Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Heat transfer characteristics of pulsating turbulent air ow in a pipe heated at uniform heat ux were
Received 5 February 2007 experimentally investigated. The experiments were performed over a range of 104 < Re < 4 104 and
Received in revised form 12 February 2008 6.6 6 f 6 68 Hz. This situation nds applications in modern power generation facilities and industrial pro-
Accepted 31 March 2008
cesses. With installing the oscillator downstream of the tested tube exit, results showed that Nu is
Available online 21 May 2008
strongly affected by both pulsation frequency and Reynolds number. Its local value either increases or
decreases over the steady ow value. The variation is more pronounced in the entrance region than that
Keywords:
in the downstream fully developed region. It is observed also that the relative mean Nu either increases or
Pulsating ow in a pipe
Convective heat transfer
decreases, depending on the frequency range. Although the deviations are small, it seems to be obvious at
Turbulent ow higher values of Reynolds number. The obtained heat transfer results are classied according to turbulent
bursting model and looked to be qualitatively consistent with previous investigations.
2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
0142-727X/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatuidow.2008.03.018
1030 E.A.M. Elshafei et al. / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 29 (2008) 10291038
Nomenclature
other hand, Chang et al. (2004) reported that the pulsation has no which the rate of heat transfer is enhanced (Xuefeng and Nengli,
effect on the time averaged Nusselt number. 2005, 2001). In pulsating turbulent ow through an abrupt pipe
An investigation to pulsating pipe ow with different amplitude expansion, Said et al. (2003) reported that the percentage enhance-
was carried out by Guo and Sung (1997). In case of small ampli- ment in the rate of heat transfer of about 10 was observed for uids
tudes, both heat transfer enhancement and reduction were de- having a Prandtl number less than unity.
tected, depending on the pulsation frequency. However, with Experimental investigations on pulsating turbulent pipe ow
large amplitudes, the heat transfer rates are always enhanced. have been conducted by many authors (Al-Haddad and Al-Binally,
Hemeada et al. (2002) analyzed heat transfer in laminar incom- 1989; Hesham et al., 2005a; Barid et al., 1996; Gbadebo et al.,
pressible pulsating ow, the overall heat transfer coefcient in- 1999; Zheng et al., 2004; Zohir et al., 2005; Erdal and Gainer, 1979;
creases with increasing the amplitude and decreases with Habib et al., 2004, 2002; Faghri et al., 1979). The results of Hesham
increasing the frequency and Prandtl number. et al. (2005a, 1996, 1999, 2004,) showed an increase and reduction
The effect of many parameters on time average Nusselt number in the mean Nusselt number with respect to that of the steady ow.
was numerically studied by Cho and Hyun (1990), Moschandreou Many parameters have an inuence on heat transfer character-
and Zamir (1997), Lee et al. (1998), Chattopadhyay et al. (2006) istics of pulsating turbulent ow. Among those, pulsation fre-
and Hesham et al. (2005b). It is reported that the increase of Nus- quency, its amplitude, axial location, Reynolds number, Prandtl
selt number depends on the value of the pulsation frequency and number and pulsator type and its location. In order to understand
its amplitude. With amplitude less than unity, pulsation has no ef- the phenomena of the effect of pulsation on the heat transfer coef-
fect on time averaged Nusselt number (Chattopadhyay et al., cient and to resolve these problems of contradictory results, dif-
2006). In the thermally fully developed ow region, a reduction ferent models of turbulence for pulsating ows were considered.
of the local Nusselt number was observed with pulsation of small Two of these models are well known and mostly applied; the qua-
amplitude. However, with large amplitude, an increase in the value si-steady ow model (Shemer, 1985) and the bursting model (Ha-
of Nusselt number was noticed. bib et al., 1999, 2004; Gbadebo et al., 1999; Zohir et al., 2005).
In summary, the time average Nusselt number of a laminar pul- In order to check whether the steady ow analysis is applicable
sating internal ow may be higher or lower than that of the steady to the prediction of heat transfer analysis in a pulsating turbulent
ow one, depending on the frequency. The discrepancies of heat ow, Park et al. (1982) carried out a series of measurements on
transfer rate from that of the steady ow is increased as the veloc- heat transfer to a pulsating turbulent ow in a vertical pipe sub-
ity ratio (D) is increased. For hydrodynamically and thermally fully jected to a uniform heat ux over a range of 1.9 104 6 Re 6 9.5
developed laminar pulsating internal ow, the local heat transfer 104. Their data are presented in the form of the ratio gm(Nupm/
rate in the axial locations for X/D < pRe/20 k2 can be obtained based Nusm) as a function of the Womersly number, k. It is reported that
on a quasi-steady ow (Zhao and Cheng, 1998). for the cases of high mean Reynolds number (Re > 5.5 104), the
Numerical investigations on turbulent pulsating ow have been experimental data approaches to the quasi-steady predictions.
carried out by several researchers (Xuefeng and Nengli, 2005, 2001, However, at low mean Reynolds number (Re < 4 104), the data
2003). It is reported that there is an optimum Womersly number at show an increasing discrepancy as k is increased.
E.A.M. Elshafei et al. / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 29 (2008) 10291038 1031
In the previous studies, few of operating parameters are consid- sured the ow rate of the air using a U-tube manometer connected
ered and were conned to relatively narrow range. Thus, in order to a two static pressure taps, one 1.0 D upstream and the other 0.5
to have a complete understanding of introducing pulsation into a D down stream of that sharp edged orice plate. Besides control-
ow with heat transfer, it is necessary to consider various param- ling the ow, the control valves also served as a major pressure
eters and cover a wide range of these controlling parameters. drop in the system.
Therefore, the present work aims to investigate experimentally The air ow passes through a settling chamber (7) to reduce the
the effect of pulsation frequency as well as the Reynolds number disturbance of the ow in the pipe. Afterward the air was passed
on the heat transfer characteristics of turbulent pulsating pipe ow over the test section (9) via the upstream clamping joint (8) and
over a range of the frequency (6.668 Hz) and Reynolds number then exhausted to the atmosphere after being passed through the
(10,85037,100). The experiments are carried out while the outer pulsating valve (14).
surface of the pipe is subjected to a uniform heat ux. The ow measuring sections as well as rest of test loop were
completely isolated from vibrations source by two exible connec-
2. Experimental setup and instrumentation tions (5). The ow enters the test section at uniform temperature
and fully developed turbulent after being stabilized and adjusted.
2.1. Test rig
2.1.2. Test section
The experimental facility shown in Fig. 2 is designed and con- The test section (9) is shown schematically in Fig. 3. It is a cop-
structed to investigate the effect of pulsation on the convective per tube of 15.5 mm inner diameter, 22 mm outer diameter and
heat transfer from a heated pipe over a range of 104 < Re < 4 1200 mm in length (L/Di = 77). The test section is clamped from
104. It is an open loop in which air as a working uid is pumped both sides by exile joints.
and passed the test section to the atmosphere after being heated. The pipe wall temperatures are measured by 12 k-type thermo-
The rig basically consists of three part; the air supply unit with couples distributed along the tube surface from outside as shown
necessary adoption and measuring devices, the test section and in Fig. 2. Thermocouple junctions were tted into 12 holes along
the pulsating mechanism. the outer surface of the pipe, each of 2 mm in diameter and
The air supply unit and its accessories consists of an air com- 2.5 mm in depth.
pressor, storage tanks, ow control valves, orice meter, settling The thermocouple wires were then embedded inside the
chamber and calming joints. grooves milled in the outer pipe surface parallel to its axis by epoxy
collected out of the test section and connected to a multi-channel
2.1.1. Air supply unit temperature recorder via a multipoint switch.
Air is pumped by a compressor (1) into storage tanks (2), from The main heater of 17.3 m total length is a nickel chromium
which the air is discharged to the system as shown in Fig. 2. The wire which has a resistivity of 15.5 X/m was divided into four
airow rate was controlled by a two ow control valves (3) and equal lengths to heat up the test section tube. The tapes of the
(4), placed upstream of a calibrated orice meter (6) which mea- heaters were electrically insulated by tting them inside very duc-
tile Teon pipes of 0.1 mm thickness and 2 mm in diameter and
wrapped uniformly along the outside tube surface. These heater
tapes were sandwiched by aluminum foils of 0.2 mm thickness
50 for achieving a uniform heat distribution. Two auto-transformers
were used to supply and control the power of the four electric hea-
40
ter sections, which are connected in parallel with the required
voltage.
U(t) [m/s]
30
A layer of glass wool insulation of 35 mm thickness was applied
UA over the heater, followed by a thin sheet of aluminum foil. More-
20
over, another 45 mm layer of glass wool was applied to assure per-
10 fect insulation of the tested pipe.
Um The distribution of thermocouples along the tested tube was
0 concentrated at the beginning to measure the dramatic change of
the temperature in the entrance region. The locations of these ther-
mocouples relative to pipe diameter are shown in Fig. 2, and are as
Fig. 1. Variations of inlet velocity.
3 4 5 6 5 7 8 9 10 11 12
Thermocouples locations
Flow
15.5
200
110
22
In
1 2 3 4 5
LH=1160
Dimensions in mm
Fig. 3. Test section.
follows: X/Di = 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.6, 6.3, 8.0, 15.0, 20.0, 35.0, 45.0, ux of 922 W/m2 and the pulsation mechanism was located down-
60.0. stream of the test section. The mass ow rate of air was adjusted
The bulk air temperatures at inlet and outlet of the test section and held unvaried while varying the pulsation frequency from
were measured by two k-type thermocouples inserted in two holes 0.0 up to 68 Hz. The investigation covered different values of Rey-
drilled through the anges at the entrance and exit of this test nolds numbers in the range of 104 < Re < 4 104.
section.
3.2. Data collection
2.1.3. Pulsating mechanism
The pulsating mechanism (11)(14) shown in Fig. 1 is located The pressure drop across the orice plate (Dp), is measured and
down stream at the exit of the tested pipe. It is constructed of three used to calculate the maximum mass ow rate of air as White
main parts; an AC electric variable speed motor (13), a variable (2003).
speed transmission mechanism 11, 12, and a rotating buttery
valve (14) of 15.5 mm inner diameter. The valve spindle was con- 1
2Dp 2
_ C d qair A
nected to the motor through two stepped pulleys and two V-belts. m 3
qair 1 b4
The output of the transmission mechanism, which is connected to
the pulsator valve spindle through a sleeve, could be adjusted The discharge coefcient; Cd is obtained form calibration of the
manually to rotate the buttery valve with variable speed within orice meter. To measure the heat input to the test section through
the range of 200 up to 2050 rpm. the heating tapes segments, the digital multi-meter that measures
Pulsation in the air stream was generated by the buttery valve. input currents, voltages and power simultaneously was used. The
The pulsator valve could be adjusted to rotate to give different fre- voltage coming from the main voltage stabilizer was adjusted
quencies, which were measured by a digital tachometer. The valve through the two auto-transformers to achieve uniform wall heat
has the same inner diameter of the test section pipe and was lo- ux.
cated at 300 mm downstream the end of the test section tube. The results are parameterized by the factors having more inu-
For each revolution of the buttery valve, the ow is stopped ence on heat transfer characteristics of ow under investigation.
and released twice, so the frequency of pulsation can be expressed Reynolds number and dimensional frequency of turbulent ow
as are playing important roles. The maximum Reynolds number of
N 2 air owing in a pipe of diameter Di is given by
f 1
60
_
4m
Sinusoidal pulsating ow is assumed to be entering to the pipe Re 4
pDi l
as shown in Fig. 1, where the velocity only is oscillating. This
assumption is considered when comparing the experimental re- The dimensional frequency of turbulent pipe ow is dened as
sults with numerical predictions reported by Elshafei et al. x xD=U
5
(2007), (illustrated in Figs. 2225). Thus the velocity of ow is a
periodic function of time and can be expressed as where x is the angular pulsation frequency, given by
3.1. Experimental procedure Axial heat loss by conduction from both ends of the tested tube
was eliminated by a two Teon washers located between the test
In this investigation, an experimental program is conducted to section anges. The heat loss in radial direction through insulation
study the heat transfer characteristics of steady and pulsating tur- was checked and found to be about 2% of heat input that can be ig-
bulent pipe air ow. Several parameters affect the performance of nored. So
heat transfer of such a ow. Among all the amplitude and fre- _ pm T bo T bi
Q trans Q Q loss mc 8
quency of pulsation, Reynolds number and the location of pulsa-
tion mechanism relative to the test-section may have the great The local bulk mean temperature of the air at the end of each
effect. Experiments in both cases, steady and pulsating ow were segment was determined using energy balance (Incropera and De-
executed while the pipe wall is heated with a xed uniform heat witt, 1996) as follows:
E.A.M. Elshafei et al. / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 29 (2008) 10291038 1033
_ pm T bx T bi
mC It is shown from Fig. 4 that the present data for the steady ow are
qo ; 9
pDLx in good agreement with the published data.
q_ pDLx
T bx T bi 10
_ pm
mC 4.1. Pulsating ow
Present corr.
Present data.
1.1
100
1.0
Num
0.9
10
0.8
0 20 40 60
X/D
1
10000 100000 Re=10850 Re=13350 Re=16800 Re=22500
Re
Re=24650 Re=31560 Re=37100
Fig. 4. Comparison of measured fully developed Nusselt numbers and correlated
data of Eq. (13) (steady ow), refer to Dittus and Boelter correlation. Fig. 5. Relative local Nusselt number of pulsated ow for different Re (f = 6.7 Hz).
1034 E.A.M. Elshafei et al. / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 29 (2008) 10291038
1.2 1.2
1.1 1.1
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
X/D X/D
Re=10850 Re=13350 Re=16800 Re=22500
Re=10850 Re=13350 Re=16800 Re=22500
Re=24650 Re=31560 Re=37100
Re=24650 Re=31560 Re=37100
Fig. 6. Relative local Nusselt number of pulsated ow for different Re (f = 13.3 Hz).
Fig. 9. Relative local Nusselt number of pulsated ow for different Re (f = 39.3 Hz).
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0 5 10 15 20
0.8
X/D
0 5 10 15 20
Re=10850 Re=13350 Re=16800 Re=22500 X/D
Re=24650 Re=31560 Re=37100 Re=10850 Re=13350 Re=16800 Re=22500
Fig. 10. Relative local Nusselt number of pulsated ow for different Re (f = 42.5 Hz).
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1
1
0.9
0.8 0.9
0 5 10 15 20
X/D
0.8
Re=10850 Re=13350 Re=16800 Re=22500 0 5 10 15 20
Fig. 11. Relative local Nusselt number of pulsated ow for different Re (f = 45.7 Hz).
The same trend can be observed in Figs. 1315 for frequency
53.3 6 f 6 68 Hz respectively.
The always happening of enhancement in Nusselt number for be seen from Fig. 16 that for Reynolds number equals to 10,850 and
certain operating conditions (frequency Reynolds number combi- 13,350, the ratio gm is slightly decreases with increasing pulsation
nation) close to the pipe entrance may be argued to the agitation frequency. At any pulsation frequency it can be noticed that the
of the thermal boundary layer whose growth has just begun by value of gm is rstly less than unity at Reynolds number of
those imposed matched frequency with Reynolds number. 10,850 after which it slightly decreases for Reynolds number of
The effect of pulsation frequency on the ratio of the mean Nus- 13,500, followed by a noticeable increase at Reynolds number of
selt number for pulsated turbulent ow to that for steady ow; gm 16,800 and 22,500. Also the same trend for gm as a function of pul-
at various Reynolds number is shown in Figs. 16 and 17. Over the sation frequency can be noted in Fig. 17 for a range of 24,650
tested range of 6.7 6 f 6 68 Hz and for 10,850 6 Re 6 22,500, it can 6 Re 6 37,100.
E.A.M. Elshafei et al. / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 29 (2008) 10291038 1035
1.2 1.2
1.1 1.1
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
X/D X/D
Fig. 12. Relative local Nusselt number of pulsated ow for different Re (f = 49.2 Hz). Fig. 15. Relative local Nusselt number of pulsated ow for different Re (f = 68 Hz).
1.2 1.2
Re=10850
Re=13350
1.1 1.1 Re=16800
Re=22500
1 m 1
0.9 0.9
0.8
0.8
0 5 10 15 20
X/D 0 20 40 60 80
f (Hz)
Re=10850 Re=13350 Re=16800 Re=22500
Fig. 16. Relative mean Nusselt number as a function of pulsation frequency.
Re=24650 Re=31560 Re=37100
Fig. 13. Relative local Nusselt number of pulsated ow for different Re (f = 53.3 Hz).
1.2
Re=24650
Re=31560
1.2 1.1 Re=37100
1.1 m 1
1 0.9
0.9
0.8
0 20 40 60 80
0.8
0 5 10 15 20 f (Hz)
X/D Fig. 17. Relative mean Nusselt number as a function of pulsation frequency.
1.2
1.08
Re=31560
1.04 1.1
Re=37100
1.00 m 1
m
0.96 0.9
0.92 0.8
0.88 0 1 2 3 4
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 *
Re Fig. 22. Relative mean Nusselt numbers as a function of dimensionless turbulent
frequency.
f=6.7 f=13.3 f=20.7
f=28.3 f=39.3
1.2
Fig. 18. Relative mean Nusselt number as a function of ow Reynolds number.
Re=16800
1.1 Experimental
Numerical
1.04
m 1
1.00
0.9
m 96
0.8
0.92 0 2 4 6
*
0.88
10000 20000 30000 4000 Fig. 23. Comparison between experimental and numerical values at Re = 16,800.
Re
1000
D
100
C
Havemann&Rao[30] Gbadedo[7]
10
B
b D/U *
M.A.Habib[11]
1
Lio&wang[28]
Present data
0.1
S.A.M.Said[4]
Mamayev et al.[31] A
0.01
0.001
1000 10000 100000
Re
Fig. 26. Classication of data of heat transfer with turbulent pulsating ow.
1038 E.A.M. Elshafei et al. / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 29 (2008) 10291038
Observations of the local Nusselt number revealed that the heat Habib, M.A., Said, S.A.M., Al-Dini, S.A., Asghar, A., Gbadebo, S.A., 1999. Heat transfer
characteristics of pulsated turbulent pipe ow. J. Heat Mass Transf. 34 (5), 413
transfer coefcient may be increased or decreased, depending
421.
on the value of frequency and Reynolds number. Habib, M.A., Attya, A.M., Said, S.A.M., Eid, A.l., Aly, A.Z., 2002. Convective heat
Higher values of the local heat transfer coefcient occurred in transfer characteristics of laminar pulsating air ow. J. Heat Mass Transf. 38,
the entrance of the tested tube. 221232.
Habib, M.A., Attya, A.M., Said, S.A.M., Eid, A.l., Aly, A.Z., 2004. Heat transfer
The maximum enhancement in gm of about 9% is observed at characteristics and Nusselt number correlation of turbulent pulsating air ows.
Re = 37,100, f = 13.3 Hz and x* of about 0.5 where the interaction J. Heat Mass Transf. 40, 307318.
between the bursting and pulsation frequencies is expected. Havemann, H.A., Rao, N.N., 1954. Heat transfer in pulsating ow. Nature 7 (4418), 41.
Hemeada, H., Sabry, M.N., AbdelRahim, A., Mansour, H., 2002. Theoretical analysis of
The maximum reduction in gm of about 12% was detected for heat transfer in laminar pulsating ow. J. Heat Mass Transf. 45, 17671780.
Re = 13,350, f = 42.5 Hz and x* of about 4.4. Hesham, M., Mostafa, A., Torki, M., Abd-Elsalam, K.M., 2005a. Experimental study
for forced convection heat transfer of pulsating ow inside horizontal tube. In:
Fourth International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and
Thermodynamics. Cario, Ak3.
References Hesham, M., Mostafa, A., Torki, M., Abd-Elsalam, K.M., 2005b. Theoretical study of
laminar pulsating ow in pipe. In: Fourth International Conference on Heat
Al-Haddad, A., Al-Binally, N., 1989. Prediction of heat transfer coefcient in Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics. Cario.
pulsating ow. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 10 (2), 131133. Incropera, J., Dewitt, M., 1996. Introduction to Heat Transfer. Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
Artineelli, M., Boeleter, R.C., Weinberg, L.M.K., Yakahi, S.E.B., 1943. Heat transfer to a NY.
uid owing periodical at low frequencies in a vertical tube. Trans. Asme, 789 Kline, J., McClintock, A., 1953. Describing uncertainties in single-sample
798. experiments. Mech. Eng., 3.
Barid, M.H.I., Duncan, G.J., Smith, J.I., Taylor, J., 1996. Heat transfer in pulsed Lee, D.Y., Park, S.J., Ro, S.T., 1998. Heat transfer in the thermally region of a laminar
turbulent ow. Chem. Eng. Sci. 21, 197199. oscillating pipe ow. Ctyogenics 38, 585594.
Chang, J., Zhi, X.Y.L., Zhaoan, T.S., 2004. Analytical study of pulsating laminar heat Liao, N.S., Wang, C.C., 1985. An investigation of the heat transfer in pulsating
convection in a circular tube with constant heat ux. J. Heat Mass Transf. 47, turbulent pipe ow. Fundamentals of forced and mixed convection. In: The 23rd
52975301. National Heat Transfer Conference. Denver. Co., USA, August 47. pp. 5359.
Chapra, S.C., Canale, R.P., 1998. Numerical Methods for Engineering with Mamayev, V., Nosov, V.S., Syromyatnikov, N.I., 1976. Investigation of heat transfer in
Programming and Software. Wcb/McGraw-Hill. pulsed ow of air in pipes. Heat Transf., Soviet Res. 8 (3), 111.
Chattopadhyay, H., Durst, F., Ray, S., 2006. Analysis of heat transfer in Moschandreou, T., Zamir, 1997. Heat transfer in a tube with pulsating ow and
simultaneously developing pulsating laminar ow in a pipe with constant constant heat ux. J. Heat Mass Transf. 35 (10), 24612466.
wall temperature. J. Heat Mass Transf. 33, 475481. Park, J.S., Taylor, M.F., McEligot, D.M., 1982. Heat transfer to pulsating turbulent gas
Cho, H.W., Hyun, J.M., 1990. Numerical solutions of pulsating ow and heat transfer ow. In: Seventh International Heat Transfer Conference, vol. 3. Munich, W.G.
characteristics in a pipe. Int. J. Heat uid ow (4), 321330. pp. 105110.
Dittus, F.W., Boellter, L.M.K., 1930. University of California, Berkeley, Publications Ramaprian, B., Tu, S., 1983. Fully developed periodic turbulent pipe ow. J. Fluid
on Engineering, vol. 2. p. 443. Mech. 137, 5981.
Elshafei, E., Safwat, M., Mansour, H., Sakr, M., 2007. Numerical study of heat Said, S.A.M., Habib, M.A., Iqbal, M.O., 2003. Heat transfer to pulsating ow in an
transfer in pulsating turbulent air ow. In: ThETA 1. Cairo, Egypt, January 3 abrupt pipe expansion. Int. J. Num. Heat, Fluid Flow 13 (3), 286308.
6, No. 68. Scotti, A., Piomelli, U., 2001. Numerical simulation of pulsating turbulent channel
Erdal, O.K., Gainer, J.L., 1979. The effect of pulsation on heat transfer. Int. Eng. Chem. ow. Phys. uid 13 (5), 13671384.
Fundam. 18 (10), 1115. Shemer, L., 1985. Laminar-turbulent transition in a slowly pulsating pipe ow. Phys.
Faghri, M., Javdani, K., Faghri, A., 1979. Heat transfer with laminar pulsating ow in Fluid 28 (12), 35063509.
pipe. Lett. Heat Mass Transf. 6 (4), 259270. White, F., 2003. Fluid Mechanics, fth ed. McGraw-Hill.
Gbadebo, S.A., Said, S.A.M., Habib, M.A., 1999. Average Nusselt number correlation Xuefeng, W., Nengli, Z., 2005. Numerical analysis of heat transfer in pulsating
in the thermal entrance region of steady and pulsating turbulent pipe ows. J. turbulent ow in a pipe. J. Heat Mass Transf. 48, 39573970.
Heat Mass Transf. 35, 377381. Zhao, T.S., Cheng, P., 1998. Heat transfer in oscillatory ows. Annu. Rev. Heat Transf.
Genin, L.G., Koval, A.P., Manachkha, S.P., Sviridov, V.G., 1992. Hydrodynamics and IX (7), 164.
heat transfer with pulsating uid ow in tubes. Thermal Eng. 39950, 3034. Zheng, J., Zeng, D., Wang, P., Gao, H., 2004. An experimental study of heat transfer
Guo, Z., Sung, H.J., 1997. Analysis of the Nusselt number in pulsating pipe ow. J. enhancement with pulsating ow. Heat Transf. Asian Res. 23 (5), 279286.
Heat Mass Transf. 40 (10), 24862489. Zohir, A.E., Habib, M.A., Attya, A.M., Eid, A.l., 2005. An experimental investigation of
Gupa, S.K., Patel, R.D., Ackerberg, R.C., 1982. Wall heat/mass transfer in pulsating heat transfer to pulsating pipe air ow with different amplitudes. J. Heat Mass
ow. Chem. Eng. Sci. 37 (12), 17271739. Transf. 42 (7), 625635.