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AbstractFlux Switching Permanent Magnet Machine (FSPM) is such as smaller size and weight and fault tolerant capability as
a new type of machine that due to their fault tolerant capability, well as more reliability and efficient performance respect to
high torque and power density and simple structure become a conventional synchronous machines lead to much attenuation
proper candidate for wind turbine power application which
could easily satisfy the grid code requirements. In this paper a
[4]. As it is mentioned the power and torque density of the
novel outer rotor configuration design of FSPM is proposed. The FSPM is higher than conventional PM generators employed in
design procedure is carried out based on two main factors wind turbine application hence the implementation cost of the
including reducing the stator pole number and increasing the machine decreased due to lower requirement to permanent
rotor pole number to improve the electrical loading and the magnet which cost is increased in past years.
output torque capability of the machine respectively. Due to the FSPM creates a new category of the machine. To the best
low electrical frequency of the direct drive FSPM machine,
increasing the rotor pole number would not cause any drawback
knowledge of the author till know there are a few and
such as significant hysteresis loss of the machine and switching incomplete studies carried out for FSPMG with the objective of
loss of the machine side converter. The results have shown an wind turbine application [5].
appropriate behavior of the machine for wind turbine There are some studies carried out for FSPM machine for
application from electromagnetic point of view. hybrid electric machine and downhole applications in motor
mode of operation. Also most of the studies investigated with
Keywords-component; Flux Switching Permanent Magnet
(FSPM) generator, magnetic flux density, Incuded Voltage (EMF), the inner rotor configuration of the FSPM [6-8].
Electromagnetic Torque, Wind turbine FSPM generator This paper presents a thorough theoretical analysis of the
FSPM generator for wind turbine application. A novel structure
I. INTRODUCTION of the FSPM with outer rotor configuration is proposed. The
designed machine has6 and 19 stator and rotor pole number,
Due to permanently increasing of employing wind turbine
respectively. Assigning 6 pole for stator provide enough space
power generation from industrial to small rural application with
for armature winding that consequently increased the electrical
respect to environmental pollution, nowadays researchers are
loading of the machine also 19 pole for the rotor results in
investigating to find the generator that could appropriately
increasing the output torque of the FSPM. Firstly, a theoretical
satisfy the grid code requirement. Two popular generators for
dimension designing of the FSPM is discussed. Then the
wind turbine application are doubly fed induction generator
FSPM is modeled with finite element method (FEM) Maxwell
(DFIG) and permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)
14. Then an optimization is carried out with respect to THD
that their main problem is their higher weight, cost and cutting
reduction and EMF enhancement. Since the FSPM is like PM
off in the fault condition and inability to work under fault
machine, this improvement in machine design causes lower
condition if there is no additional control system exists
cost for the stator side converter that finally results in lower
respectively [1]. Recently FSPM machine is introduced.
total cost for implementation.
Basically this machine is emerged from combination of
brushless permanent magnet and switched reluctance machines II. PERMANENT MAGNET FLUX SWITCHIING MACHINE
[2-3]. The FSPM machine has the advantageous of those STRUCTURE
mentioned one simultaneously. Researchers claim that FSPM The PMFSM is emerged from combination of switch
has higher torque and power density, lower weight than the PM reluctance machine (SRM) and brushless PM.
machines. Also FSPM could continue their performance during The machine employed a steel rotor structure which is alike to
fault condition that is known as fault tolerant which is a the SRM hence there is no winding or PM available on it.
significant inherited characteristic origin from switched Armature winding is placed on stator and employed
reluctance machine. Indeed, the benefits of FSPM generator concentrated configuration. This is another similarity to SRM.
the load power factor. Where a is the number of coils in each phase, that is considered
The induced voltage (EMF) for the machine with sinusoidal 4 for this paper.
voltage function can be expressed as [10]: From final element method simulation the optimal values for
e = N t ..max .cos t (3) PM width and stator slot width with respect to output electrical
torque and cogging torque are:
=2 nN R (4) S
w PM = (10)
Where Nt is number of each coil turns and max is the 5
maximum air gap flux density in the d axis position of the S
generator. is the angular speed of the FSPMG and n in (4) is w ss = (11)
4
counted as revolution per second (rps). The stator teeth could be calculated as follow:
.D g S w ss w PM
max = B g max .A coil = B g max .l st . (5) w ts = (12)
NS 2
l st , D g , A coil and B g max are stack length, the machine air The total stator width is the summation PM width and stator
teeth:
gap diameter, the coil area and the air gap flux density peak
W S = 2.w ts + w PM (13)
value respectively.
By employing the following equations in (3) , induced The area of the stator slot is calculated as:
voltage can be expressed as follow: Ac
A slot = 2. (14)
N D k fill
E = N t .2. .n . R .l st . g .Bg max (6)
2 NS Where Ac is the peripheral cross section and Kfill is the fill
In order to obtain the physical characteristic of the factor. Due to practical experience the proper fill factor for the
machine the designers tie the active stack length and air gap machine is considered about 0.5.
diameters that is called aspect coefficient. The value of this Then the stator slot height of the FSMP could be obtained:
ratio is chosen based on practical experience, the output power A slot
hsl = (15)
of the machine, importance of power factor or with the aim of w ss
high efficiency.
To prevent the stator back iron from saturation, the stator yoke
l is taken almost equal to the stator tooth width [16].
K L = st (7)
Dg
The average air gap diameter of the machine that can be 6
h ys = .w ts (16)
deduced from output power equation is [9-10]: 5
Pout .N s Hence the PM height can be calculated by the summation of
Dg = 3 (8) stator yoke and stator slot height:
2. N R .K L .K E cos .n .B g max .AS
3
hPM = hsl + h ys (17)
As it can be seen from the above equation the average air
Consequently the FSPM generator outer diameter could be
gap diameter directly depends on the active output power and
computed as follow:
number of stator pole and inversely related to number of rotor
pole, load power factor, electrical loading, rotor speed (rps) and Dout = D g + g + 2.hPM (18)
electrical loading.
The electrical loading of the machine is expressed as: IV. CASE STUDY
NtIf In this section the discussed FEM modeling is applied to a
AS = (8) 1.5 KW class FSPM generator. The main physical specification
.D g
of the FSPM along with electrical characteristic of the
For appropriate performance of the machine and lower proposed generator presented in this paper is shown in Table I.
thermal loss of the winding the electrical loading of the In order to perform the simulation for the presented FSPM
machine is considered in such a way that the current density of generator Maxwell 2-D software version 14 is used. The 2-D
the copper wire placed between 3-6 A/mm2. model of the FSPM generator, based on the specifications in
The number of coils per phase can be calculated by the Table I, is illustrated in Fig. 2. It should be noted that since the
following equation:
flux path in the FSPM is not specified clearly, to achieve more
3
accurate design and simulation the node numbers of the air gap
region and opening of stator tooth are considered relatively 2.5
small in this case this length set to 1mm. Total number of mesh
element 38369 is considered in the FEM model. 2
20 1.5
0 1
Cogging Torque (N.m)
-20 0.5
-40 0
-0.5
-60
-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (ms) -1.5
Fig. 3 Induced Voltage of the 6/19 FSPMG
-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
To understand the cogging torque and EMF of the proposed Time (ms)
FSPM generator, the simulation is carried out while the rotor Fig. 5 cogging torque of the 6/19 FSPMG
speed is 200 rpm in no load condition. Fig. 3 illustrates the
induced voltage of the proposed FSPMG. The maximum
produced voltage is calculated 75 volt. Also the total harmonic The proposed FSPMG has a highly desirable cogging
distortion (THD) of the output voltage is approximately torque due to the chosen combination of the machine that
calculated about 3%. The low harmonic contents of the makes it very suitable for the wind turbine application. As it
produced voltage show the proper electromagnetic design of can be seen from Fig.5 maximum value of the cogging torque
the proposed generator. is equal to 1.75 N.m.
For proper understanding the behavior of the FSPMG under
operating mode the simulation time has been increased to
appropriately cover the transient time of operation. Hence the
time of simulation is considered in such a way that it depict
two period of each electromagnetic parameter.
torque will be increased if the difference between the stator and
10
rotor increase, but due to appropriate design of the machine this
issue does not effect on the performance of the FSPM as it is
Electromagnetic Torque (Nm)
0
discussed in previous section.
The FSPMG would have a bright future for wind turbine
-10 application. Although due to direct connection of the turbine
shaft to the generator which has a low speed, consequently
-20 results in low electrical frequency of the FSPMG.
-30
REFERENCES
-40 [1] A. Zohoori, J. Moghani, S. H. Fathi and V. Mortezapour An Optimized
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Crowbar for DFIG with AHP Algorithm Under Single Phase Fault,
Time (ms) 10th international Conference on Environment and Electrical
Fig. 6 Output torque of the 6/19 FSPMG Engineering (EEEIC), pp. 1-4, May 2011.
The electromagnetic torque is depicted in Fig. 6, by [2] J. Zhang, M. Cheng, Z. Chen, Optimal design of stator interior
comparison with Fig. 6, the ratio of cogging torque to output permanent magnet machine with minimized cogging torque for wind
power application, Elsevier Energy Conversion, vol. 49, pp. 2100-2105
electromagnetic torque is about four percent that is a proper Apr. 2008.
criterion to proof the suitable design of the machine. Note that [3] E. Sulaiman, T. Kosaka, N. Matsui, Design Optimization of 12Slot
in most of conventional PM machine design this ratio is very 10Pole Hybrid Excitation Flux Switching Synchronous Machine with
0.4kg Permanent Magnet for hybrid Electric Vehichle, IEEE 8th Int.
significant (much bigger that the ratio which is obtained here) Conf. Power Electronics (ECCE) Asia, Korea, pp. 1913-1920, 2011.
and researchers try to improve it as best as they could. [4] W. Zhao, M. Cheng, K. T. Chau and J. Jinghua, A new Modular Flux-
Switching Permanent-Magnet Machine Using Fault-Tolerant Teeth,
0 IEEE 14th Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation (CEFC),
May. 2010.
-200
[5] J. Ojeda, M. G. Simoes, G. Li, M. Gabsi Design of a Flux-Switching
Electrical Generator for Wind Turbine Systems, in IEEE Transaction
OutPut Power (Watt)