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Outline of talk
BS 8081 Grouted
15 mins
anchors
BS 8081 Grouted
15 mins
anchors
BS 8004 Foundations
15 mins and BS 8002 Earth
retaining structures
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1
Revival of withdrawn/obsolete geotechnical standards
Several important geotechnical codes of practice were withdrawn in March 2010 on the
introduction of the Structural Eurocodes, including:
BS 8004:1986, Code of practice for foundations
BS 8002:1994, Code of practice for earth retaining structures
The following standard remained but was largely incompatible with Eurocode 7:
BS 8081:1989, Code of practice for ground anchorages (renamed grouted anchors)
The revival of these standards was sponsored by HS2 because they want to put them
out with contracts for enabling work starting in June 2015.
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2
BS 8002, 8004, AND 8081 FOREWORDS
Presentational conventions for the new geotechnical BSs
The provisions of this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. Its
recommendations are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliary verb is
should. Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented in
smaller italic type, and does not constitute a normative element.
Foreword to BSs 8002, 8004, and 8081
Notes and commentaries are provided throughout the text of this standard. Notes
give references and additional information that are important but do not form part
of the recommendations. Commentaries give background information.
Note that the word shall is NOT used in BSs 8002, 8004, or 8081
shall is used in Eurocode 7 (BS EN 1997-1 and -2)
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3
REVISED EUROCODE 7 PARTS 1 AND 2
Proposed structure of EN 1997-1: 202x and EN 1997-2: 202x
EN 1997: 202x
1. General rules
2. Ground investigation
3. Geotechnical constructions
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4
BS 8004:1986 AND 2015
Changing contents of BS 8004 for foundations
BS 8004:1986 (186 pp) DPC BS 8004:2015 (101 pp)
Foreword (1 pp)
1. General (7 pp) Foreword (1 pp)
2. Design of foundations (27 pp) 1. Scope (1 pp)
3. Shallow foundations (5 pp) 2. Normative references (4 pp)
4. Deep and subaqueous foundations (13
pp) 3. Terms and definitions (1 pp)
5. Cofferdams and caissons (17 pp) 4. General rules (25 pp)
6. Geotechnical processes: groundwater 5. Spread foundations (11 pp)
lowering, grouting and other methods
of changing the ground characteristics 6. Pile foundations (42 pp)
in situ (38 pp)
7. Pile foundations (32 pp)
8. Tide work, underwater concreting and Annexes (*normative)
diving (6 pp) A. *Underpinning (4 pp)
9. Site preparation for foundation work
(6 pp) B. *Helical pile foundations (4 pp)
10. Durability of timber, metal and C. Specific formations (2 pp)
concrete structures (9 pp) Bibliography (5 pp)
11. Safety precautions (10 pp)
Appendices (10 pp)
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5
BS 8081:1989 AND 2015
Changing contents of BS 8081 for grouted anchors
BS 8081:1989 (177 pp) DPC BS 8081:2015 (135 pp)
Foreword (1 pp) Foreword (1 pp)
Introduction (1 pp) 1. Scope (1 pp)
2. Normative references (2 pp)
1. Scope (1 pp)
3. Terms, definitions and symbols (9 pp)
2. Definitions (6 pp)
4. General recommendations (5 pp)
3. Symbols (2 pp) 5. Limit states (1 pp)
4. Responsibilities (1 pp) 6. Design situations (1 pp)
5. Site investigation (5 pp) 7. Design considerations (3 pp)
6. Design (14 pp) 8. Ultimate limit state design (1 pp)
7. Material and components (10 pp) 9. Serviceability limit state design (1 pp)
8. Corrosion and corrosion protection (20 10. Structural design (1 pp)
pp) 11. Anchor design (4 pp)
9. Stressing equipment (1 pp) 12. Materials (6 pp)
10. Construction (10 pp) 13. Durability (12 pp)
14. Execution (10 pp)
11. Testing (13 pp)
15. Considerations relating to testing (1 pp)
12. Maintenance (1 pp)
16. Maintenance (1 pp)
13. Legal aspects (2 pp) 17. Reporting (1 pp)
Appendices (73 pp) Annexes A-I (informative) (69 pp)
Bibliography (4 pp)
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Outline of talk
BS 8081 Grouted
15 mins
anchors
BS 8081 Grouted
15 mins
anchors
BS 8004 Foundations
15 mins and BS 8002 Earth
retaining structures
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6
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
Eurocode 7 Workshop on NCCI 2015 Geocentrix Ltd, Coffey, and Geoserve Global. All rights reserved
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
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7
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Scope for the revision
BSI requirements as set out in 2014
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8
DPC BS 8081:2015
Annexes - BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
DPC BS 8081:2015(135pp) - ANNEXES (* proposed normative)
A. Indicative Record sheets (5pp)
B. Design of anchors (29pp)
C. Water testing and pre-grouting (1pp)
D. Tendon Youngs Modulus values (1pp)
E. Corrosion (5pp)
F. Corrosion protection (2pp)
G. *Testing (22pp)
H. General considerations on monitoring (4pp)
I. Health and safety (1pp)
Bibliography (5pp)
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DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 - Main changes
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9
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Focus of this section
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DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 - New Terminology Grout/ground interface
EC7 requires the design of the anchor to consider all limit states.
New terminology;-
EULS;d = Ultimate limit state force to be resisted by the anchor (kN)
Fserv;k = Characteristic value of the maximum anchor force, including effect
of lock off load, and sufficient to prevent a serviceability limit state
in the supported structure (kN)
TW (BS 8081:1989)
RGG;k = Characteristic ultimate ground/grout interface resistance (kN)
Tf (BS8081:1989)
GG = partial resistance factor for ultimate ground/grout interface
resistance (= 3.0 - Table 2)
GG = ground/grout interface correlation factor ( = 1.1 Cl 11.3.2.5)
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DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Relationship TW and Fserv;k
BS 8081:1989 BS 8002:2015
TW found from overall stability FD = Fserv;k = SD x F x PSLS
analysis (L.E.M.) with FoS up to 1.5 x PSLS
1.5 From L.E.M. analysis
i.e TW = 1.5 x T(unfactored SLS condition) Where;-
T = the derived axial force that the PSLS = design axial force
anchor provides to maintain that the anchor provides to
equilibrium (unfactored) prevent a SLS (i.e.
unfactored)(= T)
BS 8081:2015
Since compliant with BS 8002:2015 through
consideration of stability of supported structure
at serviceability limit state;-
TW Fserv;k
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DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Derivation of RGG;k
BS 8081:2015
GG;m
GG;k = GG;calc x feff ;
Where;-
RGG;calc = calculated ultimate ground/grout interface
resistance
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11
BS 8081:2015 Resistance efficiency factor applied to RGG;calc
Anchor resistance
efficiency factor
implemented for
both sands and
clayey ground
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Design of anchor fixed length - grout/ground
BS 8081:2015 BS 8081:1989
GG;m
GG;k = GG;calc x feff ; GG = f;calc; f;measured
f
GG;k W 3.0
Serv;k GG
And;-
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12
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Concluding remarks
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Outline of talk
BS 8081 Grouted
15 mins
anchors
BS 8081 Grouted
15 mins
anchors
BS 8004 Foundations
15 mins and BS 8002 Earth
retaining structures
Eurocode 7 Workshop on NCCI 2015 Geocentrix Ltd, Coffey, and Geoserve Global. All rights reserved
13
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
This part of the presentation will cover:
Brief introduction
Closing remarks
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Eurocode 7 Workshop on NCCI 2015 Geocentrix Ltd, Coffey, and Geoserve Global. All rights reserved
14
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
This part of the presentation will cover:
Brief introduction
Materials
Durability
Execution
Considerations relating to testing
Maintenance
Reporting
Annexes A-I (informative)
Closing remarks
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DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
BS8081:1989
Section 7: Materials and components
Section 8: Corrosion and corrosion protection
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15
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
This part of the presentation will cover:
Brief introduction
Execution
Considerations relating to testing
Maintenance
Reporting
Annexes A-I (informative)
Closing remarks
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DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
BS8081:1989
Section 10: Construction
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16
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
This part of the presentation will cover:
Brief introduction
Closing remarks
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DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
Extract from clause 3.2 DPC BS8081:2015
NOTE Regarding the relationship between the Working load of anchorage Tw (BS 8081:1989, Clause 3) and the characteristic value of the maximum
anchor force , FServ;k, the design and testing of grouted anchors in the UK was traditionally based on a specified working load termed Tw. BS 8081:1989
Clause 2.21.7 defines the working load as the safe load (Tw) of the anchor , the magnitude of which is routinely derived from limit equilibrium stability
analysis of the anchored structure. In order to allow for load losses (a large component of which was historically due to relaxation of prestressing steel), it
has been routine practice that anchors have been locked off at 110%Tw. This took account of the fact that relaxation in prestressing steels could account
for up to approximately 9% prestress loss. In situations where the lock -off load is set at 110%Tw, and no greater load is reasonably expected during the
service life of the anchor, then Tw can be taken as equivalent to FServ;k /1.1, since, by definition, FServ;k includes the effect of the lock -off load. However, as it
is currently acknowledged that modern prestressing steels account for prestress losses of less than 1.5%, a lock off load of about 102%Tw might be more
appropriate. In the context of this code of practice, it is therefore adopted that Tw approximates to the maximum characteristic anchor force FServ;k.
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17
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
Annex G: Testing
Salient points
Procedures for stressing and testing moved to Annex G
Basic structure similar to that of BS8081:1989
The basis of the revision centres on the relationship; Tw= Fserv;k
Proof load defined in BS EN 1997-1:2004+A1:2013
No distinction made between temporary and permanent anchors from a
resistance standpoint
Proving tests are now called investigation tests in accordance with EC7
All acceptance criteria for investigation, suitability and acceptance tests are
referenced to UK NA to EC7 (NA+A1:2014)
Observation times have been reduced;
Investigation tests; load-time data 10 days reduced to 3 days
Suitability tests; load-time data at Fserv;k 10 days reduced to 1 day and in
the event of non-conformance, 30 days observation reduced to 3 days
Apparent tendon free length criterion lower bound limit relaxed from 90% to
80%
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DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
This part of the presentation will cover:
Brief introduction
Maintenance
Reporting
Annexes A-I (informative)
Closing remarks
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18
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
Eurocode 7 Workshop on NCCI 2015 Geocentrix Ltd, Coffey, and Geoserve Global. All rights reserved
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
This part of the presentation will cover:
Brief introduction
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19
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
DPC BS8081:2015 Annexes
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DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
This part of the presentation will cover:
Brief introduction
Closing remarks
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20
DPC BS 8081:2015
BS 8081:2015 Code of practice for grouted anchors
Closing remarks
The drafting of DPC BS8081:2015 was carried out within strict guidelines and
time constraints stipulated by BSI
The overall objective was to retain the information, within the original document,
considered essential to the future of ground anchor practice
It was explicitly specified that the revised document should contain non-
contradictory complimentary information
The revised document is compatible with EC7 and associated Euronorms
In the absence of EN ISO 22477-5, Annex G will provide the necessary guidance
on testing of anchors
The acceptance criteria for the testing of anchors are referenced in the UK NA to
EC7
The structure and layout is comparable with BS8004 and BS8002 and facilitates
the structure to be adopted in the revision of EC7 in 2020
The document is still evolving, an internal review by the technical authors has
generated 99 comments/amendments
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Outline of talk
BS 8081 Grouted
15 mins
anchors
BS 8081 Grouted
15 mins
anchors
BS 8004 Foundations
15 mins and BS 8002 Earth
retaining structures
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21
CONTENTS OF BS 8004 AND BS 8002
BS 8004:2015 and BS 8002:2015, Codes of practice for
Foundations (101pp) Earth retaining structures (92pp)
Foreword (1pp)
1. Scope (1pp)
2. Normative references (4pp)
3. Terms and definitions (1pp)
4. General rules (25/31pp)
5. Spread foundations (11pp) 5. Gravity retaining walls (16pp)
6. Pile foundations (42pp) 6. Semi-gravity retaining walls (7pp)
7. Embedded retaining walls (14pp)
8. Cofferdams, basements, and strutted
excavations (4 pp)
Annexes (*normative)
A* Underpinning (4pp) A* Deadman anchors (5pp)
B* Helical pile foundations (4pp) B. Specific formations (1pp)
C. Specific formations (2pp) C. Archaeological finds (1pp)
Bibliography (5/3pp)
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General rules key topics for BS 8002
General rules nearly identical to BS 8004
Ground investigation
Spacing of investigation points 20 m along wall unless ground conditions are
sufficiently uniform to justify a greater spacing
For embedded walls, depth of investigation 2H for unsupported or H for
supported structure
Actions
Simplified loading model for traffic next to bridges
Earth pressure model from compaction theory
Design of embedded walls
Clarifies application of partial factors from Design Approach 1, Combination 1
(i.e. apply 1.11 to variable actions and 1.35 to effects of actions)
Re-introduces model factor on prop/anchor loads, depending on method of
analysis
Clearly maps design effects of actions from retaining wall design to design
actions used for subsequent anchor design (FULS,d, FServ,d, FServ,k)
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DPC BS 8004:2015 FIGURE 2
Suggested values for weight density of coarse and fine soils
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Origin of the 30 + A + B + C formulation for cv,k
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BS 8004:2015 4.12.3
Geotechnical Feedback Report
The Geotechnical Feedback Report is also known as a close-out report
The Geotechnical Feedback Report should be tailored to suit the size and
complexity of the works.
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26
N values compared
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BS 8004:2015 FIGURE 5
Suggested values for Nq (based on Fleming et al. 2008)
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BS 8004:2015 TABLE 12
Values of empirical coefficients cs and cb
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BS 8004:2015 FIGURE 6
Downdrag (aka negative skin friction)
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29
Imposed loads on vehicle traffic areas next to bridges
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Model factor for load-effects in props, struts, and anchors
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Outline of talk
BS 8081 Grouted
15 mins
anchors
BS 8081 Grouted
15 mins
anchors
BS 8004 Foundations
15 mins and BS 8002 Earth
retaining structures
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31
Summary of key points
The revised British Standards 8004, 8002, and 8081 are intended to:
Complement (and not contradict) the current version of Eurocode 7 and its
National Annexes
Provide clarification of Eurocode 7s requirements, where required
Be future-proof against significant changes to Eurocode 7 expected in 2020 or
thereabouts
Update 20-30 year old technical information contained in the withdrawn or
obsolete codes
Work together as a coherent set of modern standards
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TIMETABLE
What happens next?
24th March 2015
Review ends comments are collated by BSI and sent to authors
14th April 2015
Steering Group meets to discuss comments on BS 8081
28th-29th April 2015
Steering Groups meet to discuss comments on BSs 8004 and 8002
End May 2015
All comments resolved proceed to publication
End June 2015
Obtain approval of revised standards (B/526)
Publication of 2015 versions of BSs 8004, 8002, and 8081
Thanks to:
Brian Simpson (Chair of B/516)
Tony Suckling (Chair of Steering Group for BS 8004)
Paul Thurlwell (Chair of Steering Group for BS 8002)
Mick Gavins (Chair of Steering Group for BS 8081)
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32
HTTP://DRAFTS.BSIGROUP.COM
DPC period is about to close
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Any questions?
BS 8081 Grouted
15 mins
anchors
BS 8081 Grouted
15 mins
anchors
BS 8004 Foundations
15 mins and BS 8002 Earth
retaining structures
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33
DECODING THE EUROCODES
www.decodingeurocode2.com
www.decodingeurocode7.com
34