214 Chapter 9 Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

ed ed
63. r1  and r2 
1  sin  1  sin 
Points of intersection: ed, 0, ed, 
ed cos 
dy
ed
1  sin  
cos   
1  sin 2 
sin  
r1: 
ed ed cos 
dx
1  sin  
sin   
1  sin  2 
cos  
dy dy
At ed, 0,  1. At ed, ,  1.
dx dx
ed cos 
dy
ed
1  sin  
cos   
1  sin 2 
sin  
r2: 
ed ed cos 
dx
1  sin  
sin   
1  sin  2 
cos  
dy dy
At ed, 0,  1. At ed, ,  1.
dx dx
Therefore, at ed, 0 we have m1m2  11  1, and at ed,  we have m1m2  11  1. The curves
intersect at right angles.

Review Exercises for Chapter 9

1. Matches (d) - ellipse 3. Matches (a) - parabola

5. 16x 2  16y 2  16x  24y  3  0 y

x 2
x  
1
4
3
 y2  y 
2
9
16

3 1
 
16 4 16
9
 1

x
1 1 2

    1
2 2
1 3
x  y
2 4
1 3
2
,
Circle 2 4

Center: 12,  43

Radius: 1

7. 3x 2  2y 2  24x  12y  24  0 9. 3x 2  2y 2  12x  12y  29  0

3x 2  8x  16  2 y 2  6y  9  24  48  18 3x 2  4x  4  2 y 2  6y  9  29  12  18
x  4 2  y  3 2 x  2 2  y  3 2
 1  1
2 3 13 12
Hyperbola Ellipse
Center: 4, 3 Center: 2, 3
Vertices:  4 2, 3
Vertices: 2, 3
2
2 
Asymptotes: y  3 32 x  4 y

x
y 1 1 2 3
1

6 2 (2, 3)

4 3

4
2

x
6 4 2
 Review Exercises for Chapter 9 215

11. Vertex: 0, 2 13. Vertices: 3, 0, 7, 0 15. Vertices:  4, 0
Directrix: x  3 Foci: 0, 0, 4, 0 Foci:  6, 0
Parabola opens to the right Horizontal major axis Center: 0, 0
p3 Center: 2, 0 Horizontal transverse axis
 y  2  4 3x  0
2 a  5, c  2, b  21 a  4, c  6, b  36  16  25
y 2  4y  12x  4  0 x  22 y 2 x2 y2
 1  1
25 21 16 20

x2 y2 5
17.   1, a  3, b  2, c  5, e  19. y  x  2 has a slope of 1. The perpendicular slope is 1.
9 4 3
y  x 2  2x  2
By Example 5 of Section 9.1,


2 dy 1 5
C  12
0
  1
5
9
sin2  d 15.87. dx
 2x  2  1 when x  and y  .
2 4

Perpendicular line: y
5
4 
 1 x 
1
2 
4x  4y  7  0

21. (a) V   abLength  12 16  192 ft 3

(b) F  262.4 3

3
4 8
3  y 9  y 2 dy  62.4 3
3 3

3

3
9  y 2 dy  3
3
y9  y 2 dy 

  
3
8 3 y 1
 62.4 y 9  y 2  9 arcsin  9  y 2 32
3 2 3 3 3

3 9 9

8
3
62.4
2 2
 
3
 
2 2    38 62.4272 7057.274
3
(c) You want 4 of the total area of 12 covered. Find h so that y


4
Area of filled
h x= 9 y2 4 tank above
4 3
2 9  y 2 dy  3 x-axis is 3.
0 3 2


h

9
h
x
9  y 2 dy  2 2
0 8
2

9 Area of filled

 
h
1 y
y 9  y 2  9 arcsin  4
tank below
x-axis is 6.
2 3 0 8

h9  h 2  9 arcsin h3  94.

By Newtons Method, h 1.212. Therefore, the total height of the water is 1.212  3  4.212 ft.
(d) Area of ends  212  24
Area of sides  PerimeterLength

 16  0
2
1 167  sin   d 16 from Example 5 of Section 9.1
2

256 122
1  167  sin 0  41  167  sin 8   21  167  sin 4 
2 2 2

41  167  sin 38  1  167  sin 2   353.65

2 2

Total area  24  353.65 429.05

216 Chapter 9 Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

23. x  1  4t, y  2  3t y

4
x1 x1
t
4
y23
4   2

1
3 11
y x x
4 4 1 1 2 3 5
1

4y  3x  11  0 2

Line

25. x  6 cos , y  6 sin  y

27. x  2  sec , y  3  tan 
x  22  sec2   1  tan2   1   y  32
6x   6y 
2 2
1 4

2 x  22   y  32  1 y

x2  y2  36 4 2 2 4
x
8
2 Hyperbola
Circle 4 4

2
x
4 2 4 8
2

x  3 2  y  4 2
29. x  3  3  2t  3  5t 31.  1
16 9
y  2  2  6t  2  4t
x  3 2  y  4 2
Let  cos 2  and  sin 2 .
(other answers possible) 16 9
Then x  3  4 cos  and y  4  3 sin .

33. x  cos 3  5 cos  35. (a) x  2 cot , y  4 sin  cos , 0 <  < 
y  sin 3  5 sin  4

12 12

7 8

5 (b) 4  x2y  4  4 cot2 4 sin  cos 

 16 csc2   sin   cos 
cos 
 16
sin 
 82 cot 
 8x

37. x  1  4t
y  2  3t
dy 3 x1
(a)  (b) t  (c) y
dx 4 4
5

No horizontal tangents 3 3x  11

y  2  x  1  4
4 4
2

x
1 2 3 5
 Review Exercises for Chapter 9 217

39. x  1
t
y  2t  3
dy 2 1
(a)   2t 2 (b) t  (c) y
dx 1t 2 x
6
No horizontal tangents 2
y 3
t  0 x 4

x
4 2 2 4

1
41. x  43. x  3  2 cos 
2t  1
y  2  5 sin 
1
y 5 cos   3
t  2t
2
(a)
dy
  2.5 cot   0 when   , .
dx 2 sin  2 2
 2t  2
dy t 2  2t 2 t  12t  1 2 Points of horizontal tangency: 3, 7, 3, 3
(a)    0 when t  1.
dx 2 t 2t  2 2 x  3 2  y  2 2
2t  1 2 (b)  1
4 25
Point of horizontal tangency:  13 , 1 (c) y

 
8
1 1 1
(b) 2t  1  t 1
x 2 x
4
1
y
1 1x
 
12 1 x x  2
x
4 8
2 x
4
4x 2 4x 2
 
1  x  4x1  x 5x  1x  1
2

(c) y

x
2 1 2 3
1

45. x  cos 3 
y  4 sin 3 
dy 12 sin 2  cos  4 sin 
(a)    4 tan   0 when   0, .
dx 3 cos 2 sin  cos 
dy dx
But,   0 at   0, . Hence no points of horizontal tangency.
dt dt

4y 
23
(b) x 23  1
y
(c)
4

x
4 2 2 4

4
218 Chapter 9 Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

47. x  cot  49. x  r cos    sin 

y  sin 2  2 sin  cos  y  rsin    cos 
(a), (c) 2 dx
 r cos 
d
3 3
dy
 r sin 
d

 dx dy
2

dy 1
sr 

0
 2 cos 2    2 sin 2  d


(b) At   ,  4,  1, and  
6 d d 


dx 4 r 2 1 2
r  d    r
0 2 0 2

51. x, y  4, 4 y

r  4 2  4 2  42
1
x
1 2 3 4 5
 1
7 2
4
3
7 3

r,   42,
4  
, 42,
4  4

5
(4, 4)

53. r  3 cos  55. r  21  cos 

r2  3r cos  r 2  2r 1  cos 
x 2  y 2  3x x 2  y 2  2 x 2  y 2   2x
x 2  y 2  3x  0 x 2  y 2  2x 2  4x 2  y 2

57. r 2  cos 2  cos 2   sin 2  59. r  4 cos 2 sec 

 cos 2   r 2 sin 2 
r4 r2
x 2  y 2 2  x 2  y 2
 4 2 cos 2   1 cos1 
r cos   8 cos 2   4

x8 x 2
x2
 y2
4
x 3  xy 2  4x 2  4y 2

y2  x2 44  xx

 
2
y
61. x 2  y 2 2  ax 2y 63. x 2  y 2  a 2 arctan
x
r 4  a r 2 cos 2 r sin 
r2  a22
ra cos 2  sin 

1
65. r  4 67. r  sec  
2 cos  2

Circle of radius 4
r cos   1, x  1
Centered at the pole
Symmetric to polar axis, Vertical line 0
0
2 6 1
  2, and pole
 Review Exercises for Chapter 9 219

69. r  21  cos  71. r  4  3 cos 

Cardioid Limaon
Symmetric to polar axis Symmetric to polar axis

2 2

0 0
1 2 4

  2   2
 0   0 
3 2 3 3 2 3
r 4 3 2 1 0 5 11
r 1 4 7
2 2

73. r  3 cos 2

2

Rose curve with four petals


Symmetric to polar axis,   , and pole
2 4
0

 3
 
Relative extrema: 3, 0, 3, , 3, , 3,
2 2  
 3
Tangents at the pole:   ,
4 4

75. r 2  4 sin 2 2

2

r  2 sin 2
Rose curve with four petals
 0
Symmetric to the polar axis,   , and pole 2
2
 3

Relative extrema: 2, , 2,
4 4  

Tangents at the pole:   0,
2

3
77. r  79. r  4 cos 2 sec 
cos  4
Strophoid
Graph of r  3 sec  rotated through an angle of 4
Symmetric to the polar axis
5 
r  as 
2

r  as 
2
1 8
4
1

6 6

4
220 Chapter 9 Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

81. r  1  2 cos 
(a) The graph has polar symmetry and the tangents at the pole are
 
 , .
3 3
dy 2 sin 2   1  2 cos  cos 
(b) 
dx 2 sin  cos   1  2 cos  sin 
1 1  32 1 33
Horizontal tangents: 4 cos 2   cos   2  0, cos   
8 8

When cos  
1 33
8
,r12
1  33
8    3
4 33,


3  433
, arccos1  8 33  0.686, 0.568


3  4 33
, arccos
1  33
8  0.686, 0.568


3  4 33
, arccos
1  33
8  2.186, 2.206


3  4 33
, arccos
1  33
8  2.186, 2.206.


Vertical tangents:
1
sin  4 cos   1  0, sin   0, cos   ,
4

  0, ,   arccos 14, 1, 0, 3, 

12, arccos 41 0.5, 1.318
(c) 2.5

5 1

2.5

83. Circle: r  3 sin 

dy 3 cos  sin   3 sin  cos  sin 2  dy
   tan 2 at   ,  3
dx 3 cos  cos   3 sin  sin  cos 2   sin 2  6 dx
Limaon: r  4  5 sin 
dy 5 cos  sin   4  5 sin  cos   dy 3
 at   , 
dx 5 cos  cos   4  5 sin  sin  6 dx 9
Let  be the angle between the curves:

tan  

3  39   23.
1  13 3

Therefore,   arctan 2 3 3  49.1.


 Review Exercises for Chapter 9 221

85. r  1  cos , r  1  cos 

The points 1, 2 and 1, 32 are the two points of intersection (other than the pole). The slope of the graph of
r  1  cos  is
dy r sin   r cos  sin 2   cos  1  cos 
m1    .
dx r cos   r sin  sin  cos   sin 1  cos 
At 1, 2, m1  11  1 and at 1, 32, m1  11  1. The slope of the graph of r  1  cos  is
dy sin 2   cos 1  cos 
m2   .
dx sin  cos   sin  1  cos 
At 1, 2, m2  11  1 and at 1, 32, m 2  11  1. In both cases, m 1  1m 2 and we conclude that
the graphs are orthogonal at 1, 2 and 1, 32.

87. r  2  cos  89. r  sin   cos 2 






2
A2
1
2 0
2  cos  2 d 14.14
9
 
2
A2
1
2 0
sin  cos 2  2 d 
32 
3
0.10

3 6
0.5

0.5 0.5

0.1

91. r 2  4 sin 2 93. r  4 cos , r  2

12 
12  
2 3 2
A2
0

4 sin 2 d  4 A2
0
4 d 
1
2 3

4 cos  2 d 4.91

2 3

3 3 3 6

2 3

95. s  2 0

a 21  cos  2  a 2 sin 2  d

 22 a  

0
1  cos  d  22 a 
0

sin 
1  cos 

d  42 a1  cos  12 



0
 8a

2 6 2 2
97. r  ,e1 99. r   ,e
1  sin  3  2 cos  1  23cos  3
Parabola Ellipse

2 2

0
2

0
2 4 6 8
222 Chapter 9 Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

4 2 3
101. r   ,e 103. Circle
2  3 sin  1  32sin  2
Hyperbola
Center: 5, 2   0, 5 in rectangular coordinates

Solution point: 0, 0
2
x 2   y  5 5  25

2 3 4
0
x 2  y 2  10y  0
r 2  10r sin   0
r  10 sin 

105. Parabola 107. Ellipse

Vertex: 2,  Vertices: 5, 0, 1, 
Focus: 0, 0 Focus: 0, 0
e  1, d  4 2 5
a  3, c  2, e  , d 
4 3 2
r
1  cos 
2352 5
r 
3  2 cos 
1    cos 
2
3

Problem Solving for Chapter 9

y
1. (a)
10

4 (4, 4)
( 1, 14 ) 2
x
6 4 2 2 4 6
2

(b) x2  4y
2x  4y
1
y  x
2
y  4  2x  4 y  2x  4 Tangent line at 4, 4
1 1 1
y    x  1 y   x 
4 2 2
1
4 
Tangent line at 1,
1
4 
Tangent lines have slopes of 2 and 12 perpendicular.
(c) Intersection:
1 1
2x  4   x 
2 4
8x  16  2x  1
10x  15

x
3
2
32, 1
Point of intersection, 32, 1, is on directrix y  1.
 Problem Solving for Chapter 9 223

3. Consider x2  4py with focus 0, p. y

A
B

Let pa, b be point on parabola.

F
x P(a, b)
zx  4py y  x
2p
Q
a
yb x  a Tangent line
2p
a a2 4pb
For x  0, y  b  a  b  b  b.
2p 2p 2p
Thus, Q  0, b.
FQP is isosceles because

FQ  p  b
FP  a  02  b  p2  a2  b2  2bp  p2
 4pb  b2  2bp  p2
 b  p2
 b  p.
Thus, FQP  BPA  FPQ.

2a
5. (a) In OCB, cos   OB  2a sec . (c) r  2a tan  sin 
OB
r cos   2a sin2 
OA
In OAC, cos   OA  2a cos .
2a r 3 cos   2a r 2 sin2 
r  OP  AB  OB  OA  2asec   cos  x2  y2x  2ay2

cos1   cos 
x3
 2a y2 
2a  x
sin2 
 2a
cos 
 2a tan  sin 
(b) x  r cos   2a tan  sin cos   2a sin2 
  1 + t2
y  r sin   2a tan  sin sin   2a tan  sin2 ,  2 <  <
2
t

Let t  tan ,   < t < . 1
t2 t2 t3
Then sin2   and x  2a , y  2a .
1t 2
1t 2
1  t2

ay
7. y  a1  cos  cos  
a

  arccos a a y
a
x  a  sin  2ay y 2

a a y  sinarccosa a y


 a arccos ay


 a arccos a a y 
2ay  y2
a 
x  a arccos a a y  2ay  y , 0 y 2a
2
224 Chapter 9 Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

9. For t 
 3 5 7
, , , ,. . .
2 2 2 2
11. (a) Area 
0

1 2
2
r d x=1
r = sec

y
2 2 2 2
, , ,
 3 5 7
,. . . 
1
2 0

sec2  d

1

Hence, the curve has length greater that h 1

2 2 2 2 (b) tan
 Area  1tan

S    . . . 1 2

 3 5 7

tan
 sec2  d

2
 1 1 1
1   . . .
3 5 7  d
0

(c) Differentiating, tan

  sec2
.
d

> 
2 1 1 1 1 . . .
   
 2 4 6 8 
 .


13. If a dog is located at r, , then its neighbor is at r,    2:

x, y  r cos , r sin  and x, y  r sin , r cos .

The slope joining these points is
r cos   r sin  sin   cos 
  slope of tangent line at r, .
r sin   r cos  sin   cos 
dr
sin   r cos 
d sin   cos 

dr sin   cos 
cos   r sin 
d
dr
 r
d
dr
 d
r
ln r     C1
r  e C1
r  Ce

r 4   d2 r  Ce 4


d
2
C
d
2
e4

d
Finally, r  e4  .
2

15. (a) The first plane makes an angle of 70 with the positive (c) 280

x-axis, and is 150 miles from P:

x1  cos 70150  375t
y1  sin 70150  375t 0 1
0
Similarly for the second plane,
The minimum distance is 7.59 miles when t  0.4145.
x2  cos 135190  450t
 cos 45190  450t
y2  sin 135190  450t
 sin 45190  450t
(b) d  x2  x12   y2  y12


cos 45190  450t  cos 70150  375t2 

sin 45190  450t  sin 70150  375t212
 Problem Solving for Chapter 9 225

17. 4 4 4 4

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

4 4 4 4

4 4 4 4

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

4 4 4 4

4 4 4

6 6 6 6 6 6

4 4 4

n  1, 2, 3, 4, 5 produce bells; n  1, 2, 3, 4, 5 produce hearts.