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Experimental investigation on performance and

emission characteristics of waste tire pyrolysis
oilediesel blends in a diesel engine

an a,*, Coskun Ozalp a, Osman Kara a, Mustafa Ozcanli b

Ertac Hurdog
a
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, 80000,
Osmaniye, Turkey
b
Department of Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Cukurova University, 01330,
Adana, Turkey

article info abstract

Article history: Disposal of waste tires is one of the most important problems that should be solved. This
Received 1 December 2016 problem can be solved by considering waste tires for production of hydrogen or fuel for
Received in revised form diesel engines. This paper presents the studies on the performance and emission char-
22 December 2016 acteristics of a four stroke, four cylinders, naturally aspirated, direct-injected diesel engine
Accepted 26 December 2016 running with various blends of waste tire pyrolysis oil (WTPO) with diesel fuel. Fuel
Available online xxx properties, engine performance, and exhaust emissions of WTPO and its blends were
analyzed and compared with those of petroleum diesel fuel. The experimental results
Keywords: showed that WTPOediesel blends indicated similar performance with diesel fuel in terms
Waste tire of torque and power output of the test engine. It was found that the blends of pyrolysis oil
Pyrolysis of waste tire WTPO10 can efficiently be used in diesel engines without any engine
Diesel engine modifications.
Performance 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Emission

usage of waste tires as fuel for diesel engines is one of the

Introduction
Diesel engines are the most preferable machines which con-
verts chemical energy of fuel to mechanical energy. Due to the
increase in energy demand and the depletion of petroleum
reserves, researchers have focused on finding alternative fuels
such as biodiesel [1e10], microalgae [11,12], etc., for diesel
engines. Additionally, there is a growing problem of waste tire
disposal all over the world. It is estimated that, over one billion
waste tires are generated annually [13], which is considered as
a serious pollution problem in terms of waste disposal. The
possible ways to solve these problems. Tire waste to energy
creates a cleaner version of fuel, energy or carbon than the
crude oil alternative. It's the purest form of recycling [14,15].
There has been great interest in alternative treatment
processes for waste tires, amongst which is the use of pyrol-
ysis technology [16]. Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of
the organic components of the tires, at typical pyrolysis
temperatures of 500
C to produce oil, gas and char product in
addition to the recovery of the steel. The oil may be used
directly as a fuel, added to petroleum refinery stocks,

* Corresponding author. Fax: 90 328 8250097.

an).
E-mail address: ehurdogan@osmaniye.edu.tr (E. Hurdog
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.12.126
0360-3199/ 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

an E, et al., Experimental investigation on performance and emission characteristics of waste

Please cite this article in press as: Hurdog
tire pyrolysis oilediesel blends in a diesel engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2016.12.126
2 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 e6
upgraded using catalysts to a premium grade fuel or used for
hydrogen production [17,18].
During the last decades, various investigations have been
conducted by some researches in the usage of tire pyrolysis oil
(TPO) as a fuel in diesel engine. Murugan et al. [19] tested a
single cylinder direct injection diesel engine fueled with 10%,
30%, and 50% of tire pyrolysis oil blended with diesel fuel to
evaluate the performance, emission, and combustion char-
acteristics. They found that it is possible to use tire pyrolysis
oil in diesel engines as an alternate fuel in the future. Sharma
and Murugan [20] investigated the effect of varying the
compression ratio at optimum injection timing and nozzle
opening pressure on the behavior of a diesel engine, using a
non-petroleum fuel, i.e. a blend of 80% biodiesel, and 20% oil
obtained from pyrolysis of waste tires. Their results showed
that for the blend at a higher compression ratio of 18.5, the
brake specific carbon monoxide (BSCO), brake specific hydro-
carbon emission (BSHC) and smoke opacity were reduced by
about 10.5%, 32%, and 17.4% respectively, than those of the
original compression ratio at full load. Vihar et al. [14] used tire
pyrolysis oil to investigate potential possibilities of using it as
an alternative fuel in commercial turbocharged diesel en-
gines. Tests were carried out in a 6-cylinder, TC, 6.87 L diesel
engine. Experiments were conducted in two operating modes,
with and without intercooler, at two different engine speeds
and at various loads. Results indicate that TPO can be effi-
ciently used in turbocharged non-intercooled CI engines at
high loads, which opens its use in power generation. Koc and
Abdullah [21] investigated the performance of a 4-cylinder,
light-duty compression ignition (CI) engine fueled with the
binary and ternary blends of tire oil, biodiesel and diesel fuels.
They reported that blending 10% tire oil with 10% biodiesel
and 80% diesel fuel produced the highest torque and power
outputs, and reduced the brake specific fuel consumption
significantly. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon monoxide
(CO) emissions from the tire oil (10%) containing a ternary fuel
blend were significantly lower than the biodiesel (10%)ediesel
(90%) binary fuel. Murugan et al. [22] carried out an experi-
mental study of using TPO obtained from waste automobile
tires by vacuum pyrolysis method, as a fuel in diesel engine.
Results indicated that it is possible to run a single cylinder four
stroke DI diesel engine fueled with 70% TPO. The engine is not
able to run beyond 70% TPO blended with 30% RF. It was also
shown that thermal efficiencies were lower compared to
diesel operation. Pilusa et al. [23] evaluates the viability of
pyrolysis technology as a treatment process for waste tires
with the aim of producing alternative fuel and other high
value products. A financial model was formulated to evaluate
the economic feasibility of this technology as an alternative
disposal method. It was discovered that pyrolysis technology
becomes more viable when there is guaranteed product off-
takes at a given price. Further processing of the crude tire oil
and carbon black is important for production of consistent
quality products. Gauteng province alone will require a capital
injection of US $59.8 million to setup 14 waste tires pyrolysis
treatment facilities to treat 134,922 tons per annum of waste
tires with a potential investment return and gross margin of
29.79% and 34.59%, respectively. These facilities can produce
up to 46.8 million liters per annum of refined tire derived fuel
at cost of $ 0.516/litre and other secondary value add products

an E, et al., Experimental investigation on performance and emission characteristics of waste
Please cite this article in press as: Hurdog
tire pyrolysis oilediesel blends in a diesel engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2016.12.126
for local and export markets. Wongkhorsub and Chindapra-
sert [24] describe a comparison of the use of pyrolysis oils
which are the tire pyrolysis oil, plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel
oil in the assessment of engine performance, and feasibility
analysis. Pyrolysis oils from waste tire and waste plastic are
studied to apply with one cylinder multipurpose agriculture
diesel engine. It is found that without engine modification, the
tire pyrolysis offers better engine performance whereas the
heating value of the plastic pyrolysis oil is higher. The eco-
nomic analysis shows that the pyrolysis oil is able to replace
diesel in terms of engine performance and energy output if the
price of pyrolysis oil is not greater than 85% of diesel oil.
In this study, waste tire pyrolysis oil (WTPO)ediesel blends
were used as a fuel in a four stroke, four cylinders, naturally
aspirated, direct-injected diesel engine. To make an additional
contribution to the literature, WTPO performance and emis-
sions at full load conditions with variable engine speeds in
diesel engine also with extended blend ratios and detailed fuel
analysis were reported.
Experimental setup
In the present study, WTPO was obtained from Marmore Eng.
Res. Ind. Tr. Co. (Kocaeli, Turkey). The plant, where waste tires
were utilized as the feedstock, has a horizontal axis rotary
type reactor with a recycling capacity of 8 tons per batch.
Before reaction process, waste tires were cut into a number of
pieces and steel wires were removed. The process was carried
out between 500
C and 550
C. The products of pyrolysis in the
form of vapor were sent to a water cooled condenser and the
condensed liquid was collected as a fuel.
Tests of oil were carried out in Petroleum Research Labo-
ratories of the Department of Automotive Engineering in
Cukurova University, Turkey. Waste tire pyrolysis oil were
blended with diesel fuel with the volumetric ratio of 10%, 20%,
and 50% and fuel properties of blends were measured. In-
struments used for analyzing the fuels are: ISL CPP 97-2 with
an accuracy of 0.5
C for determination of pour point; Zeltex
ZX 440 NIR petroleum analyzer with an accuracy of 0.5 for
determining cetane number; IKA Werke C2000 bomb calo-
rimeter with an accuracy of 0.0001 K for determination of
lower heating value; Koehler Saybolt viscosity test for deter-
mining the viscosity; Kyoto electronics DA-130 for density
measurement, and Tanaka flash point control unit FC-7. All
measurements were done three times and averages were
stated.
In the tests, a four stroke, four cylinders, naturally aspi-
rated, direct-injected diesel engine was used. A picture of the
engine and a schematic of the experimental setup are shown
in Fig. 1. Engine gives 89 kW maximum power at 3200 rpm
engine speed and has 295 Nm maximum torque at 1800 rpm
engine speed. Specifications of the engine are listed in Table 1.
A hydraulic dynamometer was used to measure the engine
torque and power output. Table 2 shows the technical speci-
fications of the dynamometer. The speed sensor used to
detect prime mover speed is the magnetic pickup (MPU).
When a magnetic material (usually a gear tooth driven by the
prime mover) passes through the magnetic field at the end of
the magnetic pickup, a voltage is developed. The frequency of
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 e6 3

Table 2 e Technical specifications of the dynamometer.

Torque range 0e1700 Nm
Speed range 0e7500 rpm
Body weight 45 kgf
Total weight 110 kgf
Body diameter 350 mm
Torque arm length 350 mm

An uncertainty analysis is needed to prove the accuracy of

the experiments. This analysis was performed using the
method described by Holman [25]. Uncertainties of various
instruments along with its resolution are given in Table 3.

Results and discussion

Fuel properties

Waste tire pyrolysis oil (WTPO) has been blended with diesel
fuel at various blended rates (10% (WTPO10), 20% (WTPO20)
and 50% (WTPO50)) and the blends have been analyzed by
ASTM test standards and results are shown in Table 4.
As can be seen from Table 4, the density of WTPO was
found higher than that of diesel fuel. Due to the higher density
of WTPO in accordance with the diesel fuel, blending with
WTPO was caused an increase in the density values. Any in-
crease in the percentage of the WTPO caused a rise in the
blend density. The heating value of WTPO is approximately
10% lower than that of diesel fuel. The heating values of WTPO
and diesel fuel were measured as 40,125 kJ/kg and 45,823 kJ/kg,
respectively. Viscosity, which is a measure of resistance to
flow of a liquid due to internal friction of one part of a fluid
Fig. 1 e A picture of the engine (a) and a schematic of the
moving over another, affects the atomization of a fuel upon
experimental setup (b).
injection into the combustion chamber and thereby, ulti-
mately, the formation of engine deposits. The general rule is;
the higher the viscosity, the greater the tendency of the fuel to
Table 1 e Technical specifications of the engine used in
the tests. cause such problem [16]. Analysis revealed that, WTPO has
higher viscosity value than diesel fuel (4.98 mm2/s and
Brand Mitsubishi Canter
Model 4D34-2A
2.73 mm2/s respectively). Although viscosity values of blends
Configuration In line 4 showed an increasing trend with the increased WTPO rates in
Displacement 3907 cc the blends due to its high viscosity, all results were seen
Bore 104 mm available according to standard ranges.
Power 89 kW @ 3200 rpm
Torque 295 Nm @ 1800 rpm
Stroke 115 mm Engine performance
Oil cooler Water cooled
Weight 325 kg Engine performance tests were conducted on a commercial
four cylinders, four stroke, naturally aspirated, water-cooled

this voltage is translated by the speed into a signal which

accurately depicts the speed of the prime mover. S type load Table 3 e Accuracy and percentage uncertainties of the
cell is used to measure the torque of dynamometer. Dyna- measurements.
mometer control unit was used for receiving and collecting all Measurements Accuracy Uncertainty
the data that was used by the system. K type thermocouples Engine speed 2 rpm 0.25
were used in all the temperature measurements. In order to Torque 2% 0.3
measure the exhaust emissions (CO, CO2, and NOx), Testo 350 Temperature 1
C 0.2
XL gas analyzer was used. Before the tests, the gas analyzer Carbon monoxide 1 ppm 0.15
was calibrated using reference gases to insure that the accu- Carbon dioxide 0.1% 0.2
Nitrogen oxides 1 ppm 0.1
racy of the measured values was high.

an E, et al., Experimental investigation on performance and emission characteristics of waste

Please cite this article in press as: Hurdog
tire pyrolysis oilediesel blends in a diesel engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2016.12.126
4 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 e6

Table 4 e Fuel properties of waste tire pyrolysis oilediesel blended fuels.

Diesel WTPO WTPO50 WTPO20 WTPO10 EN 590
Density (kg/m3) 830 907 872 843 839 820e845
Heating value (kJ/kg) 45,823 40,125 41,912 42,801 44,048 e
Viscosity (mm2/s) 2.73 4.98 4.15 3.13 2.91 2e4.5
Flash point (
C) 67.5 >100 75.7 73.5 72.5 Min. 55

Fig. 2 e Variation of engine torque with engine speed for Fig. 4 e Variation of SFC with engine speed for diesel,
diesel, WTPO10 and WTPO20 fuels. WTPO10 and WTPO20 fuels.

Fig. 3 e Variation of engine power with engine speed for Fig. 5 e Variation of CO with engine speed for diesel,
diesel, WTPO10 and WTPO20 fuels. WTPO10 and WTPO20 fuels.

direct injection compression ignition engine. Before the tests,

the engine was operated for 15 min with diesel fuel to reach
the operation temperature. All the experiments were per-
formed with three replicates. The performance tests were
conducted only with WTPO10 and WTPO20 blends because
WTPO50 has high density which did not match with standard
range.
Fig. 2 shows the variation of engine torque with engine
speed for diesel, WTPO10 and WTPO20 fuels. As can be seen
from the figure, the maximum torque values for all the fuels
were obtained at an engine speed of 1400 rpm. It was also seen
that there were no noticeable differences in the measured
engine torque between WTPO blends and diesel fuel.
Variation of engine power with engine speed for diesel,
WTPO10 and WTPO20 fuels is presented in Fig. 3. The peak
brake power outputs for all the fuels were observed at Fig. 6 e Variation of CO2 with engine speed for diesel,
1800 rpm. There were no noticeable differences in the WTPO10 and WTPO20 fuels.

an E, et al., Experimental investigation on performance and emission characteristics of waste

Please cite this article in press as: Hurdog
tire pyrolysis oilediesel blends in a diesel engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2016.12.126
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 e6
Fig. 7 e Variation of NOx with engine speed for diesel, WTPO10 and WTPO20 fuels.
measured engine power output between WTPO and diesel fuel
at 1000e2200 rpm.
The changes of specific fuel consumption with engine
speed for WTPO blends and diesel fuel are illustrated in Fig. 4.
The SFC of all test fuels firstly lowered with the engine speed
until 1400 rpm of the engine was reached. After this speed of
the test engine, SFC values for all test fuels increased again
mainly due to mechanical losses in power and incomplete
combustion. The average SFC of the test fuels obtained were
289.47 g/kWh, 297.40 g/kWh and 303.23 g/kWh for diesel,
WTPO10 and WTPO20 fuels, respectively. SFC is directly
affected by the fuel consumption, power value at corre-
sponding engine speed and heating value of the fuel. Since the
heating value of blend fuels of WTPO and diesel fuel is lower
than that of diesel fuel SFC values of WTPO blends were lower
than that of diesel fuels as can be seen in Fig. 4.
Exhaust emissions
When petroleum based fuels burn in an engine, the main toxic
substances present in the waste gasses in exhaust are
incomplete oxides of hydrocarbon containing CO, NOx, HC,
soot containing SO2 emissions and particulates. CO emission
is the most toxic substance found in exhaust gasses and is
colorless, tasteless and odorless [1]. Fig. 5 illustrates the vari-
ation of CO with engine speed for diesel, WTPO10 and
WTPO20 fuels. It can be observed from the figure that CO
emissions increased with increasing engine speed for all the
fuels. WTPO blends and diesel fuel presented similar CO
emissions. The values vary from 315 ppm at 1000 rpm to
569 ppm at 2200 rpm for diesel, from 281 ppm at 1000 rpm to
518 ppm at 2200 rpm for WTPO10, and from 290 ppm at
1000 rpm to 515 ppm at 2200 rpm for WTPO20.
The variation of CO2 emission with engine speed for all the
fuels is shown in Fig. 6. As can be seen in Fig. 6, there is an
average of 12% decrease in values when WTPO20 is used

an E, et al., Experimental investigation on performance and emission characteristics of waste
Please cite this article in press as: Hurdog
tire pyrolysis oilediesel blends in a diesel engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2016.12.126
5
instead of WTPO10 and diesel fuel. It was seen that if the
WTPO ratio increased in the blends, oxygen content of
exhaust gases were become decreased. For this reason less
CO2 formation was observed with WTPO20.
As the reaction temperature increases and with the
increasing of reaction time at this high temperature, the
concentration of NOx emissions become larger. However in
the practical combustion of fuels, the concentration of NOx
varies even under the same conditions because of the fuel
formation [1]. NOx emissions of test fuels are shown in Fig. 7.
Because WTPO has less oxygen content, combustion tem-
peratures of WTPO tend to be decrease according to diesel
fuel. As a result, NOx formations were decreased with an
increased WTPO content.
Conclusions
Waste tire pyrolysis oil and diesel blends were used to fuel a
four stroke, four cylinders, naturally aspirated, direct-injected
diesel engine. The main conclusions drawn from the results of
the present study may be listed as follows:
 Fuel properties of waste tire pyrolysis oil blends are com-
parable with those of diesel fuel within the EN 590 Stan-
dard and they can also be used as fuel in compression
ignition engines without any modification.
 WTPOediesel blends indicated similar performance with
diesel fuel in terms of the torque and power output of the
test engine.
 Finally, WTPO10 blend can be the best alternative fuel
blend for diesel engines not only for its performance
characteristics but also for the environmental aspects.
 For a future work, investigation of blends of various bio-
diesel with WTPO and diesel fuel is recommended.
6 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 e6

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an E, et al., Experimental investigation on performance and emission characteristics of waste

Please cite this article in press as: Hurdog
tire pyrolysis oilediesel blends in a diesel engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.ijhydene.2016.12.126