Brothers of the Shadows A Perspective on Conspiracies By Sevak Gulbekian Perpetual Peace Gore Vidal suggests that the American public has been conditioned to respond to the ‘word ‘conspiracy’ with a smirk and a ickle. Conspiracy, in other words, is for the nuts and the loners, and is not to be taken seriously. In this way, he argues, through the media’s association of the concept of conspiracy with fringe or extreme elements, the real conspirators go unnoticed. It is a vital point, and Vidal courageously chases and exposes genuine conspiracies by politicians, the FBI, lobbyists for the Tobacco companies, and so on. But the flip-side of the conspiracy coin is the proliferation of fanciful and fantastic theories that now crisscross the globe in seconds with the help of electronic media, The spread of the internet has democratized conspiracy theory. Millions of people now have the means to publish their own unique analysis of what is going on. A necessary consequence of this massive growth in personal digital publishing is that it is getting to be much more difficult to discern the truth and find the diamonds among the glittering plastic trinkets.) Amidst the more fantastic theories of UFOs and intergalactic lizards certain core themes do persistently reoccur in the mass of ‘conspiracy theory’ material now available. Principal among them is the idea that a shadowy elite is seeking to enslave humanity under the auspices of a single, centralized world government. The name of the mysterious ‘Illuminati’ is most often associated with such a group, although what is meant by it is frequently ill defined. The Illuminati are. supposedly. a cabal of top bankers, politicians and businessmen seeking to create the aforesaid all-powerful government. ‘What is the truth of all this? Given the nature of the subject matter, it is not possible to give any definitive answers. However, I would like to introduce an important perspective on the theme —one that has generally not been given serious consideration ~ that can potentially throw a lot of light on the question. This perspective is taken from the research of Rudolf Steiner. In the second part of the article I will try and relate Steiner’s ideas to themes commonly found in contemporary conspiracy research. So why Steiner? Because, if for no other reason, his, pronouncements and indications on practical areas of life have borne such remarkable fruit, testimony to which I: his book Perpetual War for are hundreds of Waldorf schools offering a new kind of education, farms successfully practicing bio-dynamics, clinics dispensing anthroposophic medicines, and so on. As a profound clairvoyant, Steiner claimed to investigate other dimensions of reality for insight into the human condition. His legacy is hundreds of volumes of published talks and written works on a wide range of themes. In contrast to that of many other spiritual teachers and gurus, the work arising from this legacy has shown itself to have practical applications in all areas of life. This in itself does not provide ultimate evidence for the truth of his work, but it does correspond to the biblical dictum ‘by their fruits ye shall know them” (Matthew 7:20). In 1916 and 1917, in the midst of the catastrophic First World War, Steiner gave a series of 25 lectures to 4 group of his followers who gathered together at their centre in Dornach in neutral Switzerland. These lectures, since translated and published in English.’ offer a unique reading of contemporary events. Behind the outer fagade of world affairs, suggested Steiner, the machinations of ‘occult groups or ‘brotherhoods’ were at work. Certain, Of these brotherhoods had wanted the Great War to take place and had manipulated events to bring it about. In doing this, they sought to protect the dominant economic position of the English-speaking world, and in turn to crush the ‘mediating’ role of Central European powers such as Germany, the Austro-Hungarian empire, and so on. ‘These occult brotherhoods — small groups of men who met together in ‘lodges’ and practised ceremonial magic as a means of achieving certain goals ~ originated from the English-speaking (Anglo-Saxon) world and were allied, in particular, with Anglo-American interests. Their New View 7Ene aim was to extend Anglo-American influence across the globe and to ensure the predomination of Anglo- American culture. Furthermore, they sought to extend its superiority into the distant future; essentially to ensure that the present state of affairs continues evermore, According to Steiner's research, human evolution goes through “great periods’ of development. During each of these periods, a particular people or nation grouping is, given the task of leading humanity, in a spiritual sense. Over the millennia, it has been the destiny of different peoples to bring specific qualities, in a benevolent way, to the whole of humanity. Particular periods of history are thus led by particular nations. This does not imply a form of political control or empire — and is neither a theory of national or racial superiority ~ but is referring to a spiritual form of authority. Steiner suggested that the Western world, and in particular the English-speaking peoples, have been given the task of getting to grips with the material world = of becoming comfortable on Earth and developing in harmony with it. In this specific sense, the West was to introduce a certain kind of (beneficial) materialism into human development. But this materialism was only meant to be developed up to a certain point. It was necessary in order for humans to become fully part of the earthly world, and to help introduce an individualized consciousness (the ‘I’). But beyond that it had the potential to be destructive. Materialism as a philosophy ~ which shuts out the possibility of soul and spirit ~ is retrogressive, asserted Steiner, and works as an evil in human evolution. ‘The Anglo-American brotherhoods that seek dominion over mankind know this, and hence today are deliberately sponsoring various kinds of materialism in the hope of halting and trapping humanity at the present stage of its development. They don’t want humans to progress beyond the present stage of immersion in the material world. In other words, they don’t want us to reconnect in a free way with our spiritual ‘I’, because they know that their grip over humanity would then be lost. Human progress is dependent on spiritual knowledge, and so the occult brotherhoods work against the acquiring of such knowledge. Steiner explained further that the brotherhoods were aware that the Slavic peoples were to be given the task of leadership on behalf of humanity during the next “great period’ of history. For this reason, the Anglo-American brotherhoods not only sought to dominate the present great period of human development, but - knowing that the Slavs had an important mission in the future = sought to gain control over the Slavic peoples (Russia in particular) in the present, in order to interfere with or even put a halt to their coming task. In this way, the Anglo-American brotherhoods could extend theit control over human development into the distant future. Steiner later claimed that the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, which led to the creation of the USSR and the 72-year cultural, intellectual, economic and political repression of New View 8 the populations of its various peoples, was masterminded and sponsored by these same brotherhoods as a means of controlling the region and its peoples.” What is the evidence for Steiner's analysis? Apart from anything else, itis interesting to note the present state of world affairs, and how — since Steiner spoke about this topic in 1916-17 - Anglo-American culture has come to dominate the globe in tandem with North American ‘economic and political influence (with the enthusiastic support of British politicians). The assertion of unilateral military action by the United States and Britain in the 2003 invasion of Iraq — in the face of almost total global opposition — was a good example of this formidable power at work. However, admittedly these observations do not provide ‘proof’ in a strict sense. Another source of evidence is the remarkable research of Prof. Carroll Quigley (1910-77) who wrote two substantial volumes, The Anglo-American Establishment (1949) and Tragedy and Hope (1966), on the secret network that emerged from the enterprise of Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902). Quigley characterized the power of this group through its influence in politics, culture and social life as ‘terrifying’. It is important to note that Quigley was no paranoid conspiracy theorist, but a respected Georgetown professor, and even the teacher of Bill Clinton. (How such networks might be related to the brotherhoods Steiner is talking about will be considered later.) Other authors have followed Quigley's lead and complemented his studies with contemporary ‘observations. A few have even related Steiner's ideas to Quigley’s research.‘ In this context, however, I would like to mention only two external ‘symptoms’, which, at the very least, offer circumstantial evidence for Steiner's diagnosis. In 1893, an Englishman called C.G. Harrison delivered ix lectures to the Berean Society, a mysterious group of “Christian esotericists’. A record of these lectures is to be found in Harrison’s remarkable book The Transcendental Universe. Little is known about the Berean Society or Harrison, although he wrote two further books in his lifetime. What is clear is that Harrison, who speaks in defense of the ‘high’ Church, had access to a phenomenal store of esoteric thought, and was furthermore privy 0 a certain amount of inside knowledge. In his second lecture, he spoke not only of ‘the next great European war’, but also of the ‘national character’ of the Slavic peoples with its ability to ‘enable them to carry out experiments in Socialism, political and economical, which would present innumerable difficulties in Western Europe’.’ Remember that these lectures were given in 1893 ~ 21 yeurs before the First World War and 24 years before the Bolshevik Revolution! ‘While Harrison claimed to be a “theoretical occultist’ as opposed to a ‘practical’ one— ice. he did not practice magic or ritual, with the implication that he was not a member of a ‘lodge’ himself ~ from his work itis evident that he represents an esoteric strain of thought which clearlydefends the English establishment. How could he know about the forthcoming War as well as the ‘experiments in Socialism’, which would take a grip on Russia and its surrounding states for most of the twentieth century? If he was not, as he claimed, a ‘practical occultist’ himself, itis reasonable to assume that he had contact with people ‘who were, and who had access to the malign plans of such secret groups referred to above. ‘The second significant piece of evidence which offers some backing for Steiner's claims of occult interference in world politics is to be found in a special edition of the satirical weekly The Truth, published at Christmas 1890. Under the heading “The Kaiser’s Dream’, the magazine featured a cartoon ee map of Europe together with a humorous _ commentary. Many observations can be made of the map, but the most pertinent point to note in relation to the above is that all the countries of Europe are shown as republics with the exception of Russia and its neighboring. states, over which are written the words “Russian Desert’. In addition, Germany is identified with the words “German Republics"! This map signifies not only a foreknowledge — similar to Harrison’s ~ of the fate of Russia to become a cultural aswell as an economic ‘desert’, but also of the future splitting of Germany into ‘republics’. ‘The magazine's editor, Henry Labouchére, was a Freemason. Was his remarkable foresight pure luck, or once again did he have some inside knowledge of future plans to shape the world? It is of course possible that the above examples are merely flukes and coincidences... but surely it is unlikely. Do these examples offer evidence for the existence of occult brotherhoods with pernicious plans for politica manipulation? We may never know for sure, but it is evident that Steiner's perspective offers much food for thought, and opens up important new vistas for understanding current world events. Veep Anata dr ‘The Kaiser's Dream inde eaces Wechecit Steiner and modern conspiracy research Having sketched out Steiner's picture of secret brotherhoods, I would like now to try and show how his perspective might relate to the more general conspiracy research referred to earlier. Many readers will be familiar with the Bilderberg conferences, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the Tri-Lateral Commission names commonly referred to on numerous websites and dozens of books on the themes of ‘world government’ conspiracies and the aforementioned Illuminati. For those not familiar with these organizations, very brief descriptions will be given. ‘The Council on Foreign Relations Founded in 1921, the Council is an independent think tank and pressure group that studies — in its own words — ‘the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other governments’, Essentially, it seeks to influence US foreign policy through high-level contacts with politicians and other power brokers, and by producing publications such as the influential magazine Foreign Affairs. ‘The Tri-Lateral Commission Founded in 1973, the Commission is often considered to be something of a ‘litle brother’ to the CFR. It was created in order to foster closer cooperation between Japan, Europe and North America, ie. the western industrial nations, and to further what today would be called “globalization”. Its ‘website now states that these regions have been enlarged to include ‘a Pacific Asian Group’, ‘a North American Group’, and a wider ‘Furopean Group’ including Fast European nations. Again, members consist of high-flying leaders in business, media, academia, public service, etc., from the three given regions, ‘The Bilderbergers Bilderberg takes its name from a Dutch hotel where, in the early 1950s, the first meeting took place under the aegis of Prince Bernhard. The yearly conferences are now held by informal rotation in countries of “the Atlantic community’ (according to The Economist). Guests — around 100 - include serving prime and cabinet ministers, central-bank governors, defence and other experts. They talk about issues of the day, but their New View 9ee eee thoughts may not be repeated outside the meetings and never are ~ supposedly to encourage frank discussion. Skull and Bones In addition to the above, the Yale University secret society ‘Skull and Bones is often identified by investigators in the conspiracy field. The latter has been thrown into the limelight recently due to the remarkable admission by both Republican and Democratic candidates of the 2004 American presidential election that they are members of the exclusive club. “The home of Skull and Bones on Yale campus; a stone building known as the “Tomb” As Skull and Bones is a tiny campus “fraternity” that invites only 15 undergraduates per year to join its ranks ~ and at any one time has only 800 or so living members ~ the fact that the two candidates for the pust of the most powerful position in the world are members of it (from a US population totalling some 293 million people) is quite incredible. It has long been known that George W. Bush is an initiate of Skull and Bones (as was his father George Bush and grandfather Prescott Sheldon Bush), but it has been something of a surprise to discover that the democratic candidate John Kerry is also a member, (Kerry laughed nervously when questioned about his and Bush's membership on television. "You both were ‘members of the Skull and Bones; what does that tell us?” he was asked. “Yup. Not much’, he replied.") According to the key researcher of Skull and Bones, ‘Antony C. Sutton, the society was first founded in 1833. Members, who meet secretly in its ‘tomb’ on the grounds of Yale, are sworn to secrecy about the group's rites and activities, In terms of its operations and philosophy, Sutton refers to the ‘dialectical’ process, derived from the philosopher Hegel, as being at the heart of Skull and Bones’ thinking. ‘The ‘Hegelian dialectic’ is an interpretive method in which the conflict between a proposition (‘thesis’) and its ‘antithesis’ is resolved at a higher level of truth (the “synthesis’). Sutton seeks to prove that the group has been instrumental in funding and New View 10 encouraging the development of both far-left and far-right political groupings — principally the Communists and ‘Nazis — in the twentieth century. From the point of view of Skull and Bones’ broad vision of human development, left and right are viewed as two parts of the Hegelian dialectical process; one political wing represents thesis while the other represents antithesis. These two aspects clash and fight each other, but eventually merge to form the synthesis. It is this synthesis, according to Sutton, that Skull and Bones is aiming to create. By controlling and manipulating the conflict, it controls the outcome (or synthesi It is relevant to note that Sutton first published his interpretation of Skull and Bones in the mid-1980s. At that time, he quoted the group as working for a ‘New World Order’ (NWO). This NWO was to be the product of the synthesis of political left and right. Shortly after the collapse of the Eastern-bloc communist countries, and the subsequent triumph of Western capitalism ~ a triumph that Francis Fukuyama rather prematurely referred to as “the end of history’ (in his 192 book of the same title) — George Bush began to use the specific phrase ‘New World Order’ in public speeches. ‘This fascinating fact offers some circumstantial evidence tor Sutton’s interpretation. Presuming that Sutton is correct, humanity is living right now within the period of ‘synthesis’ — the birth of a NWO led by the West, ‘and principally the United States. (And perhaps it will ‘come as no surprise to adherents of Sutton’s analysis that a new ‘dialectic’ has suddenly appeared to take place of the old, i.e. ‘Communism versus Capitalism’ is replaced with “The West versus Islamic Fundamentalism’,) Antony Sutton’s series of booklets on Skull and Bones begins with his Introduction to the Order,’ in which he points out that — despite their being commonly associated with conspiracy — organizations such as the Council on Foreign Relations and Trilateral Commission are ultimately not secret, and have lange public memberships. Likewise, it could be added that despite the fact the Bilderberg conferences are not open to the press or public, the names of the people who attend these yearly private meetings are not concealed. (The minutes of the 1999 meeting in Sintra were even leaked and published wholesale on the internet.) Lists of members of the above ‘groups can be found in Robert Gaylon Ross's Who's ‘Who of the Elite, Members of the Bilderbergs, Council on Foreign Relations, Trilateral Commission and Skull and Bones Society — and even on official websites and publications. Sutton suggests that organizations such as the above form a larger ‘outer circle’ of members, while societies such as Skull and Bones form part of an “inner circle’ of truly secret groupings, of which there is a still further ‘inner core’ — the ‘decision-making core’ — which remains completely out of public view, ie. truly hidden (or, literally, ‘occult’). This is a reasonable hypothesis. From what is known of the Bilderberg conferences,gg for example, it could be inferred that their essential motivation is to further the Western Capitalist Project through high-level networking and the grooming of young talent. To put it in another way, they are working for the economic, political and cultural domination of a globalized world by the West ~ in particular by the English-speaking peoples led by the United States and Britain. (The Bilderberg conferences include guests from NATO and European countries only and, although it has a Dutch influence, it is headed by North Americans.) Groups such as Skull and Bones (and Sutton deduces that there are others such as Scroll and Key) are not completely secret in that their existence and membership are well documented. According to Sutton these are the ‘core’, with similar objectives to the more public groups but with more focused and consciously held goals. John Kerry and George Bush, September 2004 In contradistinction to the Bilderbergers etc., true secret societies usually have elaborate initiation ceremonies and use ritual as a critical part of their mutual enterprise. The brotherhoods Steiner speaks of, as has already been mentioned, are also built on Masonic principles of secrecy and ritual, but are hidden from public view. In relation to the groups referred to above, it is quite possible that such genuinely occult brotherhoods form part of the inner, ‘decision-making’, core that Sutton refers to. Having said that, as Sutton points out most members of the larger groups would have no inkling of any subterfuge or conspiracy, and neither would many members of secret groups like Skull and Bones. This work would be left to the directors, or ‘initiates’, with esoteric knowledge and understanding. According to Steiner, the specific brotherhoods he is referring to not only have the conscious goal of maintaining Anglo- American domination, but complement this aim with real esoteric insight — i.e. an understanding of the evolutionary cycles referred to previously. The above sketch gives a framework for comprehending how public groups such as Bilderberg, more secret groups like Skull and Bones, and the occult societies that Steiner refers to might interact and co-exist. In this sense, the true occult societies would be the central inspiration for the larger intersecting groups of organizations with politically active individuals. To my mind, such a picture = with its complex of interrelations — is more convincing than the somewhat nebulous idea of a single all-powerful ‘Illuminati’, supposedly responsible for creating a massive conspiracy that controls every aspect of modern Ii Sevak Gulbekian is a publishing manager living in Forest Row, UK. This article is a revised and expanded chapter from his book In the Belly of the Beast, Holding Your ‘Own in Mass Culture, Hampton Roads, 2004 End Notes 1 Karma of Untuihfuiness Volumes 1 & MU, Rudolf Steiner Press, London, 1988 and 1992. 2 See further in Sergei O. Prokofieff, The Spiritual Origins of Eastern Europe and the Future Mysteries of the Holy Grail, Temple Lodge Publishing, London, 1993, 3. The Anglo-American Establishment was only published in 1981, Books in Focus, New York. Tragedy and Hope ‘was published in 1966 by Macmillan, New York. 4 See Terry Boardman, Mapping the Millennium, Behind the Plans of the New World Order, Temple Lodge Publishing, London, 1998, and Amnon Reuveni, Jn the Name of the ‘New World Order’, Manifestations of Decadent Powers in World Politics, Temple Lodge Publishing, London, 1996 5 The Transcendental Universe, ‘Temple Publishing, London, 193, pages 98-99 Lodge 6 Daily Telegraph, London, 12 July 2004. 7 The Secret Cult of the Order (1983), An Introduction to the Order (1984), How the Order Creates War and Revolution (1985), How the Order Controls Education (1985), Veritas Publishing Co., Aukland. A more recent and high profile study is Alexandra Robbins Secrets of the Tomb. Photograph on this page by Reuters. 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