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    Maths PDF

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    of 12
    4.01. FUNCTION matteo A quantity whose value reins uncharged during ematical operations, iscalled a constant quantity. The integers, fractions, cetcareailconstani 8 arlable. A quantity whicican take up diferent otc iscled Funetion. A quantity y is called function of a variable 3, if Corresponding to auy given value of x, there exists a single definite ahve of y.The phrase ‘y is a function of x’ is represented as fa _ To illustrate, consider that y is function ofthe variable x 3 given by ¥=32 47x42 If x=1, then y=3 4)? +71) +2=12 and when x= 2, y=3 (2)? + 7 (2) + 2=28 Therefore, when the value of the variable x is changed, the value of the function y also changes but corresponding, to the each value of x, we get a definite value of y. Hence, y= 3x? + 7x + 2 represents a single-valued function of x ME 4.02. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION Consider that y is a function of the variable x as given by Following is true for the given function y : 1. The given function y is defined for all values of x but not for x = 2. For, if we set x = 2, we get : = indeterminate ie. for x =2, the value of the given function y cannot be found. 2. The value of the given function y approaches 4, when, x tends to or approaches 2, both from values smaller than 2 or from values greater than 2. The phrase ‘x tends to 2 or ‘x approaches 2" is mathematically represented as ‘x — 2’ Let us first calculate the value of function y, when x2 from the values smaller than 2: (5)? When + =1'5, y= When x =19, y= When x =1°95, y => 9= When x =199, y= Differentiation ow ca (viii) Let us 1 ter than 2! P values sf = 2 fom the (jie When x= 201, Jf follows that when ¥ > 2-01-2 2 through values of sma 2 than 2 or greater than 2, y= Symbolically, we write ee i Sexe ‘The limit of the function y in the given case can also} found as below (x—2) (x +2) See 3 Lt (ie a0 where ¢ is a mall fmm 4.03. DIF} to which the rat corresponding 5 tenuis to, when The pro, coefficient of a iscalled diffe The valu variables. Ther ‘Ax, then the increment Ay, ‘The limiting value of = S Fetann fo ebes Ax 0, iscalled the derivative or differential coefficient of y wont-xand is denoted by 4 dx Pts YE Ay FOF AY = FX) err et ee Here, 2 isread as ‘differentiation ofy w.r.t.x’. Geometrical meaning of : Consider that when the function y = f (2) is plotted, th graph of the function is a curve as Been Hg 40 Y y=fG) Qt + Ar,y+ Ay) b ' | | { | ° i § Fig. 401. From the points P (x, y)and (x + Ax, y+ Ay), drop PL and QM perpendiculars to the X-axis.Also, drop PN Perpendicular to QM. It follows that OL=x; OM=x+Ax; PL=yand QM=y + Ay Now, slope of the chord PQ, we fa (4.03) “Suppose that the point Q is slowly moved towards the P. As we do so, the length of the chord PQ decreases “zero, In the limiting case, when Pith the point P ie, Ax becomes zero, ecomes tangent to the curve at the point P. “becomes zero, the slope of the chord given by (03) will give the slope of the tangent to the >. In the language of calculus, it is @) a Ax Therefore, when Ax approaches zero, the: oe & 50.2 om idee equation (4.04) may be expressed as Oe eae mea : dk ae0 AY arco Ar Itis the same result as given by the equation (4.02) “ ene oft Physical ce ysical meaning of 7 The concept of differentiation is made use of in physics in determining the instantaneous rate of change of a physical quantity w.7.!. some other quantity, which varies in a continuous manner. 1, The ratio of small increments in the function y and the variable x is called the average rate of change of y w.r.t. x. Ifabody coversasmall distance ASinsmall time At, then average velovity ofthe bodys Jah “BE Again, if the velocity ofa body changes bya small amount Av in small time At then average acceleration of the body, 21,5, = 2 % 2. The limiting value of 2 when Av z ie Avedy , arco Ax dx iscalled the instantaneous rate of change of y watt. x. Thus, the differentiation of afunction wart. avariable implies the instantaneous rate of charge of the function wor thal tarinble. Likewise, instantaneous velocity of the body, 35 48 eae ° ho ate and instantaneous acceleration of the body, : = fie wh ye meee Problem 4.01. Given y= x2, Find Sol. Here, y=37 “a Suppose that x gets a small i corresponding increment in y is equa y+ Ay = (+ Ax? Subtracting equation () (y+ Ay) - ya x y= ab-initio’ means ' eae i Problem 4.02, Given y =. Find & from first inciples. Sol.Here, y=" Bus zg Suppose that x gets a small increment Ax, so that the responding increment in y is equal to Ay. Then, = oli) BS Tone Subtracting equation (i from (i), we have past q ae se let Deere pee = Ay="Z(a4Ax) x (e+As) Dividing both sides by Ax, we have ae ee Fe EEA Taking limits of both sides as Ax — 0, we have et ue |. dso dr 4:50) yd A dx x(z+0) Prmnads| S eat wea Jor a 4. DERIVATIVE OF STANDARD FUNCTION x” BY ABANITIO Let y= x" (4,05) Suppose that x gets a small increment Ax, so that the responding small increment in y is equal to Ay. Then, yt dy = (e+ dx” (4.06) Subtracting equation (4.05) from (4.06), we have SUE |e Geel Be pee aro de ar 30 Hg APOE on 40 ments A an)ane ee ces ie to aierentate x" w.r tx, reduce Hhe power by uni oy inal power. aera 0 ai 2 CT “Note:The fe ROR Tae tor te function 2” as below = i i 20) 2 (eens as\z) de To obtain the differential coefficient: the result (2.07) alongwith the followin; differentiation are found to be immense u mmm 4.05. THEOREMS OF DIFFERENTIATION 1. If cisaconstant, then t #n1(2) aoe “Moher sare umber then Om ly es, (Using Tacorem 3) = Sxt442940 (Using Theorems 1 and SA +a ae at 4x23 x? Bitte ar?) a es HE reheat) Fax 3 (Using Theorem 3) ee ya 4 gt Big ge te (Using Theorem 2) zoxe4(-2) 9-90-92 (Using Theorem 6) poe ete tore Problem 4.04. Find the derivatives of the following: O@-s2+942+2-n09 2= Sol. () Lety=@2 - 327 +4) (48+ -1) ‘By applying Theorem 4, we have 3S Se Py Faas? a ar +O arts’ 1) $x 4+2-1) 2 oP -ax7+9 de Beast | 2. 4 G24] -32 +9[fudrie | sud+2-0[£e-Lox+2 0) (Using Theorem 3) = =3274+4) stor iws-4a] ‘ wo ae de pee fit payed 40 +4 $2 -o[ £0 at et a (Using Theorem 2) 3x2 +4) Ax5x4 42x -0) + 48422 -1)G2?-3x2x4D (Using Theorems 1.and 6) 0x4 42x) +48 +2 DBF - 6%) 3x +4) + 3x6 -2 4x8 9x! @e-15) G3 EXERCISE Find & forthe following: Ee Ry=x B.y=% $84 4247 SByabxt+ 6x2 4+9x ett ays f 6y=axrtbete 232 82-2 8.GivenS=+5¢ +3,fna S. 9. GivenS =u 5 ai?,where u and a are constants. Obtain the value of 8S, a dt 40. The area of a blot of ink is growing such that after t seconds, its area is given by A=(@ # + 7)em®, Caleullate therate of increase of area at {= 5 seconds. 11. The area ofa circleis given by A =a, where ris the radius. Calculate the rate of increase of area w-rl. radius. Obtain the differential coefficient of the following: 12. - 1) (2x45) 13.@2-8x+7 BX +5) ay 3x44 4 ——— ‘15, 2x41 4x45 f x Cees 16. 5 , +1 1 Went Dividing both sides by Ax, we have ay, i ern ala +e) + MORN ace)? Ace +d" Qa Taking limits of both sides, as Ax —+ 0, we have lt $4 ratory a aro = @ (act by? Art ores ar] Fe ah art py +04... +0 dx a ye or (ee +8)" |= a ers ot (4.10) ice. to differentiate (ax + bY wart. x, reduce the power by Bee aly fh egal power wide concert if ‘Note, The function such as y = (ax+ 6)” is called ‘composite function iv. y is function of ax + b= u (cay) and jis function of » The result (4.10) can be easily obtained from the teeter fyis function of «and w is function of x, then dy dy du du de ve result as given by Fs the eee ERCISE the chain rule, find the deriva Ee ite a = 3-1 9. a ANSWERS Pray a2 8 Te) % oJaxeb Fae * G-axp? 4 Wess) Go a Qe 243) ® (18:2 +1002~3) 3 (x15)? x43, oe ere se (pp esah (2x41)? 4.07, DERIVATIVE OFTHE STANDARD , sin x BY ABLINITIO Tet y= sin x alae Bie wee 5 a aor | Bfanx)= aes and Y= 2 (in) cos w = 008 Get Be +) Tf y= sin ax + 0), From the chain rule, we have ANE I | from the chain rule, it can be proved that ae dx du dx [sin (ax+b)]= a cos (ax-+b) swv18) = cos Gx? — 5z +1) x (6-5) Asoo Ax/2 — aor) a 4,08. DERIVATIVE OF THE STANDARD FUNCTION ae 1)= (6x~ 5) cos Gx? -Sx+ D cos xBY AB-INITIO co Hadt yee Let y= cos x of4.19) Let st ‘ et sin x= 0 Suppose that x gets a small increment Ar, so that the comesponding small increment in y is equal to Ay. Then, Then, y= is y+ Ay = cos (x + Ax} (4.20) = #4 6g joie id Subtracting equation (4.19) from equation (4.20), we have ax i y + Ay) -y = cos (x + Ax) = cos x 4.21) ay i ip, bc an ; ‘Now, cos € ~ cos D =2 sin => sin > ‘Therefore, equation (4.21) becomes ee ee x aa From the chain rule, we have bE} ay _ dy, du . dx du dx =2sin{ x4 \sin{- 2 2 = xcose ang or Ay =~2sin nf cosx ae Dividing both sides by Ax, we have © 2 Jin 7 ‘Ay __ 2sin (x4 Av/2) sin Ax/2 Bes ral ae e Oi gaa ES asin (eB)? Then, y = cos a Sa 2) ax/2 Taking limits of both sides as Av — 0, we have F sin(x+ =) ee a(s gone peal (3) temthone 8 AY. Lt Ftoge (1 8 Hose” ‘Broo =! Lt loge : rAre0 we yee pny 1. 2cos (2x41) aie os ax ax>0) 3. sin 2x age sina Sone . 6. sin™—1 x cost! x (m cos? x 1 sin?) Sey Eae 8. -6Gr+5)sin Be +5? QJactb 4.09, DERIVATIVEOFTHESTANDARDFUNCTION Er e*BY AB-INITIO gees Let y=e (4.28) @e® eon aay at he Gii)og (sin 2) Then, y+ Ay =e 4.25) Sol. (i) Here Subtracting cuceatiale spies (425), we have ne (yray- the pea gh Ae Tiga or A ga » ete Dividing both sides of the above equation by Ax, we iy Lie =) a Ar Taking limits of both sides as Ax — 0, we have Ay élee-1) at dy dy du Lt = Lt ——_*=e% Lp Tt See goa. arco Ar Arto Ar Bee eae dx du dx dy _ see x2x Rimes 8 aso Ae dp Z a e*) a S e )- 2xe* Hence, a ne =n(4.26) = esinx Note. If y=¢"*!, then from the chain rule, itcan be proved that 4 (ex i plat )ane (4.27) 4,10, DERIVATIVE OF THE STANDARD FUNCTION = be BY ABHINITIO. y= log. x --4.28) cea £ gets a small increment Ay, gine nv ema hy Tha, 80 that i seen? mm 4.11. FORMULAE FOR DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SOME OTHER TRIGONOMETRIC, LOGARITHMIC At EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS tan s)aset x 2 "(cots =—cosec? x ie de fens 3. Fen) = seca tans Hi i pelts] 4. 4 (cosecx)= — cosee x cot x | ce EXERCISE a i "Find the derivatives of the following war x: 5. 4 cog, = loBe & pitta? 2, ee done 3. dose 4, oot x 6. £)=a" tog, mmm 5.01. INTEGRATION Consider that when the fimetion y = f(x) is plotted, the graph of the function is a curve as shown in Fig. 5.01 Y Fig. 5.01. From the points P and Q.drop PL and QM perpendi - cellars to the X-axis. Suppose that we are interested in finding the area POML under the curve PQ. Since it is not a regular geometrical figure (such as a rectangle, asquare, a circle, etc), no formula for evaluating the area is known tous. However, it is possible to calculate this area by making use of integral calculus, For this, we divide the whole area in ton clementary strips, say each of width At as shown in the figure. Let ABCD ‘be the ith elementary strip. It follows that the area POML is equal fo the sum of the areas of these 1 strips ic area POML~ }area ABCD of the ith strip a Suppose that the ith elementary strip corresponds to the points A (x and B(x+ Ax, y+ Ay). Since Aris very small, the strip ABCD can be considered as a rectangle of height BC=AD=y and width Ax, Then, area of iti the elementary strip ie. (5.01) area ABCD= yx Ax=f (x) Ax Ls y=feo] Hence, from the equation (5.01), we have © area POML~ © f(x)4e 6.02) a Now, ifvisinereased, the width Ax ofan elementary stip Lalso decrease. In the limiting case, when n1— 0, Ar 0,t that in that event, the above summation willbeexactiy the area POML, It is because, any error occuring in POML due to the approximation inated, as Ax > 0. Therefore, oMe}, then in the language of caleuhis, WOL=aand bales equation (6.05) is expzes area POML = | foie rrrebetween the limils andisread as integral of f@) w. dx=B. 5 see pasically, integration is summation. The symbol] integration owes its origin to letter S (for summation}, TelterS, when stretched, takes the shape of symbol], The concept of integration is used in physies ta m measurements, when a physical quantity varies contintious manner. The following are a few examples, 1. Work done by a force is given as the product af force ) applied on the body and the distance (1) moved W=Fxx ‘The above expression holds only, when thei applied on the body remains constantover the whole dis In case, the force does not remain constant over the Wi

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