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While more and more companies leverage business models in an innovation context to ensure the
economic viability of new products and services, their enormous potential to manage businesses
over their entire life cycle is widely ignored. That is astonishing because business models help to
design and maintain the business logic in a simple and unprecedented manner, whilst assisting to
bridge the gap between strategy and daily business.
16
BUSINESS MODEL
BASED MANAGEMENT
Bridging the Gap Between Strategy and
Daily Business
There is an enormous hype around busi- initial design of the business model. Very
ness models these days (Amarsy, 2015). few companies handle the implementa-
Whether discussing the internet giants or tion of new business models in an explicit
the blurring of entire industry segments, and systematic manner, and even less use
people always refer to new business mod- business models continuously to manage,
els as the key to their success. We under- optimize, and transform their current busi-
stand that differences in products and ser- nesses.
vices alone are not enough to explain the
success or failure of companies. The win- Challenges of Management Today
ners are those that embed their offerings While academics are looking at business
into the right business model. models from a strategic management per-
Consequently, many companies have fi- spective, practitioners are still using the
nally started to manage business model traditional mechanisms to manage, mon-
innovation with the same level of profes- itor, control, or optimize (Teece, 2010; Hal-
sionalism as product or process innova- ecker and Hartmann, 2014). A recent re-
tion. If done right, they utilize the capa- port reveals that the ten most used tools
bility of business models to design the for management are based on concepts
appropriate business logic in a very un- written 2040 years ago (Rigby and Bi-
derstandable and tangible manner that is lodeau, 2015). While 74% of the CEOs
to a large extent a craft rather than an art worldwide are concerned with new en-
(Doll and Eisert, 2014). trants disrupting their business model,
However, the enthusiasm about business and 44% do not feel comfortable with their
model innovation mostly stops after the own business model (KPMG, 2015), most
of them have not yet started to continu- the focus is mainly on efficiency gains.
ously manage and transform their portfo- However, if the existing and acquired
lio of businesses using the business mod- business models would be mutually opti-
el concept as the central framework. mized, businesses could achieve signifi-
If we take the optimization of business- cantly better results (see box 1).
es as an example, most initiatives focus Even worse, strategy and daily business
on operational excellence and efficiency are loosely coupled and develop indepen-
only. These initiatives run the risk of op- dently from one another. To a large extent,
timizing only parts of the business in an this is due to a strategy formulation that is
isolated manner, which do not lead to an too high-level, too vague, and too ambigu-
overall improvement. This is where busi- ous. People struggle to make the strategy
ness models can make a difference (see and the corresponding business logic as
box 1). Understanding that optimization tangible and concrete as managers and
activities are an effort to re-design and employees alike would like it to be. Con-
re-implement the overall business logic sequently, there is no consistent and com-
would ensure a more comprehensive and monly accepted management and deci-
balanced approach. It supports ambitious sion framework. Overall, todays situation
results that go beyond operational excel- is characterized by a striking inability to
lence to increased competitive advantage bridge the gap between strategy and dai-
or organizational agility. ly business. There seems to be a need for
The same happens on the portfolio man- a new approach and it is the right time to
18 agement level. If we take mergers as an put business models in the center of it.
example, the typical post-merger process
is focusing on pure integration of the ac- Business Model Based Management
quired businesses assuming that this is Wouldnt it be logical to leverage the
sufficient to leverage synergies. Again, strengths of business models over the
(BM) is the logical next step after BMDI. Applying the optimization workshop to a successful business
such as SuccessFactors helped us rethink our current business and figure out our core strengths. The
term rethink is broadly being used here to really mean creatively challenge, innovate and confirm the
key priorities that should be pursued in our business activities with SAP SuccessFactors partnerships.
Utilizing portfolio optimization for SAP business models should prove to be extremely helpful in order
to simplify mergers and acquisitions at SAP and smooth the integration process of acquired business
models (such as SuccessFactors). I think there is great potential in the new business model based man-
agement services for our colleagues at SAP - and definitely our customers.
Natasha Loeffler-Little, Senior Director, Global Business Development, Cloud Global Partner Operations
Exit
Management and
Optimization
Adaptation and 19
Continuous Disruption
Improvement
entire business life cycle and throughout the new business idea into an appropri- Fig. 1: The
the entire company? We believe that this ate business model, the initial implemen- business model
could bring a new level of consistency and tation phase helps launch commercializa- life cycle (business
simplification to management on all levels tion. The implementation ends when the model canvas adapt-
of the corporation. We call this new ap- expected volume of the business and oth- ed from Business
proach to management Business Model er KPIs are reached that justify a hand- Model Foundry AG/
Based Management or simply put (BM). over to the regular operation of the busi- CC BYSA 3.0)
If companies grasp the importance of the ness. The second phase consists of the
business models underlying their busi- management and continuous optimiza-
nesses, the foundation for (BM) is al- tion of the implemented business model
ready laid. In many cases, companies supported by comprehensive monitoring.
run various businesses in different stag- Once there is a valid reason to optimize
es in parallel, increasing the complexity the business model, activities are started
of their management and the need for a accordingly. These activities are direct-
(BM) approach. This approach leverag- ed at conquering upcoming threats and
es business models strengths to provide seizing new opportunities. These activi-
a structured, consistent, and simplified ties consist of a re-design, re-implemen-
approach. These aspects are captured in tation, and execution of the modified busi-
the five principles of (BM) (see box 2 on ness model until the next optimization is
the next page). required. Due to the highly dynamic and
Understandably, (BM) has to support sometimes disruptive environment, at
all phases of the life cycle of a business. one point, optimization is no longer suffi-
The first phase deals with the initial busi- cient and the business needs to be fun-
ness model design and implementation. damentally transformed or completely
While the initial design helps to embed abandoned (see figure 1).
e.g., Corporate
Business Model
Portfolio Level
Level
Portfolio
Management and
Optimization
e.g., (S)BU
Level
Level
Business Model Management and
Optimization 21
If a company runs more than one busi- approach needs to be adapted accord- Fig. 2: The disci-
ness, it also needs to manage and opti- ingly. plines of (BM):
mize its portfolio of businesses over time. With its five principles that form a consis- Design and Im-
Therefore, (BM) supports the re-design tent understanding of business models as plementation, Man-
and re-implementation of the portfolio the primary management framework and agement and Opti-
dealing with various business models in the three disciplines that support the en- mization, Portfolio
parallel. This is about an ongoing optimi- tire business life cycle based on a com- Management and
zation of the portfolio of businesses deriv- mon underlying approach, (BM) is a new Optimization
ing the appropriate strategy for each busi- way of management that addresses the
ness and ensuring that all synergies are short comings of existing concepts.
fully leveraged.
As a result, (BM) supports both the man- Business Model Design and Imple-
agement of the entire life cycle of each in- mentation
dividual business as well as the manage- Designing a business model from scratch
ment of the portfolio of businesses on all can be a challenging task, but given the
levels of the entire corporation. This is re- right tools and methods, you can devel-
flected in the three disciplines of (BM), op and evaluate ideas in an elaborate way
which are closely linked with each other that gives you the security to have con-
as depicted in figure 2. sidered all crucial aspects. The afore-
To provide a suitable, common, and con- mentioned BMDI approach is an intuitive
sistent underlying approach for these methodology used to develop and vali-
disciplines, we use the Business Model date business models (see box 3 on the
Development and Innovation (BMDI) ap- next page).
proach as the foundation for (BM) (see The implementation phase is concerned
figure 3 on the next page). However, each with scaling the business, more specif-
discipline has a different context and a dif- ically, how to get from the first custom-
ferent set of objectives, so the underlying er to the targeted market share. Hence,
Time
stages. For platform or marketplac- insights, which is why it makes them the
es, when deciding on your growth hack perfect tool for monitoring and controlling
strategy, special consideration needs your execution.
to be given to the network effects that can
be exploited by reaching a critical mass. Business Model Management and
For example, in the first growth stage of Optimization
platforms, special focus needs to be giv- After the implementation of a new busi-
en to solving the chicken and egg prob- ness model is finalized, the regular
lem. That is, when you want to address management of a business starts. In this
two segments that are interested in inter- phase, it is important that the business
acting, but neither one perceives value in model is used as the management frame-
being the first to join. work to make sure that all business deci-
Overall, you need to work out the details sions are taken from the perspective of
of your implementation roadmap to cov- the overarching business logic. To find out
er the different stages of growth. For this, whether the business is running accord-
you need to define a timeline subdivid- ing to the expectations and to understand
ed into several phases guiding your road- how the business model is performing,
map. For each phase, you have to deter- one should (1) frequently monitor multiple
mine certain KPIs allowing you to monitor indicators, both internal and external, (2)
and control your progress. KPIs can be identify gaps between the designed and
manifold, such as reaching the first 50 cus- the running business model, and (3) pro-
tomers, 5% market share, and establishing vide the necessary improvements. 23
a reliable business network. Each phase That is why the management of a busi-
is described with a detailed project plan, ness model always involves its optimiza-
business case, and a business model can- tion. Under the term optimization, we re-
vas that explains the business logic in the fer to the reaction to a set of internal and
respective phase. Here, you should imple-
ment the growth hacks chosen for the cor-
responding phase. You should also con-
Four optimization themes were
sider adaptations in the business model identified in our research: Nurture
canvas. In the initial canvas, you may not
start addressing all planned customer seg-
and extend, reduce and get lean,
ments or, you might not offer the full value seize and expand, and protect
proposition from the beginning and start
with offering parts of the product or ser- and sustain.
vice. Summing up all stages, you should
achieve the final business model where external dynamics related to an imple-
you have reached all customers, offer the mented business model subsuming all ef-
full value proposition, collaborate with all forts for adaptations and improvements.
planned partners, and more. In general, optimization activities can ei-
While you are implementing your busi- ther be a reaction to a gap that was deter-
ness model you can always compare the mined (e.g., a regular analysis of the cus-
as-is situation with the expectations for tomer requirements might indicate that a
the respective phase. If gaps occur, you readjustment of the value proposition is
can always adapt your business model required) or, they could be triggered rath-
stages and project plans to any insights er proactively when the responsible man-
found along the way. This is the beau- agers see a threat or an opportunity (e.g.,
ty of BMDI and business models in gen- digital technologies provide new options
eral; they represent dynamic tools that for companies and their competitors). This
follow an iterative process. They should requires an understanding that a business
always reflect your current knowledge and model is a transformational rather than a
static concept (Demil and Lecocq, 2010). or carried out in a more efficient way (e.g.,
Through our research, we identified four by somebody else) in order to get lean.
optimization themes that can be applied Seize and Expand. The underlying as-
to different contexts. sumption for this type of optimization is
Nurture and Extend. The underly- that the environment provides frequent
ing assumption for this type of optimiza- opportunities that can be seized in or-
tion is that there are just a few elements der to expand your own competitive posi-
in your business model that are crucial for tion. These opportunities can arise due to
its success. Also, that the systematic ad- changes in the environment, in particular
vancement of these elements would sig- on the customer side, the competitor side,
nificantly contribute to competitive ad- and in regards to strategic partners. While
vantages and to an improved financial these changes might simply occur, there
performance. We call these elements may be changes that one can proactive-
ly trigger in his or her own favor. What you
Portfolio management should shape want to accomplish in a Seize and Ex-
pand optimization is to comprehensive-
the future by creating synergies, ly identify and seize opportunities in order
strengths, and opportunities that can to expand your footprint, i.e., to increase
your market share or to enter new mar-
be leveraged in the long run. kets. That is why this type of iteration is of
particular interest if you pursue a growth
24 core assets that could be resources, ac- strategy.
tivities, processes, capabilities, compe- Protect and Sustain. Here, the assump-
tencies, values, standards, and more. tion is that threats frequently arise in the
This type of optimization is about identi- external environment that can endan-
fying these core assets, improving their ger the companys competitive position
utilization directly, or, if required, nurtur- and long-term success. Thus, you have
ing them and extending their usage as to protect your business to make it sus-
they grow. tainable. These threats can arise due to
Reduce and Get Lean. This type of op- disregarding certain aspects during the
timization carries the assumption that initial business model design and imple-
there are several elements in your busi- mentation phase or they occur due to
ness model that are unvital for its suc- changes in the environment, in particular
cess. Moreover, that a systematic on the customer or competitor side. Be-
reduction of these elements would sig- sides quick and adequate responses to
nificantly contribute to efficiency and re- changes, this type of optimization is main-
duced costs. In the context of all types of ly about proactive measures to make a
lean approaches, these elements are at business model less vulnerable and more
least to some extent considered as waste sustainable.
because they do not adequately contrib-
ute to the value that is created, delivered, Business Model Portfolio Manage-
and captured. We call these elements dis- ment and Optimization
pensable assets. These elements could The objective of business model portfolio
be resources (in the broadest possible management and optimization is to im-
sense), activities, or something in be- plement and reflect the corporate strate-
tween. Using the business model as a ref- gy by the creation, maintenance, and op-
erence, it becomes clear what adds value timization of a portfolio of businesses. It
and what adds waste. This type of optimi- supports the management of a portfolio
zation is about identifying these dispens- of business models on the corporate lev-
able assets, and systematically assess- el with the goal of an ongoing optimiza-
ing if they could be eliminated, reduced, tion of the composition and alignment of
the used business models. The key idea agement and optimization and the other
behind any portfolio is to make decisions disciplines is only one-way, which is top-
in relation to other decisions (Bea and down. In contrast, all levels should be ac-
Haas, 2013). tively involved in the strategy process.
Business model portfolio manage- This is true for the entire process from
ment and optimization becomes rele- triggering and creating initiatives, to their
vant to achieving economic success in a
sustained manner when a company is Leveraging synergies can lead to
running more than one interrelated busi-
ness. Rooted in growth aspirations and higher efficiency and lower costs as
diversification strategies, active portfolio well as to a better competitive
management supports solving the prob-
lems of growing, multi-business firms differentiation.
(Untiedt, Nippa, and Pidun, 2012). A re-
cent survey has shown that portfolio man- selection and implementation. Therefore,
agement is eminently important and rel- in the same way the corporate level influ-
evant with two-thirds of the interviewed ences the development of business mod-
companies applying portfolio manage- els on the subordinate levels, these levels
ment techniques regularly (BCG, 2011). should be empowered and encouraged to
Typical triggers for portfolio optimization contribute to the optimization of the over-
are founded in the attempt to leverage ex- all strategy and portfolio development on
isting strengths, opportunities, or syner- the corporate level. 25
gies. Nevertheless, portfolio management Similar to optimization activities on the
should also shape the future by creating single business model level, optimiza-
synergies, strengths, and opportunities tion activities on the portfolio level contain
that can be leveraged in the long run. widespread themes that can be re-used
Because business model portfolio man- in various contexts, such as the following.
agement and optimization is the only dis- Leverage and Optimize. The underlying
cipline within (BM) that takes place on the assumption for this type of optimization
corporate level, it has a distinguished role. is that there are potential synergies with-
It acts as the link between the strategy, in the portfolio that could be leveraged
corporate level, and subordinate level(s). to optimize the overall economic perfor-
This is particularly important when the mance. Leveraging synergies can lead to
decisions need to be made: higher efficiency and lower costs as well
to develop a new business model or as to a better competitive differentiation.
to implement a newly developed busi-
ness model
to adjust running business models to
Optimization activities on the
changes in the corporate strategy portfolio level include the following:
to significantly invest into a business
model Leverage and optimize; restructure
to phase out a business or to start the and grow; cooperate and strengthen;
transformation of a business model with
the goal of the renewal of the business and transform and renew.
to sell, merge, or acquire a business
to prioritize key elements within the However, leveraging synergies can also
business models lead to dependencies and conflicts. Thus,
These decisions can be seen as trig- this type of iteration is ultimately about
gers for activities on the subordinate lev- finding an optimal trade-off between syn-
el. However, it would be wrong to assume ergy and autonomy between the differ-
that the linkage between portfolio man- ent businesses within the portfolio and be-
tween the corporate and the subordinate ferent directions and in various ways, the
levels. While the former is often called hori- potential growth of a business is highly
zontal optimization, the latter is sometimes dependent on how the responsible man-
called vertical optimization. agement team is shaping its future. This
We call the elements where synergies is why the team should leverage existing
could be leveraged synergy assets. The market data and stress its creativity and
first part of the analysis is to identify the ability to influence future developments.
potential "synergy assets". According Cooperate and Strengthen. The un-
to Porter (2010), these include tangible derlying assumption for this type of opti-
(e.g., machines), intangible (e.g., know- mization is that various types of strategic
how), and competitive interrelations (e.g., partnerships on the corporate or subor-
aligned activities regarding a joint com- dinate levels can strengthen the compa-
petitor). These assets cannot just lead to ny in different dimensions. Compared to
efficiency gains by centralizing or inte- an organic improvement of the competi-
grating activities that different businesses tive position and organic growth, partner-
could do together, but also to competitive ships provide specific benefits that justify
advantages by complementing the capa- focusing on them in a separate type of op-
bilities of one business with those that an- timization. Cooperation is an instrument
other business could provide. that should be used frequently due to the
Restructure and Grow. For this type of enormous scope of potential applications.
optimization, the underlying assumption You should focus on the desired benefits
26 is that the structure of the portfolio could as a starting point, which are often clus-
be improved in order to grow in a well- tered into the following areas (Welge and
balanced manner according to the cor- Al-Laham, 2011):
porate objectives. Thus, this type of opti- Resources: can provide access to ex-
mization is ultimately about deriving the ternal resources and competencies,
right strategic direction for all business- e.g., specific expertise.
Time: provides almost immediate ac-
cess to new assets.
The desired benefits should be the Costs: opportunity to share expensive
focus, which are clustered in areas resources or to better utilize capacities.
Markets: can provide access to markets
such as time, costs, markets, and that could not be reached beforehand
more. and a joint offering might be significantly
more attractive.
es of the portfolio in scope from a corpo- Risks: can be the basis to share risks
rate perspective. In most cases, growth is e.g., for expensive R&D activities.
the dominant objective while balance (in Reputation: may allow partners to ben-
regards to: lower vs. higher risk and focus efit from the image and reputation of the
vs. diversification) is rather an enabler for partner.
sustainable growth. Market power: can result in an increas-
When we look into the objective of ing market power e.g., to carry through
growth, of course companies can lever- industry standards.
age traditional portfolio management When checking the business mod-
techniques such as the BCG- or McKin- els in scope, the task is to deter-
sey-Matrix. However, from a business mine where and how a partner could
model perspective it makes sense to as- make a difference and if a cooperation
sess the respective growth potential in a would result in significant advantages.
more holistic manner for the established Transform and Renew. Here the as-
and evolving businesses. Because a sumption is that there is both the need
business can be developed to go into dif- (at least in sporadic, irregular intervals)
Key Learnings
Service
AUTHORS
Dr. Uli Eisert is heading the Research and Innovation Hub in St. Gallen, Switzer-
land. The Hub closely collaborates with the University of St. Gallen and is part of the
global Innovation Center Network of SAP. Mr. Eisert has worked in the field of busi-
ness models for over eight years and has done multiple projects, workshops, and
trainings. He has published various journal papers and articles on innovation man-
agement and business model innovation. Before his current position, he was
heading the global PLM solution management at SAP and was working as a con-
sultant and project manager for SAP implementations. He holds degrees in me-
chanical and industrial engineering as well as a PhD in business administration.
uli.eisert[at]sap.com
Julia Doll is a senior project lead for business model innovation at the SAP Research
and Innovation Hub in St. Gallen, Switzerland. She has been working on the concepts
of business model innovation and business model based management. Ms. Doll has
coached many projects in business model innovation, implementation, and optimiza-
tion. Since she started working at SAP in 2007, she has worked on several projects
around the globe. Ms. Doll holds a Master of Science from the University of Mannheim,
Germany and a Master of Business from the University of Queensland, Australia.
ju.doll[at]sap.com
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