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ALGEBRA SHORTCUTS
Algebra Identities:
2 2 2 2
(i)(a + b) + (a b) = 2 (a + b )

2 2
(ii) (a + b) (a b) = 4ab

(iii)
3 3 2 2
a + b = (a + b) (a ab + b )

3 3 2 2
(iv) a b = (a b) (a + ab + b )

(v)
4 2 2 2
a + a + 1 = (a + a + 1) (a a + 1)
 3 3 3
(vi) If a + b + c = 0, then a + b + c =3abc

2
2

a
2
b
2
a b

(vii)

b
a b

(viii)

2
ab

2 2
a b

k
b
e

(ix)
a

d
g

j
a d g j

l
c
If a + b + c = abc, then

2a

2b

2c

2a

2b

2c

.
=

and

2
1 a

1 b

1 c

b
1 c

3
3

3a

3b
b

3c c

3a
3b

3c c

2
.

3a

1
3a

1
3b

1 3b

1 3c
1 3c

If a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2, then

a
1

b
1
a
1

b
1
c
1

(i)
If

, one solution.
(ii) If

, Infinite many solutions.

a2

b2

a2

b2

c2

a
1
b
1
c
1

(iii)
If

, No solution

a2

b2

c2
1
2 2
If and are roots of ax + bx + c = 0, then and are roots of cx + bx + a = 0

2
If and are roots of ax + bx + c = 0, then

One root is zero if c = 0.

Both roots zero if b = 0 and c = 0.

Roots are reciprocal to each other, if c = a.

If both roots and are positive, then sign of a and b are opposite and sign of c and a are same.

If both roots and are negative, then sign of a, b and c are same.

a , then
2

44

2
2
2
2 2

2
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2

Arithmetic Progression:

If a, a + d, a + 2d, ..... are in A.P., then, nth term of A.P. a n = a + (n 1)d

Sum of n terms of this A.P. =

S
n
2a n 1 d
n
a l
where = last term

n
2
=
2

a = first term

d = common difference

(ii) A.M. =
a b
[ A.M. = Arithmetic mean]
2

Geometric Progression:

2
G.P. a, ar, ar ,.........

n1
Then, nth term of G.P. an = ar
n
a r 1

S = ,r 1
n r 1

n
a(1 r ) , r 1 (1 r)

S 1 r [where r = common ratio, a = first term]

G.M. ab

1 1 1
, ,
7. If a, b, c are in H.P., a b c are in A.P.

1
th
n term of H.M. = n th term of A.P.

2ab
H.M. ab

Note : Relation between A.M., G.M. and H.M.

2
A.M. H.M. = G.M.
A.M. > G.M. > H.M. A.M. Arithmetic Mean G.M. Geometric Mean H.M. Harmonic Mean
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