:

0788072746



:
: :

1 r 2 r : 1

p r . R
2 r R
+ R
1 r R
=pr

: 2
R

2 r R

1 r R
2 r 1r= pr
R
R

R
R
2 r R
R
1 r R

. R R

2 r

p r : 3

( 1 r)2 + ( 2 r)2
r
1 r 2
= =pr
R
1r R

2 r ( : : ) 4

1r r2= p r
2

: 5
- .

- .

- .

- .

- :
wr
= ( w r)2 + ( s r)2 = p r
sr

2 0788072746


: :

1 : :
..........

: : .... 2

: :
12
= 9 10 = 10 6
= 10
3
= 10
: " "

6
= 1015
15

: ) ( ) (
) (

.
19
=
1016 e a : R R

.
.
.

: :
:

- : .

p
R > e
R R
p
R R : = e
R R - : ) (.

L1897

19
=
1016 A

3 0788072746


)(Electric Charge

: .
:

- : " ".

- : .

* .

-1 ) (Conductors
.
-2 ) ( Insulators
.
-3 ) (Semiconductors
)(
.

: ...
" "

:
: :

:
.

: ) ( :

)
( .

C 6 C 6 C 8 C 20

4 0788072746


: ) ( :

) ( :

.
.
.
.

* .

conservation of charge

:
" ".

: . =
R R

: 19-101.6.
P P

: 1

1
= 10186.25 . "" =

1016
P P

U U

14

10 32

10 3
5

200
32+
19
. : 10 2
) (1

5 0788072746


):(Coulomb's Law
)). ((

a 1a 9 a 1a 1
109 = 1
9

2
= 2 109 2
2= r
4 t t 4
2
=
1210 885 / 2 l . : ) (


:

c uu UF qu
:
vK tU& s uUI
. 1
c wK eO UN
. 2
tHM tLL

) ( 21 r ) (12 r
.

W?????????????????????????????E ) (

uu uUI uF WMA U

uI uuJ bu WMA UI :

* bu WU* suO bu . 1 ) (
r p WGO
) ( . 2
UNKu%
) ( . 3

6 0788072746


- .

- .

)( ) (.

=1 250
= )(
= w
12 3000 s
2
a9
2
a 109= tr
9 2
2 109= r
t

.
5
= a 2 a9109
1003 = 1 a9109
12
=
2
tr 2 =a 1a9
109

: )(l1
) ( 109 .
9

7 0788072746


)( 2 a

) ( 3 a

C 2+ = 3 a C 1+ =2 a C 4 =1 a
20 10

6
10161049 a a9
=
.
36 2 2 =109 2 1
=109 R
)( 1010 2
t
21
21

6
101610 29 a 1a 9
=
. .
045 2 2 =109 2
=109 R
)( 10 20 2
23 t
23

=
405 . + 36
045 = 23 R + 21R = p R

: )( 3 a
6
10 261049 a a9
= (+ s) .
08 2 2 =109 2 1
=109 R
)( 10 30 2
t
31
31

6
10261019 a 1a 9
( s) .
=
045 2 2 =109 2
=109 R
)( 1020 2
32 t
32

= 045
035 (+ s) . 08
= 32= R + 31R p R

) (1 a

8 0788072746


U

8 = 3 a

) ( 2 a .

4
6 = 1a101 = 2 a

) ( 2 a :

4
101910 69 a 1a 9
=
+ s 6 2 2 =109 2
=109 R
)( 10 3 2
t 21

4
101910 89 a 3 a9
=
+ w 8 2 2 =109 2
=109 R
)( 10 3 2
t 23

23 R p R =10 . = ))(2(8) +2(6 p R

= :
r
21R : 0023 = = 4= 8
= 133 23
3 6 21 r

4 6
l3

9 0788072746


09 20

=
a =
a
2 1 a
2
a 9109 1 2
a 9109 1
2 = 109 2 2 = 109:
104 )( 10 20
6 3
= 10 2 = a a 109 . 10 36 :
2 9

)(111053
31
10911 : =
27
10167 =
- -

.
19
=
1016 = e p R R R R

- :
1016 1016
9 19
2a 3 a9
19
) (
8
=
10
82 =10 9 =109 R
2 11

)( 1053 2
t
2710167
111067
{ ; 2 ; 1
31
10911
47
=
10 36 = = -
2 11
)( 1053 2
t

)(3910
.

) 1 ( 2 )( 100
R R R R

- 3

10 0788072746


C 1 4 C 16

)(

.

C 10 C 12 :

=5 =))(2(3) +2(4

)( :
6
101610169 a Ha9
= s 90 2 2 =109 F
=109 R
)( 104 2
t Fh

6
101610129 F a { a9
=
.432 2 2 =
109 =109 R
)( 10 5 2
t {F

6
101610109 F a } a9
=
+ w100 2 2 =
109 =109 R
)( 10 3 2
t }F

.... :
100 = 100
2 =
=

432

=
90
= 90
208 =

432


432
=
0144. ) 432
(208 = 90 s r

0208 ) 432
= (231 = 100 w r

0208
=
0252
)(2(0208
))+2(0144 = r

0144 p

11 0788072746


) ( ) (3 :
9 4 3
)(


)( :
9 9
5 10 3 1049
60 =
1012 . =2 2 109 FhR
)( 10 3
9
5 10 3 91099
=
10 27 . =2 2 109 F{R
)( 10 3
FhR :

= 10 FhR
5
1012 .
5
) FhR(

5
.
5
= FhR
10104 ) FhR(
10 27 5 5
. =10 33 106 +51027= s R
5
=
10104 . wR

= )) +2(510 33
)(2(510104 p R

.
03 ( 1a 2 a 60

72 1a 2 a

( 60 240

30 :
4
( 10 8
15 (1

(2 104
4

12 0788072746


)( :

-1 .
-2 .

=
wr
= s -3 r:

9
10 3
= g
l015

g g 5 = .

:
a a
:

l0013 =5015 = s g = s s =
g
= (0013)2
l0026 = s2 =
:

r = s r = r (1)....................
r

r

r

= [;
(2).................. r = w r
r
[; = r

) ) (2 )( (1

;[
;[
tr 2 2
2
a
.
8
=a 9
1044 = a 2 9109 = r 210 26
= = r
109 t

6
1010

40
40
)(61010
) (
6
10 25 6
10 25

13 0788072746


:
:
)(
C2 = 1a C 3 =2 a C6 = 3 a
)( 3 a

L01
L01

:
2 a
L005 1 a
2+( ) 5+ =1a ( =2 a )
) 8+ = 3 a( :

L006
( ) ( 2 a

( ) ( 2 a )(
3 a

:
) R(
:

( .
( .
0 ( .

1 . (
)(L05
25 50 75 2
T
:
L1
) (9104 + 9101910 3 + 910 2+
:

L1 . (1 ) (610 3+

(2 )( .
L1

14 0788072746


):(Electric Field
:
.
:
.
:

= r
a
- : .
:
) / (.
U U

.
-

. = aH
2
t
.

:
R =r

) (

) (.
) ( .
) ( .

/ 70
70 .

) (.
.

15 0788072746


3 6
6
10 6 9109 a 9109
= / .
10 6 = 2 2 = :
7
)( 10 3 2
t

6 :

l2
l3
9
10 6 9109 a 9109
/ .
4
=
10 27 2 2 = =2 : : l2
)( 10 2 t
9
10 6 9109 a 9109
=
/ . 10 6
4
= 2 2 = : l3
)( 10 3 2
t
) (.

:
:
/ = 10 6
4
l3
l6

:
: 4 16 l8
.
l2
.
6 .

)32

(
10 10
:
)( .
)( .
2 )(.
12

16 0788072746


) :(Electric Field Lines
: : .

: :

)
(.

.
.
.

.
:
.

- ) . (.

- ) . (.

17 0788072746


: U

= 1 2 .
R R R R

:

) ( :
- : .
- : .
) ( :
- : .
- : ) (.

4 9 l2

) (
) 4( :

2 a 109 1a 109
6
109 6104 9 9
=2 =2 = 1 2
2
)(s 2 s 2
t t
R R R R

. 3 = 2 : l 4 = s :
5 s 2 s

16 4 l3

2 a 109 1a 109
6
104 61016 9 9
=2 = 2 = 1 2
2
s )(3 + s 2
t t
R R R R

. 2 = 4 : l3 = s :
s 3+ s

18 0788072746


:
:
C 16+ C 9+ l3
:
C 4+ C 1 l2
:
) 4 ( ) 1(

:
C 50 C 2 l6
:
.
.

:
) ( 10 8)(a2 ) (l3 )(a2
9

) (l1 a

:
) ( ) ( 10 C 2
) ( ) (

19 0788072746



):(Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field
:

.

.

y100
10 3 /
3

37 .

r 37 :
r
r = 37 (1)..................

r r 37 r = 37 (2).................

1 : 2

1001
= 075
250 = [;= a la
3
10 3 l ;[
= 250 .

20 0788072746


:

j;= al j;= r
al = j
;
:

= .j + 1u
2u

2
= .j 1 + . 1u
t
2
= tj2 +2 1u
2
2u

--------------------------- 3
r
/
6
101
(.
2
)[ = e / l10
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++

101910 3
6
.
4
= 10 3 ;[= =; al =; la
10 [

9
( ) 9104( )10 2

/( :
3
)101
( .
( .

/ . ( 20
/ . ( 20

21 0788072746


6 9
. =104 ( = = 1043101
6
104 al
.
2
=
10e /2
3
9= ( =
; 10 2
2
. ( 101 = . .3102 +0 = 20 .j + 1u = 2u
1
.l = 101 = t t31022 +0 = 400 tj2 +2 1u 2
2 ( u

/ 3101/ 104
3

31
1091 : =
( .
( .
( .
( ) (.

.
16
=
1016 19
( = 3101 = r
1016
19
1016 3101
=
1410175e / ( = =j al
2
). (. 31

10 91 ;
( )(0 = 2 u
.e
11
= . .1410175
10 229 3104 =0 .j + 1u =2 u
1016
6 2
1u
.l
8
=t
10457 =t =t tj2 +2 1u =2 2 u (
14
2
10175 j2

/( )104
3

83(. )
19
1016 3104
= 10 7e / = j al = j
2 14
. 31

10 91 ;
=
e l610 34 2 =
u 1310116 3
= 1410 7 2 +0
10 83 2
2 =u tj2 +2 1u 2
2 u

22 0788072746


/
4

02 101
.

.
7
r = = ;[ = a 4101
10 2 = a 1031002 R R

e
R R
aK R = R
R

. = K 191016
10125 =1310125
10
K = 710 2

:
: 500 / 5
.
.

5101 /
e l610176
:
31
10 911
.
.
.
.

23 0788072746


) :(Electric Potential

)(2
) (
) (
.

)( ) ( .
R R

)(1 ) (1 )(2

.

1 R R
2 R = = R R 2 1

(. )(t)(r : ) : r )( : )( = tr

2 R + 2
R R = 1
R R + R
1 R :

: )(2 2 R
R : )(1 1 R
R

: 2 )(2 R
R : 1 )(1 R
R

( :)(e l : )( ; ) : )(
2
' u; 1 = p
2
R R

) ( )( )(

.
+

.

.
+

}, ' f, =' , = ' } f

24 0788072746


): (Electric Potential Deifference
) ( ). (.
R R

' ' f, ' ,

= h, = [=[ =h [ f [=hf
. a a
)[ ( h [ f R
R = f h

[ : h ).( h [ : f )( . :

: ).( h : )(

: f h )( )( .

: ) 1+ (.
= : hf )( )( ) (.
[ [ h [ f
) (.
) = r (.

.

:
.


R =
R R = h

)( =
:

) = =
( .
: )(1
.

25 0788072746


: U

.
) (.

5
) 5( .

15

) 15(

150

)150( .
)150( .

150

)150( )
(.

) 5 (

. 5

) 5 (

) 5 ( .

:
:
(
R R ( = )
R R

R R = ) -
R R R R R

R

R
R R =
R R

) ( .

26 0788072746


4 ) = 40 =
60 (

= (40 60)6104 f h = f h )[ ( h [ f

5
. 10 8+ = f h

) (.

4 ) = 40 =
60 (

= (60 40)6104 h f )[ ( f [ H = h f

5
. 10 8 = f h

) (.
:
)( )( .
+
) ( . )[ ( h [> f
_ )( )( .

) ( . )[ ( f [> h
.

: 810 2 )( 5
.
)( .
)( )( 12 .
)( )( .
8 8
'= 1014 = 81010 1014 f h a
8
= 1010h a ) :
(

27 0788072746


) 1(
( ) 610 50( )80

( ) : = 30

)(Electric Potential due to a System of Point Charges
.

[= a 910 9
h
t

: : ) (.
: ) (.

.
.
t t a 2 a 1a 9
+ [ + ) 10 9 =h
1 3
(3
3t 2t 1t
1 a 2 t 3 a

2 a
: .

: =3
6 fh [ -
- )( )( .

3

= a 910 9 a 910 9 =[ [ h [
f fh
ft ht
6
10 3 610 3 9
1045 .
5
( 2
= + 2 =9 ( a a )910
=) 10 9
10 6 10 3 ft ht

.
14
(51045
10 72
= )191016=
( f [ h [)a
= h f

28 0788072746


6 :
l3(1

l9(2

.
:
6
10 6 9 [ = a 910 9
. = 1018
3
= 10 9
. 3 t
6
10 6 9 [ = a 910 9
= 10 6 . = 10 9
3

9 t

) (
.

9
10 3 + :
)( )( (1
5 )( (2
5

9
10 4 + )( (3

9
10 2


8
)( :
9
10 4 910 2 910 3 9 a a a
=
1350 . ( 2 + 2 + 2 =) 10
9 (} + f
=+ h )910
9 [
10 4 10 4 10 3 i} t if t ih t
i

.
16
= 1350 1016
10 216 )[ = ( [ i
19

R R = i

.
16
=
10 216 i, =' i a , ' i, ' = i

29 0788072746


l16 ( . )2
- +

6
10 2 610 2 9 a a
( =
. + =) 10
=9 ( 2 + 1 )910
9 [

08
08 2t 1t
h

:
) ( ) ( .

) ( = = 9 =6
11
) ( : )10 (4 6
6
( )( (1 )10 6
6
9
9 ( )( )( (2 )10 5
) (
(3 )( )(
- +

6
11 11
10 4 9 10 6 9
( 2 10 9 + 2 = 10 9)610 6 = [a '
10 9 10 9 h h,

6
= 1012 = (4 6)610 6

) [ i (
R R R R = i h )[ ( h [ iR R
11
10 4 1110 6 9 a a
= .
6 ( 2 + 2 =) 10 =9 ( } + f )910 [9 i
10 3 10 3 }i t if t
6
. = 10 20 = (2 6)610 5 i h
) ( )(.
11 11
10 4 9 10 4 9
=
( 6 . 2= ) 10 9 =[
( 4 . 2= ) 10 9 [
10 6 f
10 9 h

11
. R = )[ 1012 = (6 + 4)1110 6 = ( f [ h R h f

30 0788072746


:

) (
8
( : ) = 810 2 = 10 2
40

)(

) (
-
30 30
+
30 ) (
)( )(
6
= ' 10 6 = , = 400 i, )= 7101 = 310 4/ [
6
( . 10 2
:
) ( )(

( : ) 610 6 ( )
54
3 3 )(

)(
) ( 1a )(
1 a 2 a
( = 610 6 = 71012 / =
54 ) 2 a

:
) 9 3 ( l3 :

) 3 (


) 4(

: U

: .

= ) . = [ = / [ .
t
: ) 10( 2

=
500 .
=[ = 10 :
2
10 2 t

31 0788072746



Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field

.

hf

= f h

fh t o r
R

fh = f h

=
r = r [a
fh t
R R R R

fh [ = fh

: ) / (. : : ) (.
: ) (.

(. : ) t
) , ) ( '
( = .
. [ } [= h [ } f
=[ hf
=[ ( h} [+ } f
)[ hf

) (

) ( :

(fi) 4 (,h) 3 (,}) 2 (i h) 1

:
.
.
) [ ( fh

fh fh t [ = fh
: .
) (
[ hf :

fh = h f [
R R

) ( .

32 0788072746


: U

) (

[ = fh
R ( = ) R [ = fh
R

R R R
= hf [ (

180 = ) R [ = hf
R

hf [ = fh [ :
. [ f [< h )( fh [

) ( =

=
=[ ) = ) ((
t
:

[ = fh hf t

[
t
)/( fh
=
) ( .

) / ( ) / (

.
/

= = = = =
. .
l
=

= :
l

= .
.

) (2003

:
) - (
) - (
) - (
) - (
: ) ( .

33 0788072746


: )(2005
) ( 310/ :

- ) 1+( )( )( ih [ -

. 03
[ = ih 310=
=[ a if
f i

) (03 300 = ( 90
= ) 310 }i =[ [+ } f if [
4 6
. =10 3
=101 300
f i

: )(2008

) (410 / ) ( :

( ) (9101 .
l008
( .

l06

=
) = hi (

.
7
=10 8 (01
+ 008 = 4101)(910
)1

01
) ( .

: )(2010
)l(210 2
) ( 10 3 / :
5

( .
6
( . ( )101
6
( . ( )101

. = 10 6 =1 (210 2) 510 3 =
3

=
03 . = r (6101) 510 3 = a
= [ a
3
. = (310 6) (6101
=10 6 )

34 0788072746


)( )(
27
10167
191016
4
625/ :
.
.
.

( =
e l410 69 f u
18
=10
4 f h, [ 25 = fh ' )

/ :
3
10
)( )( .
) (1+ )( )(.

l03 (
6
= 10 300 ) [ 300 = }h
f i

l04
:

310
l05
6
++++++++++++++++++++++ )( : 101
40 )( .
30 )( )( .

.

( } = 610 600 [= h [
} f
3
= 10 2 ) r
---------------------------------------

:
:



.

35 0788072746



)(Electric Potential due to a Charged Conductor
:

.
. ) (

) :(
)
(.

h : [ [= f
: = ) (
= = [ fh [a .
=
[h f = [ h [ [ f

.
i =[ : [ h
:
= ) ( = tr
= ta
i =
[ h = [ i = [ h [ ih [a =
.

:
)( :

= a 910 9[

) ( : < t

= a 910 9[
t

36 0788072746


:

" " .

)
( " " .

R +
R R =
R R

( 2 [= 1[).
) = ( .

:
:
a 2 a 1a 9
) (. (3 + [ + ) 10 9 =h
3t 2t 1t
)( .
) ( :
= a 910 9[

) (
:
= + R R R R R

a 2 a 1a 9
(3 + = + ) 10 9 + a 910 9

3t 2t 1t
R R

: .

37 0788072746



3 7500
:

.
8
= a
10 25 [ = a 910 9 = 7500 a 910 9
2
10 3
. = K 191016
1016
11
K = 810 25
aK = a

8
: 3 10 5
1 .
2 10 15 .
:
8
10 5 9
.
3
10 9 = [ a 910 9 = [ 1
[ = 10 5

003
2
8
10 5 810 5 9
.
3

1015( [= 21 =) 10
=9 21[ 2 [ 1 [[ 21

015
01
) (2009 :

) (02 )(9101+

) l(005 :
9101+ =a 1 .
2 .

:
9
= 104 +
9
10 4 9 =a 910 9
/ . =900 2 = 10 9 1
10 4 2
t

R +
R

R R 2 =
= a 910 9 + a 910 9


t
R R

9 9
101 9 10 4 9
. 765 = 45 + 720= 2 10 9 + 2 = 10 9
10 2 10 5

: )(2010
)( )( :

= (
R R = ( )
R R ( ) = (
R R

R R ()
R R =
R R ( )

= (
R R

R R = ( )
R R ( ) = (
R R = ( ) R R

R R ( )

38 0788072746



) ( :
1 .
2 .
3000 3 10 .
4 5 .

)(
10 :

. 1 = 10 1 = a a910 9 = 300 a 910 9 = 3000 a 910 9

7
3 01
R R

7
10 1
5
10 . l/
2 = 1 = 3 =a =a 2
12 2101 4 24 H
7
10 1 a 910 9 [ 3
= 20 () +10 =t =
1500 1 = 3 910 9
10 2 t
4 = .

:
2
( l ) l(210 2 )10 8
9

) ( 10 885 :
.
:

.
9

10 885 a a 9 a 9
910 9 + 2 2 = 910 9= 1 10 9 + 2 10 9

2
10 8 10 2 t
7

10 885
. = 2a
4

: )(2012
)( )+( )-(

.
)( [ = ta
h
:
-
= =

= ta = [ a = [ = t
h h
+

39 0788072746


:
25 1300 50
(.
2
810 92 l )
=

:
9
10 : 10 8
( . 1 )( )8
( . 2 )( )20
. 3 ) 610 6(
(.
3
360
10 216 )720

)(
(. ) : 2013
36

:
18
. 1
)(
. 2
02
01
03
04
3 ) 610 4 + ( )(
)(l04
)( .
6
( . )
= 1010 4 =a l01 10108

) (105 )
(5025 ) (
) (100 :
)(
)( 1 )( .

. 2 )( .
3 )( .

( ) 410 45 410 405 10 4275

3

40 0788072746



)(Equipotential Surfaces
:
) (
.
.

:
. 1
) (: 2
. =
= = 90 = )( )(t

) (.

41 0788072746



= 15 ( f ) [ 10 = h ( [)
:
[ i [ 1

ih [ fh [ if [ ,h [2
,

3 , i
:
= 15 . , [ = 10 i [ 1
. =5= 15 10 , [ [ h
= ,h [ 2
= 5 = 10 15 . i =[ [ f if [
= . =[ 10 10 = i [ h ih [
.
19
=
10 8 = (10 15)191016 , i 3 , i
= ( i [ , [) a
: :
) ( (1
)(
.
. (2
)(

.
(3 .

= :
= . = =
(4 .

.
= . : = =
: U

:
: .

42 0788072746



)(Electric Capacitance & Electric Capacitor
:
) +( "
" .
= a [ a [
" " ) (
.
). (Electric Capacitance
.

a =s
[
.
: .
:

(.
6
1 )101 = f
9
(. 2 )101 =nf
12
(. 3 )101 =pf
: =30
. 30
:
a = s = = s 4 = s a 1
9
10 9 4 [
:
) (.
(1
(2 ) ( .
(3 ) (.

18 :
15 . 2 1 .
:
2
11 10 9
1015 = 15 11101 = [s = a 2 .
11
=
101 = = s 1
9
10 9 9
10 9

43 0788072746


).(Electric Capacitor
.
)
(.
:

.
:
. 3 . 2 . 1

) .(Parallel Plate Capacitor

)( )+(
) - ( )(
:

=s a =s
[
( :
)

h = s
a =
a = s
t h t
)((.
R R

<
R R ) < ( )

01
2 2
l 101
120 :
3 2 1

:

101 10 885 2 12
.
11
=
10 885
3 =h =s 1
101 t
8

101062 . = [s = a 2
=1201110 885
/ .
5
3 = [ = = 3120
1012
101 t

44 0788072746


:
)(
.

: )(l2000

.
) : (

.
.
.

) 20 (2
)l(410177
) 200 ( :
1 .
2 .
3 .

l410 89 l410 8
) (50

)(
.

45 0788072746


). (Capacitors Combinations

.

46 0788072746


: ).(Series Combination
:

k a
= = 2 =
a 1 a 1

k =[[++ 2 [+ 1
2 :

) (.
3 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 1
ks 2s 1s ls
.

:
. k s : s= s
k l
)( = [ l s
: ) (

3 6
:
1 .
1 s 2 s 2 .
:
= 2. l =s 3= 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 1 1
6 6 3 2s 1s ls
30
2 a = 1a
2

6 6
10 60 = 30 10 2 = [ l s = a .
a =s
[
6
10 60 = 2 a = 1a .
6
10 60
20 = 6 =1[ a =[ a =s
10 3 s [
6
10 60
=
10 . =
6 [
10 6 2

24 = 3 s 8 = 2 s 3 = 1s :
:
1 .
2 .

10 =
20 =
a =
a ) 2 = l s a
[25 [66
3 2 1
= (.
084 =3 = 2 [ 1

47 0788072746


: ).(Parallel Combination
:
: 1
k = a+ 3 a + 2 a + 1a

k [
= = 3 =
[ 2 =
[ 1 =
[ 2 [:
: 3
) (. k = s ++ 3 s + 2 s + 1s

. k s : = skls

= )( :

R R

f 2 = 1s
:
1 .
2 .
:

f 4 = 2s . 1 = = 6 =4 + 2 = 2 s + 1s
=
20 . 2 =
[ 1 [ 2

20 10 40 = 20610 2 = [1s = 1a a = s
.
6
[
6 6
10 80 = 20 10 4 = [ 2 s = 2 a .

:
2 = 1s
:
1 .
4 = 2s
2 .
8 = 3s

= 20 =[ =[ =[ ) 14 = l s [
=a 610 =a 610
3 2 1
6
(. 10160
= 3 80 2 40 1 a
20

48 0788072746


:
:
(1 ) (
=
( 6 =) s3 1s
3
=(=4 5 =s 4 ) s 2s
8 = l s ):(

) ( (2
) (2 .
( = l s ):
24

) ( (3
) (2
. 20 = 5 s
4 = l s ):(

2 s
1s
) ( (4

s =
4 ( 3=
s 2 )s
3
s =(
3 6=
s 5=
s 4 )s
5
. ) (24 = 1s
( . 8 = l s ) :
4s
6 s

49 0788072746


) .(Energy Stored in a Capacitor
)( ) (.
.
[s = a [ a

:
= .
1 :
s
2
a1 2 1 1
= = [a
[s =
s2 2 2

2 30 1 :
1 .
2 .
3 .

:
.
6
10 900 = = 2(30) 610 2 =1 2 [s
1 ' 1
2 2
6 6
10 60 = 30 10 2 = [s = a 2 .

10 3 = 3/ .
4 3 = [ = 30
101 t

:
)( 1 .
2 .
:
:
15 6
6 )10 (0 15
=
. 10 3 = s 1
)(0 5
.
6
=5 61015 1 = [a 1 = ' 2
10 375
2 2
5 )(

50 0788072746


:
) (
) (
:

== 2
[ [ [ 1 [s = a a + 1 a = 2 a + 1a
2 a =a
= [ 2 s + 1 [1s
2 2 a + 1a

(2s + 1 =[s)2 a + 1a

f 3
) 8(
) 240( [ 10 = fh )(
:
6
10 240 a
f 8 = 30 . 6 = 8 [ =
10 8 s
3= 20 =10 30 .
6
= )(. 3= 10 60 =20610 3 = [s
6
6 10 60 a
. = 10 6 = = s
10 [

( 2 s 1s ) : ) ( 3 s ) (V ) ( p
6
101 =1s ) (20 :
6 (1 ) ( 1s .
= 10 3 3s
(2 ) (v .

:
.
6
10 20 = (20) ( 101) = 1[1s = 1 a (1
6

6
104 =2 s (2 .

a =a

3 a + 2 a + 1 a = 2 a + 1a
6
. 10 20 = 1[1s = 1a
6
. = 10 80 = 206104 2 = [ 2 s 2 a
=[ ) ( 3 s + 2 s + 1s 6
10 80 +610 20
6
10100
=6
125 . =[ )[ ( 610 8
= 6
10100
10 8

51 0788072746



)( 3 s 2 s 1 s
p p

1 2

:
f 3 = 2s
f 8 = 1s : ) ( 1p ) ( 2 p
)(1 s
.
f 6 = 3s : ) ( 1p ) ( 2 p:
(1 .
. fh [ (2
(3 ). ( 2 s
:
) ( 2 p ( 1p) :
6
10 80 =10610 8 = [1s = 1a
.
( 1p) : ( 2 p)

= 2.
) ( s s) (1( 6 3 =s 1 + 1 =1
3 2
9 3s 2s s
)) (s 1 s( 10 =2 + 8 s + 1s = l s.
6
10 80 ; a
= .
8 6 = = [ (2
1010 l s fh
=3
=a 2 (32) a (3 a
R

6 6
. =1016 =10 2 8 2 a (3 2)l =[ s fh 2 a

) (
6
1016 61016 1 2
a1
.
6
610 128
10 427 = 6 = =2
'
3 10 3 2 2s 2
2

) ( 1p (6) 1s )(180

1p 2 p : ) ( 1p ) ( 2 p
. (1
12 = 2 s )12(. (2
6 = 1s
4= 3s :
(1 ) ( 2 p
6
10180 a
= ) (.
20 6 = ;
= [ :
10 9 la
6 6
. = 10 60 = 10 3 20 )(23 s [= a (2

52 0788072746


:
:
f 3 = 2s f 6 = 1s

)10( :
(1 .
. (2
4
(. = 10 9 ) = 30 '
:
20 ) ( 3 s 2 s1s
)
(514 ) ( 3 s 2 s :
p . (1
1 s
. (2 ) ( 1s
(3 ) . ( 1s
s
(4 ) . ( 1s
2

6
) = 8 '
= 10160 R R

3s 6 6
( ' = 10 672 10 48 = a

:
= 40 :
[ fh

. (1
6 = 1s 3 = 2s
) (. (2
2 = 3s (. = 60 sw ) [ 4 = l s

:
) ( ) ( 3 s 2 s1s
) ( ) ( 3 s 60 :
1 s 2 s
. (1
. (2
(3 ) ( 2 s1s
3 s
.
(4 ) . ( 1s

(40
= [20
=
2 1 240 180 = 3 a [)
= 2=
a 1 ) 4 = l s a
(
3
=
10 48 '

53 0788072746