Philippine Revolution of 1896 (Philippine -Spanish War)

The National Democratic Movement has its origins in against former president Ferdinand Marcos
during the late 1960s and early 1970s, but in its entirety is interpreted by the ND as a continuation of
struggles since the 1896 Philippine Revolution led by the Katipunan.[citation needed] As a result of
sustained economic, political, and military abuses during the Marcos dictatorship, several figures such as
Jose Maria Sison (writing under the eponym Amado Guerrero) proposed that the creation of a
revolutionary mass movement of a national democratic character was necessary to overcome the "three
basic problems" underpinning the oppressive conditions of Philippine society in the 1970s. Sison's vision
uses MarxistLeninistMaoist principles for social analysis and in carrying out people's democracy or
national democracy:

Under the present concrete conditions of Philippine society which are semi-colonial and semi-
feudal, the Communist Party has to wage a national democratic revolution of a new type, a people's
democratic revolution. Though its leadership is proletarian, the Philippine Revolution is not yet a
proletarian-socialist revolution. We should not confuse the national-democratic stage and the socialist
stage of the Philippine Revolution. Only after the national-democratic stage has been completed can the
proletarian revolutionary leadership carry out the socialist revolution as the transitional stage towards
communism.

:: Philippine Society and Revolution p.78[5]

Once martial law was lifted in 1981 and Corazon Aquino was elected to the Presidency in 1986
after the People Power Revolution, corruption and abuse of government power remained endemic in the
Philippine political system, which according to the ND were exemplified by the Mendiola massacre, the
counter-insurgency programs waged against the armed groups of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and
the New People's Army, embezzlement and graft during the terms of Joseph Estrada and Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo, and the Hacienda Luisita Massacre (2004). According to the "ND analysis" espoused
by Sison and others throughout the 1970s until today, the continuation of human rights violations in the
Philippines at the hands of government officials and other social, economic, and political injustices
highlight the need of liberating the nation the imperialist forcesprimarily led, from what ND
proponents identifies, the United States. As a former U.S. colony, the Philippines' dynamic with the
United States dates back to the PhilippineAmerican War.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democracy_Movement_(Philippines)
 Philippine Independence & the Spanish-American War of 1898

The SpanishAmerican War (Spanish: Guerra hispano-estadounidense or Guerra hispano-

americana; Filipino: Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano) was a conflict fought between Spain and the United
States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana
harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American
acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and
ultimately in the PhilippineAmerican War.[12]

Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule. The U.S. later backed
these revolts upon entering the SpanishAmerican War. There had been war scares before, as in the
Virginius Affair in 1873, but in the late 1890s, U.S. public opinion was agitated by anti-Spanish
propaganda led by newspaper publishers such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst which
used yellow journalism to call for war.[13][14] The business community across the United States had just
recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains. It lobbied vigorously
against going to war.

The United States Navy armored cruiser Maine had mysteriously sunk in Havana harbor; political
pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William
McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid.[15] Spain promised time and time again that it would
reform, but never delivered. The United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding that it surrender
control of Cuba. First Madrid declared war, and Washington then followed suit.[16]

The main issue was Cuban independence; the ten-week war was fought in both the Caribbean
and the Pacific. U.S. naval power proved decisive, allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba
against a Spanish garrison already facing nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further wasted by
yellow fever.[17] Numerically superior Cuban, Philippine, and U.S. forces obtained the surrender of
Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and fierce
fighting for positions such as San Juan Hill.[18] Madrid sued for peace with two obsolete Spanish
squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay and a third, more modern fleet recalled home to
protect the Spanish coasts.[19]

The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the U.S. which allowed
it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine islands. The
cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($575,760,000 today) to Spain by the U.S. to
cover infrastructure owned by Spain.[20]

The defeat and collapse of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock to Spain's national psyche,
and provoked a thorough philosophical and artistic revaluation of Spanish society known as the
Generation of '98.[19] The United States gained several island possessions spanning the globe and a
rancorous new debate over the wisdom of expansionism.[21] It was one of only five US wars (against a
total of eleven sovereign states) to have been formally declared by Congress.[22]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War
 Philippine American War (1899-1902)

The PhilippineAmerican War[10] (also referred to as the Filipino-American War, the Philippine
War, the Philippine Insurrection, the Tagalog Insurgency;[11][12] Filipino: Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano;
Spanish: Guerra Filipino-Estadounidense) was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic
(Spanish: Repblica Filipina; Filipino: Republikang Pilipino) and the United States that lasted from
February 4, 1899 to July 2, 1902.[2] The war was a continuation of the Filipino struggle for independence
that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution. The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic
objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the
Philippines from Spain, ending the SpanishAmerican War.[13]

Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and those of the Philippine Republic on
February 4, 1899, in what became known as the Second Battle of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the First
Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States.[14][15] The war officially ended on
July 2, 1902 with a victory for the United States. However, some Philippine groupsled by veterans of
the Katipunancontinued to battle the American forces for several more years. Among those leaders
was General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the
proclaimed "Tagalog Republic", formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Other
groups continued hostilities in remote areas and islands, including the Moro people and Pulahanes
people, until their final defeat at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913.[16]

The war and occupation by the U.S. changed the cultural landscape of the islands, as people
dealt with an estimated 200,000 to 250,000 total Filipino civilians dead,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]
disestablishment of the Catholic Church in the Philippines as a state religion, and the introduction of the
English language in the islands as the primary language of government, education, business, industry,
and among families and educated individuals increasingly in future decades.

In 1902, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act, which provided for the
creation of the Philippine Assembly, the members of which would be elected by Filipinos.[25] This act
was superseded by the 1916 Philippine Autonomy Act, which contained the first formal and official
declaration of the United States Government's commitment to eventually grant independence to the
Philippines.[26] The 1934 Philippine Independence Act created the Commonwealth of the Philippines
the following year, a limited form of independence, and established a process ending in Philippine
independence (originally scheduled for 1944, but interrupted and delayed by World War II). The United
States granted independence in 1946, following World War II and the Japanese occupation of the
Philippines, through the Treaty of Manila concluded between the two governments and nations.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War