Gathering Of Digital Evidence In Operating Systems part 2

Essay - 3,150 words

... reduces the hospitals need for storage space and personnel. It also lowers holding and handling costs significantly. This is a better
system than the just-in-time inventory method because under the other systems, storage is required, but under the stockless
inventory system, it eliminates inventories. The most important part of the stockless inventory is the information system that allows
all transactions to happen at the touch of a key (Removing the Warehouse). UNIX was slow to catch on outside of academic
institutions but soon was popular with businesses as well.

The first five versions were part of an internal research effort of Bell Labs, and it was not until the sixth version, called UNIX
Timesharing Sixth Edition V, that UNIX was widely distributed (Osiris, 1). Relatively recent developments are graphical interfaces
(GUI) such as MOTIF, X Windows and Open View. UNIX has two major versions. Jointly developed by UNIX Systems Laboratories
(USL) and by AT&T researchers together with Bell Labs, generically known as System V, is the commercial version and is the most
widely distributed by major manufacturers. The second, developed by the University of Berkley and Berkley Software Distribution
(BSD), is the educational version and is completely focused on research. The USL version is now on its fourth release, or SVR4,
while BSDs latest version is 4.4. However, there are many different versions of UNIX besides these two.

The operating system has been licensed to several manufacturers who in turn developed their own versions of UNIX, based on
System V or BSD, but adding new characteristics. Most versions of UNIX developed by software companies are derived from one of
the two groupings and, recent versions of UNIX actually incorporate features from both of them. However, UNIX has had an
unregulated history with over 200 versions (Berson, 16) existing today. The UNIX system is made up of three primary components,
the kernel, the shell, and the utilities (which includes the file system). The central part of the OS, the kernel is the first program to
start when the system is turned on and the last program to do anything when the system is halted. In addition to scheduling tasks, it
manages data/file access and storage, enforces security mechanisms and performs all hardware access. The name KERNEL
represents the fact that it is a program designed as a central nucleus, around which other functions of the system were added.

The heart of the operating system, it not only interacts directly with the systems hardware, but presents each user with a prompt,
interprets commands typed by a user, executes user commands and supports a custom environment for each user. The two most
common shells are the Bourne shell, default for the System V, and the C-shell used mainly with the BSD version (Osiris, 1). The
utilities consist of file management (rm, cat, ls, rmdir, mkdir), user management (passwd, chmod, chgrp), process management (kill,
ps) and printing (lp, troff, pr). UNIX is one of the most popular operating systems worldwide because of its large support base and
distribution. It was originally developed at AT&T as a multitasking system for minicomputers and mainframes in the 1970's, but has
since grown to become one of the most widely used operating systems anywhere, despite its sometimes-confusing interface and lack
of central standardization. RTOS (A real-time operating system) is an operating system that guarantees a certain capability within a
specified time constraint. For example, an operating system might be designed to ensure that a certain object was available for a
robot on an assembly line.

In what is usually called a hard real-time operating system, if the calculation could not be performed for making the object available
at the designated time, the operating system would terminate with a failure. In a soft real-time operating system, the assembly line
would continue to function but the production output might be lowered as objects failed to appear at their designated time, causing
the robot to be temporarily unproductive. Some real-time operating systems are created for a special application; others are for
purpose that is more general. Some existing general-purpose operating systems claim to be real-time operating systems. Real-time
operating systems are often required in small-embedded operating systems that are packaged as part of micro-devices. Some kernel
can be considered to meet the requirements of a real-time operating system. However, since other components, such as device
drivers, are also usually needed for a particular solution, a real-time operating system is usually larger than just the kernel. The
Internet era has finally reached our everyday life.

Our everyday life may be impossible to manage without the Internet. Since Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876,
telecommunication devices have developed and evolved beyond our imagination. Now we can communicate with the persons who live
in the opposite side of the world on the corded/cordless telephone, through the Internet, and by other means. The keynote speech for
Comdex Fall 2000 by Carly Fiorina, the CEO of HP, implied that the Internet is not technology, but a lifestyle. However, her
fascinating statement seems to be outdated since the com
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