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Physical principles Blackbox

Assumptions
Hand calculations
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Fundamental Laws of Fluid Flow

Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum
=
Conservation of energy

1
Governing Equations: Differential and Integral Forms

Apply laws to Apply laws to finite

infinitesimal fluid particle volume in flow domain

Eulerian and Lagrangian Frames of Reference

At time , particle P is at ( , )
(t ) =
( )=
( )=

2
Differential Form of Mass Conservation

= constant (Incompressible)
Volume cannot change

x
x x+ u t

u u+u
+ = + + + . .
t t+t 2

Differential Form of Mass Conservation

t+ t
t .
y+ v t = +
y

x x+ u t
+ =0
Change in Volume:
= + +
= + + . . .
= + + . . .

3
Pressure Force on Infinitesimal Fluid Particle

= p+ = + + + . . .
2

Net pressure force = (1)

in x direction
=Constant
Net pressure force = + =
per unit vol.
p p+p
x

Viscous Forces on Infinitesimal Fluid Particle

Net viscous force in x dir. per

unit volume
+
+

Net shear force in x dir.

(1)

4
Newtonian Fluid

Net viscous force/vol =

= +

= +

+ = + =

Acceleration

= = + + . . .

( ) u
= = =

+
( , ) ( + , )

+ Lagrangian
=

+ , ,
= Eulerian

5
Acceleration

= +

= + + +

Differential Form of Momentum Conservation

+ = +

+ = +

( ) = +

6
 Integral Form of Mass Conservation
Mass flow rate:

= Steady flow

Scenario 1: Uniform velocity at outlet & inlet

Scenario 2: Non-uniform velocity at outlet & inlet

Integral Form of Momentum Conservation

Momentum =
=

Net mass outflow rate through =

Net momentum outflow rate through =