MODE ATION:FOREWORD Inthe midges, he MSM Department ofthe Univesity of Liege inte longterm esearch wok in the field ofthe bean-o-olumn joins. Tht sled rom a decison ake thin the Task Working Group 412 ofthe European Conestion for Constniconal Steves to invertignt the question ofthe asa struct sponse ofthe ois ot only foe what eas thejint properties prope, e, dhe stent, the stfness andthe dit, bt also the posible eft of such natal espns in corr with he asia sumtion of eepanedo fly contiuous jonts-o the lobel analy, ie. the dsittion of intemal foes. coring to was fr log become a cammon loa staey, the Division of Sie Sts of (CRIP, locate in Lge, was associated to hs important esearch ack. Ifthe cntibtion of CRIF was ter modest tthe very beginning it incrsd substantial rng the last ear de to he stengthcing ofthe CRIF estrch tl ‘Seoesively the Lidge partes paticpated sepantl of most offen joitly two ESCS research contracts suhcoacon() of ARBED Lixembour, who was the diet Beery. Two Rseah poets were ao suggested and agreed upon in the flame of ensue two years em research contracts CRIPARSIA. This mune combination of circumstances made te work ca ut in Lidge considered as one ofthe most ‘substi contusions in he Bald. In such conto the gin public thors could do nothing else than join mmc the co ‘ean of he European COST action Cl, theft o be accpod by the Europea Union in the ld of (Cv Engineering, The succes of the iteration iniiive in rected by the temendous incase of member cours andthe nse wo ont thie ston in working props snl even in mbt working, rope, Besa the Euopcan Union involvement inthe COST asions doesnot cms in finding reseach ‘ot well mewings and somo, ts yp the lea aos to provide the Suds cabling Siti reach ha would fed this wide Baropemn inntve. The Goverment of the Wallon Region dd not occive the wssusten” expectations and decid to allocate a significative resach gmt tthe Lite ‘exnsin order to emblean idee theoretical, altel, aumescl and epainentl study of he Deaneto- ol joins, beam pices aclu ses, “The Ligae panier Mal hus the oppomiieyt develop during mor than 12 year, a that hour Jnrpson, a series of research works foewsed on quite cones iems bu the objectives of which were ever dpc but onthe contay, developed in sch way to be hamenicsly complementary A lot of pubitions in top journals, contibatons to clloguia sd senna, presentations pen invitation ook ple. APR thes, an «habitation thei, about dove of tient semi works ae arma testimonies ofthe esearch activites developed in Lie. ‘Theres no dot hat the beacon joins nd bear pie wor amon th fit opis be sai becuse of thence fora saison ane to hee iss th nde fet significant te global‘ecomomy ofthe suet project As ares the fist dat of Annex Jw Euocde 3-Pa |: Stes Bins vas despy vised and subs inplmoned and itis wil sessing tha this emendonstaions wk was conde by ao of young nstarchers whose one ofthe most active members is the seni thor of preseat report. A simi wos isting completed by the same to (wih some adtonal assistance recived fom the COST C1 Woking Group cn “Stel and Composite Comecions” a he ‘Teshncal Commitee 11 "Composite Consncion of the Fuoptan Convention ofthe Ceasttional ‘Stechvo") fo comps bean--coluna joints and bom spies. “The dxp synth is exising between the MSM Depa, whose abst ft tho not ont ison basic esearch andthe Dison of Stl Snictres, whos sims esp to fil he neds of ‘he profession, is tesifid in one of te best manners by dhe ssueof quite valabl design ads. Fist the so called SPRINT docunent (*)- beset a bus developed inthe ram of the European SPRINT actin - ‘a predeedin 19; the peel prosede desi in Annex} of Burecode 3- Pat 1 may there be used night die to safe sinpitcwins tat aw ill in compliance withthe design pines of Ewocode 3. Tha calculations procedures can be applied in band calculations, Secon, ign tables ‘wee eth fora large tha intl amber oF anda its; hey ave dey, fra given joi beewcen given column and Bea (or ean and bean) al te stent zd tiie proper of Ue joa 5 sell as indicions on thei omponcat a gone stot and the as of tii A etme te preset report wil be published, n adtional quite valuable document wil be aval: the socaled + Manual on Fane Design Including Joint Behaviour. This manual *) prepared under the usps of the European Convention for Ste nl Coan short BCSC: not ony covers the background dealing withthe jan behaviour and chrctestion but aso all he inerfsnees between the joint strc esponse and the global fame anys and the design checks. This mamual contains fist dhe ‘lamest iorticl background enabling grap th several toms then he aplication aes ha roevat to the later, Ist ily deerenled worked examples. This anal has a companion: fopy kot that may asst the designer nhistak of conciving an designing bxan-o-oln jos o a splices acting to the SPRINT method or othe most sophisticated design procedure of Antex J of urocode 3 Part 1, This star is undoubtily sed a becoming the designe’ cmparion in any romance where joints of once, ‘cremains tht th pci ype of it which i th one wher a con tenet ots foundation, the later ing for its on onthe ground sil to be investigated. Tis question isnot es of concer han beamp-> Figure 2.2- Plate wih four anchor bats Figure 23 Plate wih vo anchor Bos Cnty one ste column profile was conser in the test serie HELO Its ste! grde ix S355. ‘The bse-pates ae welded othe column; the tout radius is 6 mm. Two diferent thicknesses ae used for base:pates: 15mm and 30 nn. The sel grade i lo $235 ‘Anchor bolts M20 10.9 are used, They are made fom ste ods curved as shown in Figure 2.4 Figure 24 ~ Anchor bolts° “The same lading history is aplid to all the tests (Figue 2.8): preliminary application of the fll, compressive free on the colinn (F), which romain then constant, flowed by a progressive splint Figure 25 - Loading history “Table2.1 gives the nomen of the ests and he vale ofthe parameters which ferent the test specinens. The desgustions given to the sts consist of the lat lets “PC, followed by tee numbers: the fist inicates the ber of anchor bolts 2 or 4, the second relates fo the thickness of the Plate (15 mn or 30m) while the last gives the value ofthe axial food applied to the column, a RN. The nts PC mean « Pied de Colne», what means ning else than «column bases » in Freeh, ‘Anshor Bole | Pst thickness Normal force 7 2 2 roan z wo 00 prezsac0o 2 0 600) [rca.s0.1000 2 0 100 freais.00 a 5 700) jrcaisiom | 4 5 10 [rensaio7 7 0 700) Pensa a 30 400) [pc4.30.1000 4 30 1000 Table 2.1 - Nomenclanre of he es10 Al ofthe dts rela 1nd mechanical characte ofthe ferent ‘components ofthe test species ar outlined in the following section (the dimensions, geometrical 2.2 Measured geometrical and mechanical characteristics ‘One of the mein components in column bases is, of cous, the concrete. To detemine its mechanical ropes, sk tests on cubes vere cast atthe sae tne than the foundation blocks. They ware also ese few days ater the column bases, abou two months arte concreting. “The results of the compression ess on the cubes are given in Table 22, AI the cubes wre 158x158 x 158 mm ones (eres ection of 24964 mm. The very low sate ofthe results andthe quite ih impressive quality oF the concrete re tobe noted CabeNe. Ultimate oad ‘Sct ‘Young's Modulus iw Ms Mra T 115 we 34200 z 1130 wo 35100 7 TS WaT 36700 7 10 wor 3360 5 Tso 9 e500 é 15 a7 35900 ‘Mean valve 45.29 35000 Table 22. Aewal mechanical characteris of the concrete, ‘The nominal dimensions of the stel bases plats ae shown in Figue 22 and Figue 2.3. For what regards their strength, tensile tests caved out in the laboratory eevee tht thei yield ses amounts 280 MPa hile theiewitinate strength isabout 412 MPa, bot forthe 1S um an the 30 mm plates. ‘The dimensions ofthe see profile were measured on different specimens. As it has been asked to the ‘manufactures all the beams were fiom the same rolling pas, so exhibiting avery low seater for wh ‘egaids geometeal and mechanical properties. For each test the following values were therefore opted 2s mean actual dimensions: 1 tal depth ofthe section 164.7 mm 1 dh of the anges 16035 mm 1 web thiknose 83mm + thickness of the Manges 15.35 00ft ais 15 mm “The mechanical choractries were alo measue i abovatory: yo sess 464 MPa + linate tess 80 MPa ‘Highstrngth tel was wed for olan profiles 30 to prevent yelling ofthe column eos sction as 5 possible ad so a5 to concentate the deformability andthe faire mode i the colunn base, This ‘vas achieved, except in the ast et, PC4. 30.1000, whore igh sesss were obtained in the column, From the measured racers ofthe sts profil, the following geometries quate, which wil be ‘ef in he vmainer ofthis rep, can be derived 1+ Moment of ineta (major axis)... 2801.9 ent + Ave soem + Reduced area (shear fre). Maem? The anchor bolts exhibit» ute special bso, nf, although tir base metal of very go 150 - HEB 160 | p, Ground Figure 26 estrumentaton (ot view) Figave 2.7 nsmumention eve Rotational transducers ROT, and ROT, (Figure 27) give a dteet measurement of absolute rotations long the column, ‘These instrument are of pest accuracy. Thy represent an excolent mean 6 obtain reliable moment rotation carves. Finally, eyindscal gauges J, and sare goed in hole dil in the cent ofthe two anchor Bots whore tension i ikely to occur, They measure the sain tthe cene ofthe shank of the bolt ata place where the sess ean be considered as uniform. In practice, the top of the gauge was plead at east two centimetes beet the baton face of the ma24 Moment-Rotation Curves 24.1 Derivation ofthe curves. 2d Introduction, ‘Through the measurements outlined i the previous paragraphs, the moment-otation curve of the ce bass may be derive, Howto combined rogh measurements cried out daring the tess 1 get ‘moment aid rotation at each lading step requies Few explanations. This isthe subject ofthe follwing pra. 2412 Bspresion of the bending moment the column base. Because ofthe considerable ancunt of deformability athe high column, second ode effets cant be ignored. In fit, Figure 28 shows thatthe benng moment in the column bse, although msinly dv tthe force Fis iafuenced by the compressive force F, inthe ‘colunn, The Interacts along.» dieesion represented by the doted Haein Figre 2.8 this direction “hunges ding the tet Ik nay therfore be resolved into two components: & horizontal and a vertcs me. The fist one eeates an adltona moment det its eccentisty (measured atthe level ofthe base- lite The second component acs along the save direction than F, but tends to reduce the bending 08 2200 mm . pa [FP 02 q O° FL a A 240 mma 1300 mm 1050 mim 2350 mm ‘igure 28 - Determination ofthe boning moment in the column base ‘The ation tne of the fore F, hasan incination termed The vale is Bien m) ceotga = PL a “The momeat onthe column base writes: M=(Fy “Fisine 05+ Fcosa(tgas) 22)“ In equation 22), F, an Fare expressed in meters, while the bending moment i in KN By replacing cx its expression (21) ad by considering that the ange is ater smal, the following definition of Misobsined b, Pip! fa FsinP105 Feos PL (0, liebe 22 ra3) Pinos eR C=I.D,0591 on 10S, 0145.0 Roh ln this expression, the first fem relates fo the fist order, whereas the second tem represents the dttional moment produced by the second order effets. D, F and M quantities in equation (23) ae expressed respetively nm, KN and kN Figue 29 shows te comparison between the fst and second order curves M-Dy fr the test where the frencei the largest - est PC230.1000, Forte tests with a sa sully athe itd ompresion loud, he diferene s M (kN) 80 70 nea 60 50 «| “+ tst order 30 | 2nd order 20 10 ° 20 40 60 80 100 Displacement D, (mm) ‘igure 29 Comparison betwen the iste second onder M-Dy curves test PC2 30.100) 241.3 Evaluation ofthe relative rotation. The most reliable way to evaluate the station of the column base is to derive it from the three measurements cared ut onthe tel profile, ie. the two rotational tansduces ROT, and ROT, end the placement transducer DI obvious tha, in aon othe deformation of the column ase, these measurements also inelie the elastic deformation ofthe column in beading and shear (except for test, C4.30.1000 where the col stub experiences severe yielding this problem willbe discussed ne) Figure 2.10 illustrates the deformation ofthe column stub subject oa transverse concentrated force Pigure 210- Deformation of te steel col ‘The show deformation of the column stub cant be ignored becase of is limited length and the following expretsion te therefore obtained Mo)=P(L-2) on) where P= Applied force (Figure 2.10) = Length ofthe element Figue 2.10) = Young's modus 6 Coulomb modus (modus of transverse elasticity) Moment of inertia AN'= Redo aren (0) detection atone point ((9)= absolute rotation atone pint ‘The positive sign (x) aad (3) is indeed by the aro in Fig 2.10 (nthe basis oF A” and I chatnctvstis obtained fom the actu geometrical properties mesure in the Inboratry, iis possible to calelate the deletion and the theoretical rotation at any point of the colun, ad in particular, there where the roaioal transducers ROT, aad! ROT, as well asthe Dy eteton transducer, ae loated (Figure 2.7) 0.9m) =0,063.P es) (30.9 m)-0,094." mad 26) (40,15 m)-0,025P mad en should be remembered that equations (25) (27) ae only valid when the column is tually last, wha ise foal the tots (xeopt Fr PC4.30,100 where yielding acura very advanced stage of loading)“The rotation ofthe column base can be uow expressed. The rotational transtucers const the ‘Simplest metho ia the sense hat they dicot give the desired otaton, provided that the deformation of the steel profile fs subirited, Two diferent estimations of the same rotation @ may therefore be stained flows ‘eu = ROT; -0.025.F(en}N) es (99 = ROH, 0094 F (en kN) oe» “These expresinns have been derived by sbstitaingP by Fin Formule (26) and (27), so neglecting the second onde effects, Infact, it has been demonstrated that these eects ler nano init way the rotations, and 95 for sake of simplicity, it has therefee been decided not to report the exact” expression of a py Bet Athi estimation may also be eaeulated from transtcer Dy 2.10) Equations 28 to 2.10 have Been compared for the twelve tess The simisiyis so exellent shat tis ‘oflen impossible to dtngush betwee the tee curves. Thus, in order not to burden the present report, ‘unecessary, only the curves which have best caleaated onthe basis of equation (28) ae incided in ‘he next sections Before discussing the test resus, iis quite important fo pont out, aga thatthe Me curves reported below include the deformation ofthe column tase ite ad the posible plastic comtibtion tothe rotational deformation ofthe cola profile else to the baseplate 242 Comparison ofthe curves Figue 211 shows a comparison benveen the moment-rotation curves forthe thre tests PC2.S. It has 0 te noted tha forthe ests arid out the higher the force inthe column, the higher he bending moment ‘resistance ofthe com base. ‘The int stiffess ofthe curves is quite similar fo the tre ests, a fara he very fist loading steps se considered, In fc, the siness changes significa as soon as separation is observed between {he plate and the concrete inthe tensile zone. Obviously, the lower the ital compression force te more ‘quikly this phenomenom occurs.M(kN.m) 70 m reer pe 50 > 40 consents at — 30 *PC2.15.100 ae “+ PC2.15.600 10 “+ PC2.15.1000 o ° 20 40 60 80 Rotation (mrad) Pine 21 Magers fortes POLS Figure 2.12 relates to tstsPC2.30. Unlike the previous figure it shows that the intl stiffness of test 'PC2.30.100 is mich lower than that ofthe ote two tess PC230, This might be explained a follows: ‘when the Blocks were eonerte, the aor bolts embedded in the concrete were beld by plywoed oa lcated at the level ofthe tp fice ofthe lock and sported by the aera shuttering, The fresh ‘conerte jst rived at the feel ofthe lower suri af the boards and che concrete was less vibrated then elsewhere, because ofthe lmited acesibiity. When it hardened, it proved tobe of inferior quality, contining numerous aie bubbles. The introduction ofa compression fore> into the column had the eect ‘of homogenizing the coneete fosatod under the pate by seducing its post. The higher he ‘compression force, the lower default inthe coneret, andthe steeper the moment-rotaion curve. Ths ‘could explain the significant diference observed betwee the euves eating to test PC2:30.100 and the to othr tts PC2 30,600 an PC2 30.1000 ‘By examining Figure 2.11 and Figure 212, the particularly high value ofthe ukimate strength ofthese coum bases, rationally considered as nominally pinned ean be notedM (kN.m) 80 ° —_ 60 —— 50 ; 40 ce % + P62,30.100 20 ~ P02,30.600 ‘ + PC2.30.1000 ° 20 40 60 80 Rotation (mrad) Figure 212+ M-pcurses forts PC2.30 100 Figure 215 show the thee curves for tess PCA15, Test PCA.1SAD0 is the only ove which Ins eon subjected tan wleaingholoading cele M (kN.m) 100 20 80 70 60 50 40. + PC4,15.100 30 + Po4 16.400 fa ~P04.16.1000 0 0 20 40 60 Rotation (mrad) igure 2.13 Meg curves for tots PCLIS 809 “The very marked difernce in srength between test PI.1S.1000 andthe ater two tests PCA.IS has 0 ‘pointed out. This is realy explained by the fact thatthe anchor bols in tension are aetvated much later when he compression ferce in the cola is igh nally, Fig 2.14 shows the curves of othe four ast ests, PCA.3O, These are priori the most ii ‘ad the strongest, what is confined by thee monsoon curves, Uke the tee previous igre it Will be noted that est PC4.30.1000 does no reveal agreater strength than test PCA 30.400 nf, hiss 120 - 100 = 80) § Z 60. _ I + PGA 30.100 a0 + PC4.30.400 20 | + P04.30.1000 ° o 20 40 60 80 100 Rotation (mrad) Figure 2.14 Mg carves fortes PCA.30 24.3 Main characteris values of the curves. Some characters ales canbe derived rom the cures shown in Figure 2.11 to Figure 2.14, These wil low comparison toe made withthe theoretial models desorbed later, These usniis are + thon tiffoe (lng of he ntl pt athe co) the ukimatesrength: pak vale of the Meares, + there mode o the cola bass Table 2.3 presents the measured valves of these quantities for each ofthe twelve experimental tess in designates the ntl siffess and Mya the ultimate stength. The value ofthe pseudo-plasie resistance is nt given here because the shape ofthe curves varies from one test fo another es very ‘ial wo measure it objectively.2» Collapse mode airfare rateofeer as ing ce Fate st fcr Faure oF anchor ole ofthe plat and of anchor bolts Yielding of he pla revi ofthe anchor bots Yieking and local ekling of HEBI6O Table 23 - Characters quanties ofthe experiment ests ‘Analysis of Table 2.3 confirms the conclusions previously drawn: the most rig and resistant tet, for 8 given configuration, are those for which the compressive force in the column is high. The only excep istest C4 30.100 for which eonsierable yielding ofthe column cross-section is abserved a flr “Test PC2.30.100 differs fom the other twelve tests by a paiculrly fw stiffess and stength This Prt has Ben disused hee above.a ANALYTICAL MODEL, ln this chapter an snaytcal mos! forthe prediction ofthe utinate and design resistae of comma ass wth two oF four anchor Bolts presented. spy based on the revised Annex J and Anwex of Eurocode [2 [3] for what regards th resistance of the components. Despite its simplicity, seen oben atthe good agrecment with he avaiable estes ‘The possibilty to develop such amodel forthe eva smo is ‘ofthe ntl stifies is then discussed 3.1 Evaluation of the resistance, Sd Tntroduetion In the following sections, the caring capuity of the consiutive componans is fst given, The assembly procedure isthen diseusse, Finally, comparisons wit test results are shown 3:12. Carrying capacity ofthe concrete Block 121 Inthe case of esa compression 11s relatively simple to calculate the stengh ofthe courte block under recommendations of Annex of Eurocoe 3 [2] ae flowed ak compression if the “The fret stp consist in caeulting a "concetation sti dimension ofthe block (Figue3.) 1G, whichis dependent on the geometial abi k OVing bp on where: = length of the baseplate, = width of the baseplate; fective length of the concrete block; effective with ofthe concrete block, 4 “The crete aimensons of he cneete Doe, a bs lve sng he olowing egos: 2) = min(hy +28; Shp: hy thyog § 8b) Zh 62m) ‘y= min(d, +2bp 5 Sy; by + byock 5 Sa)2 bp 62) where: agand by are given in Figute 3.1 has height of the conerete block2 igure 3.1 - Actual nd efeivedinenslons ofthe concrete Blok The maximum stress thst the conte can ress, fj 8 then evaluated by means of he fllowing uation: yy 03 yk 6 where: = 230+) Fe4= characteristic suengh ofthe eonerete in compression ye pata safety fator forthe concrete. Finally, 0 take ino account the enibity of the bake plate, an equivalent rig pte (Figure 3.2) ie defined, theough parameter ¢ given by: fp where: tp thickness ofthe baseplate; 5 sil strength ofthe baseplate; "hata safety facto fo tee ° ro apply this va, wo eure the grout hye (een te plate andthe coer have be sais, vat ce a ot fhe aes2 ‘Obviously, the aimensions ofthe equivalent sg plate have not to exceed those ofthe ata base pl svt ae te stective plate he ’ hes teen bp. ‘igure 3.2 Dimensions of the exuivelent rig plese Finally the maim resistin ofthe concrete block unr axial compression i expressed N, (Aa os) where Aeisthe effective are ofthe equivalent rig plate defined in Figure 32 422 Inthecase of non-asial compression It is obvious that ll the developoents desried inthe foregoing paragraph may be wed to cleat the caryng capaciy of the conerete block under von-xil compression this i done by considering the fective area defined in Figure 3.2 as being independent onthe eccentricity ofthe applied compressive force 3.43 Strength of the anchor bots nt man the baseplate fn bending “The strength ofthe whole “plate and anchor bolts" assembly, sa whol, canbe determined onthe basis ‘of the rommendations given ia the Amnox J of Eutocode 3 [3]. The eaeulation is tased on the equivalent T-sub" approach where the actual pte - here the baseplate ~ is replaced by symmetric stubs of effective length fg» The reader is begged to eter to Eumcode 3 revised Annex J for more ‘atl about the Tub approach“The design resistance Figs ofthe equivalent stub the smallest ofthe resistances obtained by the thes Following equations Made 1 Mote? Modes where shot: sti yield mechanism in the base plate (9-260) Mn Figg = Oa 2ee sane 66 Perec) sd ie inven yl es = bt no mechani ‘Shale song ofthe hor le the plate and 2bara Murs +05) Bans Fuau = 09) Sle ofthe anchor bolts in tension Fea = DB ina oo) ey du (dy ithe diameter ofthe washer or the nut if there no washer) Bb "ans" aye Goa) gun plastic moment of the baseplate pr unit lengths {ythicknes ofthe base pate fp yal tenth ofthe base pate; “Yo atl afi actor, aga and a effestive lengths (20 below); Asli Bue 09: Tow 6.98) ga design ei fatima eng ofthe nee bots; Pail safety fctor forthe anchor bots; nes125.m 13 of tn anchor olin tension; ‘mand ate defined in Figure 33, E By the sam ofthe design resistances in easion ofall the anchor bolts belonging to the Tt bing consideredas Figure 3.3 Geometrical characteristic of equivalent welded tab Tw effective lengths Fy al lg.» ate dafined for each equivaoatT-stuh The frst one apples fr [Mode fire; the second for Mode 2 file In fc, according to Eurocode 3, evo types of plastic Yyeld mechanisms may’ ooeur in plated components, ike base pes, subject to transverse forces ‘ireuar and non-circular one, Circular yield line patterns fon is the pate without developing any ying effets beeen the plate andthe Foundation, The posible file modes ae therefore limited 0 Mode ¥ and Mode nthe eas of eirclar patees, Moe 1,203 failures may oeur Ass consequence, faqs and 2 te defined as follows ay = 0 aay tie) 6.108) (na ~ beta 6.108) where Cary ad Cone AF the minimum values of the effective lengths associted to al the yield lives patoms,respetivel ciculr and sow-cicuay, which ar likey to develop in the plated component boing considered, For the practical applications, the cavulaton ofthe effective lengths is derived fom the follwing Formulations: ‘Anchors nt ewes he coin anges Assuming that bot oi located at mid-tistance beeen the column Mages, Ey is determined by the following formu = 2am (41 +1258) 2m + e in (tts) E ‘where, nare shown in Figure 3.4 and ais defined in BC Annex Figure 34 Anchor bls located ‘etcen the calunn flanges6 Anshar bos locate nth ete pat of the plate In this case te effective lengths evaluated as follows | aA 2504 me by C=O 2mt0628 re fons =n 4 5365.63 65 64) aaa = min (565656) hare By m8, mex and wae given a igure 3. Figure 3.5~ Anchor bots laated the extended part ofthe pte. thas 1 be noted thn these formule for ie only apply 0 ase plates where the atchor bos ae ot located outside the beam Manges, indicated in Figure 3. oo ofo oO eo; 0 r ida tis Lh om to Covered bb Not covered Figure 16- Lins of vali for Formal (26) and (3.72 “The application ofthe T-sub approach - as recommended in Buocode $ Annex J tocol bases posiblyrequies some adaptations; these are discussed in seton 4.2.2. 3d Resist eof the see profi, “The steel column is sojgeted to combine! bending and compression. Inthe case of HE sections of ‘tases 1a, bet about the sting xi, the bending resistance ofthe cross-section i expressed bythe Tollowing eqaton exacted fom Earocode 3 Nu Mig = LU Mang 1-55 9 # Me oy whore! Myuea design momen esistee ofthe eross section in Banding None design squash fad ofthe cross sttion ‘Mig md Nig design values ofthe Bending moment and compressive Force simulaneoisly applied ote cokamn bas, BLS Assembly ofthe components, In order to draw the interaction eve batween the maximum axial compressive force a bending ‘moment which can be simultaneously applied 1 column base, a static assembly of the components described above is consfered. For colon bases with four anchor bots the bolls located atthe compression side te assumed never to be setivated, Depending onthe eccenticityof the aval Fore in the columa - the eccentricity is deine as he ratio barn the applied ending moment and axis eompeessive ere - two posible eases may ose, They a deseibed hereaer, (Case. Noanchor bolt isactivaed “This case wll our when the ass ofthe anchor bois loated there where concrete sin compression, {when the compression fee sets ony wi a slight eccentcty (Figure 3.7). tn order to verity the overall ational equiitciom of the column bes, the apple frees and the resistant loads must of course be aligned By expressing equilibrium along the column axs (Figure 3.) itis so possible o write Nie = OBB f= ORD he +20, any ‘whee be, eps ef ade ae given in Figure 3.7 while designates the tenth othe corte Beneath the pte as given by equation 33. defined as equal (hy ~ hy) /2s is sown in Figure 32. “This makes it possible to express the escent ea fnetion ofthe axial force: ey28 iy introducing 13) in (3.12), the val of Ng eat be dvved. Te maxinum Bending moment which nay be apis to the cok fase together withthe compression fore> Nig is simpy obtained by ‘nulpying equation 2.13) by Ng This approach i valid as longs hg Eh thd ‘whore dis the distance beeen the ee ofthe pt inthe tension zone andthe axis ofthe anchor Bats " Mepr ‘igure 37 -Case 1: Bolts not eesivated n tension ‘Case.2. Anchor olsare active insenson ‘As expuined inthe foregoing paragraph, the anchor bolts are not actived in tension a Tong as ge 2 (hee + 8A) For inacining eases, the valbe of lege descecs what cs anchor bos in sion ree Fy in Figure 39). For a specifi value of hey, defined as equal to C(hae +h'-d) hereafter, Fy reaches the tensile rertance 28x, of the row of anchor bos. For Tower vals oF Hage, Fy. emis than equal to 2B 1 yropenive sctivaton of ‘The variation law of Ph versus ey it been selected as Hinar on ¢ totally empirical bss. Is represented by equation 3.14 and sated in Figure 38.Fo Simettatiad Mettatd Detter igure 18 - Variation law of ig hae + Hd (ease) ou) Chee tN) ha chest Bane cdg va) Bem Aiba chart Hod eae) where: eff festive eight ofthe pate op: bight ofthe compressive zone A:distance between the edge ofthe pate enson side and the axis of the anchor bls © parameter varying berween O and I. Fixed ter. hanks to this simplifying assumption, the problem reduces now to the evaluation of hepr which would ‘eau ina dsibtion of internal Fores able to counterbalance the compression force: the maxim ccentiity associated to his force may be deduced In fat, fom the vertieal equiltriom (Figure 39) a ag, eda Nig = 08 Beef 20hay Ea ery) Win +2B.ne 6.16) 086.6, + 28, hag #8)30 Equation (3.16) is valid only it lb ay HHA) gg hog a) on 1 soiion 3.17) ot satstid ani he sonlitions rlting to case I are no uliled, then equation (2.16) may be simplified a Fllows 428, _ a a ORB, om ‘Once the height ofthe compressive zone, Nepy, i# knows, the force to which the anchor bolts we subjected is calculated using equation (3.14) Finally, the maximum moment that the column base tlt transfer saluted by expressing the rotational equilibria about he neural axis ofthe coh (gue 39): 0.19) aie de Depr He + Fi _ 3 on Foineee igure 3.9 -Disribuion of internal forces (ease 2) It shouldbe noted that equation (3.19) is also valid when tensile force is applied to the colums, 2 ‘iuation which can oceut with ight sructres sujet fo strong wind In he case of cols bases with for anchor bolts (righ ype), however, ts sometimes necessary to aetivate the two rows of anchor bolts For sake af lary, his situation snot covered here “The ast remaining unknown ofthe problem isthe numerical valve tobe adopted fr the parameter In Feil, this one depends onthe mechanical characteris ofthe bolts and concrete and, move precisely, ‘on the magoitae of thelr espetive deformations. It scl thet a theoretical evalaton of ie quite complex, Ths, for simplicity, its value fs fixed empirically, Figues 3.104 and 3.108 iste thea influence ofS on the utinate values Nj tnd M, (ee anes) ofthe applied faces in coniguations With to 2 and 4 anchor bots respectively. This influence is seen negligible and a value of 0.5 is thereforeslated for 95 MEd 2” B Tea 0.25 ” oO Trea 05 6 7 e075 * 2 Tae - 095 ‘ “aN 0 280 8007501000 12801600 4 Confgwation with 2 anchor ole 45 pH iti « Ps 2 5 testa 028 2 2 tataeos 1 g —— rea 078 5 sj 2 Tete 005 oa 5078000081500 1. Configuration with 4 anchor bots Figure 3.10- lnuence of 00 the inate resistance 3.16 Comparison with the experimental lst, Figure 3.11 to 3.15 present a comparison between the aalytial model presented in the foregoing paragraphs andthe experimental ress stout Table 23. The strengths quoted ae ultimate ones. I ‘Should be remembered thatthe uimate lad of col base i eaeulted by tsking into account the ‘ulimate ata! strengths ofeach component (te, concrete, column crosssetion, ec.) and the pati safety factors taken a being i oul2 In ech of the Figues 3.12 3.15, the carves ate reported. The fist one comesponds to te wlimate resistance ofthe column base, without my consideration ofthe possible yelng ofthe HEI60B cross. section (equtions 3.12 to 3.19) The second serio of points gives the expvimental ultimate strengths reported in Table 23. Fall, the last curve covers the carrying capacity ofthe see column cross section considered on ts om (equation 3.11). ‘ests PC2.15 ae reposted in Figure 3.11. It clear ta here i an exellent agicement been teary fn esporimentaion, 1¢ fas also to be noted thatthe column exos-secton i fr am experiencing yeling when the collapse ofthe column base occurs oft™ 140 NN = eee! 100, —heon-sectan | ° 500 100500 go0 26003000 ur Figure 3.1 - Comparison berween tests and model-ets PC2 1S ln Figure 3.12, the agreement appears alo as satisfactory, even iit sa bit ss than in Figure 3.11. The ‘experimental resistance of test C2300, fr isance, i lower than the theoretical predtion, This ue tthe fat that the wtinate moment has not been reached daring the fst which hasbeen interrupted bacause of high deformations (Figce 2.11). Neverteless, beavng in mind the simplicity ofthe mode, the apreement may be considered as quite ceptable8 Mes (aN) 100 = ° 00 1000 ©1500 «2000-2500» —=3000 Nace) igure 3.12 Comparison berween ets and mode-ests C230 Mtn (kN) 180 ay Cohn ° 00 1000 «1500 «200025003000, rea (aN) igure 3.13 - Comparison berween ests and modebtests PCL.IS The results fr tests PC4.1S are plotted in Figure 3.13. Here agai, a rather god agreement between ‘theory and experiment may be seen, except forest PCAIS.400 where, beeuse ofits considerable deformability, the peak of the curve has not been each ding the testuM “The last serie of teats is presenod in Figure 3.14, The agreement between theory and experimentation i ‘gain quite aceapabe, Test PC430,1000 i the only one which fils by lack of resistance ofthe column ross setin, what i ite in ine with what as observed inthe nboratry. slight overestimation of the strength is noted, ‘That is explained by the local bling oecurving at the end ofthe test inthe ‘colina flange in compression, This ile loud is ot take into consideration as far as now i the © 500 10001500 2000-2500 30003600 rm (kN) Figure 3.14 Comparivonbenwwen ets nd wode-tetsPCA.30 In conlasion it canbe stated thatthe analytic the prediction of the flr loa of com bases nodel, dei its simplicity, i patie 32 Evaluation ofthe intial stiffness. ‘The intl tines, te slope ofthe momen-oaton curve atthe origin, is anther main mechanical prope ofthe column bass. ‘By contas withthe bean-to-eolumn jas or beam splices, the inal tithes ofthe column bases Ault vo evatumte, The eet ofthe axial fre inthe columa and the plue-o-conerete contact which Involves separation eet, atsation or non-ttivation ofthe acho ols, ave tobe considered 0 explain the particular behaviour of column bases. For the test configurations for which the aia plied foe low, highly premature separation ofthe pate is observed, what modifies the distitution of imernalfores and therefore the global stifess ofthe column base. Consequently, by const with conventions joints which exhibit an elastic liner initial behaviour, the column bases may experience vary quick changes of stfiass. In this context, the peed for the theoretical prediction of the inital, stiffess becomes questionable,3s “Theis why it as boon desided in Lidge nt to go Fhe with vestigations on intl stiiess bat evel kcinatc (mechanical) mod allowing to follow the behaviour ofthe colin base ll long, their lading history, Such an approach appears as the most suitable one to understand deeply the complex phcnotien to which the seen faced when studying column bases, We ate so following ‘he approach initiated some years ago by Ponserii [5], whose works constituted a qu valuable reference al along ou developments. Ik should be mentioned, however, that the team of F, Wald, in Prague, is sively working on the evelopment of «simple model which should enable the stifaes and strength of cohnn-tases to be ‘evaluated by hand [4 ‘The combination ofthese hwo complementary works in the Future coud probably help in deriving simple sideline for practitioners, to be possibly inclided in anew ss of Earccode 3 Annex Jan L.6 MECHANICAL MODEL 4.1 Background of the model, “The min objective isto develop a model based on the component method ant able to follow the behviour ofthe cok see ll lng hee whole range of kandi, “Tocsre the suitability ofthe meses with the expectations, it appears quite important to take good noe ‘ofthe following observations made during the tas in Ibortory + The unilateral contact berween the pate and the concrete complex phenomenon which needs fo be eserie in very eine vay. +The bond between the anchor bolls ia tension and the contete which surounds them i oken very prematurely, as soo a the anchor bolts are subjected to tension. It is therefore allowed to consider that the Bolts re fee to elongate over ther whole length LaF meas fom the origin of the curved past wp tothe midtickness ofthe st, Le. appx, 250 mm (ee Fie 24). ‘+ Under the column flange(s) in compression, the plate undergoes substantial deformations, The pressure unde te pl therefore far fom being uniform, even under pure compression. AS 8 consequence, tis absolutly essential 0 koap the coneapt of equivalent sig plat inthe model + Im the compressive zon, the extended pat of the stel plate hasan essa role as it prevents ‘remature ershing into the coneret. The formation of yield line inthe extended pat ofthe plate all lng the column flange can also be noted. This requires substantial deformation energy which ought therefore tobe modeled, + The steel column crosssetion experiences yieWling which, in some cases, produces significant eformatons. To compare the mechanical model with the experimental monient-ottion carves efined in chapter 2 ~ where the plastic defomations of the eos-section ae included = itis sbsoutly eset o conde these deformations nthe mods + hed bution ofthe ier foes fa column base changes considerably ding it loading. In Partcus, the consct zone, ai therefore the lever arm of the intemal forces, are in constant ‘evoltion Purthrmore, the individual scapes of each component (conerte anchor boty pli, section, et.) is highly nontinear. Therefore only an iterative approach can efficiently desribe the behaviour ofthe column bases thoughout the woe loading. | tho light ofthe above statements and after several al, which are not described here a mechanical ‘model has been finally selected is illustatedin Figure 4.eo [Deformation HEB160 [Anchors Figure 4 - Mechanical wadel for col bases In this igure, the following components may be iden + xtensional springs £0 simulate the defemnaion of Me column erossetin (1). These springs work bth in ension and compression, + Bxensonsl springs simulate the deformation of the "anchor Bolts and base plate” ‘component 2). They work only in teason. singe spring is used to medel a row of anchor bt snd th eoresponing pat ofthe plat + Extension springs o simulate dhe concrete ander the plate (8). ‘They work only in compression, Rotaioal springs used to model the plastic deformation associated tothe posible development ofa Yield fine in te extended part of the plate inthe compressive zone (4). These springs ar not ‘etivated when the extended part ofthe plate isin the tlle zone and is theofor no Tonge in8 contact withthe core asthe deformability of the plate i aeady taken ito account in the senso pings (2) aed at modeling he anchor bots md plat assembly inthe vensie ove Inthe nest sections, details about the Is governing the behaviour ofthese components an the method ‘tcf assemble the components ogee s to derive the overall respanse ofthe Whole column base ae presented 42 Response of the individual components. 42.1 Concrete in compression ‘The plt-to-cncrte conte sa particulary complex phenomenon beease of the modification of the contact zane wih the secentiity ofthe compeesive fore and with thei ofthe plats, which let elated ot thickness. its of all, oa to voit take explicitly into account he aca eb ofthe plate, the concept of te equivalent rigid plate, already discussed in $3.12, is used. However, contrary’ tothe static model developed in chapter 3, the purpose of which wast calculate de strength of te column bas, the whole range, chartered by a subst fore, considered hee, Thus the choice ofa rectangular equivalent rig pat was o loge suitable at all for describing ‘some ranges of eecentieity. Teter, the ieaiaton ofthe pate luststd in Figo 42 is adopted. It is ite close to that comune in Annex Lof Eurocode 3 (2. “The parameter" is the one calculated by Fonmula 3.4. As previously mentioned, yield linet) ae key to oc in the extended prt ofthe plate, They are lest clase othe weld ata distance OY. of the column fange, where a designates the throat radius ofthe weld betwee the column flange andthe tase plat, 4 V Variation ofthe eecentilty oft Figure 4.2 - Definition ofthe eguivaen rigid plae forthe mechanical model The Iw adopted for coneret inthe moe is a conventional parabol-reetangle one silted in Figue 43. tis characterized by an almost staight parabolic part. n fact, his is understandable because the strength f, (See Formula 3.3) of the concrete takes into account the beneficial effects of the»” confinement and therefore much higher than that measized on bes, This does not apply tothe ‘Yeung’ modulus E, ofthe material. Infact, it may be assumed tha he confinement only appears when ‘he deformations re significant, © (ss 20 Utimate shortening : 64° 0.35% 0.006 6.008 Pique 43-0 -« le forconrte compression Eaton 4.1 ges the mathraticl expression ofthe aw iste ia Figure 4.3. The curve passes ‘tough the org, with an ial slope equa 6 the You's modula, and pases trough the point nf) a “The concret-toplte contacts discretized through the use ofa fivite numberof springs, each covering small prt of the contact one, A wumber of peliminry tests have shown that about hundred springs Provide sufficient accuracy for disretzation, To establish the F, 8, ln ofa particular sng it sufficient to comply withthe two folowing equations: =0.9, 8, = 6 Puas wy whore F isthe Free in the spring i, € the concrete area it epeseats, 8 ts elongation; yay i the depth of he concrete Block, By combining equations (4.1) and (42) the F,~3, relationship is derived follows 43)«0 Equation 4.3 js based on the assumption thatthe defexation ata point of the plat-to-concret contact zone is constant over the depth ofthe black, what is just of couse, a simplification. However, for ‘reasonable dimensions ofthe block, what is the case for the fests considered het, this idealization yives ests than hose suppl by more complex models, asthe PENSERINT ane (3 son and base plate in Bening Contrary tothe behaviour of the concrete which is Wanted foreach ofthe twelve Tests, the curve ‘eating tthe “anchor bolts in teason and plat in bending assembly depends (a on he thickness of the plate nd (bo he position of the row: betwen the Manes or ouside the Manges The pseudoplastic and ulimate resistances of the "anchor bolis-ase pat" assembly, respectively termed Fpss 8M Fy (S8 anes, are given in Table 41. They have been basically derived through the use of the formulae given in sections 3.1.3 but sometimes amended as explained in the next paragraphs, AS mentioned peviusly, the ultimate tensile resistance of the anchor bolts has not been reached, inthe test presented in Chapter 2, by failure inthe cross-section, but by unbending of the ‘curved pat, The associated tna vale measured in lnboratory sal reported in Table 4.) her he italic nd bold sharctrs ate used fr values exceeding 2B, Pe2.s| pena0 Peas P0430 Fagma ON) mr 1306 31 368 Framer ao Ton | 264 (PCH 100) | 447 (PCA30.100) Ia¢otier) | _ $24 (oem) 2B,e, ON) 375 Table 4.1 Sirenghs of te anchor bots and plain tension During the tess, the anchor bolts elongate usualy in a signitiant way, and more particulary in ‘comparison with the deformation ofthe baseplate. As a consequence, prying effets may not develop as ‘hey would do ia usual endplate connections, Such behaviour has heen systematically noted in the Fis loading steps, i. thse where the response ofthe column base is approximately cestic. This explains ‘vy the elastic sins ofthe “anchor Bots - base plate” assembly i evaluated below on the basis of a "vo ping” sittin, For what ears he pnu-plac weit of he bat pe sen # fst atnetion hast be mad beeen com bases with two and four anchor bots espestivly In column bases with two anchor bolts, no prying frees develop all along the loading. Mode 2 failure in ‘he base pati therefore not contemplated and only circular partes are kel to contribute to Made 1 (Gee Section 3.13), In column bates with four anchor bolts, a similar eespnse is ropated for tests PCA.1S.100 and 'PC4.30.100, For the cher fst (PC4.5.400 and 1000 and PC4.30.400 and 1000) no prying develops