"In presenting the dissertation as a partial fulfillment

of the requirements for an advanced degree from the Georgia Institute

of Technology, I agree that the Library of the Institution shall make
it available for inspection and circulation in accordance with its
regulations governing materials of this type. I agree that permission
to copy from, or to publish from, this dissertation may he granted by
the professor under whose direction it was written, or, in his absence,
by the dean of the Graduate Division when such copying or publication
is solely for scholarly purposes and does not involve potential
financial gain. It is understood that any copying from, or publication
of, this dissertation which involves potential financial gain will not
be allowed without written permission.
 DETERMINATION OF PIPE STRESSES

IN INDUSTRIAL PIANTS

A THESIS

Presented to

the Faculty of 'the Graduate Division

by

Roy Lamar Cash

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Science in Chemical Engineering

Georgia Institute of Technology

June 198
 DETERMINATION OF PIPE STRESSES IN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS

Approved:

f /^Thesis Adviser
. \.y_ , ^

**-
-rr
Date Approved by Chairman: /^^gu-y /3~/ /# &~?
 ill

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE ii

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS v

SUMMARY vi

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION 1

Importance of Pipe Stress Analysis

Early Treatment of Pipe Stress Investigation
Modern Methods of Analysis in Plant Design
Purpose of Study

II. PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS 1

Procedure Employed in Reviewing Available Methods

Factors Affecting the Selection of the Method to be Used

III. DETAILED DISCUSSION OF PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS METHODS. . . . 6

Basic Considerations in Stress Analysis

Comparison Between Types of Analysis:
Analytical
Standardized Shapes
Graphical-Analytical
Graphical

IV. COMPARATIVE RESULTS FROM VARIOUS METHODS OF ANALYSTS . . . 10

Tabulated Results for Three Typical Configurations

Variations of Results

V. CONCLUSIONS , , 30

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS. . . 31

APPENDIX 32

BIBUOGRAPHY 35
 IV

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Thermal Stress; Values 10

2. C a l c u l a t i o n of F o r c e s , S i n g l e - P l a n e P i p i n g 3U

3. C a l c u l a t i o n of F o r c e s , Three-Dimensional Piping 2>h

 V

LIST 0? ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page
1. Angle Bend, Type 1, Method A 11
2. Unbalanced Loop, Type 2, Method A 11
3- Three-Dimensional Bend, Type 3, Method A Ill

iu Angle Bend, Type 1, Method B 20

5. Unbalanced Loop, Type 2, Method B 20
6. Three-Dimensional Bend, Type 3, Method B 21

7. Angle Bend, Type 1, Method C 22

8. Unbalanced Loop, Type 2, Method C . . , 22
9. Three-Dimensional Bend, Type 3, Method C 23

10. Angle Bend, Type 1, Method D 2k

11. Unbalanced Loop, Type 2, Method D 2k
12. Three-Dimensional Bend, Type 3, Method D 27
 VI

SUIf&RY

Piping is an important component in the design of chemical and

other i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s . Among the engineering principles involved in
successful plant design i s pipe s t r e s s a n a l y s i s . The present-day de-
signer has available many methods for determining the magnitude of pipe
stresses. The i n t e n t of t h i s study was to aid the desi.^ner by reviewing
the principal s t r e s s e s which might be present in piping a t the design
conditions, and by discussing the methods which are available for
determining one of tire most prevalent of these designated s t r e s s e s ,
the thermal s t r e s s due to operation at elevated temperature.
Various methods for the analysis of thermal s t r e s s were f i r s t
grouped i n t o four general types v. a n a l y t i c a l , standardised shapes,
g r a p h i c a l - a n a l y t i c a l , and graphical. Then, one t y p i c a l method from
each group was s e l e c t e d , described in detail,, and employed in the
analysis of the thermal s t r e s s in each of three piping configurations:
angle bend, unbalanced loop, and three-dimensional bend. Each method
was i l l u s t r a t e d by the procedure required for the p a r t i c u l a r method
used. A summary was made of the r e s u l t s obtained from the use of the
four methods i n analyzing the three bends, and the various values for
the thermal s t r e s s were compared.
I t was noted that the a n a l y t i c a l type of analysis was used as the
basis of two of the other types investigated: standardized shapes and
graphical-analytical. The time required for the various methods of
 VI1

a n a l y s i s , arranged i n descending order of magnitude, was as follows:

a n a l y t i c a l , graphical, g r a p h i c a l - a n a l y t i c a l , and standardized shapes,
I t was observed that the a n a l y t i c a l and graphical types afforded more
opportunity for a close check to be methodically applied during the
a n a l y s i s , while the standardized shapes and graphical-analytical methods
required the use of values which could not be r e a d i l y checked by use of
the data given. The scope of t h i s study was confined to the d e s c r i p t i o n ,
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , i l l u s t r a t i o n , and comparison of various methods of a n a l y s i s ,
and a detailed check on the accuracy of the individual r e s u l t s was not
attempted. For a more comprehensive investigation of tlie r e l a t i v e accuracy
of the four types of a n a l y s i s , a larger v a r i e t y of configurations and de-
sign conditions should be used. Such r e s u l t s might then be compared with
actual s t r e s s values pre-determined from laboratory t e s t s or other accurate
methods.
 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Importance of Pipe Stress Analysis.Pipe failures due bo excessive

stresses cause plant shutdowns, loss of production, injuries to personnel,

and damage to the reputation of the designer.

During the design of an installation involving complex and ex-

pensive equipment, there is sometimes a tendency on the part of the de-

signer to place most of the emphasis upon the equipment and process, and

insufficient effort upon piping design (l). This practice is often due

to the designer's lack of knowledge regarding the principles of piping

design, and the dependence of a plant upon piping for successful opera-

tional results

Early Treatment of Pipe Stress Investigation.The systemmatic study of

stresses in piping began in 1910 with the work of Bantlin (2), who re-

ported that there was greater flexibility in a pipe bend due to the

tendency of the circular cross section to assume an oval shape.

A year later, Karman (2) investigated the distribution of stresses

during the bending of curved tubes. During the following thirty-five

years, such workers as Hovgaard, Karl, and Vigness (2) established the

fact that the variation in longitudinal stresses for a curved pipe

during bending is not linear, and that the actual value of the stresses

may be calculated by applying a "stress intensification factor" to the

 2

stress value obtained by con.Eid.erin;" the pipe to be straight instead of

curved. In 1 9 3 P , TInpey (U) introduced the elastic center theory to

stress analysis, and a year later Spielvopel and harness (), (6) im-

proved upon this method, ox attack "o~f the use of conjugate axes in cal-

culations, In 1?29., Shipman (3) applied simple mathematics to the

analysis of single-plane bends, and. developed, a relatively simple method

of stress calculation by the use of sipn conventions and shape coeffi-

cients.

i-toc^erjnJ'Ie_tiiod.s of Jlnalysis in Plant fesiyn.Before 1935> published.

work on the subject of pipe stress analysis had been based upon pipinr

in a single plane only. However, in that year, 'lovpaard (7) applied

the elastic center and conjugate axes techniques to th3 analysis of

two-plane plpinp. In 1939) k'alker and. Crocker (0) pub Li shed a combi-

nation nraphical-anaiyileal method of analysis. In 19 il, The VI, V.T.

Kellopr,f Company (9) produced a peneral analytical moth 3d which could be

applied, to both sinple- and. tiro-plane systems, In I'i3, Spielvopel (10)

applied. the elastic center to both types of systems in an analytical

method, similar to that of the Pellopr: Go.

In 19ue, Fish (11) published, a graphical method of analysis as a

means of rapidly analyzing a plpinp system for stresse.3. Spielvopel (12),

in 1955,? furnished improvejnents to his previously published analytical

method.. In 1956, Ike Id. Vf. kellopp Company (13) published a second

edition of the peneral analytical method, and included, -shape coefficients

and standardised, calculation forms

 3

Purpose of Study.--Apparently there has been no previous summary of pipe

stress analysis methods treated from the viewpoint of the chemical en-

gineer. From the foregoing brief history of the development of pipe

analysis methods, it may be apparent that work on analysis techniques

has proceeded along several paths. It is the purpose oE* this study to

discuss, illustrate, and compare the analytical, standardized shapes,

graphical-analytical,, and graphical methods of pipe str3ss analysis, so

that the engineer may have a clear presentation of these different

systems of analysis.
 h

CHAPTER II

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

In planning for the design of a new installation, the chemical

engineer is interested in achieving a completed design that has the

highest production capacity and the minimum amount of maintenance con-

sistent with good practice for the type of process involved. The chief

components of a typical plant might be listed as building and grounds,

equipment, piping, instrumentation, and electrical. Of these five items,

piping is often as important as any of the others

Many modern chemical processes operate at elevated temperatures

and pressures which induce stresses in the process piping. In designing

for this type of chemical operation, the cheimical engineer should use

reliable and economical methods for determining the pipe stresses.

Procedure Employed in Reviewing Available Methods.The method of in-

vestigation of material for this study consisted of a literature survey

for information on pipe stress analysis, followed by a selection of

basic types of analysis involved, and the application of these basic

methods to each of three typical piping configurations in order to

illustrate their use and obtain a comparison between the results. No

apparatus or equipment was required for this type of approach.

factors Affecting the Selection of the Method to be Used.In applying

design principles to engineering work, the chemical engineer often finds

 5

that more than one method of design may be used, and a selection must be

made from among the various paths of attack. This condition presents it-

self to the designer of piping for a chemical plant. Tie degree of accu-

racy required must be balanced with the relative cost of the engineering

work in the design. In addition, the availability of time for the design

work must be considered in coordinating this part of the work with other

phases of the plant design.

 6

CKAPTER III

DETAILED DISCUSSION OF PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS METHODS

Basic Considerations in Stress Analysis.In the analysis of piping for

stresses, basic considerations involve an accurate determination of the

piping configuration to be investigated, location of anchors, position

of take-off lines, location and type of hangers between anchors, accurate

information regarding design conditions, and a knowledge of the various

types of stresses to be considered in the analysis. Since the scope of

this study covers only stresses, a discussion of basic factors concern-

ing pipe stresses is included, in this chapter.

The various types of stresses which night be present in the piping

of a chemical plant are as follows:

(l) Longitudinal stress due to internal pressure (l)-i), for pipe

>d
closed at both ends = S ? = fe

where Sp = stress, psi., p = internal pressure, psig., d = inside dia-

meter of pipe, in., t = wall thickness of pipe.

(2) Tensile stress due to internal pressure (l) = S, = *-_

where S, = stress, psi., p = internal pressure, psig., r = inside radius

of pipe, in., t = wall thickness.

(3) Bending stress due to weight between pipe supports (16) = S.

w

., _ l. wL + 1.2 w L2
S
w S
(basis three spans)
m
 7

where S = psi., w = weight of pipe, covering and contents, lb./ft.;

w
3
S = section modulus for the pipe, inches , L = length between supports,

ft.
M
t
(li) Torsional stress due to tendency to rotate (17) = S = -^-rr

where S^ = psi., lip = tortional bending moment, inch/lb.; Z = section

3
modulus, inches .

(3>) Resultant longitudinal stress due to bending from thermal

expansion (18) = S, , calculated from pipe stress analysis.

(6) Combined stress due to thermal expansion (18) = S^ =

& 2 + hsm2
b ^T
Since the various methods of stress analysis under consideration apply to

stresses resulting from elevated temperature, the comparison of their

values will be based upon the value of S,, the bending stress due to

thermal expansion. Also, the value of S will be calculated at the

operating design temperature, rather than for the cold condition.

(7) Other possible stresses in piping are due to (18):

Additional loads on piping span

Wind

Earth tremors

Special shock loading

Unbalanced static pressure or flow effects

Vibration

Comparison Between Types of Analysis.Although there are several methods

which might be used for each type of analysis, one method has been selected
 8

for each t y p e , as follows:

Tffie Method Selected

Analytical A - S. W. Spielvogel

Standardized Shapes B - Grinnell Company

Graphical-Analytical C - Tube Turns

Graphical D - National Valve & Mfg. Co.

The analytical method makes use of the principles that the sum of all

horizontal and vertical forces is equal to zero, and that the sum of all

moments about a fixed point is equal to aero. Three equations are ob-

tained by considering the distortion in the system due to restrictions

which prevent the expansion of the pipe. These equations are simplified

to two relationships by the assumption that one of the two supports is

released and temporarily connected to a rigid bracket leading to the

center of gravity of the lines, for a single-plane piping system. For

a two-plane system, the projection of the piping in each of three planes,

X-Y, Y-Z, and X-Z, is considered, and three equations with three un-

knowns are developed, for solution and determination of forces and

stresses in the system (see the Appendix for a more detailed discussion

of this method).

The standardized shapes method involves the use of predetermined

factors resulting from the analytical method applied to the standardized

shape under consideration. By use of such factors with dimensions of the

system and pipe properties, the bending stress, as well as torsional

stress, may be readily determined.

 9

The graphical-analytical method, makes use of predetermined graphs

having curve values corresponding to the dimensions and properties of

the piping. The curve values have previously been calculated by an

analytical method. Substitution of the values obtained from the graphs

and charts into equations produces a value for the stress due to thermal

expansion.

The graphical method involves the plotting of points corresponding

to the lengths of pipe in the piping system, the determination of a

neutral axis for the piping system, location of the intersection of the

neutral axis with each length of pipe, the plotting of neutral axis

points, connection of the plotted points to form a moment area, and

substitution of the value of the area into equations which produce a

value for the thermal stress.

From the above discussion it is seen that the analytical method

has been used as the basis for the factors used in two of the other

methods.
 CHAPTER IV

COMPARATIVE RESULTS FROM VARIOUS METHODS OF ANALYSIS

The results obtained from the use of each of the four methods of

analysis and the three piping configurations are shown on pages 11

through 28.

Tabulated Results for Three Typical Configurations.A summary of the

results from the stress analyses is as follows:

Table 1. Thermal Stress Values

Maximum Thermal
Method Used Configuration Stress, psi.

A - S. . Spielvogel Angle Bend 9510

B - G r i n n e l l Company Angle Bend llliOO
C - Tube Turns Angle Bend 12100
D - N a t ' l . Valve & Mfg. Co. Angle Bend 9bP0

A - S . W. S p i e l v o g e l Unbalanced Loop 2680

B - G r i n n e l l Company Unbalanced Loop 3100
C - Tube Turns Unbalanced Loop 2000
D - N a t ' l . Valve & Mfg. Co. Unbalanced Loop 2060

A - S. "#. S p i e l v o g e l Three-Dimensi onal Bend 1030

B - G r i n n e l l Company Three-Dimensi onal Bend 3030
C - Tube Turns Three-Dimensional Bend
D - N a t ' l . Valve & Mfg. Co. Three-Biraensional Bend 161|0
 11

S t r e s s Analysis for 6" Schedule 80, ASTM A-53 Grade B Pipe

Design Conditions: 200 p s i g . , 550 F .

Type 1 , Method A,
S. W. Spielvogel
(21)
E l a s t i c Center

Centroid (basis 'a"):

II

,Q0
I<o0 TZQOO '*
/-, U(AxEl) + U*(A</!),U4x^(Ux^J-UA/o%ox/oslmuc_y
-1

F - 7x (An W+I*X (AXEI)- ('49x/0+O.OXtQ6)-3.GX/04(ZZX/0(i) ICQIL

*x I if " *x^
itn$th A' JL' ML A*y
Qb IZO 'ISO +5.0 -9000 izoxs -~Soo ^izo(i\Vflo6d
4Q*+4o(iS)z*J4JSom 12 , t?
l
bC 4-0 WSjO'lS.O-ltQOO ~72 14*50 IZO (4S.C) :Z430OO
I X ! f = 3W00 4/4-000
Z
Axtl- ty^ZlXlO*XIZ
4."'*"* ?->*"-*KQA^s 3.1*10*1 M*-200(S.O)+/$,8(4S.Q)
^E1^4JIM Z7*iO*KlZz*c>A2*i,oxjO*' M=+UI0 Ib.ft
i oo I z f 2 4- '
S,, = * M/Sm = 1.<04(&IO)OZ)/Z,Z3 - 9SI0 pSI.
Figure 1. Angle Bend, Type 1, Method A

Type 2, Method A,
S.W. Spielvogel (22)
Elastic Center

^ d_L
LT-IZO'

Figure 2 . Unbalanced Loop, Type 2 , Method k

 12

THERMAL STRESS CALCULATIONS

UNBALANCED LOOP, TYPE 2 , METHOD A
SPIELVOGEL, ELASTIC CENTER
REFERENCE FIGURE 2

Location of c e n t r o i d ( b a s i s a ) :

X J^x' Sti
ab 66.7 33.1 2228 0 0
be Uo.o 66.7 2668 20 800
cd 20.0 76.7 153L ho 800
de Uo.o 86.7 3U68 20 800
ef 33.3 103.1 3hh3 0 0
00.0 1331*1 2E00

7 = 123Ui = 6 u6 . 7
x 200
= 2UO0
200
=
Ld u
*

1 .11
o 12

+
Branch J x 7 J?J + I. AY2 'xy

ab 66.7 -33.U -12.0 77,1J37 9,605 +26,730

21I,729 0

be liO.O 0 + 8.0 0 2,560 0

0 5,800

cd 20.0 +10.0 +28.0 2,000 15,680 + 5,600

667 0

de UO.O +20.0 + 8.0 16,000 2,560 + 6,Uoo

0 5,800
+
ef 33.3 0.0 -12,0 83,250 li,795 -19,980
3,077 0

I == 2 2 U, 160
y

I F - I F = A - %! 1 == Li.6,3oo :;: = + 18,750

X 9
x x xyy ^ p xy
I (Ay EI )+ I (Ax EI )
- I xy Fx + I yF y = A y EI p J
F x p xy^ p7
y 2
I I - I
xy
I ( A l EI ) + I ( A y EI ) xy
F B y P xy F
x II -I
x y xy
 13

THERMAL STRESS CALCULATIONS

UNBALANCED LOOP, TYPE 2, METHOD A
SPIEIVOGEL., ELASTIC CENTER
REFERENCE FIGURE 2

x
A x EI p - 100
^ l x 27 x 1 0 6 x 12 2 x ^ _. pU = 2.52 x 1 0 6
x -12

A? EIP = loo^if * 27 x 1Q6 X 12* X ^f = 1 05 x 1C)6

-
2.21(. x 1 0 ^ ( 2 . 8 0 x 10 6 ) + 1.88 x 10^(1,12 x 1 0 6 ) _ r , Q , _,
.b - j r 1o - :>7u JLD,
x
U.68 x lO11' x 22.U x 10^ - (1.87 x KT ! )

li.68 x 10 [ i (1.12 x 10 6 ) + 1.88 x 10^(2.80 x 1 0 6 ) ^

,- = . , = 9.0 l b ,
y n ^1* vx 99
), AR vx l10
U.68 n 41+ _- n(1.87
22.U1, vx i10 ,97 vx lO1T*)
T 1^

From Figure 5* P o i n t "C" i s f a r t h e s t from t h e n e u t r a l a:cLs and t h e r e

f o r e t h e p o i n t of maximum bending s t r e s s .

M = 9*0 (0) + 59.6(28.0) = 1670 lb.ft.

13 M
Bending stress at n C" due to thermal expansion - S * ;
'' rn
 lh

S t r e s s Analysis for 6" Schedule 80, ASTM A-^3 Grade B Pipe

Design C o n d i t i o n s : 200 p s i g . , $$0*r.

Type 3 , Method A *b*4o'

S.W. S p i e l v o g e l (23)
E l a s t i c Center

+- '!+

X- Y Plane Y-Z P/a*e X-Z Plane

A X I * 4-//X4Q ^ Z7xto*K IZZK4<*9 - IS6x/o*
fooxiZ IZ +
AYEIp* 4.//x60KZ7XlO*x IZ*X4QA9*S 1.0**10*
loo x*T ti+
AZElp* 4.IIKZQ^Z7XIO\ IZ2X 40.** = o.SZxto*
loo x it H+
Figure 3 . Three-Dimensional Bend, Type 3 , Method A
 15

THERMAL STRESS CALCULATIONS

THRES-DIMENSIOKAL BEND, TYPE 3 , METHOD A
S. W. SPIELTOGEL, ELASTIC CENTER
REFERENCE FIGURE 3

Location of C e n t r o i d (Basis " d " ) '

X-Y Plane

Section JL y 1 z_
de 60 0 0 -30 -1800
ef 1*0 -20 -800 -60 -2i|00
fK 1.3(20) -Uo -lOliO -60 -1560
:
'"125 -IBIJo =57So

- _ 18140 _ n, '
"335

5760 _ lc , '
=
y - "123
T-5* =-u5.7
Y-Z Plane

Section 11 AlL M
de 30 -1800 0 0
ef 60 -2]400 0 0
fg 60 -1560 +10 +260
-5760 +I5o
- -5760 , e _t
"125

+260
z =
T25 + 2.07

X-Z Plane

Section x A' yz'

de 0 0 0 0
ef -20 -800 0 0
fg -1;0 -lOilO +10 +260
=IBHo +250

X
- -I8I1O = -1U.6
126
+260
z = 123 = +2.07
 16

THERMAL STRESS CALCUIATIONS

THREE-DIMENSIONAL BEND, TYPE 3 , METHOD A
S . W. SPIEI70GEL, EIASTIC CENTER
REFERENCE FIGURE 3

C a l c u l a t i o n of Moments of I n e r t i a , in.

Section JL X y . x 2 + I r 2
+ *0 ,^xy Plane

de 60 +IJ4.6 +15.7 12,800 11;, 800 +13,753 X-Y

0 18,000

ef ko - $.h - H i . 3 1,165 8,190 + 3,090 X-Y

5,3hO 0

*g 26 -25. h -1U.3 16,800 5,320 + 9,350 X-Y

0 0

I y * 36,105 I x = ii6,310 I = 26,193

xy

2
Section
/ y a ,f y2 +
i0 9z + I iy Z Plane
A 0

de 60 +15.7 - 2.07 11;,800 257 - i,95o Y-Z

18,000 0
ef ko -111. 3 - 2.07 8,190 171 + 1,183 Y-Z
0 0
fg 26 -114.3 + 7.93 5,320 1,635 - 2,950 Y-Z
0 1,1;61;
I z = 1*6,310 = I
Iy 3,527 -3,717
yz

Section X X z /x 2
+ I
0
1z 2
+ I
0
JLXZ Plane

de 60 +11;. 6 - 2.07 12,800 257 - 1,815 X-Z

0 0
ef ho - $.h - 2.07 1,165 171 + W7 A^
5,3U0 0
fg 26 -25.U +7.93 16,800 1,630 - 5,230 X-Z
0 1,U61;
I z = 36,105 1 = 3,522 I
-6,598
Z - -
X ''9' X
 17

THERMAL STRESS CALCULATIONS

TEREE-DDSNSIONAL BEND, TYPE 3 , METHOD A
S . W. SPIEL/OGEL, EIASTIC CENTER
REFERENCE FIGURE 3

Summary of Koments of I n e r t i a :

T I I I I I
X 7 z xy xz
yz
l6,310 36,10$ 1.6,310 26,193 -3,717 -6,$98
3,522 3,527 36,105
1.9,532 39,632 32,lji5

(1) F T - F I - F I = A I EI
x x y xy z xz *-* p
(2) -F I +F I - F I = A y EI
x xy y y z yz **" pi
(3) -F I - F I + F I = A z EI
x xz y yz z z ^* p

(1)-+1x9,832 F^ - 26,193 F + 6,598 F = 1.56 x 1 0 6

x y z
(2) -26,193 F + 39,632 F + 3,717 F = l.Olx x 1 0 6
x y z
+
(3) 6 , 5 9 8 F^ + 3,717 F w + 82,1.15 F^ = 0.52 x 1 0 6
x y z
(1) F - 0.525 F + 0.132 F = 3 1 . i |
x y z
(2) -F + 1.520 F + 0.11x2 F = 3 9 . 8
x y z

(U 0.995 F + 0.27U F = 71.2

z
y
(1) F - 0.525 F + 0.132 F * 3 1 . h
K
x y z
(3) F + 0.561.1 F + 12.1|.90 F = 7 9 . 0
N z
x y
(5) 1.089 ? v + 12.358 F = U7.6

(5) F + 11.200 p z
= U3.8
j-'

(U) F v + 0.275 F = 71.2

z
y
 18

THEKMLL STRESS CALCULATIONS

TlffiEE-IOEN SIGNAL BEND, TYPE 3 , METB3D A
S. "y. SP3EL70C3EL, ELASTIC CENTER
REFERENCE FIGIEE 3

(6) 10.925 F = -27.U, F^ = -2.5 l b .

(W F = 71.2 + .275(2.5) = 71.9 l b .

+
(1) F = 31.lt + .525(71.9) + .132(2.5 = 3 1 . k 36.U + .7 = 68.5 l b .
.A.

Summary of Moments, l b . f t .

Point X-Y Plane Y-Z Plane X-Z Plane

d +68.50*5.7)-71.9(lU.6) -71.9(2.07)-2.50*5.7) -68.5(2.07)+2.5(ll*.6)

= +311*0 - 1050 = -II1.8 - 111* = -ll|2 + 36
= + 2090 =: -262 = -106*

e -68.5(1U.3)-71.9(11.6) -71.9(2.07)-2.5(ll*.3) -68.5(2.07)+2.5(ll*.6)

= -980 - 1050 = -1U8 - 36 = -Hi.2 + 36
+ -2030 = -181;* = -106"

f -68.5(1U.3) + 71.9(25.U) -7l.9(2.07)-2.5(ll*.3) -68.5(2.07)-2.5(25.U

=-980 + 1830 = -1U8 - 36 = -lh2 - 61

= +850" = -18)/ = -203

g -68.5(llj..3) + 71.9(25.1i) +71.9(17.93)-2.5(1U.7) +68.5 (17.93)-2.5 (25.1*)

= -980 + 1830 = 1290 - 36 = 1230 - 61

= +850"" = +125k = -1169

''Torsional moment.
 19

THEMX STRESS CALCUIATIONS

THREE-DIMENSIONAL BEND, TYPE 3 , METHOD A
S . W. SFIELVOGEL, ELASTIC CENTER
REFERENCE FIGURE 3

Point "d" has the maximum bending moment.

1 2
Way c a+ ,.,.. - ^ **/ ^ . 1 2 ( I . 6 U V ( 2 0 9 0 ) 2 + (262) 2
riax s at d
- b s no7C9
m

r. e 12(1.610(2,110) _ . n , n
hax# S
b 1|0.I# >3 PS:1,
 20

Stress Analysis for 6" Schedule 80, AST'M A-S3 Grade B Pipe
Design Conditions: 200 psig., $$)*?.

Type 1, Method B
nrinnell Co. (2),) /<?o'
Standardized
Shapes

5
= Z03(64Z)<o.<*ZS (1*4) 21*10* - ll^OOpsf,
IZO 1**10*
t. I

Figure 1*. Angle Bend, Type,, 1, Method B

Type 2, Method B
Orinnell Co. (25)
Standardized
Shapes

n
Sb= 3,100 psi.

AJJM: ^- c -"" 0, %^' n, >

fcrmcfL'
Figure 5. Unbalanced loop, Type 2, Method B
 21

Stress Analysis for 6" Schedule 80, ASTM A-53 Grade B Pipe
Design Conditions: 200 psig., 550*F.

Type 3, Method B.
Orinnell Co. (26)
Standardized Shapes l^4o'

ii

- :

27X/Q6xh4-0,3)HZ 6.J2S
ZSXIO* ~Z*

Figure 6. Three-Dimensional Bend, Type 3 , Method B

 22

Stress Analysis for 6" Schedule 80, ASTM A-53 Grade B Pipe
Design Conditions: 200 psig., 5$0*F.

Type 1, Method C
Tube Turns (27) Ja=IZO'

H^4Q,
r-
W^IZO, H/w^O.33, fs=&l, Ls =40+120*190
Lr-4.9} Dr=l0.87} f-~ 1G+.9//0.87* IS.2 li
-O
T - SS0J T c r 7<>, f = 5<SOOO
% = - >> - 3 6 0 0 0 X 2 . 1 27X/0* -IZ IQ0P$,\
B
~li*T;- 15.2 *29X/Q* '

Figure 7 . Angle Bend,- Type 1 , Method C

Type 2 , Method C
Tube Turns (28)
Graphical-Analytical

Ur^lo.S7} Lr^.9J U-IZO

U* 4o.o, H-40i W r 2 0 o
% = O.^O, % r /,O0, /r 0./S* it
tt=3S, i 5 r ZOO, hLr=l9.G
L*ZI>.Q} fLz fyzZO.t 3
X
A = , 7 ' I A^O-C^W*?'.
ir =
feh-96ooo, f^-Oi te = h - c = 96000
S - Eh U' ftfs _ ZTfiio 6 iZo 96QOO - 2000 pSi
c U ft Z9XI0* 40 ZO.Z
Figure 8. Unbalanced Loop, Type 2, Method C
 23

Stress Analysis for 6" Schedule 80, ASTN A-3 Grade B Pipe
Design Conditions: 200 p s i p . , >0*F.

Type 3 , Method C
Tube Turns (29)
Graphical A n a l y t i c a l
A

S?
i
(The Tube Turns Graphical-Analytical Method i s not apnlicable t o Type 3
Bend unless hypothetical anchors are placed between the two end anchors.
This r e s u l t s in an error of ID-^D'Z. Due to t h i s inaccuracy, the method
w i l l not be used in t h i s i n v e s t i p a t i o n ) .

Figure 9. Three -Dimensional I?end, Type 3* Method C

 2b

S t r e s s Analysis for 6" Schedule 80, t.STV ^ - ? 3 Oracle B Pipe

design Conditions; 2^>Opsig., ^<PCF.

Type 1 , Method T) oC = tcin"-jf=t6.30

National Valve
A. Mfg.Co.(30) ct= 13.3 cos otzlt.G
Graphical n-zo cos*c = i$.o

MxAct + Ba + CcifDa
A=%U9-0)(Z0)*I9Q ^B
C=<h>(i*.0)(t>0):S7.Q=I>. _ _
U*tZ.G(l90H90+&.0+StO) = 6Zt4
PzAEt VW8 M, P* = Pr/t= ffe I 120 X2 7X /Oj% %*3lffi = $M /*.
Sfes GPL . . - _.
4o.*9
Figure 1 0 . Angle Bend, Type 1, Method D

Type 2 , Method T)
N a t i o n a l Valve
& Mfg. Co.(31)
Graphical

neutral axis

*wMtt//y
////0//A
1L--A
Lr= IZO' f--- -3-,-i-;-

Figure 1 1 . Unbalanced l o o p , Type 2 , Method D

 2$

THERMAL STRESS GALCTJIATI ONS

UNBALANCED LOOP,THE 2 , METHOD D
NATIONAL VALVE AND WO, C O . , GRAPHICAL
REFERENCE FIGURE 1 1

Bending Moment = il = An + Bb + Cc + Dd + Ee + Fb + On

n = +
^c^d Xd = 20 (UP) + ( U P ) 2 = 800 + 1600 p
l

ld v
2^d + i^ 2(1157+120" ~Fo + 120 ~ '
d = kO - n = i|0 - 12 = 28.0

d - c = ^, c * d - 13.3 = 28.0 - 13.3 = 1U.7

e = c = ll|..7, n - b - ^ = h.O

b = n - h.O = 12.0 - U.O = 8.0

A - n = 66.7(12.0) = 790.h
3,

B = | n 2 = | (12) 2 = 72.0

C = | d2 = | (28.0) 2 = 392

D= / d = 20(28.0) = 560

E = C = 392

F = B = 72.0

G =Jh n = 33.3(12.0) = 399.6

Bending Moment = 79C.U&2.0) + 72.0(8.0) + 392(l) 4 .7)

+ 560(28.0) + 392(1)4.7) + 72.0(8.0)
+ 399.6(12.0)
Bending Moment = 9,185 + 576 + 5,762
+ 15,680 + 5,762 + 576 + 1,795
Bending Moment = U2,636 l b . f t .
 26

THERMAL STRESS CALCUIATIONS

UMBAIANCED LOOP, TYPE 2 , METHOD D
NATIONAL VALVE MK) MFG. CO., GRAPHTCAL
REFERENCE FIGURE 11

x, A^ I feP x 120 x 2? x 1 0 6 x L0.U9

i. p _ xUU
1728M l7?2b x lj2,63"6

P = 73.U l b s . T = 66.7 + ho + 20 + 1*0 + 33-3

P = 3L T = 200 f t .
c t
I
Pe . 7 3 - ^ 2 0 0 . 7 U ,5 l b E . t - 200 - k 1 ? ^ - 200 - 2.k - 197.6 f t .

Maximum Bending Stress occurs at points t and u, which are f a r t h e s t from

the n e u t r a l a x i s .

=
Maximum Bending Stress = .__ S,

S? _ _ ^,060 p s i
b UoTC^"
 27

Stress Analysis for 6" Schedule 80 ASTM A-^3, ^rade B Pipe,

Design Conditions: 200 p s i g . , $$0 # F.

Type 3, ><ethod D .. National Valve ft Mfg. Co.

Graphical (32)

/4.0' I z
?J?I.X>- -^i-4^ izfiX*^?*^
Figure 12, Three-Dimensional Bend, Type 3, Method D
 THERMAL STRESS CALCULATIONS
THREE-DIMENSIONAL BEND, TIRE 3 , METHOD D
NATIONAL VALVE AND MFG. CO., GRAPHICAL
REFERENCE FIGURE 12

(N)
Moment
Section hF &
A 1 / 2 ( 1 7 . 0 + ^ . 3 ) 2 6 . 0 = 290 13.5
B 1/2(5.3 + 8.0)1)4.0 = 9 3 . 1 8.0
C 1 / 2 ( 8 . 0 + 2 2 . 0 ) 2 0 . 0 = 300 l6.0
D 1 / 2 ( 2 2 . 0 + 8 . 0 ) 2 0 . 0 = 300 15.0
E 1 / 2 ( 8 . 0 + 1 9 . 0 ) 2 0 . 0 = 270 1^.0
F 1 / 2 ( 1 9 . 0 + 1 6 . 0 ) 8 . 0 = lliO 17.0
G l / 2 ( l i i . O + 1 7 . 0 ) 1 2 . 0 * 372 17.0

P = AE.
172 b M

P 3.12 x 27 x 1 0 6 x l;0.l+6 _ 7) , -.,

p = 7h 5 lhm
1728 (26,U,ii5 '

p =p
c I " 7U.S g j $ - 75.U lb.

S h = 6? _c R D
_ 6 ( 7 5 . 1 i )n?rTo
( 2 2 . 0 ) ( 6 . 6 2 5 ) _ -,l , o6 uJ ,u0 p s.i
b
I " U0.U9
 2

Variations of Results.From Table 1 the tabulated r e s u l t s indicate a

v a r i a t i o n of approximately 26 per cent between higji and low values for
the angle bend, and a maximum variation from the arithmetic average of
12 per c e n t .
For the unbalanced loop, the tabulated values show a maximum
v a r i a t i o n of 26 per cent from the arithmetic average, and a maximum
range i n values of $0 per cent.
Table 1 indicates t h a t two out of t h r e e values were within 30
per cent of t h e i r average, while the other value was more than twice
the average v a l u e ,
 30

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS

The chemical engineer has a v a i l a b l e a number of d i f f e r e n t methods

for use in determining pipe s t r e s s e s in piping. These methods have been

grouped into four basic typesr a n a l y t i c a l , standardized shapes, graphical-
a n a l y t i c a l , and graphical. Each of these methods produces a different
value for the s t r e s s e s . However, there is a. s i m i l a r i t y in the general
r e s u l t s obtained.

The scope of t h i s study is confined to a description, i l l u s t r a t i o n ,

and comparison of a t y p i c a l method for each type of a n a l y s i s , and t h e r e -
fore a detailed comparison between these methods on many piping configura-
tions in order to a s c e r t a i n the r e l a t i v e accuracy of each method has not
been made.

I t was observed t h a t the a n a l y t i c a l and graphical methods afforded

more opportunity for a close check t o be made of a l l components of the
a n a l y s i s , while the standardized shapes and g r a p h i c a l - a n a l y t i c a l methods
required the use of values which could not be r e a d i l y checked.
Of the methods used, the a n a l y t i c a l method required the longest
time to complete the a n a l y s i s . The graphical system was next in time
requirement, followed by g r a p h i c a l - a n a l y t i c a l and standardized shapes.
 31

CHAPTER VI

F'ECOMEmrcONS

I t i s recommended t h a t the designer of piping for chemical and

other i n d u s t r i a l plants become familiar with a t l e a s t one method of
s t r e s s analysis in each of the four types of analysis covered by t h i s
study, and use a t l e a s t two methods i n analyzing piping for thermal
s t r e s s e s in order to have a check on the r e s u l t s obtained. For example,
the a n a l y t i c a l method might be used as the f i r s t type, and the graphical
type could then be used to obtain a check on the r e s u l t s .

Considerable practice appears necessary in order for the designer

to gain a feeling of confidence in the use of such methods of a n a l y s i s .
When two methods have been used and a wide variation i n r e s u l t s has been
obtained, a t h i r d method should be used to more accurately ascertain the
most accurate value.
I t is also recommended t h a t adequate a t t e n t i o n be paid to the ac-
curate determination of s t r e s s e s i n piping i n the e a r l y phases of the
design of plants so t h a t t h i s important engineering work may be i n -
corporated i n a successful design.
 32

APFENDII

DERIVATION OF ANALYTICAL METHOD ( 1 2 )

A.Sign Conventions !
&

r.
Single Plane Moment Two Planes
General Rule: for one end of pipe bencf
fixed and one end freej a farce acting
I *
in the positive direction will move the
x -+ **"N' jvly+

free end in that direct/on.

B. Inertia:
Axis Moment of Inertia
I HI ! I III *HJ^M I t I "I! I I 1 1 1 * * ^
Product cf/nerti'q
X JL *
Y r*
Z i*
x-y x-z. y-z *x*, * x a , *ffc
tY
<fl
2.
&*
X-/4x/s
Y-Ax/5 x->ui5
Br
xytoes
I x - 1/ 2* J
> = ** lc*W l^M
 33

APPENHCX

DERIVATION OF JINALTTICAL *THOD ( c o n t i n u e d )

C. Force vs. Deflection:

Maxwell's Law of Reciprocity :
Deflection Ax produced by FK
-Deflection Ay by Fx in X direction I
*xx* Fb **x s A x ; r
x Z*v + fx&M = An
Deflection is proportional to I by use of
proportionality constant '/IJ

<kx = l*lP> f** V c l , , SKi,- l

**/up
Substituting:

F* J*/t% f fy hy/Ip = A x
% l*v/Zlp + F,, Wsip^Ay
Transforming and using sign conventions ;
FK lx - 5 TXi/ 4 x I>
-Fjfl^-hFyly - Ay Up

For Thrte- Dimensional Bends ;

Movements in X, Z directions ~ F* tyfy Fy J%,F2lxv
Equating Z movements and using sign''convenh'onsf1
#

Fx I * - Fa I x y - f* I * a = 4 X I F (X'direction)
- f x T x y ^ ^ I j r - ^ ^ * = *!t Elp (Y-direction)
- ^ *X* ' Fv In+r~ill= A* tip (Z-direction)
 3k

APPENDIX

Equations f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e v a l u e of f o r c e s fro::n t h e a n a l y t i c a l

method (12) a r e as f o l l o w s :

Table 2 . C a l c u l a t i o n of Forces
S i n g l e Plane Piping
Constant Cross S e c t i o n

^orce Direction Equation

I ( A l EI ) + I ( A y EI )
F Horizontal
X
I I - Ic
x y xy

Vertical I ( A y E I ) + I (AX E I )
y F = _ M.
2
y I I - I
x y xy

Table 3 . C a l c u l a t i o n of Forces
Three-Dimensional P i p i n g
Constant Cross S e c t i o n

Force Direction E q u a t i on

Horizontal Simultaneous equations

Horizontal FI - F I r - F I = A X SI
xx y xj z xz p

v Vertical -F xI xy + Fj I y - Z I yz = A
" ^y EI p

-F I - F I + F I = A Z EI
x xz, J yz z z p
 35

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. N a t i o n a l Valve and Mfg. C o . , Navco P i p i n g D a t a l o g , 7th e d .

P i t t s b u r g h , Pa.:: Company P u b l i c a t i o n , 1933, p . k*

2. Kellogg, The M. . C o . , Design of Piping Systems, 2nd e d .

New York: John Wiley & Sons, I n c . , 1956, p . 5 2 .

3. Shipman, . H., "Design of Steam Piping to Care for E x p a n s i o n , "

T r a n s . , ASHE, 5 l , FSP-51--52, ( 1 9 2 9 ) , p . IO-5.

li. Tingey, R. PI., "Method of C a l c u l a t i n g Thermal Expansion S t r e s s e s

i n P i p i n g , " Marine E n g i n e e r i n g and Shipping Age, 3 , No. k9 (193k)>

5. S p i e l v o g e l , S. . , and S. Kameros, " A p p l i c a t i o n of the E l a s t i c

P o i n t Theory t o Pipe S t r e s s C a l c u l a t i o n s , " T r a n s . , American
S o c i e t y of Mechanical E n g i n e e r s , 5 7 , No. k FSP - 5? - 10 (1935),
p p . 165-168.

6. S p i e l v o g e l , S. . , and S # Kameros, "A S i m p l i f i e d Method for Solving

Piping Problems," H e a t i n g , Piping and Air C o n d i t i o n i n g , 7 No. 9,
(1935) p p . I425-I128; 7 No, 1 0 / ( 1 9 3 5 ) , PP. hlk-hW.'

7. Hovgaard, W., " S t r e s s e s i n Three-Dimensional Pipe Bends," T r a n s .

ASMS, 5 7 , FSP - 57 - 1 2 , (1935), p p . U01-i|.76.

8. Walker, J . -H., and S. Crocker, P i p i n g Handbook, 3rd ed. New York:

McGraw-Hill Book C o . , I n c . , (1939), p . 6 1 3 .

9. Kellogg, The M. W. C o . , Design of Piping Systems, 1 s t e d . New York:

John Wiley & Sons (out of p r i n t ) , (19Ijl.!.

10. S p i e l v o g e l , S. "wi., Piping S t r e s s C a l c u l a t i o n s S i m p l i f i e d , New York:

McGraw-Hill Eook C o . , I n c . , (19l;3~), (out of p r i n t ) .

11. F i s h , M. J . , "Graphical Method," H e a t i n g , P i p i n g and Air C o n d i t i o n -

i n g , 18 No. 9, (19U6), p p . 8 3 - 8 8 .

12. S p i e l v o g e l , S. . , P i p i n g S t r e s s C a l c u l a t i o n s S i m p l i f i e d , 5 t h ed.
Lake S u c c e s s , N. Y . , (l95!H, 183 p p .

13. K e l l o g g , The M. . C o . , Design of P i p i n g Systems, 2nd e d . New York:

John Wiley & Sons, I n c . , 7 l 9 5 6 ) , 365 p p .

Hi. Walker, J . H. and S. Crocker, o p . c i t . , p . 652.

 36

15. Timoshenko, S., and G. H. ITacCullough, Elements of Strength of

Materials, 3rd ed. Mew York: D. Van Nostrand Co.," Inc., {190),
p". 5It.

16. Walker, J. H., and S. Crocker, op. cit, p. 590.

17. Kellogg, The M. W. Co., Design of Piping Systems, 2nd ed. New
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

18. Ibid., p. U8.

19. Spielvogel, S. W., Piping S t r e s s Calculations Simplified, Lake

Success, N. Y.: (19?5T7'p"~17U7

20. I b i d . , p . Ili9.

21. I b i d . , p . 2ii.

22. I b i d . , pp. Il|-li3.

23. I b i d . , pp. 66-75.

2U Grinnell Co., Piping Design, and. Engineering, Providence, R. I.,

(1951), p. 16."

25. Ibid., p. 19.

26. Ibid., p. 28.

27. Tube Turns Co., "Line Expansion and Flexibility," Bulletin TT 809,
Louisville, Ky.} (No date), pp. 2-11.

28. Ibid., p. Ua.

29. Ibid., p. 10.

30. National Valve and Mfg. Co., Na.vco Piping Datalog., 8th ed.
Pittsburgh, Pa.: (19^0), p. 171.

31. Ibid., p. 170.

32. Ibid., pp. 173-176.