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1. Natural or biological weed control agents are those of biological origin, which suppress or kill the
weeds without significantly affecting the desirable plants. They include insects, animals, fish (like
Chinese carp), snails, birds (like duck), microbes (fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, etc.), their toxic
products, and plants (parasite plants, competing plants) or their products.
2. Experiments on rizi-pisciculture, in India and other countries have shown that herbivorous
(macrophytophagous) and algivorous (microphytophagous) fish can be successfully used in the
control of weeds and algae in the rice fields. The fish found useful in this purpose are Puntius
javanicus in Asia, Tilapia rendalli and T. zilli in Africa, which are herbivorous and T. mossambica in
Asia, which are algivorous.
3. Animals, like pigs feed on the tubers of purple nutsedge (C. rotundus) in the off-season, in India. In
control of Ludwigia parviflora in rice fields, steel blue beetle (Haltica cyaamea) and larvae of Bactra
verutana were found to bore into shoots of Cyperus rotundus.
4. Plant pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sp. Aeschynomene was found effective for control
of Aeschynomene virginica and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sp. Jussiaceae for the control of
Ludwigia decurrens .Other Pathogens that have been shown potential as biological control agents for
controlling weeds in rice, include Drechslera monoceras for the control of Echinochloa crusgalli ,
Epicoccosorus nematosporus for the control of Echinochloa kuroguwa. Biocontrol of E. kuroguwai
has become possible by means of a plant pathogen, Epicoccosorus nematosporus, and of Scirpus
planculmis by a pathogen Alternaria sp.
Grasses:-
Broad leaved weeds:-
Sedges:-
Nursery :
Weed Management
Apply any one of the pre-emergence herbicides viz., Pretilachlor + safener 0.3kg/ha, on 3rd or
4th day after sowing to control weeds in the lowland nursery.
Keep a thin film of water and allow it to disappear.
Avoid drainage of water. This will control germinating weeds.
Butachlor 2.0 l/ha (or) Pendimethalin 2.5 l/ha (or) Anilophos 1.25 l/ha.
Herbicides should be applied on 8 DAS with thin layer of water in the field.
Mainfield:
Weed management
Use of rotary weeder from 15 DAT at 10 days interval. It saves labour for weeding, aerates
the soil and root zone, prolongs the root activity, and improves the grain filling though
efficient translocation and ultimately the grain yield.
Cultural practices like dual cropping of rice-azolla, and rice-green manure (described in wet
seeded rice section 2.5 & 2.6 of this chapter) reduces the weed infestation to a greater extent.
Summer ploughing and cultivation of irrigated dry crops during post-rainy periods reduces the
weed infestation.
Pre-emergence herbicides
If pre-emergence herbicide application is not done, hand weeding has to be done on 15th
DAT.
2,4-D sodium salt (Fernoxone 80% WP) 1.25 kg/ha dissolved in 625 litres with a high volume
sprayer, three weeks after transplanting or when the weeds are in 3 - 4 leaf stage.
Early post emergence application of Bispyripac sodium 50 g a.i. ha -1 (2-3 leaf stage of weeds)
+ Hand weeding on 45 DAT
Weed management:
Weed management:
Weed management:
Weed management
Using rotary weeder / Cono weeder / power operated two row weeder.
Moving the weeder with forward and backward motion to bury the weeds and as well to
aerate the soil at 7-10 days interval from 10-15 days after planting on either direction of the
rows and column.
Manual weeding is also essential to remove the weeds closer to rice root zone.
In rice -rice -fallow system intercropping of Sesbania rostrata control the weeds of rice field
along with incorporation of Sesbania rostrata in to the field and one hand weeding on 35 DAT.
Apply PE pretilachlor 0.45 kg ha-1 on 3 DAS + Roto cylindrical weeds + weeding on 45 DAS in
wet seeded rice have good control of weeds like Echinochloa crusgalli, Panicum
repens, Eclipta alba and Monochoria vaginalis.
Integrated weed management
Grasses:-
Broad leaved weeds:-
Sedges:-
WEED MANAGEMENT
Apply Atrazine @ 0.25 kg/ha as pre-emergence on 3-5 DAS using Backpack/ Knapsack/
Rocker sprayer fitted with a flat fan nozzle using 500 litres of water/ha followed by one hand
weeding on 30-35 DAS. (or)
Apply Atrazine @ 0.25 kg/ha as pre-emergence on 3-5 DAS followed by 2,4-D @ 1 kg/ha on
20-25 DAS, using Backpack/Knapsack/Rocker sprayer fitted with a flat fan nozzle using 500
litres of water/ha.
In line sown crop, apply PE Atrazine @ 0.25 kg/ha on 3-5 DAS followed by Twin Wheel hoe
weeder weeding on 30-35 DAS.
Apply herbicide when there is sufficient moisture in the soil.
Do not disturb the soil after herbicide application.
If pulse crop is to be raised as intercrop, do not use Atrazine. Spray Pendimethalin @0.75
kg/ha as pre emergence on 3-5 DAS.
Weed Management :: Groundnut
Major Weeds:-
Pre-sowing: Fluchloralin at 2.0 l/ha soil applied and incorporatede followed by light irrigation.
Pre-emergence: Fluchloralin 2.0 l/ha or Pendimethalin @ 3.3l/ha applied on third day after
sowing through flat fan nozzle with 500 l of water/ha followed by irrigation. After 35 - 40 days
one hand weeding may be given.
Spray Imazethapyr @ 750 ml/ha at 20-30 days after sowing based on weed density as post
emergence spray
If no herbicide is applied two hand hoeing and weeding are given on 20th and 40th day after
sowing.
Apply, PE Oxyfluorfen @ 200 g/ha on 3rd DAS and followed by one hand weeding on 40-45
DAS
Apply, PE Oxadiazon @ 0.8 kg ha-1 followed by one earthing up using hoes (or) working star
type weeder
Apply, PE Metalachlor @ 1.0 kg ha-1 followed by one hand weeding on 40 DAS.
Groundnut (Rainfed)
Among the pulses, pigeonpea is only crop that has characteristically slow initial growth rate making it
less competitive with weeds are not controlled in time.
For short season pigeonpea, the first 30 days appear critical, although this period may vary with the
genotype and time of sowing. One hand weeding at 45 DAS is not as effective as two weedings at 25
and 45 days after sowing. A number of herbicides have been found useful for pigeonpea systems.
The following PRE herbicides are very effectiv in minimizing weed problem;
Alachlor(1.0-1.5)
Metolachlor(1.0-1.5)
Pendimethalin(1.0-1.5)
Oxadiazon(0.75-1.0)
Prometryn(1.0)+ Fluchloralin (1.0)+ Paraquat(1.0)
Paraquat can be used to control weeds that have already germinated at the time of sowing. There
may not be any toxic effect to crop even when paraquat is applied 4 days after sowing. It is common
observation that herbicides are slightly inferior to hand weeding in pigeonpea. It is therefore,
suggested to give a hand weeding at 40 to 45 days after sowing. It is common observation that
herbicides are slightly inferior to hand weeding in pigeonpea. It is therefore, suggested to give a hand
weeding at 40 to 45 days after sowing in herbicide applied fields. Marginal superiority of Oxadiazon
and Pendimethalin herbicides has been indicated, since they are effectve for longer period than
others recommended for weed control in pigeonpea.