Introduction to clinical chemistry

Clinical Chemistry Laboratory

Concerned with the analysis of biochemical byproducts in biological fluids
Pure Blood Chemistry
Lipids, Carbohydrates and Protein
Enzymology
Enzymes
_____________________________
Hormones
Toxicology
Drugs of abuse, Heavy metals, Poison, etc.

Basic Principles and Practices

A. Units of Measure
Components of ________________________________________
Number
Unit (based on the SI system)

Quantitative laboratory results

Substance concentration
_______________________________
Mass of substance
e.g., mg/dL, g/dL, g/L, mEq/L, and IU

B.

Reagents
Chemicals
Reference Materials
Water Specifications
Chemicals
ANALYTICAL GRADE (AR
Suitable for most analytic procedures
Carry ___________________________or ACS and For Laboratory Use or ACS
standard-Grade Reference materials

Ultrapure chemicals
Suitable for _____________________________ pure chemicals (e.g. AAS, EIA, MDx)
Carry designations of HPLC or chromatographic

Chemically pure (CP)

Impurity limitations are not stated
Preparation _______________
Not recommended for clinical laboratories.

USP and NF Grade

Used ________________________________
Purity standards are based on the criterion of not being injurious to man.
_______________________

Reference Materials
Primary standard
Substance of exact known concentration and purity.
________________________
Substance of lower purity with concentration ______________________ with a primary
standard.

Water Specifications
_______________________
Purified by distillation

Deionized water
Water purified by ion exchange (anion or cation exchange risen) with some/all ions
removed
Remove ____________________________and dissolved gases.

Reverse Osmosis (OS) water

Uses pressure to_____________________________________________.
Does nor remove gases.

Ultrafiltration and nanofiltered water, UV oxidation, sterilization or ozone treatment

Reagent grade water
Obtained ____________________________by RO, deionization and a 0.2 mm filter.

Grades of water
Type I water
For test methods __________________________
trace metal _____________________________
Gas, pH, enzyme_________________________
Type II water
For analytical preparations
reagent, QC and standard preparation
Type III/autoclave wash water
________________________
C. Clinical Laboratory Supplies
Thermometers/Temperature
Warming __________________________________________ and is accomplished by
circulating water/ice baths or heating/cooling metal blocks.
A. Liquid-in-glass
Use of a colored liquid or ____________________ in plastic/glass material with a bulb at
one end a graduated stem
Total Immersion
Partial Immersion
Surface thermometer ____________________________________

B. Electronic thermometer or thermistor probe

Fast reading __________________________

C. Digital thermometer

Glassware and Plasticware

Glassware and Plasticware
Glass ware - laboratory supplies consisted of some type of glass
Kimax /Pyrex (borosilicate)
Corex __________________________________
High silica
Vycor (acid or alkali resistant)
Low actinic (amber colored)
Flint __________________________________

Plastic ware
Plastic ware are usually disposable lab supplies
Example of commonly used resins:
Polystyrene
______________________
Polypropylene
Tygon
Telon

Laboratory vessels
Pipets
Burets
Syringes

Class A volumetric flask

Erlenmeyer flasks and Griffin beaker
____________________________

Class A volumetric flask

Calibrated __________________________________
Erlenmeyer flasks and Griffin beaker
Hold different volume
____________________________________________-

Graduated Cylinder
Used to _____________________________

Pipets
Glass ___________________________________
Classification of Pipet According to Design or Calibration Marks
To contain (TC)
To deliver (TD)

To contain (TC)
Used for viscous samples
Uses mercury as ______________________________-
Proper use requires ____________________________ solution after content are
delivered into the diluent (rinsing technique)

To Deliver (TD)
Used for _________________________________
Uses distilled water as calibrating medium

Classification of Pipet According to Design or Calibration Marks

To Deliver (TD)
Blowout pipet ____________________________, close continuous ring. The last
drop of fluid need to be blown
Self-draining without marking. Drains completely.

Classification of Pipet According to Use

1. Measuring or_____________________________________
Graduated uniformly along its length
Designed to deliver any amount within its capacity

A. Serolic pipet
______________________
Generally a blowout pipet
B. Mohr Pipet
No graduation marks to the tip
___________________________________

2. Transfer pipet
(Designed to transfer one volume)
Ostwald-Folin pipet
For ______________________________________
Volumetric pipet
For aqueous solutions (self draining)
Pasteur pipets

Volumetric Pipet Ostwald-Folin Pipet

Size _______________________ Smaller

__

Location of the bulb Located at the center (symm Located closer to the delivery tip
etrical)

Calibration Marks To deliver _________________________________

Transfer pipet
(Designed to transfer one volume)
Ostwald-Folin pipet
Volumetric pipet

Pasteur pipets
____________________
For transferring fluids without consideration of a specific volume

Classification of Pipet According to Use

Automatic pipets
Micropet _______________________
Macropipet deliver amount >1ml
Automatic pipets
Air displacement
The piston does not come incontact the liquid
Positive displacement
The _______________________________ in contact with the liquid

Burettes
For dispensing liquid during titration

Syringes
Used to_____________________________________, chromatography or
electrophoresis

Dessicators and Desiccants

Uses hygroscopic substance that take up water/moisture on exposure to air.

Balances

1. Electronic Top-loading balance

used for _____________________ of the test sample with greater quantity.
Used for preparative experiments.
2. Analytical balance
for preparation of primary standards
With ___________________________
Measure exact mass but with lower capacities (operating ranges 0.01 mg to 160 g)

Centrifugation
a process in _____________________________________to separate solid matter from a
liquid suspension

Consist of head/rotor (attached to the shaft of the motor), carrier and shields.

The speed/centrifugal force is expresses by:

_______________________________________
Relative centrifugal force (RCF) or gravities (g)

Centrifuged must be properly balanced and free from excessive vibrations.

Filtration
Paper, _______________________________________ and column materials