy nc ra ngoi.
Khung ca cc cabin tm thng c lm bng nha p v c .

4. L a v a b o

Lavabo c nhng loi nh treo tng, c chn, loi lp trn m t

bn hay di m t bn (tc l khi lp t phi nm trong m t t c
m t pha trn).

134
II. T H I T B IN

1. T h i t b chiu sng
C c thit b chiu sng l cc phn tng thnh ca mt h thng
in c n g trnh, bin in nng thnh nh sng s dng. Trc khi
tin h n h m ua sm phi nghin cu r cc v tr chiu sng v kiu
chiu sng cho tng khu vc trong nh. Trnh trng hp dng cc
thit b khng ph hp hoc kh n g ng b.
C n phn bit r cc loi bng n khc nhau trn th trng,
n g u y n l, tnh nng, sng v tiu th nhin liu ca chng,
n g thi tui th ca tng loi bng cng khc nhau.

. 1 B n g n si t

C u to n gin gm dy tc kim loi pht sng khi c dng

in chy qua, t trong bng thu tinh thng c dng qu l,
cha y kh tr.
T u i th: trung bnh 1000 gi.

1 .2 B n g n p h n g in
G m m t ng thu tinh trong c t hai in cc p sut thp,
tron g c cha m t loi hi kim loi Khi c in th cao gia hai
in cc to nn di sng dc ng. Dng thng gp l n cao p
thu ngn, thng dng trong chiu sng bo v, sn vn, ii i
rng . n h sng trng nhng chiu trong phm vi nh gy hiu ng
nhc m i mt. Tui th: n 4 00 0 gi.

1 .3 B n g n hunh qu an g

H o t ng theu nguyn l ca n phng in. y l loi bng

n c dng rng ri nht. Tui th: khong 7000 gi.

135
 1.4 B ng n halogen
L dng mi ca n si t, cha hi halogen cho php nng
cao nhit nung sng ca dy tc, nh nng cao cht lng
nh sng.
So vi n si t thng thng, bng halogen c nhng u
im:
H iu sut sn g cao hn b n g n c n g c n g sut, li cho nh
sng trng hn. K ch thc n nh g n. T u i th cao hn:
2 0 00 -2 500 gi.

1.5 B ng n com pact

L dng mi ca n hunh quang, c cng sut tiu th thp

hn n si t 4,5 ln, nh hn c n hunh quang. Tui th kh
cao: 8000 gi.

2. T hit b in
2.1. D y in

Cc loi dy c cht lng m bo l C A D IV I, hay lin doanh

AUSTRALIA.

2.2 cm
Nn s dng cc loi cm c ly che l cm in, an ton.
Cc cng tc in, cm v cc thit b in kh ng ch ng vai
tr cc chc nng k thut m cn l nhng yu t trang tri. D o
vic la chn phi tun th cc nguyn tc tin nghi, an ton v tit
kim nng lng.
C th dng cng tc n ti ca v u ging chung cho m t
n trn, cho nhiu tng thang, trong hnh lang di. C cng tc

136
n bo xc nh v tr trong bng ti v kim tra c ngun
in c hot ng khng.
H in nay xut hin loi cng tc iu khin t xa, cng tc
cm ng s dng thit b khi c ngi hot ng trong phng, cng
tc thng bo "xin ng lm phin" bt sng ca phng, v.v...
cm nn s dng loi c np che bi, nc, bo v khi s
nghch ngm ca tr em. 0 cm chng git, chng in th qu p.

2.3. M y iu ho nhit

C hn m ua my iu ho nhit phi quan tm n nhng vn

chnh nh sau:
- Ph hp vi iu kin phng nh lp t nh din tch phng,
chiu cao ti trn, kt cu ca sn, tng bao quanh v trn cch
nhit n mc no (theo hng dn thng s k thut ca tng
loi m y).
- Ph hp vi hng lp t. N hng cn phng hng ty cn
m y c ng sut ln hn hng ng nam.
- iu kin thng thong t nhin ca cn phng.
- Ph hp vi chc nng ca phng v s lng ngi sinh hot
trong cn phng. Phng khng cn cng sut cao nh phng lm
vic, phng sinh hot chung, phng khch.

' Cc thit b sinh nhit cng s dng trong phng (v d n

halozen, m y sy, thit b bp...)-
' a im t my.
Sau khi chn c chng loi m y, cng sut v hng m y ph
hp, cn quan tm n cht lng c th ca my nh mua. i
vi m y iu ho 2 khi, cn quay th cnh qut bng tay thy nh

137
nhng, v dng li chm dn, khng git cc. Li lc b i phi
nguyn vn. Cc nt iu khin t xa phi hot ng tt, k h n g b
kt phm bm. Th ' cc v tr lnh nht hoc nng nht c a my
phi c hiu qu sau vi pht. Vi cc nc khc nhau tc gi
phi khac nhau. My chy phi m, khng c ting ru n g bt
thng.

III. THIT B NC

1. Thit b lc nc
M t s ni cha c iu kin dng nc sch Ihnh p h cung
cp. Do phi dng nc ging khoan v x l cc b.
Ch cc thit b lc nc phi tri qua 3 giai on:

- Giai on oxy ho:

Nc ging khoan khi ht ln, thng l nc mt, nguy c
nhim cao, cha nhiu cht Fe, Mn, v nhiu kim loai nng khc.
Nc thng c mu vng, mi tanh. Nc phi c qua b phn
trn kh, ri i ti sin phn phi. Sau , nc tip xc vi gian
ht xc tc, ng thi to cc phn ng kt ta Fe, Mn.
- Giai on lc th:

Nc tip tc c a vo khoang lc chnh, 90 % cn s lng Ji.

- Giai on lc tinh:

Nc c tip tc lc tp cht nh, cho sn phm n c trong

sut, khng mu, khng mi, khng v.

2. Vi nc

Vi l thit b iu chnh lng nc s dng. Trc y phn

van kho nc c ch to bn g cao su d o ho, c h n g r r,

138
phi iu khin bng vn tay, u ngy b chn ren. Ngy nay, vi
s dng cng ngh gm ceram ic c coi l siu bn, thao tc ch
cn git lc.
Ch nn m ua cc loi c xut x r rng, nc m ngoi bng
p, khng b try xc. Cc nhn hiu c nh gi tt v cht
lng l: Pisa, R oyal, R om a, lelm etal, Selta, Coma. Cc sn phm
ca T rung Q uc nh Joen c cht lng tm c. Khng m ua cc
loi lm gi nhn mc ca cc hng tn tui do Trung Quc sn
xut, thi gian s dng ngn ch t 3-6 thng, cht lng m km,
d bong trc, try xc. Nc phun yu, khng u, nhanh hng.

3. B m nc

Loi my bm c chn khng c th ht nc ng ng ln

cao t 9 - 10 m v ht nc ging khoan tr 10 - 45 m.
Loi khng c chn khng ch ht c 7 - 8 m.
Thng dng hin nay trn th trng l m y bm Goldstar (Hn
Quc). M y b o m PW 251 E c r Je t ngt ang c a chung
v khng lo trn nc, gi thnh ph hp. M y bm Sanyo PH 95 v
National ca N ht c cht lng tt hn, gi thnh cao hn m t
cbt. M y bm Trung Quc rt r nhng tn in v khng bn.

4. ng ng
ng thp trng km: mt cy ng c di 6 m, ng knh theo
centimet t 10,15, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 70, 80,100. n g c th chu c
p lc n 16 atmosphere. n g c c im bn nhng gi thnh cao.
V l kim loi nn lu ngy b han g gy c v r ri nc.
ng plaslic: ng knh v chiu di tng t, nhng p lc km
ch chu c 2- 6 atmosphere. O ng c c im bn, re, nh, d thi
cng v kn hn v c gn bng keo.

139
IV. THIT B BP

Mt cn bp c coi l tin dng v hin i khi c b tr

hp l, v s dng cc trang thit b sau: bp ga, t lnh, bn ra!
Ba thit b ny hnh ihnh tam gic khp kn trong bp to s tin
nghi cho ngi s dng.

1. T bp

Ngy nay, ngi ta khng xy b bp bng xi m ng, p gch

m en knh nh trc m xu hng ngy cng ph bin l s dng
cc t bp bng cc vt liu nh, d lp t, thay i v mc tin
nghi cao hn.
T bp khng nn m ua sn m t ng theo kch thc ca
tng phng bp, ph hp vi chiu cao, thi quen sinh hot v kch
thc cc thit b s lp t.
T bp c th lm t cc cht liu g nh g thng, bch tng
hoc g nhn to (ocan); cng c th lm bng inox. C th n g t
bp bng nhm.
Mt b cn c trn nhn v khng try xc, thng c
lm t thin nhin, composite hoc inox.
T bp c th lm bng vn g dm p ph nha M FC
(M elam ine Faced Chipboard). M t bp bng g nhn to dn
L am inate H PL (High Pressured Lam inate) c chu nhit v
chng thm cao.
Thng dng hin nay lm t bp l bng g veneer, m elam ine,
m t b lm bng granit c bn vng, chu nhit cao.
T bp nn c chn tht vo khng b vng khi ng gn
(thao tc nu, ra). Hng chiu sng nn trc tip pha trn bp
(gn di y ca t bp treo). T t bp n cnh tng kia phi

140
c khong cch ti thiu l 1,4 m c d dng ly cc vt trong
cc ngn di cng.
T rong trng hp khng c ca s, phi lp t h thng dn
khi, kh mi pha trn bp, hoc ti thiu phi c qut thng gi
gn bp (chiu ht ra). T bp nn b tr thng rc (loi c bn p
chn) pha di chu ra thun tin s dng. Cc ngn ca t
bp nn b tr theo cc thit b hin c (cc loi my mc, s lng
bt a, ni, cc dng c lau ra, v.v...) M y git b tr trong khu
bp tt hn trong khu v sinh v khng b m.
M t b bp b tr bp ga, bn ra. Cc ngn di thng
c c h ia nh ng ch n , bt, ni, v cc vt d n g lm bp
k h c . C h b tr n g n bnh gas. T treo tng thng c
ch iu su 0,35 m - 0, 40 m. Tu di t 0 ,5 0 m - 0 ,6 0 m. T treo
t n g c b tr m y ht k h i, n chiu sng. C cc ngn
bt a thng pha trn bn ra nc chy thng xung bn ra.
C c thit b i km vi t bp c th l: l nng, l vi sng
(m icrow ave), t sy chn bt, m y ra chn bt, my git, t
kh. N u la dng ln v s dng c nh, nn t hng thit k
theo n g kch c, chng loi.

2. M y ht mi

C c nhn hiu m y ht mi thng dng l ELICA,

E L E C T R O L U X , kch thc rng thng thng 0,60 m - 0,80 m -
0,9 m , s dng 1 hoc 2 m oteur ht. C loi dng filter lc bng
than hot tnh, c loi ch ht thng. Than hot tnh sau m t thi
gian s dng mt tc dng cn thay th.
M y ht khi Sakura c 2 moteur, cnh qut tubin kiu ly tm,
lc h t m nh, c khay hng du m trong sut, li chn kim loi
k h n g g, lc cc cht rn, tng bn ca my.

141
 3. Bn r a

C cc loi bn ra 1 ngn, 2 ngn, c bn thi hay khng c

bn thi. Cc loi bn ra mi hin nay c ngn rau ro nc sau
khi ra. Ngn c np nha c th nhc ln. C loi bn ra vi nc
c th ko di nh mt sen tm. Vi ny gip ly nc d dng
hn. Bn cnh bn ra, nn c mt thng rc nh, c np y v
np chn ti rc nilon. Sau khi v rc, nhc np chn ly ti rc i
d diig.

4. T lan h
T lnh thng thng nn t bp m khng trong phng
ng, v khi hot ng t gy chn dng: ting n, khng kh nng
v bc x in t tc hi n thn kinh, gy [n thng t bo v
lm suy gim kh nng min dch ca c th.

42
 Chng 4

QUY TRNH THI CNG

A. T H E O D I T H I CNG

I. PHN XY TH
1. N h n g cng vic c h u n b
l . l . X c nh cc v tr chun

Cn nghin cii k bn v thi cng, sau kim tra li cc mc

gii ca khu t, xc nh cc v tr trc theo bn v, xc nh cc
cao . Cc v tr nh du phi r rng, d thy, khng b vt che
lp, phi c gi gn trong sut thi gian thi cng, tin cho vic
kim tra. C th vch bng sn ln tng nh ln cn, hoc v tr
khng vch c th ging ti v tr gn nht c th vch c, gi
l trc gi v phi ghi r khong cch t v tr n trc chnh.

v tr t trng hon ton, phi ng cc cc chun bng g,

tr b tng hay thp xung t.

1.1.1 Vch tuyn thng

vch cc tuyn ng thng, dng dy cng gia hai u cc.

vch ng trn, dng dy v hai chic inh ng tam v cnh
ngoi ca r.g trn. V ch gc vung phi dng thc gc hoc s
dng h thng nt trn dy tao m t tam gic vung c cnh !,5m;
2,Om v 2,5 m. sai lch cc kch thc theo chiu di v chiu
rng trn mt bng khng dc vt qu 10 mm. Trng hp kch

143
thc t thc t khc vi bn v, cn bo cho ngi thit k bit
c iu chnh bn v thi cng cho ph hp.

7.7.2 Vch cao

Cc mc cao dng xc nh chiu cao ca cc tng. Cc

cao c xc nh theo mt cao gc k hiu l ct 0.0 (c l
ct khng khng). Thng thng ly cao sn tng 1 lm cao
gc. Nhng cao nm di cao y l ct m, k hiu bng du
tr (-). Cc cao nm trn l ct dng, k hiu l du cng (+).
Cc ct dng trn bn v m t ct c th khng c k hiu. Cc
mc cao phi c gi gn cn thn sut qu trnh thi cng.

Bn trong nh, xc nh cao bng cch vch ln tng mt

ng thng nm ngang cch mt sn 1 m. N c vch bng
thc v ng thu bnh. ng thy bnh l mt ng dn bng cht
do trong sut di khong 15 m, cha y nc. Trong khi thao tc,
phi gi khng cho ng b gp khc, b bp hay tht nt, mi u
dy phi c mt ngi cm gi. Mt ngi t ng vo mc chun,
ngi kia vo ch cn vch cao . Khi di chuyn, cn bt kn
m ing ng. ni cn vch cao , ng c nng ln hay h xung
cho n khi mc nc m c chun ngang bng vch. Theo nguyn
l bnh thng nhau, lc ny nc trong hai u ng u nm cng
mt mc chun.

1.1.3 Vch ng thng trn sn hay tng hon tlin:

Bng cch dng dy tm mc, tm bt mu ko cng hai u

v tr cn xc nh, sau dng ngn tr bt m nh on gia dy
cho mc, bt mu n xung sn, tng. Cc ng thng ng c
kim tra bng dy di. Dy di l mt on dy du buc vt nng,
lun lun hng v m t t.

144
 1.2. S n g v ra ct
Thng th ct phi sng c c ht thch hp, loi si v ,
nhng ht qu c, rc bn.
Trong va xy v trt dng ct c c ht 2,5mm. Nu trong ct
c st, bn hay cc th bn khc th phi ra sch trc khi dng.

1.3. Trn va xim n g

c pha trn bng ximng, ct v nc. Trc ht trn bt
Xim ng v ct kh, cho u n khi c mu ng nht mi cho
nc vo. Tip tc trn cho n khi no va ng nht. Sau 1 gi
trn, va xim ng bt u ninh kt, khng nn dng. Cht lng ca
va ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh do, phn tng, thi gian
ng cng, co ngt, dnh kt, cng , v.v...
Va x im ng c th pha thm vi hoc nc vi c tnh linh
ng cao hn. tng tnh linh ng ca va, ngi ta thng
dng thm ct m n v cht kt dnh, ch khng tng thm lng
nc. C th dng dung dch 5% x phng pha bng 50 g x phng
git ho trong 1 / nc sch. 100 kg xi m ng th trn 2 / dung dch
5% x phng.
Khi vn chuyn, va c th b phn tng, tc l nhng phn t
mn ca ct v xim ng tch ri khi nhng ht ct ln, va m t tnh
ng u. Cn phi trn li va phn tng trc khi dng.
Va nhiu ximng qu hoc qu nho thng c co ngt ln,
gy vt nt. Gch xy khng nhng nc s lin kt vi va km hn.

1.4. Trn va b tng

Phi ch l khng phi tng tht nhiu xim ng th b tng s

tng cng tng ng m c th gy nt v v b tng co ngt
khi kh.

145
 Lng ct liu: dm hay si c xc nh tu theo tnh cht
ca b tng. Ct liu cn phi sch, khng ln ct, bn, t. K hng
dng vi phong ho. Cc hn dt v hnh thoi trong si v
dm khng ln hn 15 % khi lng. Lng ht ca nhami thch
xu khng qu 10 % khi lng.

Lng nc: thng thng 100 -150 / nc cho 1 m 3 bi tng.

i vi b tng ct thp, lng nc cn cao hn. K h cn g dng
nc ao h, nc sng c nhiu ph sa, nc bin trn t Itng.

Trn b t/l' th ctiq:

Khi trn b tng th cng, phi trn trn m t tm vn g dy
4-5 cm , hoc tm thp l dy 0,5 mm; hoc trn mt trn b tng
hoc sn lt gch. Vn g hay thp phi khng c rnh, lthing
sa xim ng chy mt.
Trc ht, ri mt na lng ct cn thit thnh mt 1D lkhong
10 cm ln m m trn ri cho xim ng ln lp ct v ri tipi s ct
cn li. Dng xng trn ct v xi m ng kh thnh hn hp, sau
trn dm hay si cho n khi t c hn hp ng rht. Cui
cng cho nc vo trn. Lng nc cho vo b tng ph. iong
trc, ri ti dn vo, khng c ng chng bng mt.

Trn b tng bng m y:

Trn b tng bng m y cho cht lng b tng tt l n , nng
sut lao ng cng cao hn. Trnh t ngc li, cho k o n g 1/4
lng nc vo m y trn, sau xi m ng v ct liu ;mg m t
lc, ri dn dn v lin tc lng nc cn li.
Thi gian trn k t khi cho vt liu vo m y n khi Ib tng
ra ti thiu l 2 pht (i vi m y trn 500 /). B tng rm xong
phi ngay v lin tc. Xi m ng bt u ng cng khong
1 gi n 12 gi sau khi trn vi nc, do cn phi h)m thnh

146
vic trn m b tng trong khong thi gian cho php. Nu
m b tng khi cng th kt cu ca b tng s b ph hoi,
khng dnh kt vi nhau c na.

1.5 b tng
Ngoi vic xy gch, cng vic xy dng ch yu l b tng.
B tng l loi vt liu nhn to c c bng cch khun v
lm rn chc hn hp xi m ng, nc, dm hay si v cc cht
ph gia.
Hn hp mi nho trn xong gi l h tng ti. B tng c ct
thp c gi l b t/i ct thp.

Trong b tng, dm ng vai tr chu lc. Hn hp xi m ng

v nc bao boc xuns quanh n " vai tr cht bi trn, ng thi
lp y khong trng gia cc ht . Cc quy tc sau y p dng
chung ch o b tng phn mng, khung v sn.
Trc khi , phi tin hnh kim tra li ct thp v vn khun.
Cn lu ti kch thc v cao ca vn khun, kht, s n
nh chc chn ca vn khun, phng khi m mnh c th v vn
khun.
Cc ct thp phi chnh xc v chng loi, chiu di, hnh dng
theo thit k, v tr b m, cc m ing k c nh v tr ct thp,
cc l cha li trong b tng.

Trong vn khun khng c c rc ri. Phi bi du vo m t

trong vn khun nhng v tr tip xc vi b tng. Co sch g
thp trc khi , nhng khng c sn chng g ct thp.

Khi b tng, phi vo tt c cc gc cnh v m gim

bt cc l trng, loi bt mt phn lng nc. m lin tc cho
n khi m t b tng nh nc. l nc xi mng xut hin trn

147
mt b tng. m my p dng hiu ng rung. C 3 kiu m : m
di I c ngp vo b tng, m bn p ln m t v m rung gn vo
pha ngoi vn khun.

Khi m b tng, c khuynh hng chm xung v nn li.

Trong khi , nc b p tch ra khi v ct thp, ni ln pha
trn hoc cng vi xi m ng chui qua k h ca cp pha ra ngoi,
to thnh nhno l rng, lm kh nng chng thm nc ca b
tng gim. Mt phn nc tha ng li bn trong hn hp to
thnh nhng hc rng, nh hng xu n cu trc v tnh cht ca
b tng. Vic gim lng nc nho trn v nng cao kh nng gi
nc ca hn hp b tng c th thc hin bng s dng ph gia
hot ng b mt v la chn thnh phn ht ca ct liu m t cch
hp l.

b tng cn phi c che nng ma v bo dng tt. Trong

thi gian 1 tun u, cn phi c ti nc lin tc. N u tri
ma, phi tin hnh che chn trong 2 ngy u. Trong 3 ngy u,
cm i li hay vt liu ln trn sn b tng mi . Sau khi b
tng t n cng cn thit mi tin hnh tho d vn khun.

2 .Thi cn g m ng v cc kt cu cng trnh

Ni n mng, vic u tin ngi ta thng n g h ti l rng

ca m ng v chiu su chn mng. l hai vn ca m t bi
ton phc tp ph thuc rt nhiu vo ti trng ca c ng trnh
truyn xung m ng v cu to a cht, cc ch tiu c l c a t
pha di cng trnh.

Chiu su chn mng: l chiu su t m n g n m t n n nh.

Trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, ta c th ch n chiu su m ng
sao cho:

148
 m ng khng nm trn lp t c tnh n nh km (thng
gi i lp t xu). l cc lp t mt c ln nhiu tp cht v
cc .cht hu c, rc ri.
m ng cng kh n g nm trn cc lp t bn hoc lp t lp
(tc l t t cc ni khc m ang n bi p, cha c tnh n
nh v cu to phc tp nh va cht, rc ri, gch vn).
Cu to lp t ny quvt nh su ca mng. C nhng nh
cao tng nhng m n g li kh nng, v cu to t tt. Nhng cng
cn thn trng vi nhng khu vc ch c mt lp t m ng trn l
tt, cn pha di l t bn hoc c nc ngm.
Khi thi cng m n g xong, cn phi t lp kn cc b phn ca
m ng. Trng hp m ng ni ln khi mt t, do tn nn qu cao,
cn t xung quanh lp kn.

Thng thng, cc cng trnh c chiu cao trong khong 4 tng

tr xung, chiu su m n g dao ng trong phm vi 0,6 - 1,0 m.
K hng nht thit phi l m ng su, cng trnh mi bn vng. Nu
chiu su chn m ng cng ln th chiu rng m ng cng phi t
l thun.

Chiu rng m ng cng ph thuc vo hai yu t ti trng

cng trnh truyn xung m ng v cc ch tiu c l ca lp t pha
di m ng.

V ic la chn s dng loi m ng no l do kh nng chu ti ca

t, chiu su ca cc lp t, hnh dng mt bng nh cng nh ti
trng c a nh ln t nn. Vic la chn ny cn phi xut pht t
tnh ch't cng trnh v bin php thi cng m t a im c th.
Nhng d bin php no cng phi t c cc yu cu v cng
, v bin dng ca t nn, m bo cho ln v chnh ln
t yu cu quy nh ca tiu chun thit k. N gy nay, m ng b

149
tng ct thp c s dng rng ri v n thch hp cho cc cng
trnh trn nn t bnh thng v nn t yu.

Khi m ng cho cc ngi nh cao tng, cn lu n cc nh

c cu to khng kin c xung quanh (nh cp 4). Trong khi o
mng, phi c bin php phng nga, v d gia c bng cc c,
't di chn m ng ca nhng nh kh n g chy sang h m n g
mi o.
Bt k cng trnh no cng c m t ln. N hng nu cng trnh
c ln khng u s gy nt v. T hng thng ngi nh ln
mnh hn c ch no vt nt pht trin t di ln trn. Vt nt
hnh ch A th phn gia ln m nh hn hai bn, cn vt nt hnh
ch V th tng hai bn ln mnh hn (hnh 4.1)

Hnh 4-1. Ngi nh c vt m hnh chA v chV

150
 C c c n g trnh xy chen thng kh phc tp. Khi t trn nn
t c cht khc nhau, tng s ln khng u, gy nt v. Rt
n hiu cng trnh khi thi cng lm cho nhng cng trnh thi cng
trc b ln mnh hn.

ngn chn ln khng u trn cc nn t yu v a hnh

phc tp, ngi ta phi lm m ng bng mt tm b tng ct thp
dy, cu to tng t nh bn sn lt ngc. Tm m ng ny lm
vic ging nh mt m ng b, v c th hnh dung ngi nh "du
lch" trn . Cu trc m ng ny t ra c bit hiu qu chng li
s trt c a t. Ngi ta c th lm gim ln bng cch lm
cho t ho . Xi m ng v cc vt liu kt dnh khc c bm
vo nn n h di mt p sut ln.

N u ngi nh c hai phn trng lng khc nhau (c khi cao

tng hn hn khi khc) th hp l hn c l tch hai khi ring
bit, m i khi ln ring r.

Q u trnh nn cht t ct c hon thnh trong khong thi

gian tng i ngn. Sau khi xy xong cng trnh mt vi nm, qu
trnh ln c a t tm dng. Nhng trn nn t st th qu trnh n
nh lu di hn, hng chc nm , c khi n hng th k. Cc nh
nghin cu tng kt rng nhng s c xy ra vi m ng thng
do s phc tp trong qu trnh chu nn ca lp t st.

2.1. C c loi m ng

T h eo hnh thc v cch thc truyn ti trng xung nn, m ng

b tng c t thp c cc loi: m n g n, m ng bng, m ng b v
m n g cc. Ba loi trn thuc v m ng nng v m ng t trn nn
t thin nhin hoc nn t gia c vi su khng ln. M ng cc
l m n g su v mi cc c th su hng chc mt.

151
 2.1.1 M ng i

M ng n thng ct trong iu kin t tt v khong

cch ct ln. M ng n c th hnh dng git cp hoc hnh thp,
y hnh ch vung, ch nht, c bit c dng trn. M i bc ca
dng git cp c th t 30 - 60 cm. Chiu cao cc bc ph thuc
chiu cao chung ca mng. Chiu cao ca cc bc trn phi
ng xin 45 nm pha trong khi m ng v p lc truyn t ct
xung theo m t gc m 45 .

m ng thng c hnh vung hoc hnh ch nht. B tng

m ng thng s dng mc 150, 200 hoc 300. m ng nm trn
lp b tng lt (b tng gch v) dy lOcm. Chiu dy lp b tng
bo v ct thp trong thn m ng phi ln hn 35mm.

Ct thp mng thng thp

ch ni tip vi thp ct. Ct
thp di mng l ct chu ko
c t theo c hai phng ngn
v di, to thnh li. Trong ct
theo phng di t xung di,
theo phng ngn t pha trn.
Thp c ng knh 10 tr ln,
khong cch thng 10 - 20 cm
(hnh 4.2). H nh 4 2 Mn^ T

2.1.2 M ng bng

M ng bng c dng di di lin tc, c phn b di tng v

bao bc xung quanh cng trnh. Khi nn t yu c th dng m ng
bng giao nhau. y l loi m ng thng c s dng trong cng
trnh nh dn dng (hnh 4.3).

152
 M ng bng c chia
lm 2 dng:
a. M ng bng di
tng chu lc:
Tng chu lc c
cng ln nn m n g bng
di tng chu lc lm
vic theo phng ngang.
Ct thp chu lc l ct
t theo phng ngang,
ct t theo phng doc Hnh 4.3. Mng hr>
m ng l ct phn b. 1. Tng mng ; 2 y mng ; 3. mng
M ng bng c th c tit
din bn m ng l hnh ch nht khi b rng m ng khng ln.
Nhng thng thng, tit din hai mi dc l ph hp v tit kim
c vt liu. Thp c ng knh 10 tr ln, khong cch
thng t 10 -20 cm.

b. M ng bng di hng ct:

M n g b n g giao nhau c din tch m n g ln v cng

theo c hai ph ng cng ln nn c kh nng gim ln v iu
chnh tng i tt s ln khng u so vi m ng bng c lp.
M ng bng chu cc ti trng tp trung truyn t ct xung gy ra
phn lc nn. C th coi m ng bng l m t dm t trn nn n
hi l t.

2.1.3 M ng b

D in tch m ng tri rng trn c mt bng cng trnh. M ng

b tng t nh m t sn lt ngc nm trn nn t, di tc dng
ca p lc t di y ln. M ng b c ba dng: dng sn nm, sn

153
sn hoc dng hp. Cu to m ng b ging nh cu to sn. Khi
thit k mng, ngi ta thng b tr cho tng hp lc ca ton b
cng trnh i qua trng tm ca m ng nhm lm cho p lc di
m ng l phn b tng i u cc khu vc (hnh 4.4).

Hnh 4.4. MHi h

2.1.4. M ng cc

N u cc lp t mt khng chu c ti trng c a ngi nh th

ngi ta phi thit k m ng cc, truyn ti trng ny xung cc
lp t chc nm su bn di. Bin php ny thng p dng khi
xy nh gn h, hay cc lp t mt l bn, hoc ao h mi lp.
Bin php ny cn c p dng khi xy nh trn m t nc (thu
nh). M ng cc gm c hai b phn: cc v i cc.

Cc l b phn ng vo trong t, dng ln cht cc lp t yu

hoc truyn ti trng cng trnh xung lp t tt di su.

i cc l b phn ni lin cc cc vi nhau v phn b lc t

cng trnh xung cc cc.

154
 Cc c chia lm nhiu loi: cc g, cc thp, cc b tng, cc
b tng ct thp, cc hn hp. a s nh s dng cc b tng ct
thp.
Trong trng hp ng cc thng hay c hin tng nt. Do
ngi ta d n g cc ng sut trc, c th tit kim b tng hn t
15-20 %, v 50-60 % thp so vi cc thng.
Cc c tit din thng thng l 15 X 15, 20 X 20, 25 X 25 cm .
Mc b tng 250 - 400. Cc c sc chu ti ln, ng su, chi
b th phi d ng m c b tng cao. Mi cc c tit din hnh thp
d ng. M i cc phi chn loi cn i cc khng b i xin.
Ct thp trong cc c th l ct thp thng hoc c ng lc trc.
Loi ng lc trc c kh nng chng nt v tit kim ct thp.
Vic ni cc on cc phi dng phng php hn c bn tp.

i cc thng dng ct. Cc i cc ni vi nhau bng

h ging. H ging ny c tc dng truyn lc ngang t i ny
sang i kh c, gp phn iu chnh ln lch gia cc i cnh nhau,
(hnh 4.5).

2.2 T h i c n g m ng
K hi thi c n g mng, mt s a hnh nm trn di nc ngm ,
c th m ch nc ngm gn hoc cao hn y m ng s lm hng
cu trc m n g . N u nc ngm c dc v tc di chuyn ln,
cc ht t y m ng c th b tri, lm gim cht ca t.
Nu m c nc ngm di y m ng v tc thm khng ln
hoc nc khn g chuyn ng th nc ngm khng nh hng n
kh nng ch u lc ca nn m ng cng trnh.

2.2.1 L m kh h m ng
K hi thi c n g m ng i hi h m ng phi kh ro. Nhng trong
t lun lun c cc m ch nc ngm r nc, v vy ngi ta

155
 H nh 4.5. Mng cc
1. Ct; 2. B cc; 3. Cc; 4. Lp t yu; 5. Lp t cht.

thng phi tin hnh bm ht nc lin tc trong lc thi cng

mng. Cng vic bm nc tin hnh ng thi trong lc o
lm t ro nc trc khi o. Khi h m ng o n cao trnh
thit k th cng vic bm nc vn tin hnh cho n khi xy xong
m ng (hnh 4.6)

2,2.2 Gia c nn t yu

a. Phng php m ct

C tc dng gim ln ca m ng, gim chnh lch ln

m ng, gim khi lng vt liu lm m ng v gim chiu su chn
m ng. Ct c m a st ln nn m n g khng c kh nng trt phng
trn m t tng m ct.
Nu h o kh, ct c tng lp dy 20 cm v lin cht
bng m ln, m xung kch hoc chn ng.

156
 Hnh 4.6. Thot nc h mng
1. H t nc; 2. My bm; 3. Rnh;
4. Mc nc ngm trung binh; s. Mc nc khi ht nc.

b. Phng php m cht lp t mt

Trng hp t nn xu nhng c m nh th khng cn thit

phi o b lp t pha trn thay th lp t tt hn m c th
d ng bin php lm cht lp t ny bng m xung kch. Q u m
c ko ln bng cn trc vi cao t 4- 6m v th ri t do. Sau
5 n 10 ln c th t c t nn cht.

c. Phng php ng cc tre

Phng ph p ny l ng vo trong t m t h thng cc,

cho n th tch ca t khin t b nn cht li. Thng thng mt
25 c c/m 2. ng knh cc t 8 -10 cm. u cc phi c mt
tre. Ch ch n cc tre c, ti, gi. Trc khi ng, u cc phi
c vt nhn. ng cho n khi no chi th dng li. c t b cc
u cc b to ra.

157
 Chiu di cc ph thuc o chiu su lp t cn gia c. Thng
thng ng trong iu kin t st, cc c di t 1,2 m n 1,5 m.

Trc khi ng cc, nn ng th m t vi im xc nh

c su chn cc, t la chn chiu di thch hp cho cc
cn mua, trnh m u a tha lng ph hoc cc qu ngn lm gim tc
dng chu lc.

Khi ng, dng r st bt u cc u cc khng b dp, gy.

Nu b dp, gy phi ct b u cc to thnh b mt bng phng.
Sau ph ln trn lp ct vng dy khong 10 cm.

Cc tre c th s dng c n 60 - 70 nm vi iu kin lun

di mc nc ngm.

Ngoi ra, cn m t s bin php khc gia c nn t rt yu

nh ng cc ct, phun va xi m ng vo t, dng phng php n
mn tng su, v.v... nhng nhng bin php ny khng ph bin,
nht l trong lnh vc xy nh thp tng.

2.2.3 b tng m ng

M ng cc: M ng cc thng di h c lp, c th bc cu

ngang qua h m ng, dng m ng b tng xung. Do m n g hay b
r st chn bc thang ca mng, nn p m t t va xi m ng do
vo cnh di cp pha nc xi m ng khng chy mt.

M ng hng: M ng bng thng c m t ct hnh thang, m i dc

ca m ng nh, nn khng cn ghp cp pha, m dng m bn kt
hp vi bn xoa lm. Khi b tr tuyn , nn pha xa trc,
pha gn sau. Cn ch khng ch chiu dy v kch thc,
trnh tnh trng lng ph b tng. N n dng c bng g n g theo
hnh dng ca m n g kim tra.

158
 2.2.4 Bin php bo v mii
V m n g chn su di t nn phi bo v m ng chng nc
ngm xm thc b tng v vt liu mng, ng thi m bo kh
ro cho tng nh.
i vi s xm thc nc ngm khng ng k, ngi ta dng
bin php qut ln mt ngoi ca mng vi lp nha ng ri ly
t st p bao mt ngoi ca m ng.
Trng hp nc ngm c tnh xm thc mnh, hoc cn phi
lm m n g c bit tt cho tng hm th sn v tng phi c cch
nh au bng nhng lp va xi m ng xy trt k, cn pha ngoi mng
bc bn g mt lp ma-tt cch nc. C th ph m t lp giy du
tm bi-tum vo cnh bn hoc nm ngang gia tng chn mng.

2.3. Thi cng k h u n g

N gy nay kt cu khung b tng ct thp c s dng rng ri
v k t cu khung cho php bin i linh hot khng gian s dng.
T ng ngn cc phng ch l tng t m ang c th ph i m
rng khng gian hoc xy thm to phng mi m khng nh
hng n bn vng ca ngi nh. iu ny c bit ngha vi
nh , khi tiu chun din tch s dng thay i, din tch phng
cn tng ln hay gim i, nhu cu s dng thay i, vn c th sa
cha, ci to c khng gian m khng qu tn km v phin
phc.
H khung khng dm gm bn sn v ct hin nay ngy cng
c s dng rng ri v:
- G im c chiu cao kt cu.
- D to khng gian ch o thit b di sn.
- D lm vn khun t ct thp v b tng.
- K h nng dng vch ngn di ng khng hn c h bi h dm.

159
 2 .3 . K t cu khung:
Kt cu khung c to nn bi ct v dm lin kt vi nhau. H
khung nh ton khi tip nhn ti trng thng ng v ti trng
ngang ri truyn xung mng.
a. Dm n
Dm n l loi dm thng, hai u t ln hai gi , gia
khng c gi t, u dm khng c lin vi thanh ging hay ct
m va st vi u tng hay ct. Na trn dm l vng chu nn,
na di dm l vng chu ko, gia hai vng l trc trung ho.
M in chu ko do thp chu, min chu nn do b tng chu. Do
ct chu lc t min chu ko, ct xin d n g chng lc ct
hai u gn gi , thp cu to t min chu nn, ct ai dng
gi cc thanh thp chu lc khng b x dch.
b. Dm conson
D m co n so n chu lc ngc li vi d m n , m in chu ko
p h a trn v m in chu nn pha di. C t thp c n g b' tr
ngc li. D m co n so n c p d ng ch o c c kt cu tng t
n h -vng, s-n.
c. Dm lin tc
Trong dm lin tc, ct chu lc t pha di gia cc gi v
pha trn cc gi bn trong chng m m en m.
d. Ct
Ct chu lc nn l chnh, m b tng ch u nn rt tt nn ct
thp ch ng nhim v chng un. N goi ra ct thp cng tng
cng kh nng chu nn cho ct.
H ng ct bin i khi c b tr li vo trong, dm v sn c
m t phn ua ra ngoi to iu kin trang tr m t ng, thng
s dng i vi m t ng l m ng tng knh ton b.

160
 2 . 3 - 2 T h i c i t i kl i i ii

Vic thi cng khung em c hai qiai on: thi cn? ct va thi
cng dm , sn.
Ghp ct pha ct phi di chnh xc theo rt c cc chiu. Nhng
sai phm thng gp l sai v tr, sai tim ct, kch thc khong ho
m , v tr ct thp sai lch, b tng b rng, r mt. Ct ghp cp
pha 4 m t, c cha ca 1 m t, mi ca cch nhau 1,5 m, bng
chiu cao ri t do cho php b tng.
m bo b tng t cng ng thit k, phi m bo
liu lng hn hp b tng, khng cho xi m ng hoc si, ct
hoc nc nhiu qu tiu chun cho phcp. B tn? phi c
trn k, khi phi m ng k thut, khng nhanh cing khng
qu lu, b tng b phn tng.
Vic dng h phi lm y , ng quy nh, khng ti nc
lin tc hoc ti nc khng ngy.
B tng b r ngoi ml, nu h ct thp l rt nguv him v d
b han g, c th nt v, gim s lin kt gia b tng v ct thp,
dn n gim kh nng chu lc ca ton b kt cu. N guyn nhn
thng thng l m khng k, hoc cp pha b h. chy sa xi
m ng ct phai tin hnh lm nhiu ln, cao khong
0,3 in/ln . Chiu cao t do khng qu 1,5 1T1 trnh b tng
b phn tng. Sau khi phi tin hnh m ngay ri mi tip tc
t sau. C th dng v g ngoi cp pha cho nc xim ng chy ra.

Khi b tng ct, phi tun th quy phm khp ni thi cng
(khe thi cng, m ch thi cng) mi phn tip ni. V tr khp ni
m t trn ca mng, mt di ca dm .

Khi b tng dm c kch thc ln v ni lin vi bn sn th

khp ni thi cng phi b tr m t di ca bn sn khong 2-3 cm.

161
 Vic d cp pha phi tin hnh khi ngy quy nh, cn nh
n h n g v trnh ng chm v b tng cha phi kh cng .

Sa cha cc vt rn nt:
c dc theo vt nt su xung thnh hnh ch V, dng bn ehi
st chi sch. Ti nc xi m ng xung khe nt, sau dng va xi
m ng ct vng t l 1/3 trt bng. Khi va hi se mt mit li mt
ln na. Sau 3,4 gi th gi m t nht 7 ngy.

Trng hp b / b xp:
Cn c b ch b tng b xp cho ti khi gp b tng cng. Ch
c phi lm dc ra ngoi, khng thnh hc trng vo, b tng
s khng lp kn c. c xong, chi sch bng bn chi st, ghp
cp pha bn ngoi kt cu, pha trn cp pha lm thnh m in g phu
b tn". b tng dn dn vo trong cp pha v m k.
Dng h tt trong 7 ngy sau. Sau 20 ngy tho b cp pha v c
ty phn b tng tha.

2.4. Thi cn g sn m i
2.4.1 Sn
Sn cno c cu to gn ging nh dm , nhng sn c m t ct
n gang rng hn v chiu dy li nh hn, do khng cn ct thp
k hung v ai. Chiu dy sn thng thng l 8-10 cm. B tng sn
thng k h n yu cu chng thm , chng nng cao nh mi, nhng
cng phi tun th vic bo dng trnh khng b nt.

M t sn chia thnh tng di b tng, m i di rng 1-2 m.

xong m t di mi di k tip. Khi n cch dm chnh
khong lm , bt u dm chnh. b tng vo dm n cch
mt trn cp pha sn khong 5 -1 0 cm li tip tc b tng sn.
Khi b tng sn cn khng c h cao bng cc c, nu khng

162
s lng ph b tn khu ny. Dn<j han xoa g p v xoa cho
phng mt sau khi dm di k.
dm tin hnh theo hnh bc thana tng on khon Im , t
ti cao d m ri mi on k tip.
M a h, khi nhit d ln trcn 3()"C, phi b tng lin tc
m bo tnh lin kt ca b t n s v phn b tng bt u cng
khng b ph hoi. Nu bt buc phai ngng li, th phi ch b
tng ti 15 i cng mi tip tc c (sau 1-2 ngv). V ic
b tng ni tip phi thc hin ng quy pham khp ni b tng
(khe thi c n s , mch thi cn), tc l song song vi canh nh nht
ca bn sn. Nu bn sn c dm con nam dnh lin di bn theo
hng song song vi dm ph th khp ni b tr ' khong 1/3 gia
hai nhp dm . khp ni thi c n phai lm tm chn ng trc
khi (l h tng n v tr Trc khi (t h tng, phi c mt h
tng c (ch tip xc vi h tng mi) cho nhn v ly sch ht b
lng c ra. Dng bn chi st v nc ra sch. DuIIII nc xi
mng ti ln ri h tng cng mc vi b tne c, nhng ch
tng thm xi m ng v nc c loi bc tn do hn. C ng vic
dm tin hnh nh thng thng.
Sau khi khong 3-4 gi phi tin hnh cng tc dng h.
Ti nc khi b tng d se mt, hn ch s co rt ca b tng.
Nu cng vic dng h khng lm tt, s xy ra hin tng nt n
gia lp b tng mi v c.

2.4.2 M i
Cu to bn mi ton khi gn ging cu to bn sn phng. Mi
phi m bo yu cu v cch nhit, chng dt, chu c ma
nng. Cc lp cu tao ca mi khc vi cu to ca sn.
Mi ton khi l h kt cu mi c s dng rng ri v c kh
nng chng thm cao, to cng k h n s gian ln cho cng trnh.

163
 Pha trn mi c cc lp cch nhit, dy trung bnh 100-150 m m ,
va chng thm dy rung bnh 15-20 mm v hai lp gch l nem.
b t/ii> m i:
D ng b tng mc 200 c thnh phn nh sau (tnh cho 1 m'1):

Xi m ng P.300: 350 kg

dm 1 X 2 : 1100 kg hay 0,8 m 3

Ct vng: 780 k ", hay 0,5 n r

Nc: 1 9 0 - 2 0 0 /
Vi thnh phn cp phi nh trn, b tng s c cc u im
sau:
- D v m do b tng lun lun do. Ch l y lng
ct c tng ln, v dm gim xung so vi b tng thng thng.
- cht b tng cao sau khi m ( st b tng 4-5 cm ) nn
kh nng chu kh hu tt hon.
K hng nn b tng mi m c trn 200, ngoi tr nnng l do
chu lc c bit, hoc c kh nng ln tng.

P hng p h p b tm :
- Tri u b tng theo dy thit k. m cht bng m y m
m t. Trng hp khng c m y m , th dng que st () 14 -16 chc
k v dng bn xoa g p m nh, u khp m t b tng. Sau
d n g bn xoa xoa u phng mt.
- C h cho b tng bay bt hi nc v se li, tin hnh m li
m t ln na. Cch m : v m nh cho cht v ni nc. R c m t lp
bt xi m ng u v rt tha m ng ln mt b tng ri d n g bn xoa
g xoa k cho phng mt, L m nh vy to trn m t b tng m t
lp m t tt kh thm nc.

164
 ic nh thi im m li:
D ng ngn tay n ln mt b tng, nu thy to thnh vt lm
t l b tng c th m c. N u cn dnh khng to c vt
lm hoc cn ni nhiu nc tc l cn sm. Nu to thnh vlm
kh hoc kh to thnh vt lm c ngha l b tng se li, khng
th m c na. Khi tri nng tt, thi im m li l khong 2
gi sau khi m ln u, tri rm m t c th n 4 gi.
V ic m li nh trn c tc dng:
- T ng cng cht b tng nn chng thm tt.
- T ng cng b tng tui 28 nny ln 10 - 15 %.
Ch :
- Lp xi mng bt cn rc tha v mng. Nu lam dng d gy
nt m t b tng, li phn tc dng.
- Ch dng bn xoa g, khng dng bn xoa thp.
- b tng lin tc lin khi, khng ngh gia chng.
- K im tra lp b tng t dy thit k.
- Khi i li tuyt i khng dm ln ct thp lm bp v sai
lc v tr ct thp.
B o dng b tn ;:
Trong vng 24 gi sau, xy tng chn xung quanh mi bng
mt h n g gch nm. Sau tin hnh ti nc xi m ng bo dng
nhm lm cho cc ht xim ng lp y vo cc khe h trong b tng.
1 kg xi m ng pha trong 5 / nc. Trong ba ngy u, lun lun gi
cho m t b tng m. to mi trng m, c th ph kt cu b
tng bn g m n ca, phoi bo, hay ct m ri nh k ti nc, ph
bng nh tng bitum hay vt liu khc to lp m ng khng cho
hi nc i qua.

165
 2.5. Thi cng cu thang

Bc Ihang xy bng gch c trn bn thang b tng ct thp.

Vic chia bc phi lm cn thn, v sau phn hon thin s i
theo. Nu bc chia lch, qu thp hay qu cao, vic iu chnh rt
kh khn. Ch vung gc so vi tng thang.
Bn b tng ct thp phi xc nh dc trc khi ghp c
pha, t ct thp. C th tin hnh bng cch vch ln tng thang
cc v tr bc tharm sau khi hon thin. Nu cu thang khng da
vo tng, cn cn " dy xc nh trn bc urng gn nht, ngang
vi mt bc.

2.6. Thi cng khu v sinh

Sn b t n <4 khu v sinh cn phi h ct so vi ct sn 5 em ,

nc mt khni b trn ra khi khu v sinh, gy t hnh lang hay
phng. Ch to dc v pha phu thu nc khi lt g:h khng
phi lng nhiu va to dc. Phu thu khng nn t gn ca vo
m tt nht nn ' hng i din. Cha l cho hp k thut e a
cc ng ng thot t cc tng trn v ng ng cp ncc.
Sau khi b tng, nn ri thm m t lp xi m ng bt i chng
thm tt.

2.7. Thi cn g tng

2.7.1 C hun b vt in

a. Tnh cht va

G ch c xy bng va, lm nhim v gn kt nhng vin gch

ring l li thnh m t khi, lm bng phng b m t lp ;y. Va
phi c cng nht nh, c tnh bn vng cn thit, tnh linh
ng (tnh do), st, kh nng gi nc.

166
 T nh linh ng l kh nng ri va thnh lp mng, c u v
cn bng c vin gch. Tnh linh ng gip ngi th xy lm
vic nh nhng hn, tng hiu sut lao ng. Tnh linh ng lin
quan cht ch ti st c a va.
st ca va ph thuc vo thnh phn v kch thc ct liu,
lng nc pha trn. Gii hn st: khi xy gch 3-13 cm, khi
xy gch l ng 7-18 cm . st cc i dng trone mi trng c
nhit cao v i vi loi gch xp v kh.
K h nng gi nc nh hn ti s ng cng ca va. Ph
thuc vo loi va, v rng ca gch trong khi xy.
V a trong khi xy c tc dng:
- Lin kt cc vin gch trong khi xy to nn loi vt liu lin
khi mi.
- T ruyn v phn phi ng sut trong khi xy t vin gch ny
n vin khc.
- L p kn cc khe h trong khi xy.
b. Cc loi va
V a x i nii ct: thnh phn qm ct, xi m ng v nc. V
k h n g c cht kt dnh do nn va xi m ng kh cng nhanh, c
cng kh cao nhng gin kh thi cng.
V a tam hp (va bata): thnh phn gm ct, xim ng, vi v
nc. Loi va ny c tnh d o cn thit, thi gian kh cng va
phi nn c dng nhiu nht.
V a khng x mn va vi: gm vi, ct, nc.
V a t st :gm ct, t st v va thch cao.
L ng xi m ng cn tng hn khi dng ct nh ht. I m 3 ct va
tam h p cn 125 kg xi mng.

167
 2.7.2 Yfjit cu k thut
Cng tc xy tng gch cn phi m bo mt s cc iu kin
k rhuAt sau y:
a. Mch va trong khi xy phi ng c
M ch va n gang c n g nh m ch va n g tro n g khi xy
phi c chn y v p bn ngoi ch o ch t n h t l m c h
dng. T heo quy phm , trung bnh m ch nm d y 12 m m , m c h
ng dy 10 m m . Gii hn ca m ch k h n g vt khi phm vi
7 - 1 5 m m . N hng m ch va ng ca khi xy phi lch n h au
hn g ny so vi hn g k ia m t k h o n g 1/4 - 1/2 c h i u di vin
gch (hnh 4.7)
3

1-Mch dc; 2. Mch ng dc; 3. Mch ng nung.

b. Tng lp xy phi ngang bng

Khi xy phi cng dy ngang cho tng nng xy kim tra
tng hng xy nm trn mt phng nm ngang. Mi mt xy theo
chiu cao phi kim tra ngang bng t nht 2 ln. Thng dng

168
thu bnh c ba bt nc (nivo) di l,2m t song song vi dy
cng ngang, khng cho php lch qu 20 m m . Cc mch va
ng phi song song vi mt ngoi ca khi xy v cc mch va
ngang cn phi vung gc vi m t ngoi ca khi xy.
c. K hi xy phi thng ng
D ng qu di thp kim tra. nghing cc mt v cc gc
khi xy theo chiu cao khng vt qu 10 mm cho 1 tng nh cao
3-4 m. C ho ton chiu cao nh khng vt qu 30 mm.

(1. M t khi xy phi phng

D ng thc nhm c chiu di 2-2,5 m kim tra. g "h
khn g vt qu 4 mm.

e. K hi xy khng c trng mach

Tng gch thng b x nt theo chiu ng nn vic x l cc
hng xy khng b trng m ch l rt quan trng. Thng dng vin
gch 3/4 gc. Cc mch va phi b tr lch i mt na vin gch
khng trng mch. Nh vy, ti trng mi phn b ton b khi xy.

2.7.3 C c khi xy gch

Tng chu lc: ngoi trng lng bn thn, phi chu ti trng
ca cc kt cu khc nh sn, m i, v chu tc ng ca ngoi lc
(gi, b o v.v...)
Tng t mang: ch chu trng lng bn thn.

N hng bc tng ngang v tng dc ca nh cng vi sn v

mi to thnh h khng gian chu lc.

a. X y tng chu lc

G in g tng b tng ct thp c tc dng gi cc bc tng

ngang v tng dc vi nhau thnh mt khi thng nht trnh cho

169
cc gc tng khi b x nt. C th kt hp ging tng lm lanh
t ca s, ca i. Ging tng thng dy bng chiu cao 1 vin
gch.
b. Xy tng chn khung chu lc

Yu cu tng t nh tng chu lc, m ch va phi tht c

chc. u tng phi c chn cht, cc ct nn qut nc ximng
c trc khi xy tng. Gch phi t st ct. Thng thng nn
nhng si thp ru (O 6-8) di khong 25 cm ch sn trong
khung ct (ch t lc lm ct thp b tng ct) v cu vo m ch
va tng chn. Khong cch b' tr ru thp t 5,6 hng gch. Lp
trn cng st vi mt y dm, ging, ngi ta thng va nghing
hng gch, chn va kn u trn hng gch. D ng va xim ng ti
t b tng lin kt tt vi tng gch. Khi xy ch thc vin
gch ln m ch trn c y va.

c. Xy tr c lp

Tr l thnh phn chu lc nn yu cu phi chnh xc, lch tm

tr c th . Phi cng dy lo cho c dy tr, sau dng dpi
kim tra tim tr, cc gc tr, thng ng ca dy gc tr ri mi
tin hnh xy. Gch xy phi chn la k, u khng cong vnh.
Tr phi xy bng xi m ng ct. Xy tng on 50 - 60 cm (chiu
cao), i cho va ninh kt ri mi tip tc xy. Khng c ng
m nh n hng gch v phi che ma. C th tng cng kh nng
chu lc ca tr bng cc li thp o 10 - 0 1 2 bn trong.

d. Ca s

Bu ca s nhng tng trc tip chu nh hng ca kh hu

phi c xy dc ra ngoi thot nc tt. dc c th to
thnh t b dy ca lp trt.

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 e. Lanh t

iT ing thng c lm bng bc tns ct thp. i vi ca nh

c ih lm bng g hoc thp, hoc s dng lun khun ca lm
lanh t.
L an h t xy gch c th chia ra 2 loi:

L anh t cun bng: ch dng cho ca c khung rng n l,2m ,

chiu cao ca lanh t ti thiu l 1 vin gch. Khi xy phi tin
hnli ng thi t hai u dn vo gia, v vin gch kho phi
nm chnh gia lanh t. Di hng gch cui cng ca lanh t, t
mt lp va ct thp o 6. Hai u ct thp 2 bn n su vo tng
t nht 25 cm v c un mc.

Phi dng va xi mng xy. Cc mch va c xy theo

hnh n m , u di dy 5m m tr ln, u trn khng qu 25 mm,
v phi c nht y. K hng c t qch theo li xa tin.
L anh t cun vm: gch v m ch va phi hng vo tm c
nh c a cun, khng c t theo li xa tin.

V n khun cho lanh t cun bn trn 12 ngy mi d. Tri lnh

gi di 10c, thi gian phi ko di hn. Vn khun cho lanh t
cun vm ti thiu gi 5 ngy.

g. Tng treo

L loi tng nm trn dm ta trn ct. Thng gp cc

nh c tng tng trn nhng tng di thng phng. Ti trng
sn cc tng trn c truyn qua tng ngang vo dm ri
x u n g ct. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy vic t ca s v ca i ti
vng g n gi ta ca dm tng l bt li i vi s lm vic
ca tng treo. V vy, l ca trong cc tng treo nn b tr gia
n hp c a dm tng.

171
 h. Ging tng
Ging tng b tng ct thp l kt cu m bo cng lin
khi cua kt cu gch v chu nhrns ng lc ko c th pht
sinh khi nh b ln khng u.
Ging tng phi c b tr trn nh tng v chn tng.
Trng hp sn b tng ct thp ti ch v ph ln ton b b
dy tng th khng cn thm ging tng. Ging tng nn lin
m bo tnh lin kt n nh ca n. Ti gc tng v cc ch
ni ging tng phi gia c vng chc trnh nt.

2.7.4 Clti khun ca

Trc khi tin hnh chn khun, phi da theo bn v, vch trc
ca khung, xc nh v tr tng ng vi cc mt tng v cao
ca 11 i vi cao cui cng ca mt sn. Sau chn tm, iu
chnh cho khung vo v tr chnh xc bng (li cc chiu v chn
cht ri ng inh. Khi lp trnh va chm m nh, g vo khung
trnh lm mo m khun ca. Khun trc khi lp phi c thanh
ging ngang ng v tr cch sn 20 cm.

2.7.5 Chiu ly titvg

Tng con kin dy 105 mm;
Tng 1 gch: 220 mm;
Tng lgch ri: 335;
Tng 2 gch: 450 v.v...

2.7.6 Yu cu gim st
- Khng cht gch lnh ra xy m phi dng gch v khi xy
nhng ch nh hn quy cch vin gch.
- Khng dng gch v, gch vn ngi vn chn m gia cc
khi xy chu lc.

172
 - K hng dng gch dnh cht bn. ru m c. Nu c phi co
sch trc khi xy.
- G ch phi c ti nc k trc khi xy, nht l khi dng
gch c rng ln v khi dng va xi m ng, gch khng ht
nc ca va trc khi n ninh kt, m bo s kt dnh tt gia
gch v va.
- Khi ngng xy, phi tin hnh che y ln hng gch cui cng
trnh m a, bo v bc tng.

2.8. T h i cn g cc yu t'k thut

2.8.1 ii
a. Y u cu k thut

Trang b in trong cng trnh phi m bo an lon cho con

ngi v ti sn, khng b nguy him do tip xc vi cc b phn
m ang in ca thit b dng in trong khi vn hnh bnh thng,
ngn nga khng cho cc b phn kim loi bnh thng khng
m ang in ca thit b dng in, hoc cc b phn ca cng trnh
b chm v khi s c. Cc b phn s dng in khng c tng
nhit q u m c n gy bng. K hng gy s c chy n cho cng
trnh.
S d n g phi thun tin, an ton. M ng in lm vic lin tc n
nh trong thi gian s dng, ngoi tr nguyn nhn do h thng
in cu n g cp.
Bng in, t in khng c t cc phng c ho cht
ho:. n h n g ni thng xuyn m t nh di hoc trong phng
tm, v sinh, khu vc ra ca nh bp, phng git, ch ra chn
tay. Phi t nhng ch d lui ti v d thao tc kim tra, ng
ct in n h gian cu thang, hnh lang vo nh. ni thng b

173
ngp nc, phi t cao hn mc nc ngp cao nht c th xy
ra. K hng c t cc ng ng kh t, ng dn cht chy i
qua phng t bng in.

S lng n mc vo mi pha ca ng dy nhm chiu sng

trong nh khng c qu 20 bng, k c cc cm in, i vi
n si t, n hunh quang, n cao p thu ngn, n natri. Cho
php ti 50 bng n i vi ng dy cp in cho cc n kiu
m ng ht, trn sng, n lp bng hunh quang.
b. Phng thc t ng dy

ng dy cp in trc ng cho cn h phi t dc theo gian

cu thang hoc trong hp k thut, khng c i qua cc phng.
C th t chung ng dy cp in cn h vi ng dy chiu
sng cho cu thang, hnh lang chung ca nh trong rnh chung
hoc trong ng gen.
H thng ng dy dn in phi c lp vi cc h thnq
khc, d thay th v sa cha.

on dy dn in xuyn m ng, tng nh, trn nh, sn nh

phi t trong ng thp, ng knh trong ca ng phi ln hn 1,5
ln ng knh ngoi ca dy dn hoc cp in.

Cm t dy dn, cp in khng c v bc bo v ngm trc

tip trong hoc di cc lp va trt tng, trn nh nhng ch c
th b ng inh hoc khoan l.

K hng t dy dc theo tng chu lc khi b su ca rnh chn

ln qu 1/3 b dy tng.

K hng t dy trong ng thn^ hi a ln mi.

Cp in ngoi nh khng c t dc theo mi. Dy dn t ct

in vo nh phi c on un cong trnh nc ng theo dy

174
truyn vo bng in. u vo nh xuyn tng phi c ng gen,
k hng lun trc tip trong va. Khng t dy dn trong cc ng c
tnh dn in n h hp kim loi, ng thp,
Cc ng in i chm phi c lun trong ng gen nha PVC
nu dt trong l p va trt. i vi tng gch xy l rng, c th
tn dng cc l ny lun dy. Cn hn ch khng cc ng
dy giao nhau. Nu bt buc phi c th phi lun qua ng gen,
cch mi giao n h au t nht l 0,5 m.

DAy in nn d ng loi tt, ng tiu chun thit k. Vic lp

t bng cc loi dy gia cng tng t cha c kim chng d
gy h hng. V ic thi cng ng in chm i hi phi tnh ton
k lng, v khi hng vic sa cha rt phc tp v tn km. Nht
thit phi t aptom at cho cc thit b in nng ln khi xy ra
s c, aptom at t n g ngt in, thit b v ng in khng b
chp chy.
Loi cm in 3 l, dng cho iu ho, bnh un nc, nn s
dng dy th b a l dy tip t. K hng u dy ny vo cc ng
ng nc trng km .
Phi trnh i dy vo nhng ni c ng ng nc i qua, nu
c th nn d n g dy thng t aptomat n cc thit b, khng u
ni dy, nu c th phi c ni k bng bng dnh cch in.
K hng t gn n g dn nc, vi tm, nu bt buc phi i qua nn
lun dy vo n g nha trc khi chn tng.
m bo an ton v tin li khi s dng, nn s dng dy dn
c cc m u k h c nhau:
Dy t: dy 2 m u xanh l cy - vng.
Dy trung tnh: m u xanh da tri
Dy nng: g m tt c cc mu khc.

175
 Tai nn in xy ra trong cc trng hp sau:
- Chm in khi h thng m ng in khng c che kn.
- Chm phi lp v kim loi thit b in b nhim in khi cch
in bn trong b hng.
- Do phng in h quang khi ng ngt cu dao khng ng
quy cch.

Phng trnh bng cch dng cc tip t. l m t thanh thp

ng knh lcm , hoc thp ch L loi nh, di 1 m, ng su vo
lng t. Nu t kh, cc nn di, to tip t tt. Cc thit b
gia dng nn c dy ni v m y vi u cc. Thnh thong cn
kim tra li cc tip t v dy dn v d b han g do t m.

c. cao cm in, cng tc

Trong cc phng ca nh , cng tc n phi t cao cch sn

1,5 m, gn ca ra vo, pha tay nm ca cnh ca. cm in cch
sn 0,3 -0,5 m nu khng t n cng vi cng tc n trn 1 bng.
Trong phng tr em , cm phi t cao 1,7 m.
Trong nh tm, v kim loi ca bn tm phi c dy kim loi ni
vi ng dn nc bng kim loi.

2.8.2 Nc

H thng thot nc phi m bo thot ht mi loi nc thi

(nc bn t cc thit b v sinh, nc thi sinh hot, nc m a trn
mi) t bn trong nh ra h thng thot nc bn ngoi bng ng
ng kn. dc ca ng ng phi ln hon dc ti thiu v
m bo vn tc t lm sch ca dng chy.

ng ng thot nc khng c thm , r r, tc nghn, b xm

thc. C th dng ng gang, ng snh hay cht do.

176
 Phu thu nc thi (ng knh ti thiu l 50 rrim) phi nhanh
ch n g thu ht nc thi trn sn trong phng tm , khu v sinh. Mi
b n tm phi c m t ng thot nc ngang vi dc ti thiu l
0 ,0 1 - 0 ,0 3 % .
Cc thit b v siiili v thit b thu nc thi phi c ng xi
p h ng ngn hi. Xi phng phi m bo lp nc lu dy khng
di 5 cm v c b m t bn trong trn nhn. Phi t ng kim tra
hoc l thng tc trn cc ng ng nhnh. M ing thng tc c
t u cng ca ng thot ngang, chn ng ng v khng c
r r nc, khng cn tr dng chy v thun tin cho cng tc
thng tc.
ng ng nhnh thot nc khng c l ra di mt trn ca
cc phng di.
Nc thi t cc chu x, tiu trc khi x ra h thng thot nc
chung phi c x l qua b t hoi, c xy dng t tiu chun
k thut.
n g thot nic phi c ng thng hi. K hng c ni ng
thng hoi vi ng thng gi v thng khi. ng thng hi chnh
phi t thng cao vut khi m i 0,7m v c ng knh nh hom
n g thot nc IIII bc.
n g knh ti thiu ca n g ng thot nc bn trong nh l
75 m m , ca ng ng thot phn, nc tiu t cc khu v sinh l
100 m m .

2 .8.3 C hng thm

D s dng vt liu xy dng no cng khng th c b mt

phng nhn tuyt i v khng thm nc. Tt c cc vt liu u
c nh ng l nh li ti nh m ao qun v vt nt nh kh nhn bit
bng m t thng. Cc l ny s ngy cng ln dn d o s co ngt

177
bin ng khi thi tit thay i v lm cho cng trnh b thm. Do
, cng tc chng thm cn phi c tin hnh nhng ni
thng s dng nc hay cha nc nh phng v sinh, b nc,
mi nh. Ngay t lc thi cng tng, phi ch n khu chng
thm c hiu qu tt. Khng nn n lc b thm ri mi x
l s rt phc tp v ko di.
C 2 cch chng thm ph bin nh sau:
- D ns cc cht chng thm c ch to t dung mi hu c
qut tin b mt cng trnh. Dung mi s to thnh lp m ng bao
ph b mt, khng cho nc ngm qua.
- Dng cc cht nh tng khng thm nc qut ln b mt
cng trnh. Nh tng khi bay hi, s to thnh cc ht nha lp kn
cc l, khe mao mch nh mt b r bm cht trong lng vt liu.
Loi chn thm khng dng '-'ung mi hu c ny c sn xut
bng k thut cng ngh cao v nh mnh cho mi trng hn cc
loi sn cha dung mi.
Sau y gii thiu m t s sn phm chng thm hin c trn th
trng:
Sm art Cote l sn phsm lm lng mt tng v trn ca
Singapore. Trc khi lng, phi lm sch m t tng, b tng trn
bng nc. Trn 1 bao 25 kg vi 8 / nc (t l 1:3), trn u tay
trong 10 pht.
Ti cne:
- Dng bay thp (inox) trt ln tng hay trn 1 lp dy khong
3-5 mm.
- Sau 3 gi, trt lp th hai.
- Sau 6 gi, dng bn chi si di mn, nhng nc cho t u
chi ln b mt cng trnh.

178
 C th trn trc tip vo ct lm va trt rng theo t l !: 4.
T r t nh lp trt tm th n c thn. L p lt d y 1 0 - 1 2 m m , lp
hon thin d y klionc 5 - 10 m m .

D khi t ch bi nni:
Dm c to lp lt trn mi v sn bnc b lng, trn va xi
in n , giy du tnrc khi thi cng cc lp chng thm hng nha
bitum.
K thut thi cns:
B mt c n c trnh phi kh, sch dne chi qut mi p bi tum
mng, u ln b mt. nh mc 0,5 / cho mt lp trn 1 n r . Thi
uian kh mi lp ti thiu 6 gi.
Ch phng ha lc thi cng v dunu; dch rt d bt chy. y
c h t n p t h n s l c n m g thi c n c v D i n u q u a t t h n c i t n e
cng th o n 2 thoim nhng ni ch chi. Khng dng nc
p l a m p h i d n g ct k h .

N h tn>:
Cng dng: chrm llim, bo v b mt kim loi nh ng nc,
thp v cch m.
K thut thi cng:
B nit cng trnh kh, sch. Dng chi qut mt lp mng, u
ln b mt. nh mc 0,5 / cho mt lp trcn 1 n r . Thi gian kh
mi lp ti thiu 6 gi. ut lp sau vuns sc vi lp trc. Gia
c bng li si thuv tinh. Bo v b mt ' hi ma trc khi ng
cng hon ton.
So v ch n g thm m i nh L E V S RO O PC RYL
Vi thnh phan bao gm cht kt dnh acrylic tng hp dng nh
tng v nc, sn ph hp trong vic chng thm cho mi nh
bng km , thp trng km, nhm, tm cch m v b tng.

1 /9
 Trc ht, s dng dntimoss khi c nm mc, rong ru, co b
nhng ch lp, kh v s dng Roofcryl. Gia cng lp lt bng
Fixacryl nu b mt bng giy tm nha ng hoc cellulo. Dng
Fixpain cho tm fibro xi mng, gch, mi tn, ng, nhm c, mi
m km, nha PVC. Dng Actiplomb cho tm thp m km , Super
Acrozinc cho nhm m km mi.
Trng hp cn sa cha cc vt nt, dng tm vi tng hp
Levis Velom 30 v v sn ph bng Roocryl i vi cc vt nt
ing ti a 5mm. i vi cc vt nt ln t 5 mm n 15 m m , dng
Levistik Irm y vt nt v sau dng Levis Velom 30 v
Roofcryl v. i vi cc mi nh b nh hng nhiu bi thi
tit, c nhiu vt nt, sau khi v cc vt nt ln nn lt bng mt
lp vi polyster mng vi Roofcryl ngay ln b mt.

2.8.4 c /i n g nng
Chng nng cho mi nh l cn thiet khng ch v n to ra bu
khng kh mt m cho cc tng m con bo v b tng mi khng
b tc ng trc tip bi cc yu t k h hu nh nng, ma, kh,
m, nng lnh bt thng. Mi b tng nu trc tip chu nh
hng kh hu s nt gy sau 5,6 nm, J i o d cht lng b tng c
tt nh th no.
C nhiu phng php chng nng cho mi b tng.
a. Dng gch rng:
Dng gch rng 4 hay 6 l xy nghing tl. .ih hng, cch nhau
bng chiu rng vin gch, cc vin xy khng lin tc m c f c h
nhau 4-5 cm to khe cho gi qua. X y n u lt riga\ gcii dn
y. Tin hnh t pha xa ca nht, c nh >'y li d n cho n ca.
trnh b gi lc cun, cn lt cc hng gch xu ng q u anh mi
bng va xi mng tt. Cc vin pha trong c th t trc tip,
khng cn va gn lin kt.

180
 Ch sao cho hng ca cc rnh xy v hng ca cc l rng
gch chy theo hng gi ca nh. Nu mi cn dng lm sn chi
th nn gn mch cc vin gch hoc lt mt lp gch hoa ln trn.
Chiu cao rnh xy khng di 20 C1T1 i vi gch lng 4 l v
kh ng di 30 cm i vi gch l nem (gch tu).
Nhiu ngi thng ngh rng cng kn th cng cch nhit tt nn
xy tng xung quanh lp gch chng nng. Nhn lm nh vy l
ta bt kn li thot gi ca lp chng nng, kliin mi cng b nung
nng hn. Mt nguyn tc c bn cho tt c cc lp chng nng 1?
phi c l thot hi pha di khng kh lu thng.
Lp ch ng nng bng gch rng c u im l r tin, d lm
nhng li nng, tng ti trng cho mi v chng thm km.
i vi cc mi nh khng s dn g lm sn chi ngoi tri, nn
d ng h thng mi tn. Mi tn c u im l nh, d thay i nu
cn tho d, chng thm v chng nng t hiu qu cao.
b. D n g lp mi:

- L p m i bng tn mi:
K hi l p hng tn trn phi ph ln hng tn di t nht l 15 cm
v m p hai l gip nhau phi ph ln nhau t nht l 1 mi. Trn
sng cc ch gip ni phi c m c mc cht vi x g, mi l
tn phi c t nht 4 l trn sng m i bt mc.
M i tn thng rt nng nn c th b tr h thng ng nc trn
mi, cch mi m t khong 0,7 -1,0 m, c cc l nh cch nhau
k hong 2 0 cm, to thnh gin m a nhn to. Vo nhng gi nng
trong ngy, bin php ny lm gim ng k nhit , c th s
dng c tng mi.
Tng mi khng nn xy kn m nn cc trng cho khng kh
lu thng. Mi bng hp th nhit lng nhiu hn mi dc hai bn.

181
 - Lp mi bi fihro xitnn:
Cc vu cu k thut cng nh tn mi, nhng phi ch mng
nc v n nirc ban? tn m km. Nhng ch mi tip gip vi cc
kt cu khc phi ngn cch bng tm chn nc. Khe h gia mng
v h mt ca mi phi bt b n g malit h o c va xim ns vi c t.
- Li ) m i i tn gi nii:
Mi tn gi nii, vt liu do Cng ty Thp Vit Nam lin oanh
vi Malaysia v Nht sn xut. Tn c nhiu dy v mu sc
khc nhau, t d sm n sng, t xanh m n xanh nht.
Chiu rng tm tn 0.845 m c di bt k. c lm t tn m
mu, c ph lp polvester. c tnh khng b mi mn, chng oxy
ho, bn cao. trnq lng nhe hn iei tht.

- L p ii i Ikhii thp p h Z IN C A L U M E :
Tm lp thp cho vch v mi loi Klip-lok Hi-Ten l sn phm
c d bn cao, chiu rng ph hh.1 hiu l 0,406m, chiu cao g
4 in m , c di bt k. Chiu dy tm thp l 0,53 v 0,65 mm. C
th s dne cho bt k loi mi, vch ngn hay trn vng no.
Khno trng thy cc c vt nh plnrn php m dng che kp p
dng VI tm ip thp. Mi tin li khc l tnh an ton. Khng th
xm nhp qua mi hoc vch loi ny bng cch tho cc vt lin kt.
Phng php lin kt:
Tm lp thp c thit k lin kt vo x g mi hay sn
tng vi cc ai gn. Cc ai ny c giu i khi lp v khng
cn cc l bt vt trn mt tn.
c. Lp tm an ph mt:
Sn thng l phn trn cng ca ngi nh, va l sn va l mi
che ma nng. Sn thng phi b tr h thng thot nc tt (phu
thu, mng,) khng bi rc, l cy chng cht v thot vo ng.

182
 Gii php chng nng v chng thm tt l to thm mt lp an
ph mt. Lp an dy t nht 5cm, dc t nht l 0,5 %. Nha
flintkote qut 3 nc, c li thu tinh hay nilon. Lp gch hoc
cc b tng k ch t sau khi trt va chng thm v qut lintkote.
Tc dng ca cc tm an l che ch lp an mi khi b nt n.
Lp khng kh gia cch nhit. Lm cch ny tuy tn km,
nhng d sa cha, khi b dt, ch cn d an ln v qut li
lintkote vo nhng ni b thm nc (hnh 4.8)

/2 3
/ I I 4

I / .....t i ' I
r_ j_ . 0- ? . r \ .. Lp S - 3 -

1 1 r

k oo

o
o w
1K

oo
o
b~

\
1

CJ J L *r

O O
--------------------J1 1*------------------------

Hnh 4,8. C hny !n% vi tm an ph m t trn >ch k

1. Tm an dy 5 cm; 2. Gch k dy 10 cm;
3. Lp va lt Fintkote dy 2 cm; *4. Sn mi dy 10 cm.

183
 Cch lm thng dng tnr<' y l lt mt hoc hai lp gch l
nem trr tip ln mt b tng sn mi Bin php ny d thi cng, t
'n km, nhng c nhc im l kh bo v lp chng thm, v
chng nng khng hiu qu, nn phi lm trn treo hoc bng
khong mt di trn cch nhit (hnh 4.9)

Hnh 4.9. Chng nnt bng gch lt thng thng

1. Gch lt; 2. Va lt; 3. Cc lp chng thm;
4. an b tng chu lc; 5. Lp m khng kh cch nhit;
6. Trn treo (g, plastic, kim loi hoc thch cao)

2 .9 L p t c c t h i t b

2.9.1 iu ho nhit
My iu ho nhit c tc dng iu tit khng kh trong
phng, gim hoc tng nhit khi cn thit, nhung bn cnh tc
dng tch cc cn gy ra s mt v sinh, thiu m, lm tng

184
nng kh cacbonic. Sinh hot trong cn phng s dng iu ho
l)s jng uyn s gy ra cm gic kh chu, chn tay mi nh, nhc
u, au rt c hng, au bng, lng, gim sc khng ca c th.
Trong nc thi ca my iu ho cn sinh si ny n loi vi khun
gy bnh. Nc thi khng c tn ng trong my m phi
c bin php thot tt. Do cn ch trng ng ng thot nc
phi c dc v hng thot. C gng trnh vic ni ng v a
ng ng i xa, nhiu on chuyn hng khc khuu.
Trc khi quyt nh lp t my iu ho nhit loi no, cn
quan tm n cng sut my sao cho ph hp vi din tch v iu
kin kn ca phng. Theo chng loi, c 2 dng l my 1 khi
(dng ca s ) va my 2 khi. Theo nguyn tc iu ho, c 2 dng
l 1 chiu (lnh) hay 2 chiu (c nng v lnh). My 1 khi c u
im gi thnh thp, nhng gy ting n.
Phng s dng iu ho phi kn, tng xy (nn l tng 220),
sn mi b tng ct thp. Khng nn lm trn qu cao, nht l cc
tng trn gim thiu khi tch khng kh cn iu ho trong
phng. Cc ca s v ca ra vo cn phi l ca g dy, knh dy.
Ca 2 lp cng tt. Phn sau ca my iu ho dng ca s hoc
khi qut g i ca my dng 2 khi phi c nhng v tr
thng thong, tip xc trc tip vi khng kh thin nhin.
Nn dng dy ngun ring v khng s dng chung vi cc thit
b in khc khng b qu ti.
a. M y dng ca s:

Thng gn trn hoc di ca s. cao t 0,8 m n 1,8 m so

vi mt nn phng gi thi ngang tm hot ng ca con ngi.
N , lp v tr i din vi ca ra vo chnh. Cn nghing 5
R. ^ ngng ng t dn lnh hoc nc ma trn v my d dng
ch y ra pha sau. Phn bn ngoi khng c nh nng trc tip

185
chiu vo, hoc lp t nhng vng qu nng nh bp, oc thm
ht nng. Do ngun rung chnh l my nn kh, nn cn m pha
sau ca my mt ming cao su chng rung gim tinj n. My
n n c k l n v t l i u g i m c h n n g n h l t m i n g CIO su. Cc

khe h xung quanh my phi c lt kn bng moucht hoc vt

liu trm (hnh 4.10)

H im 4.10.
Lp dt liu ho
dn i ; s

b. My iu ho hai khi:
Cc khong cch ti thiu l: trn: 40cm , hai bn: 50cn. di
ng dn gia hai khi my khng vt qu 7m. chih lch ti
a gia hai khi my l 4 m.
Ni lp my phi cch xa tivi t nht 1 m ng c Git khng
lm cht lng hnh nh tivi b nh hng. Ch vic n kn tuyt
i gia khi trong v khi ngoi trnh hin tng ) kh mi
cht lnh.
Khi trong phng nn t v tr ta gi u ra cc )ha. Nu
t my trong mt phng di v hp th nn t bc t g hp
gi thi theo chiu di ca phng. Khng t qu cao (tn 3,5 m)

186
bt li cho vic tun hon kh. K h n s lp my pha trn ca ra vo
v khi m ca, lung gi y t my s ht nhanh khng kh bn
ngoi vo nh.
Khi ngoi phng nn t v tr thng thong nhng khng
chu nh hng trc tip nng ma. Trng hp bt buc phi lm
mi che. B my phi l ni chc chn nh -vng b tng, sn
thng hoc mi nh hoc khung thp conson. Khng t ca qut
gi trc nhng lung kh thi, b Iihim (hnh 4.11)

TI THIU5 cm

1
\

V
T' HIU 5 cm TI THIU5 cm

TI THlu 2,3 m

KHI TRONG NH

KHI NGOI NH

Hnh 4.1L Lp t iu ha hai khi

187
 2.9.2 Lp t bnh nc nng
Khi gn my vo tng, phi dng vt vn cht vo gi . My
phi c ni t bng dy tip a. Trc khi vn hnh th, phi
chc chn l nc c y bnh cha ca my. M kho
nc chnh ca ngun v kho nc nng cho n khi thi ra ht
khng kh trong bnh cha ca my.
Ni in bng cp 8,5 mm vo l pha sau ca my v lun dy
vo rnh gn b iu nhit, ni in vo cc cc ca b iu nhit.

2.9.3 Lp t cc thit b v sinh

Cc thit b v sinh bng s phi c treo nh lavabo trn cc
mu . Khi lp t xong phi c bin php che chn, trc khi tip
tc cc cng vic khc, trnh khng vi va ri vo cc l thot
nc, cc ga cng, phu thu. Khi lp t xong cc thit b dng
nc phi tin hnh th. M van kho nc t b xung v m tt
c cc vi nc, git nc kt x xem hot ng c n nh khng.
Trng hp b nght, hoc nc ra khng u, c th do b vi va
tc trong ng ng, cn phi c sa cha ngay, khng lu
ngy, cng kh kim tra. Cc u ng ch (cha lp thit b) phi
c nt nha bt kn, khng r ri nc. Cc ph kin nh gi
gng, mng treo khn, khay x phng, hp giy v sinh cn phi
c lp t ngay ngn, thun tin khi s dng. Trnh lp vo cc
gc khut, qu tm tay, hoc v tr sau cnh ca.
Khi cn khoan trn gch men s, khng nn khoan thng vo
gch m dng bt nh du vch im khoan, sau dn mt
m ing bng dnh ln m i khoan c ma st khng b trt ra khi
v tr.
Vi sen tm cn lp cao ngang hoc trn u ngi (t 1,7 m
tr ln). Bn tm c th gn na chm di sn tr em , ngi tn

188
tt c th d dng s dng. Khong trng ti thiu gia bn tm v
cnh tng kia l 0,6 m. Cn hoa sen phi t cao 1,9 m v
nn chuyn dch c. Loi hoa sen vi bng cht do tt hn bng
kim loi (hnh 4.12)

Hnh 4.12. Lp t thit hi v sinh

Trong trng hp khng s dng bn, cng nn lp khay tm

ng c ri chy bao quanh gip vic thot nc tt hn.
Hp giy v sinh nn ch tin tm tay khi ngi trn b x,
khng gn cc vi nc. Nn c gi treo khn, mc qun o t v
qun o kh ring. Nu c iu kin, nn ng t ng cc dng c

189
 tm, k e m c o r u , n c h o a
t m n h x p h n g , n c g i u , d u

v ngn ng khn. C th mt s loi thuc thng thng

nhng hn ch v m phng v sinh cao gy mc thuc. Trong
phng tm, phi c n chiu sng ring cho khu vc chu ra,
gng soi. 0 in c thit k gn gng cm cc thit b sy
tc, my co ru. V tr in phi cao hn chu ra t 0,4 m
tr ln.

II. PHN HON THIN

1. H on thin tng

Tng l b phn kin trc ch yu ca cng trnh. Ngoi vic

to ra cc mt ngoi cho ngi nh, tng cn l s bo v v phn
chia cc khng gian bn tiong theo tng chc nn s dng. Chc
nng truyn thng ca tn l chu lc cho sn, trn, v mi nh
nn tng thng dy v kh thay i. Ngy nay, kt cu nh
khung cho php ta thay i d dng cc v tr tng hon v c th
dng cc vt liu nh lm tng.
Mt tng ngoi phi chu c thi tit. Mt tng trong khng
phi chng vi cc yu t thi tit nn c th chn la m t phm
vi rng ri cc vt liu lm tng (hnh 4.13).
Tng b tng, tng gch xy u l tng chu la nhng c
tnh cch nhit tng i km.

Gia trn v nh tng thng dng pho trang tr, cng nh

gia chn tng v sn thng c vt liu p chn tng. Cch thc
n gin nht l ngut cong hoc trt pho n gin. Cc phng c
chiu cao ln (3,8m tr ln) c th h thp chiu cao trn b ng cch
s dng cng loi vt liu hon thin trn cho mt phn nh tng
(hnh 4.14).

190
 H nh 4.13. Cc lp tri bao l ti V

Kco lp thm tri sn ln tng lm cho m t sn trng nh rng

ra. Ch thm phi l loi ti mu v khng c hoa vn.
M u sc cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic hon thin
tng. Tng mu nht phn x nh sng tt v lm ni bt vt.
Tng m u sm hp th nh sng mnh, lm tng tnh ring t ca
tng khu vc khng gian.

Cht liu b mt tng cng tc ng n lng nh sng s

phn x hoc hp th. Tng nhn phn x nhiu nh sng hn
tng c cht liu b mt xp.

191
 Tng ngn nh c
th c lm t cc
tm thch cao.

1.1. T rt tng

1.1.1. iu kin
trt tng

Khi cng trnh

n giai on thch
hp v khi mt trt
tng trn c
cc iu kin cn thit
th mi khi cng trt.

Tng mi xy
khng c trt ngay,
cn phi ch cho va
kh v ln s b. Nu H i n h 4 l 4 H o n th i n t n g

khng, va co ngt s r o n g n i th t

lm lp trt nt n hay
bp. Va cng t xi mng thi gian kh cng lu hn. i vi mt
b tng th ngc li, trt cng sm, va trt cng dnh cht vi mt
b tng.
Trc khi trt, phi lm xong mi nh v sn thng, bo m
khng b ma ht vo tng trt.
Phi t xong cc ng ng ngm v in, nc.

Trt tng ngoi nh phi lp xong mng nc v ng dn m

bo thot nc mi.

192
 7.7.2. Q uy trnh trt
a. Chun b mt trt:

M t trt phi sch khng c ru mc, khng dnh du m. Nh

ti nc cho t m t trt, trc khi trt, nht l khi tri nng hanh.

Trc ht, kim tra thng ng ca tng bng dy di v

bng phng ca trn bng ni v. Nhng ch li qu nhiu phi ty
i bng ba c.

Ti nc t trc khi trt mt trt khng ht mt nc ca

va trc khi va ninh kt xong. Tn xy bng gch l cn phai
ti nc trc 2,3 ln, cch nhau l:hone 1 0 - 1 5 pht, nu vin
gch cn ht nc, cn phi ti. i vi cc b phn b tng, phi
ti nc trc 1-2 gi kh b mt ri mi trt

b. Chun b vt liu:

Dng va xi m n g ct, trn xi mng vi ct kh theo t l: va

trt trn: 1/ 2; va trt tng: 1/ 3.
o u, ri o gia ng mt l su xung, nc. Ct trn
va phi sach v c c ht ng. Ct ca va lp trong khng ln
qu 2,5m m v ct va lp ngoi khng ln qu l,2m m . Khng
c nghin vn va ng cng dng li.

Trc khi trt cn tin hnh chun b mt trt, sau khi trt xong
phi ch vic bo dng lp va mi trt.
c. Yu cu k thut:

Cn phi bo m lp va trt c chiu dy ng nht, b mt

bng phng theo c chiu ng v chiu ngang. Khi trt nhiu lp
phi ch lp trc kh se mt ri mi trt lp sau. Nu lp trc
kh hn th phi ti nc trc khi trt lp sau. Chiu di mi lp

193
khng ln qu 15mm v khng nh hn 5mm. Khi c ch va b
phng hoc bong l phi ph rng ch ra, mit cht xung quanh
cho va ro nc mi sa li. Khi mt va kh, nu g vo ch
no thy ku bp th phi ph i trt li. Khng trt di nh nng
mt tri trc tip hay ni c gi nhiu, phi che nng v chn gi
tt trc khi trt. Khi hai mt phng tng gp nhau, v d cc gc
nh: cn ch ng nt phi thng, sc cnh.
Sau khi trt, phi ch bo v lp trt, che ma nng trong 2 -3
ngy u. Cn gi cho lp ct m t sau khi va ninh kt, tt nht
l trong vng 7 ngy u. Khng c ti nc ln lp trt lc
ang nng gt v lm nh vy s thay i nhit trong lp trt
pht sinh co ngt ln trong vi giy, lp trt s nt.
T r t tr ct
Tr ct ngoi nhim v chu lc cn c tc dng trang tr, do
tr ct cn phi trt cn thn, bo m ng kch thc thit k, cc
gc cnh phi ngay thng, vung vn.
T r t ct vung
Phi dng thc vung gc kim tra cc gc cnh. Trc khi
trt t cc vt va mc trn u v pha di chn ct.
Trt ct trn
Dng khun c, gi l thc pho bo m trt ct trn ng
hnh dng v kch thc. Thc pho gm hai mnh g khot l
trn, c kch thc bng chu vi ca ct sau khi trt. Cn phi lm
mc u ct, chn ct v khong gia.
Khi m u n tng tit din ct m khng thm vt liu chu lc
(gch, btng) c th lm bng cch trt va ln li thp bc
quanh ct. Nu dng li thp khn g trng km phi qut lp xi
mng hay sn bo v li khng b g.

194
 2.2. p gch m en knh

Tng gch c phi c nhm b mt, cc l t 0,5 n lcm,

cch nhau 4,5 cin. N gm gch men trong nc khong mt s,i.
Trn xi mng ct v nc theo t l: 3/1/1. Dng dao trt xi mng
ln mt gch men.

Hng p nn tin hnh t di ln trn, t tri qua phi. Sau khi

p gch khong 1 ngy, c th lau mch vi xi mng trng, hoc
bt ch roong, c th pha mu khng nht thit mu trng.

2.3. p gch xy
Trt va vo mt lng gch, p vo tng. mch thng hng,
dng cc ming xp nh khong 8 mm chm vo gia. Sau 1 ngy,
g ra trt xim ng lm mch.

2.4. Vch ngn

L cc kt cu khng chu lc chi dng ngn chia khng gian
trong nh. V ch ngn c u im l d tho lp, nh nhng, s
dng linh hot khng ph thuc vo kt cu chu lc ca sn. Tuy
vy khng nn lm qu n gin m cng phi m bo cc yu
cu sau:
- Bn thn vch ngn phi cng v n ' . h.
- Cch m: thng loi vt liu nh, rng nhiu d cch m
: v dm bo, xp.

- M quan: khng c khe nt, khng ngm nc, b mt nhn

nhi, d lau ra.
Chiu cao thng thng: c th cao ln n trn (trung bnh
3,2m - 3,6 m) hoc thp (2,4 m - 2,6 m).
C m t s loi thng thng:

95
 Vch n^ Torclis: K h u n s g hoc tre trt vi rm. K h u n g g
hnu sc nhm V, t lati g hoc np tre, ngoi trt va v qu t
vi. Nu cn bn hn, dm s l i thp mt co ph ln lp lati
v tri va dy 2 cm. G c th c thay bng thp hnh n h
(hnh 4. i 5)

Hnh 4.15. Vch n%n Torchis

196
 Vch ngn g c h : Tis dy 6 cm, do dn vin gch ln. Cn
gia c thp hoc tr lin tns, cch nhau 2m, hoc thp <> 6 dc v
ngang thn tne. Tun" khno nn cao qu 2,5 ni.
V ch tigcin thch cao: nh trn thch cao, nhirn" phi lm h
k h u n g xoti bno tn hoc thp, c chiu dy 10 cm. Gia hai lp
thch cao nn mt lp bng khon cch m, cch nhit tt.
H on thin b mt bn? sn nh hon thin tng trt. Kch
thc tm thch cao l,2m X 2,4 m (hnh 4.16).

Hnh 4.16. Vch n khim , v p

197
 Vch /ln bc n: bng khung thp hay nhm, bc mt lp m
mt, n bn nsoi. Nh, cch m tt nhng gi thnh cn cao, v chi
s dng trong iu kin phng dng iu ho v c my ht bi.

2. Hon thin m t sn
2.1. Yu cu k th u t
Vt liu hon thin mt sn phi p ng c: s mi m n vt
cht, va chm v ko l.
Tiu ch th hai l d dng bo dng. Chng ng bn, m, du
m, lm bin mu.
Tiu ch th ba l tin nghi. Lin quan n n hi ca vt
liu mt sn. Tip theo l m p hoc mt.

2.2 Thi cng sn

2.2.1 N n t

Nn t c tc dng trc tip i vi mt nn nn phi cng

chu c cc ti trng trn mt nn. Nn t phi c m
cht. Khng dng t thin nhin, t hu c san nn. Ri ct,
ti nc v m k. C th ri m t lp gch v hoc gch nguyn
ln nn ct, g cho mt gch bng phng. Ri lp va xi mng ct
ln trn, dy 10 cm. chng m t nn, c th lt m t lp b tng
x hoc bitum. Ch tip tc thi cng 5 ngy sau khi b tng nn
m bo lp b tng kh.

2.2.2 L) m
C cc loi lp m nh sau:
- Lp m bng ct, dm, x;
- Lp m bng b tng gch v;

198
 - Lp m bng va xi mng;
- Lp m b n 2 b tng ton khi.

2.2.3 T h i cnq I) cch m

N u lp m hay lp mt sn bng vt liu c tnh cch m nh
b tng xp, b tng nh, tm g p, lp mt sn l nhng lp cht
do, c a o su th sn khng cn b tr lp cch m.
L >cch m n hi: thng dng bt cao su nghin lp t
c, ri thnh lp dy 2cm trn tm sn, m phng.
L c c h m na c ng: l m b n g n h n g t m b n g k h o n g d y

3 cm .
L) cch m cng: lm bng ct kh, ri ct thnh lp dy 2 cin
ri gt phng v m, ging nh di lp lt cao su.

Khi i li trong lc thi cng, ch khng dm ln lp cch m,

m phi i trn nhng tm vn lt.

2.2 .4 N n b tng

K h n g th c sn bng tm b tng c b mt trn nhn bng

phng v dy m khng cn n vt liu hon thin mt sn. S
bn ch c c a sn l quan trng nht v mi mn v s dng vt
liu m t sn phi chu ng s i li ca chng ta cng nh vic
dch ch u y n c v thit b.
nhng ni d tip xc vi m t, nn trnh nhng vt liu
cng, tron nhn. Mt sn n hi c th ht m, gim ting n. Mt
sn m u nht phn x nh sng chiu vo n v lm cho cn phng
sng sa hn mt sn c cht liu mu thm. Sc mu nht lm tng
nh sn g trong phng. Mu sng m gy cm gic an ton, trong
khi m u sng lnh gi s rng ri v nhn mnh s bng phng.
m u th m lnh lm cho mt sn c chiu su v chc. Trong cng

199
mt khng gian nn s dng cng mt loi cht liu lt sn (gch,
tri thm hay lt g, v.v...).

Mt sn c th c hoa vn hoc khng hoa vn. Hoa vn c th

to ra khu vc, hay c tnh dn hng. Hoa vn c t l nh s cho
cm gic cht liu hn l hnh nh ring bit. Nu m un hoa vn t
v tr trung tm hng ra, nn bt u lt t gia phng xoay dn ra
ngoi.

2.2.5 Sn g

Sn g m p, sang trng, c tnh n hi, d thay th nu h

hng. Sn g c hon thin bng vecni lm tng bn, sc chu
nc v tng v p t nhin ca g, ng thi cng gim kh nng
bm bn.

Vn sn nn lt cc khu vc t chu nh hng va p v trnh m

thp. Vn sn d chuyn mu v try xc hn cc vt liu khc, nn
ch dng trong cc phng sinh hot, phng ng, phng khch.
Sn g cch nhit, cch m tt v cng d bo qun. C cc kiu
sn lt bng vn di, rng hoc sp xp theo hnh cho. Kiu zigzag
hay kiu gch xy cng ang c a chung.
G vn sn thng dng hin nay l lim, di hoc g thng Lo.
Vn g Vit Nam thng c khai thc cc vng Trung b nh
Thanh Ho, Ngh An, H Tnh v.v...

2.2.6 Sn lt gch

Trc tin kim tra cao nn lt. Nn lt phi cng, nu lt

trn sn b tng ct thp, phi dn sch ct, , trn nn t phi lt
m t lp gch ch bng va xi mng.

Xp th gch xem tha thiu th no, ng thi xem v tr lt

bt u t ca i pha ngoi vo.

200
 Mt gch phng, khng khp khnh, t thc di khong 2 m
ln cn khng thy khe h.
Khng bc ln nn gch mi lt trong vng 24 gi, cho xi
m ng c ng cng ti thiu. Lt gch xong ngy hm sau mi
lau mch (rt xi m ng trng vo mch).

Lt loi gch c hoa cn ch chiu ca hoa phi khp nhau

(thng c tnh cht i xng).

Hng lt t ca i vo trong, v tr ca i gch nguyn kh,

khng b ct. y v tr phi ct gch vo cc gc trong, st tng,
ni s c c che lp.
Khi lt xong, cn lau sch mt gch khng xi mng bm kt
s kh lau chi (trc khi lau mch).

Kim tra xem c vin no bp (ting g nghe khng chc nh g

cc vin khc) phi cy vin ln lt li trc khi lau mch.
Sau khi lau mch, cng cn lau sch ngay, trnh bi t bm
vo mch lm m ch b en cho n khi ng cng.
Trc khi lt nn nhng c hp gch vo chu nc nc
ngm u vo vin gch, khng gch ht ht nc trong va
trc khi va kp ng kt.
Chn kch c cc vin gch: D c sn xut cng l, nhng c
th kch thc gch hn km nhau 1,2 mm. Nu khng chn k, d
b nhai m ch (ng mch khng thng), Phn loi ring gch to v
nh lt cc v tr khc nhau.

Bo qun nn gch

K hng di chuyn cc vt cng trc tip trn sn gch, gy xc

st lp m en bng ca gch. Tt c chn vt (bn gh) phi c lt
nha hoc cao su, tr t l vt c nh.

201
 Lau nh thng xuyn bng vi mm (khn si bng, cn lau nh)

Dng cht ty nh cc loi nc Vim hoc x phng bt ty

sch cc vt bn, to s thm mt cho nn gch.

Thc hin c ng nhng iu trn, bn s c mt cn phng

bn, p.

Mt s loi gch ph thng trn th trng:

- Gch Taicera: Gch ng cht ( mt mu) kch c 200 - 300 -
400 mm;
- Gch ng Tm ph bin kch c 300 mm , a dng mu m;
- Gch American Home;
- Gch Granit: l loi gch ng cht, b mt c mi bng ch
khng trng men. u im: bn, bng nhng khng trn;
- Gch Ceramic: c lp trng men trn mt gch.
Sau khi ri xong lp m, tin hnh t gch. Ri va lt, di
chuyn nh nhng vin gch vo v tr, dng ba g g nh vin
gch vo ng cao . Sau khi t cc vin lm chun, cng dy
lt cc hng k tip. Dng thy bnh v thc xc nh bng
phng ca mt gch.
Nn bt u lt t im gia phng thay v mt cnh. N u khu
vc lt khng phi l hnh vung hay ch nht thng thng, hy v
mt ng song song vi tng i din ca chnh, ng th hai
xut pht t gc vung ca ng th nht. ng th ba xut pht
t gc vung ca ng th hai. Giao im ca ba ng l v tr
t vin gch u tin.
Kim tra mt phng lt vi khe ca ra vo, nu lp t ca
phng ca kh ng m. Nu b kch, ch c cch g ca ra bo li
hoc nng bn l ln cao.

202
 Cch lt:
Chia khu vc lt thnh 4 nh. Lt cho gc phn b u
gch nguyn v gch ct cho hai cnh.

2-2.7 Sn lt

Mt iu quan trng, trc khi lt hay p l phi t ton b cc

vin trn din tch s lt, p, xem s sp xp v mu sc v
vn hoa nh th no cho hp l. Nhng vin c m u sc khc (sm
hn hoc sng hn) hoc c vn hoa khng ng nht phi c
loi b, hoc xp nhng v tr khut, khng quan trng (c th
nhng v tr chc chn s b tr cc vt ln nh ging, t).
K hng s dng cc vin c mt b r, hoc nt, d rt nh, v nc,
cht bn lu nqy s ngm qua khe lm nt n vin trng mt
thm m.
Khi g hp cc vin c mu khc nhau (kiu tri thm) c th
b tr ng vch kim loi mnh gia (bng thp hoc ng), to
cho ng m ch thng v ni bt. Gii php phi mu c in
thng l hoa trng kt hp vi , en hoc ghi xm.
sau khi ct xng thng b mt lp bi bao ph, cn
phi c lau sch trc khi t vo v tr. M ch nn lau bng xi
mng trng hoc xim n g mu ph hp. Khong 20 ngy sau, c th
tin hnh lm bng. Vic nh bng ti ch c tin hnh bng
m y mi cm tay v cc loi bt mi cc cp t th n mn. C th
s n g axit oxalic (HCO) lm cho mu sc thm rc r v b mt
tr nn bng long.

Hin nay, c phng php lp t vi m t lp keo , ch

khng d ng va xim ng thng thng, v gip tit kim thi gian
v d thi cng. Nn b tng phi c lm sch, nhn nhi. Dng
bay nh mit u keo ln mt sn, sau t nh vin vo v tr,

203
 dng cn g v nh sao cho vin c cng mt phng vi cc vin
' khc trong v tr. Lp keo c chiu dy khong 5 mm. Vic lau
mch vn tin hnh nh thng thng, nhng xi mng trng c th
pha trn resin v cc cht chng thm. Sn nh c th s dng c
trong vng 24 n 36 gi sau khi lp t. Cch lp t ny t thch
hp c bit i vi nn c lt gcb m khng cn phi ph d
gch c; hoc tin thi cng khng cho php ko di thi gian.
Sau khi lau mch, cng vic lau chi c tin hnh vi gi lau
v m n ca. Khng dng ct hay bt c vt liu no khc v c th
lm xc mt hoc ri vo khe mch cha kh. C th dng tm
cao su m ng (loi cy lau knh) mit trn sn theo hng
nghing vi mch, m bo ty sch c cc vt va v xi m n g
cn st li trn mt sn.
Vn quan trng y l vic b tr cc vin c vn hoa ph
hp cnh nhau, v mch gia cc vin thng v nh u.
Cc kiu mu lt :
Chiu di n^n nhin: Cc vin c cng chiu rng, nhng
chiu di khc nhau, to nn nhng mch ngang khng u n.
Ch cc mch nhi c khoans cch t nht bng 1/3 chiu di ca
vin ngn nht. tuyt di khng trng mch.
Hnh vung bn c: Cc vin hnh vung c lt u nhau
theo hnh vung. Vic ny i hi cc vin phi c ct chnh
xc, nhng v ct th cng ti ch khng th ging nh gch
men c sn xut ti nh my nn cng vic phi c tin hnh
tht cn thn.
H nh vung cho: Cc vin hnh vung c lt cho so vi
cnh ca din tch lt, nhm to trm. N u khng s dng hai loi
c mu khc nhau (nh en v trng) th khng nn p d ng
kiu lt ny.

204
 Chiu di ngu nhin vi cc hng thay i: Kiu lt ny thch
hp vi li i trong vn cnh, sn thng.
ng ni lun phin: c dng nh xy tng gch.
Kiu lt t do: thng c dng cho li i sn vn, hay p
chn tng ngoi nh. ny hnh thnh t nhng vt liu tha
trong qu trnh ct gt p lt.
M t s kiu khc t thng dng nh: kiu chong chng; kiu
chong chng xoay nghing; kiu lc gic...
ng mch:
Cc ng m ch thng thng c chiu dy 0,5 - lm m , nhng
c n g c th b tr ng m ch ln, to s nhn m nh lm ni bt
s sp xp ca cc thnh phn . C chiu dy t 2 - 4 mm.

n
>

V
'
\
/

X -V s

' X
y

.< s <

x;

'
,
X'
N
X

y'
X

I
x" 'n
n

H n h 4.17. Mt s hiu lt gch thng dng

205
Cc ng mch bng loi vt liu khc nh thanh ng, thp
m nh to cc ng gn sc, thng c p d n g khi lt cc
loi granite sng mu (hnh 4.17).

2.2.8 Tri thm:

Kim tra b mt sn xem phng, khng c c vt thm. V
nu thm thm s mau chng b ph hng. Nu cn qut nc
chng thm ln ton b mt sn.
ng np quanh chn tng. Mc thm vo np m t gc. Sau
cng thm gc k tip. Tip tc cng theo ng cho hnh
vung n hai gc i din, gp m p thm, ng np.
Dng keo dn cc m p thm. Ch chiu ca thm cc
ng ni khng b l.

3. Hon thin trn

B phn kin trc th ba trong khng gian ni tht sau sn,
tng l trn. Trn c hnh thnh bi mt di cc cu trc sn
v mi. Cc trn nhn, phng, mu sng tr thnh cc tm phn
quang khi c chiu sng, v m a h, nhng phng c trn cao s
thong, mt hon phng trn thp v lung chuyn ng khng kh
nng lun lun bc ln cao. v ma ng, nhng phng trn thp
li m p hn. Vt liu lm trn c th gn trc tip hoc treo vo
khung kt cu.

3.1. Trt trn b tn g c t th p

Trt trn b tng ct thp cng tin hnh nh i vi tng
thng thng trt lm hai lp: lp m v lp mt. Trc ht phi
kim tra li mt trn. Dng va xi mng v li nhng l b tng b
r. Khng c dng va vi v n lm g ct thp ca sn. C sch
mt b tng ri ti nc cho t, v sau 2 gi th trt.

206
 Khi dng gc ngut trn chuyn tip gia tng v trn c
th em li cm >ic trn cao hn. Chiu cao tht ca trn c th h
thp bng cch dng mu ti, tng phn vi inu sng ca tng.

3.2. Trn treo

Trn treo to ra khong khng che giu cc thit b, cc

ng ng k thut, t cc thit b chiu sng v cc vt liu cch
m, cch nhit.

Trn treo giu i nghing ca trn, giu nhng chi tit kt cu

nh dm, to ra v p cho phn khng gian trn trn. Cc hnh
lang, gm cu thang, chiu ngh l ni thng s dng trn treo
che giu h dm. i vi cc trn treo chy quanh ton b phng,
v c mt tng ca s ln, trn treo nn gn lin vi hp mn ca.
Phng rng, c trn cao c th lm trn bc thang. S dng n ht
trong cc trn treo ny to hiu qu nh sng du nh, trang trng.

Ch khng treo trc tip cc thit b nh n chm, qut trn

ln mt trn treo. Cn phi c thanh mc gn trc tip ln trn b
tng (hnh 4.18).

3.2.1 C c loi tm trn

- Trn thch cao ph c m n g hoc chia :

- Trn nha dng cc di di hoc chia :

- Trn vn p.

- Trn bng thu tinh.

Kt cu thng thng bao gm: cc khung sn: c th bng g

hay thp nh, hoc tn.

207
 H n h 4.18. Trn treo che iu phn k thut

3.2.2 T m trn thch cao

C nhiu loi tm trn thch cao khc nhau nh tm trn, tm

ph nhm, tm ph nha PVC, tm chu m , tm chu la. Kch
thc thng thng: 1200 X 2400 mm; dy: 9, 12, 15 mm.

C hai kiu lp tm trn l lp c khong cch v lp khng c

khong cch. Sau khi lp, cn dng bng joint (bng vi c kch
thc 25m X 50m m ) lm phng cc khe gia tm thch cao.
D ng va thch cao G 200 trt joint: giu u inh, lm phng mt,
che kn khp ni.
Trn bt joint vo nc theo t l 2/1. Khng dng bt trn
qu 30 pht. Trt y ng joint bng va trn, dn bng vi ln

208
ng joint, n s li no qut va tha hai bn m p v lm
phni b mt. Dng bay d i m lp va trn bng keo vi, kh
khong 1 gi. Lm li thao tc 2 mt ln na, 1 ngy sau cho
kh. Dng giy nhm ch cho b mt tht phng v ng nht.
C t thch cao:
D ng dao tr hoc ca ii nhuyn rc lp giy b mt phi ca
tm thch cao ni dao n vo lp li), sau b ay tm thch cao
theo vt ct v pha mt ti. G p b mt giy tri v dng dao rc.
Dng giy n h m ch nhu cc cnh va u tm thch cao ct.
T l n m trn:
D ng duni cu (compa, khu,) c n knh trn) vch ln mt
thch cao theo ninh dang nh tr. Dng khoan khoan nhiu mi
theo lng trong cua ng y/ch. Khi cc l khoan khp kn, b nh
ming thch cao ri ra. Ly dao sc gt li theo ng trn.
Cc/ ng inh:
Sau khi k h u n s 2,0 lp t xong, ng thch cao ln khung
bng inh 2,4 cm. D' ing ba c chm u li trnh lm hng lp
giy b mt v lp li trong. Cc u inh phi c ng ln
xung tm thch cao, ri ph ln bnt va thch cao. n g inh
tri doc theo dm R:>, cch u nhau khong 20 cm. ng t gia i
dn dn ra hai cnh v hai u. inh nn dng cch m p tm trn
ti thiu 9 mm.
Ch :

Khi nh inh ra khi tm thch cao, phi dng m ing g k di

ba nh inh kiing h hi tm thch cao.

Ch d ng sn nc hon thin b mt. C th dng chi, sng

phun hoc rul ln.

209
 Vn chuyn ch mang theo chiu thng ng, v t nht c hai
ngi hai u.

Bo qun ni kh ro, bng phng. K 5 thanh g (4x4 cm) c

di trnh m t sn. S lng mi chng khng qu 80 tm
Trong lc thi cng, phi t da tm thch cao vo tng, khn
qu 3 tm.

3.2.3 Trn nha

Trn nha c c im l khng b co ngt, khng bin dng ha>

nt nh trn thch cao ni c m cao. Trng lng nh, d th
cng. Kt cu khung treo khng phc tp.
Trn nha c kch thc rng 18 cm, di 8 m, dy 6 mm. Trr
nha c nhiu mu sc v hoa vn in sn.

Ghp cc tm trn t pha tng phng d nhn thy nht (gr

ca ra vo). Phn tha s ghp vch tng i din. Dng ca s
cp v ke o cc gc 45, to nhng im ni tip gc hay c
nh. Sau chn, ghp ln lt tng tm theo li g m/ dng, c
mi trn phi ng inh vo ch li g, khi rp tm sau s giu m
inh. Phi ct tmg tm mt da theo thc t trnh b ht. Ch vir
c ng sau cng, phi o chnh xc to s kht u.

Khung ca trn nha c th ng trc tip vo dm b tng

cch nhau 1 m. Tm nha c th s dng lm vch ngn nh (chc
phng v sinh) c tnh chu nc tt. Cch lm ging nh tn
vch thch cao.

3.2.4 N p trang tr bng thch cao (pho)

i vi tng mi trt, cha sn, b matit, vic thi cng tn

i d dng. Ch cn dng bt thch cao trt vo pha lng tm np

210
ph n tip xc vi t ng, sau n m n h vo v tr ch n g
10 ph t, b t se li, tm th c h c a o s dnh c h c ln trn.
i vi tng trn sn, phi bn vt n vo tng, ch ng
su u vt chm ngp trong tm np, sau dng bt thch cao bt
ln cc l ny. Sau 15 pht, d n giy rp nh cho phng mt.
Nu khng ng su u vt, sau mt thi gian u vt c th b g
st gy nn nhng vt trn mt thch cao.

4. H on thin cu thang
Cu thang gm cc b phn: cc bc i, chiu ngh, tay vn, lan
can. C th s dng nhiu loi vt liu hon thin b mt cu thang
nh p g, p (granito hay granit) hay lm hon ton bng thp.
Tay vn, lan can cng c nhiu kiu phi hp khc nhau: lan can
v tay vn u bns g; lan can hng thp hn, tay vn bng g; lan
can v tay vn u bng inox; lan can inox, tay vn g; lan can bng
st un, tay vn g. Kiu lan can xy gch trng nng n, ch thch
hp nhng cu thang ln, c khng gian rng (cu thang i thng
t phng khch).
Cu thang ngoi tri khng dng lan can 5, m dng lan can
bng thp hn, tay vn granito hoc bng inox hay thp hn ton b.
Loi tay vn thng c s dng nc ngoi bng knh, tay
vn g hoc thp to c n tng thng thong, mm mi.
Chiu cao tay vn nn t 0,85 m - 0,9 m (hnh 4.19)
Cu thang phi l hng mc hon thi.. cui cng, sau khi lm
xong tt c cc hng mc khc trong nh.

4.1. M t bc l t
V khng phi l vt liu c mu sc vn hoa n nh nh
gch m en, nn cn phi chn la k lng trc khi tin hnh thi

211
 Hnh 4.19. Hon thin cu tlian

cng. Phn bit theo mu sc c cc loi: , vng, m u en

v trng, xm. C th chn mu ti xng gia cng , dng
cng int khi . Khi lt phi ch xp th chn nhng tm gn
ging nhau v mu sc v vn noa gn nhau. Cu thang ngoi
tri cn c ch trng hn cu thang trong nh, v nh sng r rt
hn. Ph bin hin nay l kiu lt ri thm, ngha l hai bn c
vin mt loi khc. C th ph hp cc m u nh sau: gia vng,
hai bn en; gia trng, hai bn en; hoc gia vng, hai bn
theo nguyn tc mu gia sn, ai bn sm mu. Tm x phi
c chiu clv 20 min, b mt uc lm bng. Vic gia cng mi
bng bng my mi th cng phi thc hin 8 ln mi bng 8
a mi c mn khc nhau.

Trc khi lt, phi chun b b mt cu thang, dng bn chi st

nh sch mt b tng bc i v ti nc t. Lt cu thang bt
u t di i ln. Lt m t ng trc ri lt m t ngang sau.

212
 4.2. M t bc p g
Cu thang p s tao s sanc trnc. kiu cch. B m g m p,
m n v khng d tron trt nh d. Tuy nhin d b try xc
nn phi chon loai g tt v k thut hon thin phi cao, nu
kh n g li phn tc dung

4.3. M t bc granito
Cu thang b tng, lng va granito l loi ph thng nht v
cng r tin nht. C th dng tm sranito c sn ca nh my
gch, nhng gi thnh ngang vi i thnh lt .
Y u cu ca va granito: u ht, khng ln mu.
Chun b vt liu:
T r n bt theo l l: 1 kg xi mang + Ik; bt 4- 0,02kg bt mu
T rn bt v ht theo t l: 1 bt/ 1,5 ht.
1 m 2 granito dy 1 cm, cn 12kg , 5,6kg bt , 5,6kg ximng
trng v 0,07kg bt mu.
Yu cu cht lng:
Chiu cao ca cc bc i khng sai qu 5 mm, thnh bc phi
thng, khng st m, mi bc phi u nhau.
L p hon thin nh , granito phi nhn, bng, lp lt phi kt
dnh cht vi lp b tng, khng bon, rp.
H n h dng cu thang phi lm ng thit k, mt tay vn phi
nhn, cc khp ni gia cc phn tay vn gp khc bng g phi
trng kht.

5. H on thin khu v sinh

C n g vic hon thin khu v sinh ch yu l p gch men s v

lt n n hng gch chng trn truot. Thi cng p phi lm sau khi

213
trt cc phn tng khng p, t xon" cc khung ca i, ca s,
lp kn cc rnh cha cc ng ng in, nc.
Gch p phi ngm trong nc 1 gi trc khi p ngm nc
tt. p lng i di ln t hng chn tng ri tip tc i ln
theo hng ngang. Phi dng qu di kim tra mch ng, dng nivo
kim tra mch ngang, cng y p c phng v thng mch.
Khi p xong, phi lau ngay va tha trn mt tm gch, khng (lc
ng cng.
Dng ximng trng lau mch, ri dng gi lau sch va trn
mt cc tm gch.
Yu cu ca lp gch p:
Mt p ph nu, c mu ng nht. Khi kim tra b;n thc thng
2m gt theo ng cho bc tng p, khng c khong h vt
qu 2 mm.
Mch ngang v mch ng phi thng hng, c chiu dy khng
vt qu 3mm.
Cc vin gch p khng c bp, kim tra bng cch g cn
ba g.

6. H o n th in sn vi
6.1. C hn m u sc

Mu sc ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to cm gic cho con

ngi. Theo cm gic, c th phn bit hai loi mu sc l mu
nng v mu lnh.

Cc mu nng c tc dng kch thch, gy cc phn ng mnh.

Mu nng cao p sut mu, tng nhp th. Mu cam to cm
gic hng phn, vui ti. Mu vng c tc dng kch thch tr c
hot ng.

214
 Cc mu lnh c tc dng th gin, to cm ic mt m. Mu
lc gy cm gic ti mt, bnh yn. Mu xanh tri c tc ng tt
n gic ng, ngh ngi. M u tm gy s bun nn, th ng. Mu
nu bun, tr tr. Mu en gy n tng nng n. Trng gy n
tng lnh lng, trng rng.
D a vo nguyn l m u lnh v nng, ta c th sa cha khim
khuyt ca cc phng bng m u sc tng v trang thit b ni tht
nh: phng thiu sng nn sn cc mu sng, m, ngc li cc
phng tha sng nn dng cc m u lnh.
Tuy nhin, tc ng ca m u sc ln con ngi rt phc tp v
c th c nhiu tc ng tri ngc da vo c im tm sinh l.
trng thi, la tui, gii tnh, v.v... ca mi ngi. Do , cc khi
nim trn ch l tng i v c th c nhng cch phi m u sc a
dng, tu theo thch ca ngi s dng.
Ch rng mu sn trn bn mu ch gn ng vi mu sn
trong thc t. S kt hp m u trn v tng lm sc m hn
m u sn in trn bng mu. Cn cn nhc s phi hp mu sn vi
c trong nh.

6.2. Sn tng

Sn c s dng nhm hai mc ch: lm p v bo v b mt.

Sn tng gm cc bc b to b mt nhn, sn lt v sn hon
thin.
Bt b thng c mu trng hoc xm ghi c tc dng to b
m t cng chc, nhn, khng b nt sau khi trt, gip chng thm tt
hn, ng thi tng kh nng chu s va p. Sn ngoi tht chng
c s pht trin ca ru mc, chng s ngng t hi nc.
Sn nc (Latex) gm sn khng bng v hi bng, dng sn
nha, giy v gch xy. Sn Latex qut d dng vi nc trong khi

215
sn Alkid phi c dung dch lm long hay dung mi. i vi sn
Latex c th nhng chi sn trc tip vo thng sn nhng ng
thm qu nhiu sn. Lp th hai phi qut theo hng vung gc
vi lp th nht.
Tiu chun sn tt: sn qu^t ln tng sau khi kh phi gi c
b mt nhn, bng, p ch tay khng thy bt bm, khng b vt
nt. C th th bng cch m thng sn, qut th ln tng, ch
kh nh gi kt qu. Khng chp nhn nhng thng sn c vt
m, cy np. try xc v ngoi. C th dng nc x phng ty
ra nhng vt bn m khng lm bong m t sn.
Tt c cc dng c khi sn xong, phi c ra trong nc cho
sch v ngm nc khng b kh cho ln s dng k tip. Nn
gi li mt lng sn trong thng dng nguyn cht c th cha
v nhng ch hng sau ny.
Nn sn vo ban ngy v b tr nh sng ti a. Tt nht l nh
sng ng nh thc t s dng sau ny, c th sa cha
phng ca tng. Bt u sn t ca s hng dn vo trong nh.
Sn trn v cc chi tit trang tr trn trn trc, sau sn tng.
Sn ton b ht m t nc, kh ri sn tip nc sau.
Nguyn liu m u a sn cha dng phi c ni mt, thng
thong v kh, khng nh nng chiu trc tip. Trnh xa cc
ngun nhit.
Trong thi gian sn, phi m ht ca s, ca ra vo. Nu cn nn
tho d ca trnh dy bn v to thng thong ti a. K hng
c sn dnh vo mt. Sn cng c n d a nn trnh tip xc
trc tip. Khi lm vic vi sn, nn s dng gng tay cao su.
Nu khng kh lp sn trc sn tip lp sau ln, c
th sn s b ly, to vt loang l. Q ut sn nhiu ln qu, hay
mng qu cng c th gp li ny.

216
 K h n g pha trn cc loi sn ca cc hng khc nhau. Trc khi
sn, cc b mt phi kh v khng dnh du, m, tp cht bn. X
l b ng cc dung mi hoc cht ty nu thy cn thit. Bt kn np
v sn cn li vo ni kh, mt v sch. Khng tp cht ln
vo. Cc d n g c phi c ra cng sm cng tt.

6.2.1 C h u n b b mt

C ng vic son phi tin hnh trong thi kh ro. K hng nn sn

trong nhng nqy tri ma, m cao. m cao l nguyn nhn
chnh dn n sn bong trc, phng rp, xung mu.
B mt sn phi kh hon ton v sch s. Kim tra cc ch h
hng. N u sn ln b mt sn, phi lm sch nhng lp sn
bong, trc, phng rp bng giy rp. Tng nh mi xy, nn sn
sau thi gian ti thiu l 2 thng, lc lp trt mi c th kh
hon ton bn trong. Nhng ch b nn nc phi c x l
trc khi sn. Ch tm nguyn nhn ca r r, thm thu (do
ng n g chn ngm b h hay nc ma, nc ngm ngm t
ngoi vo). Gii quyt trit , ch mt thi gian cho kh hn ri
mi tin hnh sn. Nu thi gian khng cho php, c th li
m ng tng, hay c phng cho n khi no x l xong. Nu vi
v hay lm u, c th s tn km v phc tp hn khi sn xong,
li phi p ra x l li. Nhng cn phng b, t ca, cng cn c
nhiu thi gian hn.

i vi b mt sn, c th sn chng ln tip nu b mt sn

cn phng, khng bon trc v c bm dnh tt. Nn dng dung
dch ra nm ty ra, tiu dit mm mng to v nm. Sau 2
ngy mi tin hnh sn.

N h ng v tr c thit b ni ln trn mt tng (nh in, n

tng) nn tho ti a nhng phn d dng tho lp. i vi cng

217
tc in, nhc np ra ngoi, dng giy trng keo dn ln trnh
dnh sn. Sn t cc gc tng, chu vi n v ca s trc.

.2 2 K thut thi cng

T rn bt b trong nc theo t l 1 bao bt 40 kg vi 15 - 18 /
nc hay 1 / nc vi 3-4 kg bt. Trn u 8-10 pht, bt u
thi cng.

D ng bay thp hoc inox trt u bt b ln tng, mit mnh v

u tay. B lp u kh se, chng 8 gi sau th b tip lp th hai.
Thi gian kh nhit trung bnh 28 - 30c sau khong 2 gi,
kh hon ton sau 3 ngy. Thi gian s dng tt sau khi trn nc
trong vng 3 gi. 1 bao 40 kg ph c 40 -45 m 2 tng.

C 3 phng php sn: dng chi, dng rul v dng sng phun.
Sng phun cho kt qu p nht v cc ht sn li ti bn ra vi p lc
cao s dnh cht vo tng.

D ng rul ln ln tng cng to c hiu qu mn mng v

u mu hn dng chi.

6.2.3 M t s loi sn thng dnq

Sn DULUX:

Sn ni tht P E A R L 3-IN-l c cha trong cc thng 5 / v c

np y tt, kh lm gi. M u sc p, lp sn bng hn hn. Theo
l thuyt, 1 / sn ph c 12 m 2 tng.

Sn ngoi tht A C R Y L IC G L ID D E N D U R A G U A R D l loi sn

chu c m cao ca m i trng bn ngoi. Chun b b mt
cng ging nh sn trong nh. Nu lp sn c c nm mc cng
phi x l bng dung dch ty. B mt phi phng, trm li cc vt
h ng v nt v. B mt cng kh cng t b nhng vt nt sau ny.

218
 s dng sn chng nm NIPPON:

1. Ra sch tng bng nc, c ra nhng vng nm v to

bm , tng kh trong 1 ngy.

2. Q ut nc sn N IPPO N A N T I-FU N G U S SOLUTION ln b

mt, kh trong 1 ngy.

3. Ra sch bng nc m t ln na ty sch cc vt nm

cht, kh trong 1 ngy.

4. Sn tng bng loi sn NIPPON V IN ILEX 5170 W A L L

SE A L E R .
Son gi Davvoo to cho b mt cng trnh cm quan
granite, c th thi cng trn cc mt cong, ph iu, g ch. Mu
sc cla dng, c kh nng pha trn to cc mu sc, chuyn sc tinh
t. Lp lt trong c tc dng chng thm, ru mc v cc mm bn.
Lp sn chnh gm hn hp bt v cht kt dnh cao phn t.
Lp ph ngoi bng keo trong sut bo v b mt, chng thm, ru
m c t bn ngoi, c th ty ra d dng. Loi sn ny khng cn
b m a s tit, thc hin ngay c trn tng vi, sn c.

6.3. Q u t vi

Hin nay, a s nh s dng sn nc, khng dng vi nh

trc y. Nhung vi l m t vt liu r tin v tng i bn, nn
vn c th s dng. Khi qut vi, cn lu :
Khi pha vi, phi quy u cho tan ht vi cc, ri lc qua ry
(r nh) loi b sn, cn v cc ht vi cha n ht. Sau ho tan
A d ao (keo da tru) v bt mu, ri lc li m t ln na. Mun cho
m u vi c ti, trong, khng mc, nn pha thm mt cht
ru trng theo t l: 0,5 / ru cho 20 / nc vi ho bt mu.
C th cho x phng git, du gai pha ch nc qut lt, khi qut

219
nc mu c gc keo. Mui n cho vo sa vi lm tng bm
ca nc vi. Phn chua trn vi nc vi trng hay vi mu.
Trc khi qut vi, cn dm v k tng nh, ch cho va trt
kh mi qut 2 hoc 3 nc vi lt mu trng. Khi no nc vi
trng kh u, mi tip tc qut nc mu. N u lp vi c qu
dy, phi co sch khng nh hng ti lp vi m u mi.

6.4 H on th in b n g sn du

Sn du c dng hon thin b mt g, kim loi. Cc b

mt phi sch s, khng c du m. Kim loi phi nh sch g
bng bn chi st. B mt phi kh ro. Khu vc qut sn phi dn
dp sch s, kh ng c bi bn bc ln bm vo m t sn t. Cc
ca knh cn lp ht ngn khng cho bi hoc cn trng t ngoi
bay vo.
Q ut nc lt:
Nc sn lt t 1-2 lp, to thnh lp m n g ng u ph khp
ln b mt.
Q ut nc m t:
Phi qut u tay, ng bt a theo m t hng trn ton b b
mt. Qut lp sau th a bt thng gc vi hng ca lp trc.
Trc khi mt sn kh, dng bt sn rng bn c lng di v mm,
qut nh trn lp sn cho n khi khng nhn thy-nhng vt bt.

Sn p h b m t s t
Sn ba nc:
Si chng g: D n g my mi mi u cc m i hn, lm lin cc
v hn. Dng giy rp ch sch cc vy hn, g st. Dng chi qut
u ln cc m t phng, ch vo cc gc cnh, trnh vt sn chy
s nh hng n lp son chnh.

220
 Sn t: Sau khi lp sn chng g kh. dng giy rp loi mn
ch cho tht u v phng mt sn. dng matit nho trt k nhng
ohn li lm ca mi hn. Sau khi matit kh, dng giy rp nc
cp trn ming cao su phng ch u v k. Trnh mi m n cc
canh sn phm. Dng sng phun sn phun m t lp u ln mt
phng. Sau 12 gi, c th sn tip nc chnh.

Sn chnh. Qu trnh thao tc gin" nh sn nc lt. Sn nn

pha thm du bng (100 cc/1 /) to bng p.

Yu c u k thut:
Mt lp sn phi bng, l m t mn lin tc, khng nhn thy
cc lp bn di, khng c c ch rp.
Trn mn son kim loai, khnq c c vt nhn v git sn,
m ng sn trn mt g phi bng phng, khng g gh, khng c
git sn, vt chi hay lng chi. Son khng c ri vi dnh ln
cc b phn khc ca cng trnh. Khng c sn ln m t knh, tay
nm, kho ca hay cc b phn bng kim loi m khc.

Sau khi tin hnh sn, phi y np kn hp sn. Cc cht dung

mi d chy phi cha trong thng y kn.
Dn m c vt t:
- Son ca knh: l m 2 ca c tnh 0,8 m2 sn (c hai m t ca)
' Ca chp: l n r ca c tnh 3 m 2 sn (c h^i mt ca)
- Ca pano: l n r ca c tnh 2,2 rrr sn (c hai m t ca)
' 1m 2 sn ca g s dng 0,15 kg sn cho mt ln.
C o so77 c.
N u lp sn c cn bng nhn v bm chc th kh ng cn
phi co. Phi co b lp sn bong (nu c) bng cch dn lp bng

221
dnh. Khi bc ra nu thy dnh sn cn co b ton b lp sn .
C th co sn bng cch dng my sy tc phun lung hi nng
lm chy sn. Sau vi pht sn mm co b bng dao.

6.5 nh vcni

Vcni thng dng ph cc b mt g khng ch c tc dng

bo v lp g m cn to nn b mt nhn bng, tng v p cho
g. Mt g trc khi nh vcni cn phi c bo nhn v nh
bng giy rp cho tht nhn. nh vcni cn tin hnh 4 - 5 lt.
Lt th nht c tc dng lp lt, dng vcni pha long hn cc lp
sau. Nu c yu cu cht lng cao, cn phi dng giy rp mn
nh nhn trc mi khi tin hnh lp sau. n g tc nh cn
nhanh v lin tc, khng c dng qu t ngt, lc nh mun
quay li ch c phi ch khi lp vcui hon ton kh.

7. C a, cng b n g g, s t
7.1 Ca g
7.1.1 Phn loi cc nhm g:
Nhm 1: Lt, cm lai, ging hng, g, pmu, trm hng
Nhm 2: inh, lim, sn, tu
Nhm 3: Ch ch, sao
Nhm 4: Mt, di, de, long no, vng tm.
N hm 5: Gi, mung, sng, x c, xoi
N hm 6: Bch n, ba, si, xoan.
Nhm 7: Cao su, me, trm.
Nhm 8: Du da xoan, dui rng, nc nc
G lm cp pha thng l nhm 7,8. G ca dng nhm: 3,4,5.
c bit dng nhm 1,2.

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 7.1.2 L a chn g

G d ng trong xy dng cn phi lu cc im sau:

- G phi kh, chc v bn, khng cong vnh. Nu khng chn

c g thng hon ton, th khi dng g cong phi hng mt li
ln trn.

- K hng c dng g ngang th chu lc, v sc nn, ko khi

ch bng 1/10 so vi trng hp dc th.

- K hn g chn g b nt theo dc th g, khng c mt gi

n g sc chu ca g.

- Phi loi b phn g gic v phn ny mm, chu lc km, d

co rt, m i mt. C th phn bit c nh mu g xm (cha
nhiu nc). Th g tha v mm c th c nhiu l mt n.

7.2 C a nha, ca ch t do

Cc loi ca nha, cht do sn c trn th trng hin nay c

ch n g loi phong ph, nhng m u sc khng a dng, v kch thc
hn ch, ch s dng trong khu v sinh, nh kho, nhng ni c
m cao. Ca nh, c lm t hai lp nha, c cc vch m ng
gia nh hnh.

7.3 C a cng st

C rt nhiu vt liu lm ca cng nhng kh c th thay th

c ca st do tnh kin c, bo v cao, d gia cng v kh thm
m . Ca st thng c c h to bng cc vt liu nh : thp hp,
thp hnh, bt tn, l thp. C cc loi ca c bn nh sau:

C a xoa y: Cnh ca lin kt vi khung bng bn l, quay quanh

trc. Loi ny n gin v thng dng nht.

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 Ca \: Cnh ca c y v mt pha hoc hai pha bng h
thng bnh xe ln trn ng ray. Loi ca ny khi m tit kim
din tch, thch hp trong cc khng gian hp v yu cu khp kn
khng tuyt i.

Ca cun: Cun ln theo truc nm ngang pha trn bng h

thng dy ko hay moteur.

7.4. Ca ch ng m ui

Ca g trong nh cc phng ng c th lm lp chng mui

bng li chng cn trng. l sn phm ca hng Cyclone
(Austraylia). C cc loi li thu tinh, li nhm m u en, mu
trng. Khung g hoc khung nhm, lm lp ca ph m vo trong
phng ngn rui mui m vn thong kh.

B. HON CNG V BO HNH

I. LP H S HON CNG

Sau khi thi cng xong cng trnh, nht l i vi cc cng

trnh c nhiu thay i trong qu trnh thi cng, ch u t nn
tin hnh lp bn v hon cng. Vic lp h s hon c n g nhm
c ti liu s dn g v sau, khi cn sa cha m t h n g mc no
, nht l cc hng m c ngm nh b pht, b nc hay cc
ng ng in, nc, c ti liu n g h i n cu sa cha. Mu
nh c bn, ch nhn sau c iu k i n thun li sa cha.
Cc cng trnh ln nc ta do Php xy dng, ch o n nay vn
cn lu tr c bn v hon cng nn gim c rt nhiu
chi ph khi tin hnh ci to.

Vic lp h s ny do nh thu tin hnh trn c s thc t thi

cng. Nu cng trnh hon ton khng c g thay i so vi thit k

224
 <
cr , o
l c t h d n u t h i e k lim h a n v h o n CU X- T u v n h i n c n q h i r
cc loai thit b d c lp dt. c h u m : oi m I1 C iu, nc.

II. C C I U KIN B A O HN H

B o h n h c n li t r n h x y n l k i o h n h v i c x y dn< CI2
Irnh k h i J bn eiao. kct thc u iai oan x y dnu. V i c bo hnh
c nu trn h l i u k i n ht buc nhm bao v li ch c a ch u t
c n i trn h , n e thi xc lp trch n h i m v cht hrim cng trnh
ca d o an h n u h i p x v dng. D o a n h n l p x a y dng c ng h a vu
thc h i n sa cha cc h him c n e lin h troim thi han bao hnh.

T h i hn bao hanh c tnh t iv y hn uiao hn c n trnh

c h o c h u u t CIII t r n h ( h o c c h o n u u i s d n e ) v k t t h c h o t
tlm ; x a y d nu c lu d 11 ^ y c u i c n u ea thi hn bao hnh. 71 li
hn bo hnh c d i i m m hp m k n h t e ia ch u t cng
u in h v c c bn. T u theo loi co n g trnh, lu v theo s ha thun
una ch u tir vi ch (hu, thi han bo hnh di vi c ng trnh
c th l 1 2 , 18 hoc 2 4 hrm. i vi nh (V nhn, nn p ciunc,
thi han 1 2 thnu.

Trong iu kin xy dnsi nc ta hien nav, vic xv dig nh

nhan thng k h im tuan tnu c c d icu k i n v bo hnh. C n g
cha c nh ng vn bn ni) quv in h vc trch n h i m bo hnh cn
trinh x y dns nh t nhn. D o , c th tham khao Q u y c h bo
h a n h CI 12 t r n h x y d i r nu b a n h n h t h e o q u y t n h s 5 3 5 / B X D -
Q ngy 14/12/94 ca B xy dns; 11 sau.
i

i u 5: K i n h pbi bao hnh :

K i n h p h bo hanh cn trn h xv d n s c tn h bng 5 %

cua "i tr xv Ip c n 2; trn h. N cn hng gi kinh ph bo hnh

225
do ch u tu v doanh n h i p x y clirng tha thun trong hp
d n u k i n h e.
L,

V i c np k iiil ph hao hnh irc q u y nh:

i : Np (v kc t khi c thanh ton 50 % gi tr xy lp

c n e il.

t 2: Np 3 % k t khi c thanh ton 50 % gi tr xy lp

cn lai ca cnu trnh.

iu 6: Quy nh vic hon tr kinh ph bo hnh:

Vic hon (r kinh ph bo hnh cnc trnh cho doanh nghip

xy dirne:

- Tai thi icm gia ca thi hn bao hnh cng trnh khng xy ra
cc h hng cng trnh do doanh nghip xy dng gy nn Vc 2 % gi
tr xv lp cng trnh cng vi tin li sut theo thi giai gi ti
imn
o hng.
o
- Ti thi im kt thc thi hn bo hnh cng trnh khng
xy ra h hng cnq trnh do doanh nghip xy dng gy nn l 3 %
gi tr xy lp cnu trnh cng vi tin li sut theo thi gin gi ti
ngn hng.

iu 7: Loi tr trch nhim bo hnh cng trnh:

Doanh nhip xy dng khng phi thc hin bo hnh cht

ln? CIII trnh d o m t trong c c n g u y n nhn sau:

1. B c quan Nh nc c thm quyn p dng cc b n php

buc tho d, ph hu b phn cng trnh hoc cng trh h trong
thi hn bo hnh khng phi v l do cht lng km rr v quy
hoch hav thay i chc nng s dng t.

2 2 6
 2. Cc h hng cnc trnh xy dne tronc thi hn bo hnh
khng do doanh nghip xy dng gy nn.
iu 8: H s bo hnh cng trnh xy dng bao gm:

- Bn xc nhn ca rmn hng v kinh ph bo hnh cn trnh

xy dng ca doanh nghip xy dns; np gi ne;n hng.

- Bn hp ng kinh t gia ch u t cng trnh v doanh

nghip xy dng nhn thu xy lp cng trnh (bn sao).

- Bn kt lun gim nh cht lirnc v cc h hng cng trnh

trong thi hn bo hnh ca t chc im nh Nh nc v cht
lng cng trnh (nu c).

- Bn nghim thu phn sa cha cc h h n cng trnh ca

ch u t cng trnh vi doanh nghip x;\y dng.

- Tng d ton sa cha cc h h n 2 cng trnh trong thi hn

ho hnh.

- Cc vn bn khc c lin quan n vic thc hin bo hnh

cng trnh xy dng.

H s c lp thnh 3 b: ch u t gi 1 b, doanh nghip

xy ng gi 1 h, ngn hng gi kinh ph bo hnh lu 1 b.

Khi ch u t pht hin c h hng cng trnh trong thi hn

bo hnh, cn lp h s hin trng h hng (v, chp nh, quay
phim, v.v...) v bo cho doanh nghip xy dne cng ngn hng ni
gi kinh ph bo hnh. Chu u t khng irc t V thu doanh
nghip khc sa cha cng trnh khi cn thi hn bo hnh tr
trng hp c dinh nghip xy dng one bno vn ban
Trng hp c tranh chp v xc nh nguyn nhn h ho nu cng
trnh th c quan qun l xy dng (S Xy dng) s gii quyt. "

227
 i vi nh dn dng, trch nhim bo hnh thm khng
dc xc nh r rng do s rng buc v php l gia chi n t
v ch thu lu' nhn rt lng lo. Do cn th hin r tnn g hp
ng thi cng nhng iu kin v vic bo ! anh i vi ning h
hng r rim nh: tng, ct, sn, mi b nt, vng, thm; nc,
b pht b ngm , v.v... lm c s trnh tnh trng sai khi thi
cng xong l nh thu ht trch nhim vi cng trnh.

c . T R A N G B N I T H T

Cc chi tit trang tr c mu sc p, hnh th v t l hiho vi

kin trc, vi nhng b phn m n c nhim v trang tr v p
ca vt liu hon thin b mt khng th tch ri cng trm. N gay
c cc thit b ni tht, hay thit b in nh l si, iu h), bnh
un nc, cng l m t phn ca nhng chi tit . Chng pli c
quan tm n t trc, khng phi l m t chi tit nghch ch,
ph v b cc chung. Phn trang tr mm, nh rm ca Jng l
nhng chi tit cn c lu tm v chng c lp t tri tng,
nh mt chi tit ca ca s. Nhng phn ny cn phi traig nh,
linh hot trong s ng v p ng uc yu cu che chn.

Mt b rm ca c th nhiu tng lng ly, nhng s khing ph

hp trong cn nh c crn thp, mi c u hin i, kho ion.

Bc tranh phong canh sn du kiu ta thc th khng tlch hp

vi chic k h u n g ng nt hin i. Nhng bc tranh qu ln th
kh ng th thch hp trong phng ng brig phng khch n, hay
phng sinh hot, cng nh nhc giao hng khng th hay kii nghe
m t qun c ph (hnh 4.20).

228
 Hnh 4.20. B tr ni tht ph/i khch
H y chun b v mt bng phng. o din tch ca nhng vt
c. D kin nhng vt cn v kch thc ca chng. Ct thnh
tng ming ba ring bit ri th sp xp v tr ch o chng. Bn
k h m ph cc cch xp t khc nhau, to ra nhng khng gian
khc nhau. N hn^ nh rng phi dnh li i gia cc ca. Phng
cng nhiu ca cng mt nhiu din tch li i.

229
 vt troni nh ho quyn gia kin trc v con ngi. Do
cc vu t con ngi l nli hng chnh n hnh dng, s cn i
v t l ca dc. c cn c thit k p ng hoc ph
hp vi kch c ca ch nhn.
Cc vt gn vo tng cho php s dng khng gian linh hot
hn.

B tr mt hng cn phn tch k cng nhu cu ca ngi s

dng, khng v nhng l do bn ngoi tc ng (nh s thch ca
nmri khc, hoc theo mt m dn n trang b nhng vt khng
ph hp, khng p ng ng cng nng).

Ging ng nn c u ging tin nghi, c th da lng. Nn

c n n< u e;in v mt t nh cc vt thng xuyn
s dung. Khuno ing nn thong m c thng hi. Chiu
cao thnh ging nn vo khong 45-50 cm, c th ngi ln d
dng. Tn dng ti a khng gian pha di ging lm ngn ct
chn m (hnh 4.21).
T tng c th dng lm vch ngn phng tng trng. Chc
nng ca cc n gn cn c phn nh r. K h n g nn s dng cc
loi t tng bn sn, c rt nhiu ngn, nhiu ch nh ln, tt
xung, nh ra tht vo nhng hiu qu s d ng rt thp.
Tn dng ti a cc khng gian khut nh hc tng, bn di
m gh sopha, di gm cu thang.
T k bp cn cao v c cc ngn trng c hai mt c dng
lm vch ngn a khng gian bp, n v phng khch. Ch cc
cnh ca t, ca s, ca la cao lng chng khi m ra, tr v
thc u ln cnh di ca khung cnh ca. Nn cc cnh m ra
cn b tr mc lin kt ghm gi Ti n h t la cc cnh m
ra st mt tng.

230
 H nh 4.21. B tr ni tht phn n^

Nu lm phng tr em, cn b tr c theo s thch, th hiu

v c kch thc thch hp. Ging ng nn thp, thnh cao khong
20 '2 5 cm so vi mt sn (cng thm chiu dy m t 1 0-15 cm).
Nu cao hn, phi c thnh chn bng g hoc ng inox. Cc cnh
nn lm vt trn, trnh tai nn khi va p. u ging cao. Nn
c tm lt (drap) bng vt liu chng thm (nylon, cao su) ban

231
im y , tre c th chi, a n e h c h tren eine k h n lm bn chn
m . Tr nn c l d chi rine. H ir im dan cho tr x p t
choi theo ni im n, phn lo i theo d c im ca d chi. i v i
tr ln, phi dt bn hc cho tr. B n phi c nn ko sch v,
In iy n . n hn nn c chn bt vo m t bn t nh v.

M s c phng (r cni phi sinh ni, nhiu mng m u nhng

khnc nn qu lo lot, nhiu chi tit, uy s huig phn thi qu
cho tr.

C th lm nn ko di gm ging tn u n " khng gian.

Nn ko c bnh xc. K hna lm t cao qu l,2 m tr khn
phai lc tro khi lv d n sn trn cao. C th dng loi t vi c
nt \ nhiu mu sc.

/. /ii mi ton b

" o <;'iy va chn" bao gi cno l cng vic vt v nhng th

v nht. Bn ncn thit k mt cch chi tit khng gian trong nh,
hnh dunc xem nhno vt no cn u v t ng cho thch
hp. Vic thit k ni tht chi tit s gip bn c c ngi nh
dp: cc ian phim thit k hon chnh, ung b, tun th cc
nguyn lc niv thut, ng thi tit kim chi ph.
Phon cch bi tr ni tht hin i l s tan dng ti a khng
an, k h n " tha ph d i n tch. T t c c c vt phi c thit
k ph hp vi tm vc ca ch nhn, iu kin ca cn phng v
p I1" tt cno nng s dng. Nn tn dng ti a nhng khng
gian trn cao neango tm ngc.
c? . T k c th dc
t
theo kch
thc ticu chun (mociun ho) c th t hp theo cc hnh khi
khc nhau v thun tin thay i v tr. Hy lit k ra mt danh sch
ch tirc.' vt dnq m bn s tron" t v b tr cc ngn cho

939
t h c h hp, va phi kh n e b qua nhieu k h n g c ia n t r n ^ T h n e
thim , t co ch i u su 0,4 111 cho cc nsin sch v, tp ch ; 0,6 m
c h o n ^ n qun o. T r n nha c chi u cao di 3 m , ncn l m h
t h n s t st tran, tit k i m ti a khonq <an. n g lo i hc t di
d n g , l m tharm tro ln lv (V c c Iiuan trn cao. Phn thp st sn
g i y dp, phn oCra t 0,3 n tr ln 1,8 m v treo o qun.
Phn trn cnu nn, m, va li, vt dnq c ln nh chn m,
qut t s d n q lnc niv.

T d u si n a d an u tr Ihnh mt vt d n g quen thuc bi n

thuAn

tin
*
cho n h i u chc n imc , Iam cho k h n C/ c*gian sinh hot
*

q u an h c h i c ei ne H 11 tr nn tin nghi v thoi m i hcm- N c

th l ni vi q u y c n sch, bo dani xem , m t vi chai nc, h ay
thuc thn dng, mI h, tranl nh, v.v... T u sine; cn
dc s cln t chic cln c sch dm. Kiu dng ca n cn
ph h p vi k i u dnc; ci ni n<, nhn nn tn dng k h n c g ian
chia lm nhiu nqn ko tns; ti a kh nang s dng.

2. T n (ln%

K h n g p hi l c no ta c n co tn b ht tt c c s
dng, ng mi ton b. VI vy, phi nghin cu phng n tn
dng n h n s dc a c, v ng thein mf s sao cho ph hp vi
n g i n h m i.

N g u y n tc c a v i c tn dng n y l phi sp xp ng b. V cl
nh n g c k i u c truyn (sp, t th, bn g h c, n) phi
c x c p c n q Iro nq m t phng. K h n g g t ra thiu hiu bit
bng vic sp xp cc c cc r^ u n gc, xut x khc nhau
trong c n g m t ch. L m nh v y , bn b i n cn n h thnh vin
bo tng, hoc mt nha kho cha .

233
D. B T R N G O I TH T

I. CY XANH

i vi nhng ngi nh c t ai rng ri, nn c vn nh

(hoc sn) pha trc v vn rng pha sau nh. Trong iu kin
kh hu nng m, cy xanh l mt trong nhng bin php tt ci
thin mi trng sinh hot.

Cy xanh l mt bin php chng nng cc mt tng hu hiu.

Khi cc tia nng mt tri ri vo lp l cy, hu nh nng lng
c l cy hp th. Cch b tr tt nht l trng cc cy leo gin,
v cho leo theo mt bc tng li thp thng ng, song song vi
mt tng, cch mt tng mt khong nh l cy khng lm
m tng, ng thi to mt khone, k h n e kh lu thng gia.
Khng trng cc cy to, cy l dy gn ca s, khi cn tr
lung khng kh lu thng.
ni iu kin t ai cht chi, cng nn c gng b tr cc
gin hoa, chu cy cnh. Cy xanh to s thoi mi cho con ngi
c ng, ng thi ci thin bu khng k h trong nh.

Trong khu v sinh, nu rng ri v c ca s, cng nn cy

xanh to cm gic mt m, bin khng gian v sinh thc s tr
thnh ni th gin.

Hy to cc ng un khc cho khu vn lm tng cm gic

sinh ng v cm gic ng i li li nh rng ri hn.

Khng nn tri nha hay b tng ton b din tch sn. Hy

tn dng ti a trng cy, lm vn cnh, ch li li i cn
thit. Nu khng trng cy, t trng c cng c tc dng tng
t. C gng, c Nht l loi c to nn cho vn cnh. Li i c th
lm t thin nhin hoc gi t b tng.

234
 Tng ro thp, tha thong, nu cn ho v lm gin thp
dy leo b m , tng thm tnh th mng. Cc loi hoa giy, hong
anh, d m bt, tigon, thin l, d hng, tru rt thch hp leo
gin. M u xanh ca l, mu sc ca hoa, an xen ho quyn to
cm gic ti mt d chu v lm nh nhm i ci kh cng ca
bc tng v ro st.
Cy xanh l mt yu t quan trng gp phn ci thin tch cc
cnh q u an m i trng, lm cho bu khng kh uc thanh lc, ti
mt v lm p khng gian ni tht. Tuy nhin, vic a cy cnh
vo trong nh cng cn nghin cu sao cho ph hp (hnh 4.22)
Cy xanh cn hai iu kin ti cn thit l nh sng v kh tri. Gch
ca s 2 m, cng nh sng chi cn hng 1/4 so vi ti ca s.

Hnh 4.22. Phni> bp c cy xanh

235
Nu dt cy cnh qu xa ngun sng, cy s nhanh chng ho a.
Tuy nhin, c nhng loi cy a bng rm, li khng sng c nu
t gn nsun sng qu mnh (hnh 4.23).
Tu tng loi cy a nc hay khng c ch ti thch
hp. Tuy nhin a s cc loi cy cnh trng chu l loi t chu
nc. Cn ti nc cho thm u qua t ti xp, ri thot nhanh
xung a hng y chu. Sau t pht, ht cc a ny, lau kh
cho sch t. y chu nn b tr t si, l thot nc khng bao
gi b nghn tc. Mun t ti xp nn trn t v lc, tru, m n ca.
Khng dng nc qu lnh ti cy. Nc my c nhiu clo,
nn vo thng qua m mi s dng. Khng nn dng nc
ly trc tip t ng ng cp nc ca thnh ph.

II. B TR VN NC

Kho lo thit k nhng dng sui, nhng mt h xinh p c

th to nn cm gic th m ng cho c khu vn, thm ch c th to

236
cm gic thay i khne ia n khu vn. Nhng m thanh chy rc
rch lm tm hn con nqi thm th thi, mt me hn. Bn nhng
dng nc nhn tao y, trng vi khm trc, tluiy trc, hay dng
liu phn chiu xung nc, im nt th mng.

M t v tr no c th lm h nc v t mt vi phun n'c
nh. C th t trn tng, vi nc xung theo kiu thc xung
h. M t h nc nh cn" em n tc dng gim nhit khns
kh. Nu din tch hp m bn li mun co vn nc, hy t vn
v tr snh. Cu dn ln bc thm c th lm bng , hay g un
cong trn m t nc trim cc loi khoai mn, trng nguyn, scn
nc, hoa sng. Mt vi tng ni ln, lay ng vi bi dng x,
trc cnh, dc mn. Tt c to nn khunq cnh hoan" s gn i,
hi ho vi thin nhin.

su trung hnh ca vn mrc l 0,7 n 1,2 m. Cn ht sc

ch khi xy dng vn nc cnh m n " nh. Phi c bin php
chng thm tt. Tt nht l xy b gch, tns trt va xi mnq nh
b nc ngm . Pha trn c th lt vin, hoc p gch trang tr.
B phi c h thng x thay nc, hoc dng my lc. Phun thuc
mui nh k. Nu c bn ng, phi no vt ngn chn u trng
mui pht trin. Nui c cnh cng l bin php tt dit b g
va cn bn g sinh thi trong vn.

237
 Chng 5

N H N G K I N T H C V Q U N L

A. GIM ST THI CNG

Gim st thi cng l hot ng thng xuyn v lin tc ti hin

trng ca ch u t (hoc ngi i din ch u t) qun l
khi lng v cht lng cc cng tc xy lp ca nh thu, theo
hp ng kinh t v thit k k thut thi cng.
Khng phi ch du t no cng c hiu bit v xy dng,
nhimg thng tit kim khon chi ph thu ngi gim st thi cng.
V vy cht lng cng trnh thng c khon trng cho ch thu
v mt k thut, cho nn khng trnh khi s lm u, thiu trch
nhim. Do nn c ngi i din ch u t, nm c k thut
thi cng v cc quy phm m bo k thut gim st thng
xuyn trn hin trng, nht l cc hng m c quan trng nh b
tng mng, ct, sn, thang v mi.
Khi thi cng, ngi thi cng khng nn t thay i i vi
nhng kt cu chnh ca cng trnh, nht l cc kt cu chu lc.
Trng hp cn phi thay i, do v tr thc t c thay i, hoc do
iu kin thi cng kh khn, hay do nguyn nhn g khc, th nn
bo cho ngi thit k n sa cha.
Khi thi cng b tng, sau khi d cp pha, nu gp b mt b tng
b r, phi gi nguyn hin trng mi ngi chu trch nhim k
thut n x l. Khng cng nhn ly va xi mng trt kn V! c
th khng m bo quy phm k thut.

238
I. TRCH NHIM CA NGI GIM ST THI CNG

1. Giai on chun b thi cng

- Kim tra vt liu hin trng, khng cho php a vt liu

khng ph hp tiu chun v cht lng v quy cch vo s dng
ti cng trnh.
- K im tra thit b, khng cho php s dng thit b k h n g ph
hp.

2. Giai on thc hin xy lp

-Theo di, gim st thng xuyn cng tc thi cng xy dng v
lp t thit b.
- Kim tra bin php thi cng, theo di tin , bin php an
ton lao ng m nh thu xut.
- Kim tra xc nhn v khi lng, cht lng v tin cng vic.

- Phi hp vi cc bn lin quan gii quyt nhng pht sinh

trong thi cng.
- Thc hin nghim thu cc cng tc xy lp. Lp bin bn
nghim thu cc hng mc.
- Pht hin nhng b phn, hng mc cng trnh c cc hin
tng gim cht lng ngay trong qu trnh thi cng.

3. Giai on hon thnh xy dng cng trnh

- Kim tra vic lp h s hon cng theo ng thc t thi cng.

- Lp bin bn nghim thu cng trnh .

Ngi gim st thi cng nn lp nht k cng trnh theo di
tin , thi cng, cht lng ca tng hng mc c c s bo co
vi ch u t v dn chng trc nh thu.

239
II. TRCH NHIM CUA TC GI THIT K

Khi bn iao h s thit k cn ; linh. ngi thit k c trch

nhim e.ii thch ti liu thit k cng trnh cho ch u t, nh thu
xy dng qun l v thi c n s theo n yu cu thit k.
T r o n q u t r n h thi c n s . n<ri t h i t k c n s c n i h c o d i , p h i
hp gii quyt cc vna; mc, thay i pht sinh c gii php b
sune thit k ph hp. Khi c yu cu ca ch u t, nmri thit
k kim tra v tham ia nghim thu cc bc chuyn tip oiai on
thi cn", cc kt cu hns mc cn S trnh quan trn 2 .
Tuy nhin, cn hiu r ch d gim st ca nci thit k l
khn" thng xuvn, k hn c trch nhim ca ngi iim st thi
cng.

III. N G H I M T H U C N G T R N H

Vic rmhim thu coim trnh phi dc tin hnh tng t, ngay
sau khi lm xonu nling khi lirng CI1 trnh khut (v d m ng
v cc c n trnh ncm; cc kt cu chu lc). Sau khi nhim thu,
nhns vn cn phi sa cha, phi c tin hnh ngay trc khi
thc hin cc hna mc tip theo ca cng trnh.

N i liuii> bin hn Iiglim thu

Cn trnh: (tn ch u t)
Hng mc c n " trnh: (phn mng, phn khung, thn nh v.v...)
'n im xay dng: (s nh, ng ph)
Tn cng tc nghim thu:
Thi gian nghim thu:
Cc bn tham oa nqhim
o thu:
Ch u t:

240
 Gim st k thut:
Nh thu xy lp:
Cc bn tin hnh:
1. Xein xt cc h s, ti liu sau:
H s ti liu thit k:
Cc ti liu kim tra cht lng lp (nu c)
2. K i m tra ti hin trng:

Nhn xt v cht lng:

Thi gian thi cng: Thi gian bt u/Thi gian hon thnh:
Cht lng thi cng:
3. Nhng thay i so vi thit k:
4. Kt lun:
Chp nhn hay khng chp nhn nghim thu trin khai cc
cng vic tip theo
Yu cu v thi gian tin hnh sa cha cc khim khuyt.
Cc bn tham gia nghim thu k tII.
Ch u t/ Nh thu xy lp/ Gim st k thut/ Ngi thit k

IV. GII QUYT sc THI CNG

Trong khi xy dng nh, vic khng ai mun nhng c th xy
ra v phi ng u vi n l s c thi cng v tai nn. Khi xy ra
s c, phi gii quyt theo trnh t sau:

- Khn cp c u cha ngi b nn (nu c).

- C bin php ngn chn s c tip tc xy ra, ng thi vi

vic bo v hin trng s c.

241
 - C th phi bo vi cc c quan chc nng c thm quyn gii
q u y t t r o n 2 c c tr n g h p n g h i m tr n g .

Sau , phi tin hnh lp h s s c, gm c:

- Bin bn kim tra hin trng khi s c xy ra.
- Kt qu o, v hin trng s c (nu cn, c th quay phim,
chp nh) trong cn c bit lu n cc b phn, chi tit kt
cu chu lc quan trng, cc vt nt gy, cc hin trig ln st; kt
q u th nehim cc mu vt xc nh cht lng vt liu, kt cu
ca cng trnh, nhm xc nh nguyn nhn ca s c. Sau khi lp
h s s c, nh thu xay dng hoc ch u t mi tin hnh thu
dn, xo b hin trng.
C ba trng hp xy ra khi c s c cng trnh l:
1. N hn " s c nh, khng nh hng n kt cu, khng cn x
l ngay m c th cc bc sau.
2. Nhng s c cn sa cha ngay phi c sa cha khng
nh hng n kt cu.
3. Nhng s c vi phm nghim trng cht lng cng trnh,
khng t tiu chun k thut v ph hp thit k, phi c ph
trc khi tip tc tin hnh thi cng.

V. GIM ST K THUT AN TON LAO NG

Tnrc kli bt u xy mng, ngi gim st phi kim tra xem

h mng c c chng chc chn khng. Nu c hin tng
sp st l, th phi cha li trc khi tin hnh xy. Vt liu a
xung h mng khng c ba bi m phi xp cn thn,
khng cn tr qu trnh thi cng.
Trong qu tinh thi cng phi lun kim tra cc thanh chng ,
nht l sau nhng khi ma, bo.

242
 Vic thi cim sa cha hoc ia c cc bc tng cu ca tng
di, xy mng tnq phi c kicin tra k thut cht ch. Nu
pht hin c bin no nhrns bc tn , cn phi nh chi
cng vic cng c cnq trnh v x l nhng nuyn nhn gy
bin dng ri mi tip r. thi cng.

Khi ngh vic khng c dng c, vt liu dng d dang trn

tng ang xy, trn sn cne tc hoc gin gio. Tron<1 ma ma,
vic vn chuyn vt liu cn phi c chia ra hai cng on: trn
gin gio v di t, ngi di t khn" mans theo bn t
ln sn cng tc.

Bao xi mng khn c chng cao qu 2 in, ch c chng 10

bao mt, phi cch tns t 0.6 n 1,0 m v phi cch sn t
nht 0,2 m.

Khi dng vn bc cu ln xung, phi ng g ngang lm

bc, khng c phrm l, qy nguy him khi m ans vc nng.
Khng dng vn mc, vn phi dy t nht 4 cm.

Kii lm m, phi c y nh sng treo cao ng i li,

cu thang ln xung v ni b tng.

KI ng c ngi trn hai mp cp pha d b tng, m b

long: phi ng trn gio lm vic. Trong khi ang b tng,
cn c rn ngi qua li pha di.
Khi lm vic VI my trn, khng c u^ng tay hay xng ly
b tug trong lc m y vn hnh. Ch c ngi cng nhn chuyn
mn mi c vn hnh my. Khng cc loi xe vn chuyn vt
liu cny trn dy in.
Khi tho d cp pha, phi cm ng' qua li bn di. Cp pha
tho Aong phi nn inh, khng c lc.0 t trn cao AUng. Khng

243
c ng di m n h cp pha ang tho, d l mnh nh. Ch
ng thao tc phi chc chn, khng ng trn thang hay ta
vo ct.

B. N H MC S D N G V T T
I. NI DUNG C BN

n h mc s dn g vt t l nh mc kinh t k thut nhm xc

dinh inrc s dng cn thit v vt liu, lao n g v my thi cng
hon thnh rnt khi lng cng tc xy lp no . Thng ly
on v l l m 1 tng gch, HI3 b tng, 1 rrr lt gch, l m 2 mi nh
t khu chun b n khi kt thc qu trnh xy lp. Vic thit lp
nh m c vt t ny l do qu trnh nghin cu cc cng tc xy lp
in hnh nc ta, da vo iu kin thc t v trang b k thut
c n g ngh, c kt v a ra tiu chun. nh mc vt t c xc
nh hng mc hao ph vt liu, mc hao ph lao ng v my thi
cng.

1. M c hao p h v liu
L s lng vt liu chnh, ph, cc cu kin hoc cc b phn
ring r, vt liu lun chuyn cn cho vic thc hin v hon thnh
khi lng cng tc xy lp.

2. M c hao p h lao ng

L s ngy cng ca cng nhn thc hin khi lng cng tc

xy lp. S lng ngy cng bao gm c lao ng chnh, ph k
c c n g tc chun b, kt thc, thu dn hin trng.

3. M c hao p h m y thi cn g

L s ca s dn g m y thi cng trc tip phc v xy lp cng

trnh.

244
II. NH MC C : H

1. Cng tc o mn" bng

Thnh pln cng vic:

- o mng theo ng yu cu k thut.

' Xc t ln phng tin vn chuyn trong phm vi 10 m.

N hn cng: Th bc 2/7. n v tnh: c n g /m 3

Kch thc Cp t
mng (su)
I II III IV
< 1m 0,56 0,82 1,24 1,93
<2m 0,62 0,88 1,31 2,00

2. C ng tc p t

T hnh phn cng vic:

- p t nn m ng cng trnh bng t o ng ti ni
p trong phm vi 10 m.
- San, xm vm, ti nc v m t, m bo ng yu cu k
thut.

N h n cng: Th bc 3/7. n v tnh: cn g /m 3

Cp t

I 1 II III IV
0,51 0,60 0,67 0,67

245
 3. C n g tc xy t n g

T h n h p h n ci vic:

- C h u n b , b c v t h o d g i n g i o x y .

- T r n va x y b o m n g y u c u k thut, vt liu vn
c h u y n iron* p h m vi 3 0 m .

n v tn h c h o l n r t n g , c c h i u c a o d i 4 m .

V t n v Tng 110 Tn 220

Gch V i n 650 55u

Va m-1 0,23 0,29

Cv chns Cy 0.5 0.5

G vn n r' 0,003 0.003

Nhn cn Cng 2,41 1,92

4. C p phi va
Xi V
o p 300:

C h o l m ' v a xi m n g c t v n g :

n M c va
Vt t
v 25 50 75 100 125 150

X i mng PC kg 101 182 257 328 384 435

Ct vng m3 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,0 1,0 0,9

Xi m n g p . 4 0 0 :

C h o i n r ' v a xi m n g c t v n g :

246
 M c va
V t t n v
25 50 75 100 125 150

Xi mng PC kg 79 146 217 303 326 358

Ct vng m3 1,4 1,2 1,1 1,0 1,0 1,0

5. C ng tc b tng

Thnl ph n cng vic:

Chun b, sng ra, la c h n vt liu, vn c h u y n vt liu trong
phm v 30 m. sn xut, lp dng, tho d c/ Dha, gio, cu
cng tc, v bo dng b tng m bo yu cu k thut.

5.1 B tn g gach v

n v tnh cho 1 m 3 b tng.

V t t n v K hi lng
G c h v m3 0,5
V a m3 0,9
N hn cng C ng 1,17

5.2 B t n g m n g b, m ng bng

p dng vi mng c chiu rng y m ng < 250. n v tnh

cho 1 m 3 b tng.

V t t n v K h i lng

V a b tng m3 1,0

G vn m3 0,02

Nhn c n g C ng 2,1

247
 5.3 B t n g ct, dm , sn

n v tnh cho 1 m 1 b tng.

........ .........
Vt t n v Ct Dm Sn

V a b t n g m3 1,0 1,0 1,0

G vn m3 0,1 0,1 0,1

in h kg 1,1 1,0 0,5

Nhn cng Cng 8,1 * 6,2 4,5

*Ring i vi ct trn, nhn cng l 11,8

5.4 C p p h i vt liu b tn g

Tnh cho 1 m 3 va b tng ct vng, dm kch thc 1x2 cm,

mc b tng 200

Vt t n v X M P C .3 0 X M PC 40

Xi m n g m3 325 :83

Ct vng m3 0,4 14

dm m3 0,8 ),8

6. V n k hun

G lm vn khun c b tng ti ch phi s dng lun ch uyn

7 ln bnh qun cho cc loi g, cho cc loi kt cu b tmg, bnh
qun t ln th 2 tr i mi ln c b hao ht 15 % X) vi ln
u.

G chng vn khun v g lm gin gio phi s cng lun

chuyn 10 ln, t ln th 2 tr i, m i ln c b hao h 10 % so
vi ln u.

248
 nh mc vt liu dng lm vn khun, cy chng, gin gio
b tng ti ch. n v tnh cho 1 n r b tng. G vn khun dy
3cin, cy chng ng knh 10 cm.

C l g vic Tn vt t n v 1 S lng

G vn khun rrr 2,5

V n khun cc G np m3 0,01
lo m n g inh 5 cm kg 0,3

G chng m3 0,07

G vn khun m3 10,3

G np m3 0,07
V n Lhun ct
inh 5cm kg 1,1

G chng m3 0,3

G vn khun m2 7,0

G np m3 0,06
V n k iu n dm
in h 5cm kg 1,0

G chng m 0,4

G vn kh u n rrr 11.8

G np m3 0,06
V n khun sn
in h 5cm kg 0,9

G chng m3 0,5
->
G vn k h u n m 9,7

V n khun cu G , c h n g m3 0.4
bang in h 5 c m kg 1,1
in h a p 10 Ci 42

249
 7. C ng tc hon thin

7.1. C n g tc tr t tng

T pln cng vic:

- Chun b, vn chuyn vt liu trong phm vi 30 m, trn va trt
theo ng yu cu k thut.
- Trt va xi mng.

n v tnh cho 1 rrr tng trt (1 mt tng). Tng c chiu

cao di 4 m, dy lp va 1,5 cm.

V t t n v Tng T r, ct X , d m , trn

V a m3 0,017 0 ,0 1 8 0 ,018

Nhn cng Cng 0,14 0,5 0,3

7.2. C n g tc p gch

Thnh p h n cng vic:

- Chun b, vn chuyn vt liu trong phm vi 30 m, trn va trt
lt, p gch, , lau mch, nh bng theo ng yu cu k thut.
n v tnh cho 1 m 2 tng p (1 mt tng). Tng c chiu
cao di 4 m.
/'

7.2.1 O p gch m en s 15 X 15 cm

V t t n v Tng T r , ct

Va m3 0 ,0 1 5 0,015
Gch V in 45 45
Xi m n g trng kg 0,24 0,24
N hn cng Cng 0 ,6 7 1,0

250
 r

7.2.2 O p cm th ch , hoa c i

c kch thc 20 X 20 hoc 30 X 30 cm.

Vt t o n v Tng Tr, ct

Va m3 0,0 3 2 0,032

Vin 25 11

Xi m n g trng kg 0,35 0,35

N hn cng Cng 1,46 2,03

7.3. Lng gran ito cu thang, nn sn

.......... .
Vt t 1 on v thang sn

trng kg 12 16,5

Bt kg 5,6 9,5

Bt mu kg 0,07 0,1

Xi m n g trng kg 5,7 9,5

N h n cng C ng 1,46 2,03

7.4. L t gch h oa xi m ng 20 X 20 Ctrl

Vt t n v 20 X 20 30x30

Gch Vin 25 11,5

Va m3 0 ,0 2 0,02

Xi m ng kg 0,2 0,12

N hn cng C ng 0 ,1 7 0,17

251
 7.5. L t cm thch, h oa c ng

c kch thc 20 X 20 hoc 30 x30 cm

Vt t n v 20x20 30:30
Gch Vin 25 1,5
Va m3 0,02 0,)2
XM trng kg 0,5 C5
Nhn cng Cng 0,5 C4

7.6. L m trn bng tm trn thch cao h ay trn nha

Kch thc tm trn 50 x50 cm. n v tnh: 1 m2.

Thnh phn n v Thch cao Nia

G x m3 0,02 002
Thp gc kg 2,5
Tm trn kg 4.0 '.0
Np g m <.0
Nhn cng Cng 0,5 C4

c . QUYT TON
''Lm rung t va, lm nh th tn"

T xa xa, ng cha ta c kt nh vy v cu vi cn gi
tr cho n hin ti. Mt cng trnh d ln nh bao gi crg c pht
sinh. Pht sinh do nhiu nguyn nhn:

- Do khu thit k, tnh d ton cha lng ht c chiph.

- Do vt liu loi t tin, do thi cng gp phi iu kin ki khn.

- D o tng thm hoc thay i cu trc trong qu trnh th cng.

252
 - Do s thiu hiu bit ca ch u t.
Trong nhiu nguyn nhn k trn th nguyn nhn ch quan v
pha ch u t l c th khc phc c. Nu ngi ch nh nm
vng cc kin thc v xy dns, c th gim bt c ng k cc
chi ph khng nn c.
Gii hn chi ph pht sinh theo l thuyt l 5 %, l con s chp
nhn c. Nhng nhng pht sinh cao hn, ti 30 -50 % d gy
tm trng mt mi, chn nn v nghi k.

I. LM SAO GIM T i A PHT SINH

K hng nn xy ra tnh trng khng c thit k, hoc va thit

k va thi cng. Thi gian suy ngh gp rt vi v khin c ch nh
v ngi kin trc s khng kp nhn nhn tnh hnh, suy ngh, cn
nhc. R t c th dn n vic ang lm th thay i, khin thi cng
nh tr, lng ph nguyn vt liu v ti chnh. Ch nh, ngi thit
k v nh thu thi cng phi tho lun k trc khi bt u thi cng
v cc hng mc phi lm, nhng vt liu ss dng, gi c, chng
loi v iu kin cung cp.

H p ng thi cng phi ht sc cht ch v lng trc mt s

cng vic pht sinl. Hp ng phi bao gm cc iu khon v an
ton lao ng.
K h ng nn n khi xong hon ton mi quyt ton cng
trnh, v c th c rt nhiu iu gia ch u t v ch thu khng
thng nht c s liu v cch tnh ton. Nn chia lm 3 t: sau
thi cng mng, than v hon thin. Vic quyt ton tng phn phi
tin hnh sau khi nghim thu hng mc . Khi lng no l
pht sinh cn phi c thng nht trc khi tin hnh hng mc
tip theo.

253
 Quyt ton ton b trn c s hp ng k kt. Nu c s
thay i, cn bn bc v tham kho kin ca nhng ngi c
chuyn m n nu hai bn khng t c tha thun.

II. BN GIAO C NG TRNH

Cng trnh xy dng ch c bn giao hn cho ngi s dng

kh xy lp hon chnh theo thit k v nghim thu t yu cu
cht lng. Khi bn giao cng trnh, bn thi cng phi tin hnh
dn dp v sinh mt bng, phi giao ca h s hon thnh cng trnh
v nhn^; vn c lin quan n cng trnh c bn giao. Sau khi
bn giao cng trnh, ngi xy dng phi thanh l hoc di chuyn
ht ti sn ca mnh ra khi khu vc xy dng cng trnh v tr li
t mn hoc thu tm phc vu cho thi cng. Hot ng xy
dng c coi i kt thc khi cng trnh bn giao cho ch u t,
tuy nhin, ngha v theo hp ng xy dng c chm dt hon
ton khi ht thi hn bo hnh cng trnh.

D. B O T R DUY TU N G I N H

Trong qu trnh s dung, c rt nhiu iu khin bn phi quan

tm, trnh cho ngi nh khng b xung cp. Mt yu t quan trng
l gi gn v sinh mi trng. C rt nhiu yu t nguy hi cn phi
loi b hoc phng trnh l:

- Rc bn tch t trong cc gc cnh, nht l nhng v tr khut.

Mng nhn, cn trng cng l nhng tc nhn gy nhim.

- Ngi i ra ngoi kni tr vo nh, m ang theo lng bi bn qua

giy dp, o qun. Bi bay trong khng kh ng li trong nh.

- Cc dng bng len, thm, chiu lu ngy khng phi git l

hang tch t vi trng.

254
 - Nhng d dng ng bng cc loi nha tng hp t bc hi v
cc ho cht c hi.
- Nhng lp sn ho nhong, cc cht ty ra cng thot ra cc
ngun hi c.
Cuc sng ngy cng vn minh, cng nhiu trang thit b tin
nghi th tnh cht vt l ca khng kh cng b bin i nhiu.
Khng kh trong phng b nhim do cc sn phm chy khng ht
kh v cc nhin liu rn. Cc mi kh chu bc ra t cc vt liu
cht do ca c ni tht do cng ngh sn xut ra chng khng
c kim sot cht ch, hoc do s phn hu bi hu c c th gy
nhng phn ng bt li cho c th con ngi.
Sau y cp n mt s cng tc bo tr c bn:

I. BO TR SN G

Sn g phi c bo dng bng cch nh bng. Dng my nh

bng sn trc ht bng rp th, sau nh li ln na bng ht mn.

II. BO TR SN GCH HOA XI MNG

bo tr sn gch hoa xi m ng c th dng loi sp nh gch.

Trc khi dng, cn phi chi ra tht sch mt gch. Cc ch gch
sn si, ra khng sch th ly giy rp nc loi tt, nh cho
phng m t ri lau kh. Cn qua 1 ngy cho gch tht kh, ri
ch kh qua mt gch mt ln na. Sau ly xng trn vi sp cho
lng sn st v thoa u mt lp m ng ln mt gch. Tip tc ly
gi sch kh ch mnh va u cho n khi vn bng ni ln. Hn
c h di li cho n khi sp kh. Gch nh bng bng sp c u
im l cng lu cng bng lng. Nu c dy mc ra sn cng d
chi sch. L p mng sp mng bo v b m t men, ngn khng cho
cc cht bn thm su vo lp mu.

255
III. BO DNG NN LT

Cc loi bi bn c ngun gc v c v hu c t cc cht thi

cng nghip hoc i sng tch t trn b mt hoc trong cc l
rng ca l m i trng cho vi k h u n pht trin v ph hoi
bng chnh mi trng axit ca ch ng tit ra. Nc ng trn b
mt nn lt c th gy ra nhng vt hoc g st. V khng c
ng thot nn nc ngm vo . T rong trng hp c cha
mui st s phn ng v to thnh st ba. lc b thnh mu
nu g st. V lt cng mt ni c tnh cht v rng nh nhau
nn c th lan rng thnh mng ln khi khng c x l kp thi.
Nc nh git thng xuyn hoc m cao, c bit l vug bin,
c th gy vt hoen mu trng. Carbonat calcium v chlor s kt
ta t bu kh quyn m v c hi mui. c n t nhin v
bng b mt ca cc loi vi c bit d b h hng.
Do cn ht sc trnh nc ng lu trn sn . Sn cn c
dc ph hp thot nc mt t nhin tt, ng thi cng can c
bin php lau ra ngay khi nh nc ra sn. M ach va cn kn
v phng nhn, kh ng lt nc. K h n g s d n g lr nn
nhng ni t nc nhiu nh hng hin, phng v sinh.
Bin php ngn chn l florua h o b mt , lm tng tnh
chng thm bng cc cht kt ta mi sinh ra. Ngoi ra, c th bi
du nha thng, paraphin v gudrng ln b mt vt liu.

IV. BO TR BNH NC NNG

Ly lp vi ng trn in tr 2 nm/ln bng dung mi axit

thch hp. Thay th lun dng cc m a -n h. Nu bnh un ca bn
qu lu so vi thng thng, cng nn thay th d cha n k bo
dng. Trng hp my hot ng tt, c nc nng m khng
thy n th c th ch chy ring n.

256
V. BAO TRI MY LANH

Khi s dno my lnh, cn tun th nhng nguyn tc c hn

tit kim nUn in nne v ko di tui th khi s dung my.

Khng nn t nhit tron plint qu chnh lch so vi nhit

ngoi tri, ngoi nguyn nhn sv nh hng sc khoe, cn lm
ticu hao in nn cao v hi my. Nhit ny ch nn chnh lch
mc 3-5C. Nu mc chnh ny qu ln th my nn phi lm
vic lu hn.

C h n tc L'i cao s lm ta nhit n h a n h hn, v tit k im

in. Hn ch vic m ca khi my iu ho ans lm vic.

My dano s dns thng xuyn. khoiii nn rt phch cm ra

n g o i, m s d n g c i i i t c h o c !U it ,'n d n g ct ngun i n .

ng gi ra vo ca cc khi tron2 nh v ngoi tri khng c

cc vt cn, nh phi qun trc lip ln my. Lm sch li
lc bi ca m y hnt cch ra nc x phng.

K1 f k h n nc lt vo my lm hng phn cch

in. V sin!! r.yy bng vi mm. nc m. Nu ang s dng b
mt din, hy tt my, i 3 pht ri mi bt my tr li.

VI. GIT THM

Thm m un s dng bn nn ht bui hng ngy, 3 thng git

kh 1 ln, 6 thng git t 1 ln.

tiy trnh git thm:

- Ly bi t cc khe gc.

- Dng m y cao tc ch xung thm, gi bi ra khi cc x

thm.

257
 - Xt ha cht xung thm y cc vt d ln b mt, v my
ht sch. Dng cc loi ho cht chuvn dng cho cc vt bn khc
nhai, nh: ru, c ph, tr. x l vi nng pha, thi gian v
cch thc hin theo ch dn.
i vi cc vt nh c th dng ho cht phun trc tip vo ni
b , sau 5 pht nhng nc lau.

Dng xn s thom lau vt keo cao su (singum) bng cch phun

trc lip vo ch dnh v dng khn lau sch.

VII. LAU CHI CA KNH

D n cu:
- Cy lau knh bng cao su can nha;
- Nc ra knh.
Cch lm:
- nc vo Ihng pha long;
- Nhng cy lau vo, thoa u ln mt knh;
- y thanh i li trn mt knh cho sch vt bn. Sau (lng
thanh cao su mit mnh cho sch nc. kh t nhin, khng cn
lau lai bn s nc sach.
^ .

VIII. BO DNG GCH TU

bo v b mt ca gch, x l nhng vt sm do nung qu

, to bng cho men gch.

D ng c:
- Ho cht H7;
- Cy lau nh;
- My ch cao tc;

258
 Cch lm:

- Pha ho cht vo nc theo t l 1/1.

- Dng cy lau nh nhng v o nc, thm u trn mt gch.

' Dng my ch ch mt sn.

- Dng gi lau sch ho cht.

- Ti ho cht ln nhng vt bn, nng. Dng giy nhm

ch k.

' Dng wax (dang ho cht c c tnh polymer) to lp bm

vo mt gch.

- Sau ph 2 lp wax c c tnh bng v dng my ch cao

tc nh bng.

Thi hn bo tr: t 3 n 6 thng bo tr mt ln.

IX. BO TR TOILET

Cc cht thi rn khi lu thng thng li bn cu nhng vt

vng. Cc vt vng gy nn bi ng ng b g st, cht st c
trong nc hoc do nc phn.

Dng dung dch ty ra nh tm v toilet xt vo ch c cht

bn, sau dng bn chi ch bn cu v di nc li.

X. BO TR B PHT

B pht cn phi trnh khng cho nc thi sinh hot c nhiu

x phng, cht ty ra chy vo. Cc ho cht c tnl. kim s tiu
dit cc vi sinh vt ln men trong b, khin cho cht thi khng b
phn hu, gy tc nghn b. Khi thy nh v sinh c mi hi hoc
khi b x c hin tng thot chm, c th do b pht y cht

259
thi cha tiu c. Cn dng m e n b pht tng cng Ih nng
ca cc vi sinh vt ym kh, c tc dng phn hu cht thi thnh
nc v cn lng. Thi gian lu tn vi sinh vt trong b t khong
5,6 thng. Nn men b pht nh k pht trin vi inh vt
thng xuyn, khng gy tc nghn.

XI. BO TR MI TN

Mi tn lp l ni trc tip tip xc vi thin nhin. )i tc

ng .ca s nhim mi trng, c bit l mui c tronggi, cc
lng sunphur v cc cht gy nhim khc, mi tn s b gm tui
th. Nc ma t nhin khn g ra sch ht cc cht ny, cC bit l
bi bn c trong nc ma. D o cn xi nc mnh a sch,
ti thiu l 1 ln/nm vo gia m a kh. C th pha thm bt git
vo nc d dng ty sch.

260
 Chng 6

P H O N G TH U T R O N G Q U A N N IM H IN I

A. P H O N G TH V N H N G Y U T XC NH

I. NHNG Q UAN NIM CH YU

Phong thu trong xy dng l mt h thng quan nim nhm

xem xt nh gi cnh quan xc nh ti u a im mt cng
trnh kin trc. l ngh thut chon t nn cng (rnh v b cc
cng trnh c truyn tng qua nhiu th h ngi Trung Hoa.
Thuyt phong thu xut hin Trung Quc t rt sm,
khong 3000 nm trc cng nguyn. Ngay t bui s khai, cc
nh phong thu c i cp n cc nguyn tc "trnh h,
trng thc" trong xy dng kin trc. Nhng lun im chnh ca
n vn cn tn ti n ngy nay v rt nhiu iu mang tnh khoa
hc vn c p dng trong thc tin, ''trnh in(" tc l nhng iu
cn trnh, c 5 iu cn trnh l:
- X y n h qu vi nhu cu s dng.
- Cng b th hn nh chnh.
- Sn nh khng bng phng, tng ro khng kn o.
- G ing n khng ph hp
- t rng, sn to m nh nh b.
V "trng th c", tc l 5 iu cn xem trng gm:
- N h va phi, ngi khng ng.
 - Nh to, cng nh.
- Nh nh nhng nhiu gia cm.
- Nh c sn rng, tng ro cao.
- C ng thot nc tt.
Xem th thy rng thuyt phong thy t xa xa cp n
nhng vn ht sc khoa hc, thc t v khng phi l khng cn
gi tr trong cuc, sng hin i. Nhng tri qua nhiu th k, nhng
ngi hnh ngh m tn d oan li dng, gn thm cho phong
thy nhng quan nim v cn c, c tnh cht h da. Thuyt phong
thu dn dn cng xut hin nhng s v on, xa ri thc t, i
ngc li quy lut khoa hc kin trc. Ngy nay chng ta nghin
CIU phong thu trn quan im khoa hc, nhng g l yu t m h,
v cn c cn phi c loi b.

Phong thu nh ngha "Cao nht tlin 17 sn, nht tli vi

thu", c ngha cao hn 1 tc l ni, thp xung 1 tc l nc.
du c s tng quan, chnh mc v cao th c ngay sn
thuy, noi cch khc l c s vn ng ca Kh. Kh l nng lng
chnh ca v tr.

Nu ngi nh hng ra mt a th p thong mt, lung Kh s

mang li sinh lc. Dng Kh lun chuyn qu nhanh s gy nn s
xo trn v cm gic tc gin, nng ny hay s hi. Nu qu chm,
dng Kh t tng s gy tr tr, thiu sinh kh, chn nn. Dng Kh
phi c lu thng tt, khng tnh trng chn ng, hoc dng
Kh chnh trong nh b ct, khng c hng thot.

II. CC YU T NGOI CNH

Cng vic chnh ca ngi thy a l phong thu ngy xa gm

3 cng on:

2 6 2
 - Tm long (thc cht l i tm t)

- im huyt (chn v tr trung tm t cng trnh trng im

ln bn trn)

- Lp hng ( tc xc nh trc, hoc hng khng gian ch o

ca cng trnh)

Vic chn t c xc nh rt k. C nhng nguvn tc ca

vic chn t ai nh "sn ti t hi" (cc dng nc v ni non
u quy t v) hay "chig c i h" (nng bn phi Bch H m
nh bn tri Thanh Long). Bn phi cn c t bn cao hn, bn
tri cn c nc l bn thp hn.

Ngi xa cho rng kh ngng ng l v ni, kh tan l v nc.

Sn thu (ni sng) suy cho cii; u l kh. Thy phi bt ngun
t sn. Ni tn cng ca sn, tt phi da vo thy. Sn, thy chnh
l biu hin h, thc ca kh, l hai hnh thc tn ti khc nhau ca
vt cht.

Hng N am c coi l Ch Tc (chim Phng Hong), mu

, tng trng cho m a h, gp nhiu may mn. Nh nn nhn
hng trc mt l Tc. Hng Tc c coi l c phong thu
p khi trng, thong.

Hng Bc c coi l Hc Quy (Ra en), mu en, tng

trng cho m a ng. L ung k h mang tnh m du v mt m, ng
thi y b n nh c tnh ca loi ra.

Hng Ty c coi l Bch H (H trng), mu trng. Dng

Kh m a n g tnh hn lon.

Hng ng c coi l Thanh Long (Rng xanh), mu xanh.

D ng K h c tnh che ch, mang li tr tu v s tu dng.

263
 BC
(HC QUY)

ONG TY
(THANH LONG (BCH H)

NAM
(PHNG -IONG)

Ngi nh l tng nm v tr m pha Ty c i thr ngn

chn bt sc mnh ca Bch H, cc i hnc; ng (c thoi
to hng cho lung Kh tt thi ti. Pha Nam cn khng
gian thong ng, bng phng, c dng sui nh chy qu.nh cng
tt, s to c s kch thch lung sinh kh. Pha Bc ci c ni
cao, ph hp s nui dng, che ch.
c bit nn quan tm n thu cnh "nc". Dng nrc p
hng v ca (t tn h triu m n) ch nh pht ti, Dng c gn
nh ct trc ca {cn thy ct m n) gia nh sng khn yn n.
Dng nc chy thng vo trc ca {tty trc xung m n iu d
lun xy n.
Ch rng nhng h ln, ngay st ca nh d gy hi cho sc
khe, v nhng ngy ma nng bt thng, hi nc ngn gt bc
ln xc thng vo nh. H cng ln, nh cng nn lm ch xa.
Trong trng hp phi xy nh st h ln, nn trng hngcy cao
chn pha trc dng kh bt mnh, hn ch ci "iii>" cia thu.
9

Phong thu cng cho rng lm nh m lp ao h th vh gi

c lu di, d sinh him ha. Nhn trn gc khoa h<, c th

264
thy rng h nc l veii lm cn bim mi trn sinh thi. Ph
v' s cn bng y s cy nh hng n mi trng sng ca con
ni. Hn na, nh lm trn h ao thng c nn t yu, lp. vi
vii, khng ng q u y trnh kv llmt. x Iv mrm khng tt d gy
ln lch, nguy him cho con ngi.

Nh lm gn nhng khu vc khng tt nh ngha a, hay khu

t hoang ha, rc Iiroi, c nhiu m kh. Cn dng hng cy
ngn chn hoc xy urnu lo cao. Trc ca treo mt tm gng
nh hnh bt gic phn chiu xua ui t kh.
Cy ci ti tt l biu hin vn may, nhn khng nn trng
qu st nh. c bit khng cy to n ng ca s, ngn cn
lung vng kh vo nh- Trng hp cy to qu gn ca s, phi
thng xuyn ct ta lm tn cy ht rm rp, khng chc lp tm
nhn.
Phong thu trc kia ch trng v cc yu t t ai, hnh sng,
th n i. Nhng g i y, iu kin t ai cng ngy cng khan
him, khng phi lc no cng tm dc v tr thun li. Do ,
phong thu ch yu nhm iu chnh cc yu t ni tht, b
sung cc khim khuyt ca mnh t. Cc yu t ngoi cnh nh
trn y ch cn n g vai (r th yu.

III. CC YU T NI THT

Phong thu hin i l cch thc to iu kin cho chng ta c

mi lin h vi cc ma, vn vt v cuc sng t nhin hn m vn
khng cch ly cuc sng hin i. Khi dng Kh b ngng ng,
hy m cch khuy ng bng cc vt trang tr treo nh phong linh,
c, cc di la, hay cc chi ca tr em.

Khi dng K h suy kit cn phi a nhng vt th sng vo trong

phng nh cy cnh hay c cnh. Ting ng h ku tch tc cng

265
l nlrns m thanh em li cm gic bnh n. So tre l vt trang tr
p, ng thi l biu tng ca nhng m thanh vui v, trn y
sinh kh.

L si cng l phng thc to s chuyn ng v cm gic m

p. V ma h, bn c th coi chic l si nh l phng tin
thng gi qua cc tng ln cao, lm thay i dng kh trong phng,
(hnh 6.1)

Hnh 6.1. L si cn l phng tin thng gi

266
 L Phng ng
Phong thu quan nim v tr phnq ng ca ch nh c bit tt
khi s a i trung tm nh. Ngi ch s kim sot c ti a
vn mnh ca mnh. Phng ng cng gn ca trc cng cm thy
km binh an. iu ny cng hp l v mt trc nh gn ng, l
ni nhiu yu t bt an nh trm cp, bi bm, nhim, ting n,
cng gn vi n th con ngi cng c tm l bt n.

Trong phng ng, ging nm khng nn k i din vi ca s,

c bit :rnh n m thng hng vi hai ca i. Chic ging lc
s nh rr.t vt cn ngn chn dng kh, khin kh khng dc lu
thng m s lun qun trong nh (hnh 6.2)
Khng nn t ging n> di v tr dm. Ging cng khng
nn i din vi tm gng ln gy nh hng n tinh thn. Ti
k t hai tm gng i din nhau (kiu hiu ct tc, nh tp th
thao, sn tp m a ) khng to c cm gic phng rng m cn
gy chng mt, kh chu. Ging nn t v tr nhn thy ca ra
vo, tt nht l to vi ca mt ng cho. iu ny to s thun
li ch o :m quan st ca ngi nm rn ging, khng b nh
hng xu bi tc ng bn ngoi. Cch b tr ny cng trnh cho
ngi nm khn g b gi la t ngt mi khi m ca phng. Gm
ging nn sch s, khng cha cc vt dng c nt.
Phng ng tt khn g nn dng lm ni lm vic hay hc tp.
Nu khng trnh c, bn hy tm cch che khut mt trong hai
v tr.

2. Phng v sinh

phng v sinh l ni nc vo nh v thot i, do phong thu

cho rng n tng trng cho s chi tiu, thu nhp ca ch nh.
Phng v sinh (hoc phng tm) cn phi t cng xa ca chnh

267
 Hnh 6.2. Khng nn k gim i din vi ca s

cn tt. Xt trn phng din khoa hc, phng tm thng gy

ting n ln khi s dng (git nc trong kt x, tm, xi nc) s
gy bt tin khi t cnh phng khch. Phng v sinh i din vi
ca ra vo, c nh hng khng tt n sc kho v khi t phng
tm bc ra gp lung gi d gy cm lnh. Trng hp bt buc
phi phng tm i din ca ra vo, nn treo mt bc mnh
trc ca, khng nhn thy ca trc tip. Trong phng v sinh,

268
b x nn t vo gc khut khng nhn thy trc tip t ca ra vo.
C iu kin, nn lm phng x tch rin" c tng bao che.
B x ti k t i din ca phni tm. Nu bt buc phi v
tr , nn lm b t che khut. Phng tm rng, cng nn cy
cnh to s ti mt, thoi ini (hnh 6.3)

Hnh 6.3. C y cnh trotii nh v sinh

269
 3. Phng bp v phng n

Bp khng nn lm cnh phng ng, d to ra thn kh nh

hng n sc kho. Khng nn nh i din nhn thy bp nh
mnh.
Phng n khng nn lm gn ca ra vo chnh. Phong thu cho
rng s mt ht tin bc v hao tn sc kho v bp v phng n l
ni tng trng cho ca ci. Trong trng hp khng th b tr
khc, phi khc phc bng cch treo mt tm mnh tha (mnh
trc, mnh so) ngn tm mt ngi ngoi i vo, ng thi
ngi ngi trong vn quan st c bn ngoi. Khi sp xp ch
ngi, ngi ch nn lun ngi v tr quay mt ra ca (hnh 6.4).

4. Ca
Ca c coi nh ming ca ngi nh, do thut phong thu
ht sc coi trng vic t ca. Thng qua ca, trn c th tip thin
kh, di tip a kh, n lnh, trnh d. Ca nh n c vng
kh ca tri, qu kh ca t s mang li ph qu cho gia ch. Ch
cc ca ra vo, ca s m n c hng kh sng sa, rng r.
Ca tri khng c m cc hng ty nam v ng bc l cc
hng xu, gi c. Ca chnh khng c lm thng vi hng
thot nc thi. Hai ca m ra cng hnh lang khng nn b tr i
din nhau m phi lch i m t cht. Ca s nn m ra ngoi ph
hp vi dng kh lu chuyn.
Tng quan gia ca chnh, ca ph cng cn cn nhc. Thng
thng, ca ph phi nh hn ca chnh, c bit l cc ca ngch
(ca i vo pha hng nh). Nu ca hu ln hn ca chnh, kh
thot i s nhiu hn kh vo nh, dn n tn hi cho sc kho v
ti chnh. Xt trn phng din khoa hc kin trc, ca hu, ca
ngch m ln l phn thm m, gy mt an ton. Cc ca ngch m

270
 Hnh 6.4. Vch non lng in iu pliti khch v phng ch

v hng ty hoc ng qu rng s lm nng v ma h, hay b

lnh v m a ng. Ca hu m v hng bc l iu ti k.

V vic b tr phn lung li i, quan nim phong thu cho rng

nu tt c cc ca b tr trn m t trc thng s lm tht thot vng
kh. Chiu di nh cng ngn, cc ca cng gn nhau th c may
cng b b st. Vic sa cha ch cn lch mt trong s cc ca

271
, hoc dl chu cy cnl trcn li i Iihm tn kh v ri c
may u khp nh (hnh 6.5).

Xt trn phng din khoa hc, ca chnh v ca hu i nhau s

to lung kh chuyn vn theo dng thng, to thnh lung gi
mnh khng c li cho sc kho, c bit l khi gi la.

Hnh 6.5. C y cnh t d c li i

272
 5. Ging tri
Trong cc nh ne hin nav, thn l phi b tr khon" "in
tri", tc l k hong t l thin sira nh thn thong v ly
nh sng. V tr ny thng c kt hp vi khu cu thang, quen
gi ] "tum thang". Theo phong tiu, lin tnh (eing tri) khng
nn lm qu su, qu di m nn to hnh vung vc nh bn c.
K hng nn b tr b nc y, cng khng xp gch lung tun.
Bn trn cng khng c lm kn nh mi, hay ct nh. Xt
thy ging tri l ni cn ht sc thom: thonu, nn hnh vung l
hnh dng li nht cho s lu th n s khi kh. Cn vic b tri gn
gng, v sinh, khng dc che chn kn cing l iu d hiu.

6. G c c n h v ct

Gc cnh trong nh l iu khng th trnh khi. Gc dc coi

l tt nht khi chy vt theo hnh bt gic, tao thun li cho kh lu
chuyn. G c ln trn cng toYis^ t. Cc gc li c xem l km
may m n v gim nh cc nh phong tiiv khuycn nn t gng
vo v tr gc, che di gc cnh ca cn phng to nn hnh bt
qui, ch o sinh k h lu chuvn d dn^.
Cn ht sc hn ch vic t cc ct vung gia nh v chng
ngn tr s lu thng lung kh. Nu ht buc phi c nn b tr
gng trn bn mt ct to o gic ct nh chm lp i trong nh.
Cc cnh gng phi ghp st nhau khng c khung.

7. Cu thang
Nu n h ngy nay, troim nsi nh hin i, cu thana chim mt
v tr qu an trng th trc kia, thut phont thu c n s c ghi nhn
vai tr ca n. Ca ng nhim v dn kh lu thng gia cc
phng theo chiu ngang th cu thang c vai tr dn kh lu thng
gia cc tng theo chiu n. Cu thang phi sng sa, rng ri,

273
thong kh, i li thoi mi. Cu thang khng nn chy thrg hng
ra ca chnh. Quan nim phong thu cho rng s lm tht tot tin
bc v vng kh trong nh. Cu thang un hnh cnh curg to s
mm mi, gip dng kh lu chuyn d dng (hnh 6.6).

H n h 6 .6 C n thang un ln qp c/i* k h h i chuyn

B. K C H T H C D NG T R O N G XY CT

I. THC L BAN TRUNG QUC

M nh T trong Ly Lu Bin c cu: "Cng T itT chi,co, bt

d quy c, bt g thnh ph ng vin". Cu nhm ca nji Cng

274
Th T, tc Cng T h Ban, con cua Lo Chiu Cng m ngi i
thng gi ng l L Ban. L Ban l I12 t ca ngnh kin trc
Trung Quc, ngi sng c h ra cc cng c s dng trong
cng vic xy ct nh. "Quy" l dng c v vng trn, ging nh
ci com pa ngy nay, cn "c" l ci tlurc bt nc thng bng.
Nu khng c hai th dng c nci th khng th no v chnh
xc hnh trn hay hnh vung c. Thc L Ban cn c s
dng n ngy nay, v ngi ta tin rns Iiu theo cc kch thc ca
thc th s t c vinh hoa ph quv, trnh c tai nn. Thc
L Ban c 2 phn ring bit, dn< o (lng c (nh ca) di
38,8 cm v o m trch (m m) di 42,1) cm. Thc o dng
c c chia lm 10 ca (t inh, hai ti tht, ti) mi ca u c
chi lm 4 cung n h u nhau (v d: phc tinh, ti qung...) cn
thc o m trach c chia lm 7 ca (t tai ti hai) ri mi ca
li c chia thnh 4 cung nh (v d ti c, hu kh, lc hp...)-

II. CY THC T M VIT NAM

ng b ta cng truyn li ml cy thc c o c tc dng
gn ging nh thc L Ban, c >i l thc tm. Cc kch thc
c bn ca b k h u n g sn nh u c lnh theo thc tm v ghi
du ngay trn thc ny lm c b mc Cc k hiu vch trn
cy thc tm gi l "mi", v d "mi thun", ''mi m l n g '...
cn c vo tui v tm vc ca ch nhn d tnh ton lm ra cy
thc. Do m i ngi nh c mt kch thc khc nhau, da theo
c im c a ch nhn. c bit trong tp qun sinh hot ca cng
ng ngi Vit xa, cy thc tm cn mang mt ngha php l
quan trng, nh giy t trc b ca chns ta ngy nay. Khi mua
bn ngi nh, ngi m u a ch cn nhn ly cy thc tm sau khi tr
tin v vic m u a bn coi nh hon tt.
Cy thc tm c lm bng tre hav hp c ng knh 5-6 cm.
Ngi ta pha i cy hp hay tre ly mt na ri v k hiu vo

275
pha lng mng cho d bt mc v khng b c xt lm mt du
trong qu trnh s dng. Cy hp ny phi c t nht l 12 t v
c chia thnh 12 trc. Cc trc l: ''kin, tr, m n, bnh, nh,
( hp. ph, iu>uy, thnh, th, khai, b ' . Khi lm thc tm phi tnh
sao cho t cui cng vo trc "kin' l tt nht hoc vo trc
"ktui". Cn cc trc "ph, nguy" v "b ' l ti k. u cng ca rui
mc phi trn t cui cng khong mt na ging.
Vic chia cy thc tm thnh 12 trc l kt qu ca s nh
hng vn ho c Trung Quc, ca quan nim v mi tng quan
gia con ngi vi tri t v v tr. Cc yu t Thin, a, Nhn
c kt hp hi ho vi nhau (Hp) hay i khng nhau (Xung) s
quyt nh s thnh cng hay tht bi ca con ngi.

III. NGHI L TRONG VIC XY CT

Ngy xa, xy nh c coi l cng vic quan trng ca c mt
di ns;'i, nn c rt nhiu nghi thc c tin hnh trong qu trnh
xy dng. Vic tin hnh cc l ny nh th no l tu thuc vo
phong tc, tp qun, iu kin sinh sng ca ch nhn, thi im
tin hnh, v.v... y xin gii thiu m t s l thng thng nht.
L ng th: L cng bo cho t tin v th thn, th a bit l
ch nhn sp xy dng nh, xin c thun li may m n tiong qu
trnh xy ct. L ny trc y thng do c ch nh v phng th
cng tin hnh. Sau khi cng, ngi ch nh ly cuc o xi
nhng nht u tin.
L pht m c : L cng cng tng t nh l ng th, nhng do
phng th tin hnh, ch yu l cng t s ngh nghip. Cng
xong, ngi th c ly ru o vo mt cy g vi nht lm php.
Nu cng xong m cha khi cng chnh thc th ngi chu th ln
cy thc tm.
L ct nc: L cng gia tin v th thn. Mt ngi gi phc
hu, ng con nhiu chu, lm n kh gi c chn : ci nc

276
ca gian chnh gia. Nu ti ngy tt chn m nh lm cha
xong th ngi ta lm hai ci nng nng on ci nc ca ian
gia ln. on ci nc ny phi nguyn cho n khi ct nh th
t vo v tr ca n. Trong khi lm l, ci nc c buc hai cnh l
thin tu v my vung vi iu hay vc i hng c vc hnh bt qui.
L ci s o : L m n g nh hon tt c t chc cng gia
tin v th thn. G i a bui l, ch nhn phi gc cy thc tm
ln bn tro ng n h m i nh ti gian gia ni cao nht, trang trng
nht v c n g d k i m tra, bo v nht. Ch n h t chc n ung
linh nh, mi h hn g , lng xm n d. Ngi ti d thng
gip tin, m n g cu i, pho, v.v... Nghi l ny tng t nh n
tn gia ngy nay.
L an th: L bo cho th thn bit l nh lm xong. L ny
c go rang trn vi nc rc vo bn ,c nh, c bo l t
lin li nh c.
L ng sng: L dn vo nh mi. L ny xin th cng cho
php ch n hn k gia c c vo nh mi.
L an c: L cng bo cho t tin v th thn bit l lm
n sinh sng yn n trong ngi nh mi.
Trong cc nghi l lm nh ca ngi Vit, c 2 l kh b qua l
l pht m c v l ci so, cng l l bt u v l kt thc qu trnh
xy dng m t ngi nh mi. Thnh ng " t p h t m c ti ci so"
xut pht t cng vic lm nh ny c ngha nh by gi ta
thng ni "t A n Z " , hay "cha klo trao tay".
Ngoi ra, q u trnh lm nh bao gm nhiu Cng vic phc tp
khc nhau, cn c nhiu king k nh ch nln phi chn nm hp
tui lm nh gp nhiu thun li. Nu nm khng hp tui
m vn phi thi cng th ch nhn phi mn tui i a mt ngi
no ph hp H oc c nhng nm c gi l kim lu, king
khng c lm nh. Tc ng c cu ''lm nh kim lu, khng cht
tru crii ch t n^i".

277
c. NHNG IU SUY NGH
Ngy xa, do cuc sng c nhiu yu t bt trc, tai hi m con
ngi cha lng truc c, nn t ra nhiu nghi thic cu
xin cc th lc linh thing v hnh gip . Nhng ngy ray, cng
vic xy dng ng dng nhiu bin php khoa hc, vi; xy ct
khng cn qu kh khn v nguy him nh trc. Ch nn coi
nhng l c tnh cht linh thing v l nt p trong piong tc
tp qun c truyn m cha ng truyn li, khng nn lm lng vo
nhng nghi thc king c, hay phong thu m tr nn t tri
buc mnh, gy cho mnh nhng phin toi, bc dc trong qu trnh
xy dng.

Ngay c nhng quan nim v phong thy cng c nhu ngi

gii thch khc nhau. C nhng iu n ngy nay khng cn ph
hp, V! nhiu yu t nh iu kin t ai, thi quen sinh hot ca
COP ngi thay i. Ch nn p dng nhng quan nim king tri
ngc vi quy lut khoa hc, vi thm m kin trc. Np p dng
c hi ho phong thu vi khoa hc trong vic xy dng ngi nh
bn, tm l ca ch nhn thoi mi, tin tng* s khin ;ho cng
vic, cuc sng gp nhiu thun li. Nhng qu tin tng p dng
m q u n g n h n g q u a n n i m p h i l , h a y k h n g c c s , S' l m c h o

con ngi kh chu, kh s, t dn n ni b bt ho.

Ngi nh l x hi thu nh, l biu tng ca gia nh. Sgi nh
phi l ni em li s t tin, cm gic thoi mi, an tm s dng
tin nghi. K hng th qu l thuc theo bt k l do no Ihin bn
khng thy thoi mi. Hy ngi nh bn ng l ni ln tr v
sau m t ngy lm vic mt nhc v bc ra, ti tn v sig khoi.
Hy t tin vi ngi nh ca bn.

278
 Chong 7

N H NG IU Q U A N T R N G

A. NHNG IM CN CH TRNG TRONG QU TRNH

XY DNG

Ai cng mun xy cho mnh m t ngi nh p. Nhng hiu nh

th no l p? Rt nhiu ngi cho rn ngi nh p hay khng
l do mt tin nh quyt nh. V th ho ra sc u t cng sc v
tin bc vo vic p im, ph trng cac loi vt liu dt tin, hay
cc mtip trang tr gp nht t cc cn l trnh khc.
Nhng thc s nhng kin trc ny khng phi l kin trc ciin
chnh. Kin trc l ngh thut ca khng gian ba chiu: chiu rng,
chiu cao v chiu su. Ngi nh ch p khi quan tm ng mc
n c ba chiu ca khng gian. Ci p cn tm y khng
phi l hnh, l mng m l trong cc khi tch v khng gian. Mt
tin khng th thay th cho ton b ngi nh.

I. GIAI ON THIT K NH

Lm tt khu thit k c th tit kim c kh nhiu cng sc

v lin ca. Cn nghin cu k lng, t m, tun th theo nhng
iu c coi l quy phm xy dng. C ng'cn cn nhc gia vic
tit kim din tch s dng vi nhng yu cu thng thong, s
dng tin li trnh dn ti nhng b tr bt hp l. Di y nu
ra m t s cch b tr khng tt gp phi trong mt s ngi nh c
xy dng vo nhng nm gn y (hnh 7.1).

279
 iA

8100

(9)

(D
Hnh 7.1. Ban cm> qu di

Khna; nn lm ban cng chy di, dc theo c to nh, d iu

kin cho php, v s gy:
- Tn km v kinh ph.
- Hiu qu s dng khng cao: v khng phi lc no cng ra
ngm cnh y.

280
 - L ni hng bi ng (hnh 7.2).

Hnh 7.2. Kii nn

h r nh v sinh
i con V

( u n g kh ng nn h tr cu than hoc phnu v sinh un cong

to dng (hnh 7.2), v vic thi cim phc tap m hiu qu s
dng thp: lp t thit b, p gch men s kh khn, din tch s
dng b b ph.

Hnh 7.3. Khn nn bo tri pli* qu i ca di ia phnq

281
 Cn trnh b tr cc cn phng c chiu di gp i chu rng
(hnh 7.3). Ca khng nn b tr gia mt bc tng, gy tn
khn g gian cho ca m, ng thi li i gia nh li ngn hng ra
lm i. Cc b tr ny ch thch hp vi phng khch lt, phng
hp c quan c tnh cht trang trng.

Phng v cc din tch hnh ch nht ni chung nn c cnh

di bng 1,62 ln cnh ngn. T l ny c gi l "tit dim vng"
trong kin trc.

Hnh 7.4. Khig nn

b tr phng kng
c ca s thng tiong

K h n g nn tnh trng phng khng c mt ca thn; gi v

ly nh sng no ngoi ca i (hnh 7.4).
K h ng nn dnh qu nhiu din tch cho hnh lang m cc
phng ng li nh v xa phng v sinh (hnh 7.5).

II. TR O N G QU TRNH X Y DNG

Trong sut qu trnh xy lp, cc n v thi cng tr n cng

trng phi m bo khng gy nhim qu gii hn cho )hp ti

282
 Hnh 7.5. H nh lari> qu n h iu din tch

mi trng x u n g quanh do x cc yu t c hi nh bi, kh c,

ting n, thi nc, bn, rc, vt liu p h thi, t ct ra khu vc
dn c, ng s xung quanh.

K hng gy ln, st, nt cho nh ca, cng trnh v h thng

k thut h tng xung quanh.
 K h ns gy cn tr eiao thng do vi phm lng ng, va h.
Khng xy ra s c chy n. Vic vn chuyn vt liu xy dng
phi tin hnh vo ban m, thng xuyn lm v sinh khu vc
xung quanh cng trng. Cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt
liu, ph thi phi c thng xe c che chn kn v ging buc.
Nhng khu vc nguy him phi c ro chn hoc chc bt kn. Vic
vn chuyn ph thi t trn cao xung phi dng ng mng, ming
ra ca mng khng cch mt t qu 1 IT1. Cc gii php thi cng
phi k h n e c gy rung ng, I1 qu mc.

III. S A U K H I H O N T T P H A N x y d n g

Sau khi xy nh xong, khng nn vo ngay. Cc cht hu c o c

hai trong thnh phn vt liu xy dng cha kp kh ht, Ry nh
hng n sc khoe. Cn mt thi gian ti ihiu l 2 tun l, trong
trng hp tri m, ma nhiu, thi gian phi lu hn. Khi vo ,
kh n nn ng kn ca phng m phi thng thong mt thi
"ian. Ch rng b mt ngoi c th kh nhng bn trong tng
vn cn mt m nht nh, nht l cc lp sn tng, sn ca
phi sau hng thne mi kh kit.

B. H N H DUNG N G I NH L T N G T R O N G T N G LAI

t ^ a i ngy cng cht hp, m con ngi khng ngng sinh si.
Ai cng mun xy mt ngi nh p, bn vng, khng ch c gi tr
s dng trong i mnh m cn c con chu v sau. khi lc hu
v c gi tr s dng lu di, ngi nh cn hin i v p ng tt
cc kh nng m rng, pht trin hay thay i. Vy th vic th
hnh dung v mt ngi nh trong tng lai cng l iu b ch.
Xu hng kin trc hin i ngy cng quan tm n vic t
chc khng gian c hiu qu hn, tit kim v hp hn. Ngi nh

284
s bt i nhng trang tr rm r, nhng mt tin cu k, snh cun
v nlin trang b ch ph trng, khng lin quan mt thit n
nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Ngi nh khng cn dng v nng n,
c cng c thit k gn nh, tin nghi hn, tp trung nhiu
chc nng trong m t thit b, nhm tit kim ti a khng gian.
Nh hnh ng (hay cn goi l nh cn ph) thng c dng
ch nhng l t c din tch trung bnh 50 - 100 m 2, c mt mt ra
ng, c th m ca, cn li ba mt kia gip nh. l kiu nh
ny sinh do q u eo h p din tch t, ai cng c gng chim c
mt cht mt tin. Kiu nh ny s khng ph hp trong tng lai,
khi quan nim v thm m, v thi quen sinh hot c thay i.
Xu Inrng l tng thnh ph l kiu nh chung c, tuy nhin
khng phi l kiu nh tp th ca nhng nm 60. Cc cn h trong
chung c phi khp kn, rng ri, c t nht l hai hng m ca.
Tng trt l khu xe chung. Mi chung c c mt din tch sn
vn ln, lm khu vui chi th gin, c th c b bi cng cng.
Mi cn h c hng cc dch v kcm theo nh bo v, trng gi
xe. Mt bng mi cn h c b tr theo 2,3 kiu khc nhau, tu
ngi mua chn la. C kh nng thay i v tr cc tng ngn v
ci to ni tht theo mun.
cc vng ngoi , kiu nh bit th hai, ba tng c a
chung. G iao thng trong tng lai s pht trin hn, nn khu th
c th m rng ra cch trung tm hng chc cy s cng l iu c
th chp nhn c.

c . V T L I U XY DNG T R O N G T N G LAI
Trong nhiu nm na, d khoa hc k thut c tin b n u
th kt cu ca ngi nh vn s tng t nh ngy nay vi khung b
tng ct thp, tng b ao xy gch v cc vt liu tng t. C nhiu

285
nguyn nhn sm khng nh iu , do gi thnh vt liu, do
tp qun sinh hot, do mc du nhp v pht trin ca cc vt liu
mi nc ta cn hn ch. Tuy nhin, cc loi vt liu hon thin
s c nhng ci tin ng k ph hp hn vi mi trng kh
hu, v bn vng hn. Ca s c lm bng cc vt liu g p, nh
v t cong vnh, d to dng. Ca knh s dy 2 lp, c trng lp
cch nhit gia. C th s dng knh i mu m bo trnh
nng tt trong nhng gi c nng, nhng li tr nn trong sut nh
knh thng thng vo lc tri rm mt. Khun ca c lm bng
nhm nh hnh hoc polyme do vic hn ch s dng g.

Vic s dng gch xy s hn ch hn v tng xy gch tuy c

u im r tin, nhng nng n v kh thay i. Ngoi tng bao
xung quanh xy gch, cc bc tng ngn trong nh c xu hng
lm bng cc cht liu mng, nh nhng cch m, cch nhit tt hn,
ng thi d dng tho lp bin i khng gian nhanh chng. H
thng ga c s dng cho bp, bnh nc nng v cc thit b si
ton nh, trnh tnh trng ring r, tn km nh hin nay.
Nc sch c s dng tit kim hn, c iu tit mt cch
cht ch hn nh k thut in t. Cc thit b dng nc nh b x
hay tiu treo c 2 nc x: nc tit kim nc v nc y .
Cc thit b chiu sng s ngy cng thu nh hon, nhng cng
sng tng ln r rt. Ngy cng xut hin nhiu thit b iu
chnh hng sng v chi sng, m u sc.

Cc thit b v an ton s c pht trin nh kho bng vi m ch

in t, ch m ca khi nhn dng c du vn tay.

Vic p dng tin b khoa hc k thut vo ngi nh s lm gi

thnh xy dng tng ln, nhng chi ph s dng, duy tu s gim i
ng k, ng thi vi vic tit kim ngun nng lng.

286
 T I LIU T H A M K H O

Quy nh qun l cht Iii cng trnh .V/y dii (ban hnh theo
Quyt nh s '17 / 2000/Q -B X D ngy 02 / s / 2000 ca B
trng B Xy dng)

* Quy chun .xy cii Vit N a m (ban hnh theo Quyt nh s

682/BXD-CSXD ngy 14/12/1996 ca B trng B xy dng)

nh m c vt t x y dm* c bn. NXB Xy dng - 1998

Ti liu k thut ca cc hng sn ICI, NIPPON, MAXCILITE

Ti liu k thut ca Cng ty Dy & Cp in Vit Nam

Ti liu k thut ca T m thch cao E L E P H A N T

Ti liu k thut ca C O M P O T E C H

Ti liu bin son ca Khoa Kin trc. Trng i hc Kin trc

Tp ch N h d p trong nm 1997 -2000.
Tp ch T vn tiu dt Thi bo Kinh t Vit Nam trong nm
1999-2000

Tp ch Kin trc V it N a m - B X y g (cc s trong nm

1995 - 2000)

Tp ch Kin trc - H i kin trc s Vit N a m (cc s trong

nm 1992 - 2000)

T p ch K in trc v i sng - Hi kin trc s thnh ph H

Ch Minh (cc s trong nm 1995 - 2000)

Tun bo Xy dng - B Xy dng (cc s trong nm 1999 -

2000)

287
 Trans tr n i tleo quan nim p h o ti* i. N X B X y
dng - 1996

Thit k khng gian nl . NXB Tr - 1996

Nhlg d liu ca ^i lm kin trc NXB Khoa hc K
thut - 1995

Tlit k ni tht. NXB Xy dng - 1996

Cm ' t trang tr h p. NXB Tr - 1999

Tu h v c h tc ro trang tr ni th t. NXB Vn h o Thng

tin - 1997

C h i u S t n h i n v li t o c c c n g trnh k i n tr c .
NXB K h o a hc v k thut - 1999

Thit b v phng php thi ci miq cc. NXB Cng nhn k

thut - 1981
M u nh dn t xy. NXB Xy dng - 1999

* K cu gch v cIi ct tlp. NXB Khoa hc K

t h u t -1996
K t cu b tng ct thp. NXB Khoa hc K thut -1996

* Thit k kin trc mi nii k u g m. NX B i hc

v gio dc chuyn nghip - 1991

V k thut \'y dng. NXB i hc v gio dc chuyn nghip

- 1991

* Nn v mnq. NXB i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip - 1991

Ci tc lp ilp v xy cl . NXB khoa h c v k
thut - 1997

Xcy dng XIa v nay. NXB Khoa hc K thut ~ 1975

288
 Sch hc ca ngi th xy. NXB Lao ng - 1974
C h n hi n h v b tr n i th t theo th u t p h o n g thu.
N X B X y d n g - 1996
Nh ca cc dn tc trung du Bc B Vit Nam. N X B Khoa
hc X hi - 1978

Gio trnh k th u t h tng. Tng cc o to cng nhn k

thut - 1975

K ii hon thin b m t cc cng trnh x y di. NXB Lao

ng - 1976
V iit y diii. N X B Gio dc - 1996

289
 MC LC
Trang
Li gii thiu 3

C h n g 1
NHNG KIN THC c BN

A. Khi nim v cu to cng trnh 7

I. Nhng kin thc c bn v kin trc nh 7
1. Nhng tiu chun cho nh 7
2. Cc yu t k thut . 9
3. Cu trc ngi nh 15
4. Kch thc ti thiu ca l t xy dng nh
gia nh 17
B. Nhng khi nim v bn thit k 18
I. Tm hiu cch c bn v 18
II. Thnh phn mt b h s thit k 18
1. Cc bn v thit k kin trc 18
2. Cc bn v kt cu 19
3. Cc bn v cp in 19
4. Cc bn v cp nc 20
. 5. Cc bn v thot nc 20
6. Bng tng d ton kinh ph xy dng 20
III. K hiu trong bn v 20
c . Mt s thut ng xy dng 23

290
 Chng 2
CC TH TC TIN XY DNG

A. Thit k n h 25
I. Lm vic vi kin trc s 25
1. Phn thng tin chung 27
2. Phn thng tin chi tit 27
II. Kho st a cht cng trnh 29
1. Mc ch v phng php kho st . 29
2. Phn loi a cht 30
III. Xc nh phng n mt bng ti u 34
1. Xc nh hng nh ti u 34
2. Phng php t chc mt bng 34
IV. Thit k chnh thc 41
1. Kin trc cng trnh 43
2. Kt cu 69
3. Thit k in 76
4. Thit k h thng cp thot nc 87
B. C h u n b thi cng 94
I. Chn la nh thu 94
II. Hp ng thi cng 96
c . Xn php xy dng 100
I. Th tc t ai 100
1. Th tc xin cp giy chng nhn quyn s
dng t 100
2. Th tc xin chuyn nhng quyn s dng t 101

291
 II. Xin php xy dng nh 103
1. Nhng trng hp phi xin php 103
2. H s xin cp php xy dng 103
3. Nhng thut ng 111

Chng 3
QUY TRNH CHUN B

A. C h n m u a v t liu 113
I. Vt liu xy th 113
1. Gch 113
2. 114
3. Xi mng 116
4. Ct 119
5. Thp 120
II. Vt liu hon thin 122
1. Gch p lt 122
2. p lt 127
3. Thm 129
4. Sn, Vcni 130
B. Chn m ua thit b 131
I. Thit b v sinh 131
1. Nguyn tc chung 131
2. B x 132
3. Bn tm 133
4. Lavabo 134
II. Thit b in 135
1. Thit b chiu sng 135

292
 2. Thit b in 136
IX Thit b nc 138
1. Thit b lc nc 138
2. Vi nc 138
3. Bm nc 139
4. ng ng 139
IY. Thit b bp 140
1. T bp 140
2. My ht mi 141
3. Bn ra 142
4. T lnh . 142

Chng 4
QUY TRNH THI CNG

A. Theo di thi cng 143

I.Phn xy th 143
1. Cng vic chun b 143
2. Thi cng mng^v cc kt cu cng trnh 148
II Phn hon thin 190
1. Hon thin tng 190
2. Hon thin mt sn 198
3. Hon thin trn 206
4. Hon thin cu thang 211
5. Hon thin khu v sinh 213
6. Hon thin sn v 214
7. Ca, cng bng g, st 222
B. yn cng v bo hnh 224

293
 I. Lp h s hon cng 224
II. Cc iu kin bo hnh 225
c . Trang b ni tht 228
D. B t r ngoi t h t 234
I. Cy xanh 234
II. B tr vn nc 236
C h ng 5
NHNG KIN THC V QUN L
A. G im st thi cng 238
I. Trch nhim ca ngi gim st thi cng 239
1. Giai on chun b thi cng 239
2. Giai on thc hin xy lp 239
3. Giai on hoan thnh xy dng cng trnh 239
II. Trch nhim ca tc gi thit k 240
III. Nghim thu cng trnh 240
IV. Gii quyt s c thi cng 241
V. Gim st k thut an ton lao ng 242
B. n h m c s d n g v t t 244
I. Ni dung c bn 244
1. Mc hao ph vt liu 244
2. Mc hao ph lao ng 244
3. Mc hao ph my thi cng 244
II. nh mc c th 245
1. Cng tc o mng bng 245
2. Cng tc p t 245
3. Cng tc xy tng 246
4. Cp phi va 246

294
 5. Cng tc b tng . 247
6. Vn khun 248
7. Cng tc hon thin 250
c . Quyt ton 252
I. Lm sao gim ti a pht sinh 253
II Bn giao cng trnh 254
D. Bao tr duy tu ngi nh 254
I. Bo tr sn g 255
II. Bo tr sn gch hoa xi mng 255
III. Bo dng nn lt 256
IV. Bo tr bnh nc nng 256
IV Ro tr my lnh 257
VI. Giit th m 257
VII. Liiu chi ca knh 258
VIII. Bo dng gchTu 258
IX. B) tr loilet 259
X Bo tr b pht 259
XI. Bo tr mi tn 260

Chng 6
PHONG THY TRONG QAN NIM HIN I

A. Phong thy v nhng yu t xc nh 261

I. Nhng quan nim ch yu 261
II Cc yu t ngoi cnh 262
III. Cc yu t ni tht 265
1. Phng ng . 267
2. Phng v sinh 267

295