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J. IBAEZ1, H. CASTILLANO1
1
DEPARTMENT OF MINING, METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES
DATE PERFORMED: JANUARY 26,2017
INSTRUCTORS NAME: MICHELIN ANG
3. What does the pooled standard 5. Enumerate and explain the three
deviation tell us about the measurements? types of experimental error. Give examples
Pooling the data, instead of using only one of each type.
data set, can give a better estimate of the Errors during an experiment is inevitable.
population standard deviation. However, this One or more of these three types of
is only valid if the samples are of the same experimental errors may be encountered
composition and have been through the same during an experiment.
analysis.1, 2 Random error is an error inherent in any
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experiment and cannot be avoided no matter REFERENCES (include at least 3 credible
how careful the experiment is handled. The publications i.e. books or journal articles)
sources of this error cannot be identified, but [1] Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J.; Crouch,
they are possibly from environmental factors. S.R. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 9th
Random error causes the scattering of data ed.; Brooks/Cole: USA, 2014; pp 84-124, G-7.
around a mean value.1 An example of this is a
top loading balance showing some variation [2] UP Diliman - Institute of Chemistry.
in measurement due to fluctuations in Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Manual
temperature or conditions of loading and 2017 ed.; Institute of Chemistry, UP Diliman:
unloading. Quezon City, 2017; pp 8-12.
Systematic error is also an inherent part
of an experiment. However, its sources can be [3] Christian, Gary. Analytical Chemistry, 6th
identified and controlled to reduce this type ed.; John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: USA, 2004; pp
of error, if not eliminated. Systematic error 74.
causes the mean of a data set to differ from
the accepted value.1 For example, a
thermometer is not calibrated properly and is
off by 5o C.
Gross error differ from the other two
types of error. It causes a result to be either
high or low. This is often caused by human
errors.1 It can be a misreading of a
temperature value in a thermometer, late
detection of color change during titration or
miscalculation in preparing a solution.
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