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Online TDM Encyclopedia

Transportation Demand Management (TDM, also called Mobility
Management) is a general term for strategies that result in more efficient use of
transportation resources. This Encyclopedia is a comprehensive source of
information about innovative management solutions to transportation
problems. It provides detailed information on dozens of demand management
strategies, plus general information on TDM planning and evaluation techniques. It
is produced by the Victoria Transport Policy Institute to increase
understanding and implementation of TDM.

Contents
Overview
Strategies To Achieve Specific Objectives
Best Strategies For Various Organizations and Stakeholder Groups
TDM Strategies
Improved Transport Options
Incentives To Use Alternative Modes and Reduce Driving
Parking and Land Use Management
Policy And Institutional Reforms
TDM Programs and Program Support
TDM Planning and Evaluation
Reference Information

Overview
These chapters describe this Encyclopedia and TDM.

About This Encyclopedia Describes the Encyclopedia and how to use it.

Why Manage Transportation? Discusses reasons to apply transportation demand management.

Success Stories Describes successful TDM programs.

Win-Win Transportation Solutions Describes TDM strategies that provide multiple economic, social and
environmental benefits.

Strategies To Achieve Specific Objectives

These chapters describe the best strategies for achieving specific objectives.

Congestion Reduction Strategies for reducing traffic congestion.

Energy Conservation and Emission Strategies for reducing vehicle energy consumption and pollution
Reductions emissions.

Health and Fitness Strategies that improve public fitness and health through physical
activity.

Improving Equity Strategies that help achieve equity objectives.

Livability Strategies Strategies that improve local environmental quality as experiened by

people who live, work and visit in a community.

Parking Solutions Solutions to parking problems.

Rural Community TDM Strategies that can help improve transportation in lower-density, rural
areas.

Safety Strategies Strategies for improving traffic safety and public health.

Transportation Affordability Describes TDM strategies that increase transportation affordability.

Organizations and Stakeholder Groups
These chapters identify the best TDM strategies for implementation by various organizations and stakeholder
groups.

Individual Actions for Efficient Actions that people can take to increase transport system efficiency.
Transport

Business Actions for Efficient Actions that businesses can take to increase transport system
Transport efficiency in their roles as employers, developers, building operators
and service providers.

Business Association Actions for Actions that organizations such as chambers of commerce and
Efficient Transport transportation management associations, can take to increase
transport system efficiency.

Community Organization Actions for Actions that community and non-profit organizations can take to
Efficient Transport increase transport system efficiency.

Campus Actions for Efficient Actions that campus managers can take to increase transport system
Transport efficiency.

Municipal Actions for Efficient Actions that municipal governments can take to increase transport
Transport system efficiency.

Regional Government Actions for Actions that regional governments can take to increase transport
Efficient Transport system efficiency.

State/Provincial Actions for Efficient Actions that state and provincial governments can take to increase
Transport transport system efficiency.

Federal Actions for Efficient Transport Actions that federal governments can take to increase transport system
efficiency.

Transportation Agency Actions for Actions that transportation agencies can take to increase transport
Efficient Transport system efficiency.

TDM Summary Table This table rates all TDM strategies based on their appropriateness for
implementation by various organizations and stakeholder groups.

TDM Strategies
These chapters describe specific TDM strategies. They are divided into major categories according to how they
affect travel.

Improved Transport Options

Address Security Concerns Strategies for improving personal security.

Alternative Work Schedules Flextime, Compressed Work Week (CWW), and staggered shifts.

Bus Rapid Transit Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems provide high quality bus service on
busy urban corridors.

Cycling Improvements Strategies for improving bicycle transport.

Bike/Transit Integration Ways to integrate bicycling and public transit.

Carsharing Vehicle rental services that substitute for private vehicle ownership.

Flextime Flexible daily work schedules.

Guaranteed Ride Home An occasional subsidized ride home for commuters who use alternative
modes.

Individual Actions for Efficient Actions that individuals can take to increase transport system
Transport efficiency.

Light Rail Transit Light Rail Transit (LRT) systems provide convenient local transit service
on busy urban corridors.

Mobility Hubs Transportation terminals designed to integrate diverse travel options

and support services.

Nonmotorized Planning Planning for walking, cycling, and their variants.

Nonmotorized Facility Management Best practices for managing nonmotorized facilities such as walkways,
 sidewalks and paths.

Pedways Indoor urban walking networks that connect buildings and

transportation terminals.

Public Bike Systems Automated bicycle rental systems designed to provide efficient mobility
for short, utilitarian urban trips.

Ridesharing Encouraging carpooling and vanpooling.

Shared Mobility Services Ridehailing, ridesharing, carsharing and bikesharing services.

Shuttle Services Shuttle buses, jitneys and free transit zones.

Small Wheeled Transport Accommodating wheeled luggage, skates, scooters and handcarts.

Transit Station Improvements Describes ways to improve public transit stop and station waiting
conditions.

Taxi Service Improvements Strategies for improving taxi services.

Telework (Telecommuting, Distance- Use of telecommunications as a substitute for physical travel.

Learning, etc.)

Traffic Calming Roadway designs that reduce vehicle traffic speeds and volumes.

Transit Improvements Strategies for improving public transit services.

Transit Examples Describes successful transit programs.

Universal Design (Barrier Free Transport systems that accommodate all users, including people with
Planning) disabilities and other special needs

Walkability Improvements Strategies for improving walking conditions.

Incentives To Use Alternative Modes and Reduce Driving

Carbon Taxes Special taxes based on fuel carbon content intended to encourage
energy conservation and climate change emission reductions.

Commuter Financial Incentives Parking cash out, travel allowance, transit and rideshare benefits.

Congestion Pricing Variable road pricing used to reduce peak-period vehicle trips.

Complete Streets Designing Roads For Diverse Modes, Users and Activities

Distance-Based Pricing Vehicle fees and taxes based on a vehicles mileage.

Fuel Taxes Increasing fuel taxes to achieve TDM objectives.

HOV (High Occupant Vehicle) Priority Strategies that give transit and rideshare vehicles priority over other
traffic.

Multi-Modal Navigation Tools Describes wayfinding resources and other multi-modal navigation tools.

Parking Pricing Charging motorists directly for parking.

Pay-As-You-Drive Insurance Converting vehicle insurance premiums into distance-based fees.

Road Pricing Congestion pricing, value pricing, road tolls and HOT lanes.

Road Space Reallocation Roadway design and management practices that favor efficient modes.

Speed Reductions Strategies to reduce traffic speeds.

Transit Encouragement Strategies for encouraging public transit use.

Vehicle Use Restrictions Limiting vehicle traffic at a particular time and place.

Walking And Cycling Encouragement Strategies for encouraging nonmotorized transportation.

Parking and Land Use Management

Bicycle Parking Bicycle racks, lockers and changing facilities.

Car-Free Planning Strategies to reduce automobile travel at particular times and places,
and create pedestrian oriented streets.

Strong Commercial Centers Creating vibrant downtowns, business districts, urban villages, and
other mixed-use activity centers.

Connectivity Creating more connected roadway and path networks.

Land Use Density and Clustering Locating common destinations close together to increase accessibility
and transport diversity.

Location Efficient Development Development that maximizes accessibility and affordability.

New Urbanism Accessible, livable community design.

Parking Cost, Pricing and Revenue Excel spreadsheet calculates parking facility costs, prices and revenue.
Calculator

Parking Management Strategies for more efficient use of parking.

Parking Management: Strategies, This report provides comprehensive guidance on parking management
Evaluation and Planning - (PDF format).
Comprehensive

Parking Pricing Charging motorists directly for using parking facilities.

Parking Solutions Comprehensive menu of solutions to parking problems.

Parking Evaluation Guidelines for evaluating parking problems and solutions.

Shared Parking Sharing parking facilities among multiple users.

Smart Growth Land use practices to create more accessibile, efficient and livable
communities.

Smart Growth Reforms Policy and planning reforms that encourage more accessible land use
development.

Smart Growth Reforms - This report provides detailed information on Smart Growth policy and
Comprehensive planning reforms. (PDF Format)

Streetscape Improvements Various ways to improve urban street design.

Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Using transit stations as a catalyst to create more livable communities.

Land Use Impacts on Transport Describes how land use factors such as density, mix and regional
accessibility affect travel behavior.

Land Use Impacts on Transport - This comprehensive report provides detailed information on how land
Comprehensive use factors affect travel behavior. (PDF Format)

Policy And Institutional Reforms

Asset Management Policies and programs to preserve the value of assets such as roadways
and parking facilities.

Car-Free Planning Strategies to reduce driving at particular times and places.

Change Management Ways to build support for institutional change.

Comprehensive Market Reforms Policy changes that result in more efficient transport pricing.

Context Sensitive Design Flexible design requirements to reflect community values.

Contingency-Based Planning Planning that deals with uncertainly by identifying solutions to potential
future problems.

Institutional Reforms Creating organizations that support efficient transport.

Least Cost Planning Creating an unbiased framework for transport planning.

Operations and Management Programs that encourage more efficient use of existing roadway
Programs systems.

Prioritizing Transportation Principles for prioritizing transportation activities and investments.

Regulatory Reform Policy changes to encourage transport service competition, innovation

and efficiency.

TDM Programs and Program Support

Access Management Improved coordination between roadway design and land use.

Aviation Transport Management Applying TDM to air transport.

Campus Transport Management Transport management for colleges, universities and other large
facilities.

Data Collection and Surveys Data collection for TDM program planning and evaluation.
Commute Trip Reduction Programs that encourage more efficient commuting.

Emergency Response Transport Discusses transport management under emergency and disaster
Management conditions.

Freight Transport Management Strategies to improve the efficiency of freight and commercial
transport.

Financing Options Describes various ways to fund transport programs that support TDM
objectives.

Intelligent Transportation Describes the use of new information technologies to improve

transportation system performance and efficiency.

School Transport Management Transport management for schools.

Special Event Transport Management Transportation management for major events, construction projects and
emergencies.

Developing Country TDM Implementing transportation demand management in developing

regions.

TDM Marketing Information and encouragement programs to promote TDM.

TDM Programs Developing an institutional framework for implementing TDM.

Tourist Transport Management Transportation management for tourist and leisure travel.

Transportation Management Member-controlled organizations that provide transportation services in

Associations (TMA) a particular area.

TDM Planning and Evaluation

These chapters provide information on TDM planning and evaluation techniques.

Accessibility Describes the concept of accessibility, how it is evaluated, and ways

to improve it.

Evaluating Accessibility - This report discusses the concept of "accessibility," how it can be
Comprehensive evaluated and improved, and ways to apply these concepts in transport
and land use planning. (PDF Format).

Automobile Dependency Describes transport and land use patterns that increase automobile use
and reduce transport options.

Basic Access Describes the concepts of Basic Access and Basic Mobility and how
they can be evaluated.

Comprehensive Transport Planning Planning reforms for more comprehensive and accurate transportation
decision-making.

Transportation Demand Discusses Transport Demand, which refers to the amount and type of
travel people would choose under specific price and service quality
conditions.

Economic Development Impacts Examines how TDM affects economic productivity, employment,
business activity and wealth.

Equity Evaluation Discusses concepts of equity and how to evaluate TDM equity impacts.

Equity Evaluation - Comprehensive This comprehensive report discusses concepts of transportation equity
and how to evaluate the equity impacts of specific transport planning
decisions. (PDF Format)

Evaluating TDM Criticism Evaluates various criticisms of TDM.

Evaluating TDM Describes methods for evaluating the costs and benefits of TDM policies
and programs.

Evaluating Transport Options Describes the benefits of having a diverse transportation system, and
methods for evaluating the value of specific options.

Health and Fitness Discusses ways to improve public fitness and health by more active
transport.

Land Use Evaluation Discusses ways to evaluate the land use impacts of transport planning
decisions.

Land Use Evaluation - Comprehensive This comprehensive report examines how transportation decisions
affect land use patterns, and the economic, social and environmental
impacts that result. (PDF Format)
Multi-Modal Level-Of-Service Describes Level-of-Service (LOS) rating systems suitable for evaluating
Indicators the quality of various modes from users' perspective.

Market Principles Discusses market principles and the degree to which TDM strategies
reflect these principles.

Measuring Transportation Discusses various ways to measure transport performance.

Modeling Improvements Discusses ways to improve transport models.

Nonmotorized Transport Evaluation Describes techniques for evaluating walking and cycling for planning
purposes.

Performance Evaluation Discusses specific performance indicators for measuring progress

toward specific objectives.

Planning and Implementation Discusses various issues to consider when planning and implementing
Transportation Demand Management programs.

Pricing Evaluation Factors to consider when evaluating TDM strategies that change
transport prices.

Pricing Methods Describes and compares methods of collecting road tolls, parking fees
and mileage charges.

Rebound Effects Discusses rebound effects and their implications for transport
planning.

Resilience and Security Explores the concepts of resilience and security and their implications
for transport planning.

Safety Impact Evaluation Evaluates how TDM strategies impact traffic safety, security and public
health.

Transit Evaluation Describes how to evaluate public transit services.

Evaluating Public Transit Benefits and This comprehensive report describes how to evaluate the full benefits
Costs - Comprehensive and costs of public transit services for planning purposes. (PDF Format)

Sustainable Transport and TDM Discusses how TDM can help achieve sustainable transport planning
objectives.

Reference Information
These chapters provide additional technical information about TDM.

Costs of Driving Summarizes estimates of the costs of driving and savings from reduced
vehicle travel.

Glossary Defines special words used in TDM planning.

Mobility Management Evaluation This spreadsheet can be used to evaluate the individual and cumulative
Spreadsheet impacts of various mobility management strategies on vehicle travel,
energy consumption and emissions.

Prestige and Pleasure Discusses the implications of mobility being a prestige good and a
pleasurable activity.

TDM Summary Table This table lists the various TDM strategies and rates them for
implementation by various stakeholder groups.

Resources Publications and websites for more information on TDM.

Transportation Statistics Describes sources of transportation data throughout the world.

Transportation Costs & Benefits Describes and estimates various transportation costs and benefits.

Transportation Costs and Benefit This comprehensive guide, updated in 2009, provides detailed
Analysis - Comprehensive information for quantifying the full costs and benefits of different
transport modes.

Transportation Elasticities Describes how changes in transportation prices (fares, fuel, parking
fees, tolls, etc.) affect travel behavior.

Transportation Elasticities - This comprehensive report provides detailed information on how

Comprehensive transportation price changes affect travel behavior. (PDF Format)

Trip Reduction Tables These tables indicate how parking prices and commuter benefits affect
commute travel patterns.

Wit and Humor To add a little fun, jokes and quotes are scattered through the
Encyclopedia. This chapter has the beginning of each one. Follow the
 links to the punchlines.

This Encyclopedia is produced by the Victoria Transport Policy Institute to help improve
understanding of Transportation Demand Management. It is an ongoing project. Please send us your comments
and suggestions for improvement.

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