Analysis on Manifolds ad mL) James R. Munkres assachst ntte of Tochctony ‘Cambridge, Maseachete [ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY The Advanced Bcok PrograPublier: Allan M. Wylde Prodacioe Manage: Jan V Benes Markeing Manages Laure Lily ‘lstonie Cngtion Peter Vacek Cover esi ha Frank Library of Congress Catto Monks, James R190 “Ants on nid James R kre Indes iogapiea erences Tasers! ania? Mase (Metbematic) QaiooarTs 1200 6820 zd Isax oan-st0969 “This book wae prepared ng se TX tpestng language Contght Q1901 by Adtuon Wey Publishing Company, ‘The Advanced Book Program {30 Bdge Pas, Ste 209, Redweo! iy, CA 085 |All igts rere, No pact tis pblation may be reproduce, ord inesetceal poem raed, any fom, ot by any teat ee tonics manic phuewopang, coring ot lice, witout the Fe truss permiion te pubes, Printed in he United tote of Asc. Pebtsed simalenouly in Cand ABCDEFGH-MA91210, Preface Styne graduate level ‘ya lng sou ol tals mel past fhe preparation any peal matenaticn, For the fie hl ef mach cou here ‘Sabin sgement x owt the llabos shoul be. Standard topics Include eqenee and wri, the topcogy of metic sacs and he drvatve ihe Fuconani otopal for fins of gle aria. "There ae ® sof exelent tet or uc cout, icing books by posta [4 oi [Clb (tad yen rong other “Tse ionorechsnierelngernent wo wht the ylaba ofthe second att ch s couse shou be Par of he role that there ate spy "eo ary tops tha Bong ack a cour oe to be eto ether Ili the sone of spe semester, toe thn n aupeil lee "AC MLL, we hee dealt with te bles by oflring tw independent sconefm corti One of tse dea ith he dete nad ‘Ee Rocmannan ata tr onctons rr vibes, lloned by tet ‘et of diferent orm asp of Stoke there for mai in ‘ldo apace ‘The pret ook has riled fom my yeas of ching {hi ours The other dese wih the Lome itegral fy ude space i aplenton o Fore aie Prequistes ‘Ae indiatd, we sane the det bas completed 3 one-term our in sly tnt inca m say of ote pes td of faneGoee a sage Strat We alc nue te sede hese rgiand i na lg, Ieoing weston eco an near tanto, mates gb, and Je "Te fist hata of the oak ie deotd to reviewing the base rs fom linet ngs an np shat we shal ed, Hat hat erly Base teatl witht pot, Bet prot ae proved for thve that ae satin ‘ited in fiw cone. The staat ray determine or pra of ‘pier wheter bso er Backpound suet fer here fe bok. Tow much tam the naroror mill wh to mend on thi bape wil Aepeni onthe experince and preparation ofthe sade Twa as ‘Seton and Jn reading mate a dan the realnde a ds How the Book i organized "The min pat ofthe Book flit to part The Sin, coneiing of (chapter 2 though 4 cover materi that Ifa stand erates the et fein tore, the Ria ital, and the hans of variables {Ste for malic tg Thesocnd pai ofthe Soo te bit mere ‘phitd Wincor mane and Siren fre Ry proving ‘he famenerk fr poof fhe eens en of Stoke’ ote ad “hf chapar devoted to dnamion of abet mani, i Intend te tnetan fo more aSvanced eso tebe "The dopenene arong the capers of the Sook expromed in the lowing ingra Chapter 1 The Algebra and Topology af Caper? ierntintion (Chapter 3 Integration Chapter 4 Clhage of Vario Chapter Maile Chaper 6 Diva Fors Chapter T Stoke Thabran (Chaper Cll Poems and act Fos (Chapter 9 Epigue—Lie Outside RE eran sections ofthe back te nrked with an seit the section nay te ont without oe of continu Sal etal choes that tay be omitet are macked with nts. When {tse te bo in out ‘letra analy msec, Iasaly eit Chapter 8, al ssgn Cap {ero serendng, With gradunesudene shade penal Yo sve oe tre book “Ruled of ich sition ast of eerie Some are computtoel in antes fd amnaing to ow ht 2 an empath eae ‘fs fred bal ne Ihe patil aplations ve nite! Oter ‘esc ve hevtal atre, eiting ta the ste analy crtly {he threns and poo af the peeing meson. The mote ileal execs ‘Ste maed with ates, bot aoe unreal aed ‘eknonedgements “Two long works in thi bjt demonstrated that sac topics 2 ans and ferential fc esl Be need with ndergradanter, One 12h cen el at Paneston 100, ten by Nice, Spene, ‘hd Stetod {NSS}. The mond the Bok by Spite (3) Our nee {thee waren obvious. A more wen book on thse oe the one by Guiles and Pllc (G-P)-A number af tent tat tis mater ts moe ‘svat od, They ince boas by Booty [], Abram, Maree, and iste (AEH), Berger aod Gossnue (BC), and Fling (Any of thar ‘rl be stale ding for he stant who wishes tof te pier Tin indbiod to Sardar Hegnoa and Ande Browder fo bell exnments To Ma Voi Wiley go ty thnks fr typing the original et f| Jeeta atom which the bok bed, Fil this doe omy sues SEMLT, who endured my srogaes with th motel, Ted to Tern ‘ow ts mule understandable and pasta) Yo then! aRContents (CHAPTER I The Aigsbra and Topology of 1 SL. Review of Linea Agen 1 $2. Matix Ieemion and Determinants 11 S2. Review of Toplogy in 25 Compact Saipaon and Connected Sobepacn of RY 32 CHAPTER 2. Differentiation a $5. Devvatve 4b 56. Cominuouiy Difeentinbe Functions 49 $1 The Chain ale 58 $8 The nveseFurcton Thostem 63 $60, The tpt Faneton Thor TLcome ne enna “ CHAPTER 7 Stokoe! Theorem as eee err aaa 22. Integrating Form ver Parmcteied Manifold 275 G11, Raion fhe Itgrl 4. Oreneabie Mantas 281 812. Roatan fhe Iara 35. Integrating Foo oerOscted Maiflde 203 {13, The Intl ovr» Bounded Set 104 495. A GuometicIterpsation of For an ntgabe 207 SH Recife Sets 12 27, The Generalised Stee’ Them 301 15. Improper Integrals 21 438. Appinins to Vector Analaa 310 CHAPTER 4 Changes of Vetiblee 138 CHAPTER 8 Closed Form and Exact Forms a 16. Parion of Unity 135 $9, The Poincaré Lamm 324 17, The Change of Variabhe Town 14 0. The deRham Group of Paneard Bucldenn pute 534 518, Dieomerpisrs in RY 152 {10, Proofot the Chang of Vaities Theorem 160 CHAPTER 9. Brilogu us Sr Alsen cf Chase $4, Dillntiale Mani and Ramanninn Moos 345 CHAPTER 5. Manito 1 a1 uocRAPHY 29 S21, The Volumes ofa Paalleloipad 178 $22, The Volume os Parmsteaed Manifll 185 $22. Maisie RY 194 24, Toe Boundary ofa Manifold 201 125. Tetagaing» Salar Function oer + Maio 207 25. MatineAlgsee 720 27, Alvenating Tess 726 28 The Wage Product 206 29, Tanget Vector and Dieta erm 2 £90. The Dierntial Operator 282 51. Application to Vector and Sela ite 282 152, The Aeuow of Dieeatiate Map. 267Analysis on ManifoldsThe Algebra and Topology of R" |. REVIEW OF LINEAR ALGEBRA Suppou one is gn set Vo objets, called vectors. And suppose there gen an operation cle vector additions thet the tm ofthe ‘puri cule telar mleipeation such tat te recto the sel (Cerra umber) cand the wetness eter dented ‘The at V, spite ith tha to operations ead a vector space (ce Hina space} he owing proper bol fal ete 5 # and Macias (yxtyaytx xb tn= (ety) 40 (@) Thar unique voor Onc that x ¢O= xr tl (xr Dew o, (iene, (0) lds) = (ed (er deneetde‘Ove example ear space nb et ofl taper el mumbo, ih component nin ton apd apleation by seals That by = Gcntzs) and y= (hye) toon stylet iot ti em (ety 024 “The vector ace proprio ae ey to check NV ba veto opcy, ten suber W of Vice linear abapace (oc simply, subypace) of for snry pry of emente af Wand ery cane the vecton ey and ex tel onic, Ws nee fropertice (1)(8) te te the operations thot Wine fom Vw that Wiss vector pace inte own gh The fe pr th bok Rand it sab ate the oly vector pce ith rsh eal be concerned In nr capt al de mie tore general vstor space ALY be m voor space, A eta span V io such nV there comps Cheech et J of vectors in V i ado vast one mee waa In thin cae, me ay that x ca be witen a Hina combination of he V there earsponde at rast one metule facts Cy ED if wc aid Wo be indapendent i 10 eck x avian (ain) independent io th ao vector Other cae ‘ponds ony ote map sear dd sh th = in tod da =0 cs Th apne V andi independent ‘Ove ta th allowing sel: ‘Thcorem 11. Suppose V has lass consisting of m vectors. ‘Then any sat of wctor thet spans V Basa least m sectors ad ay et fectort of Vth i dependent has at most m sector. In parla, hy tat for'V ha excty m vectors. © IV has bai cnsiting of eters, we say that mia he dimension 6 Werle he contin hat the actor apace easing eat ‘ctor leo he dienio % ff ies Teer e920 hat RY hae dneson (Supt) The owing et tye allel the standard Ba fo ,0.0,...08 1.0.2.0 = 0.0.0,..50) “The vector pace Rha many othe at, bu any ba fr RY atc ‘One can send te detstion of spanning, independence, ani asso slow fr nit sot of eto ten isp fora vector spe to hate Sings base (Seth eerie) Homever, esa mt be oncrsed it ‘ecm RY asa Site bso doc every abapae of RY. Th fat “Theorem 1.2. Let V bee wstor ape of dimension m. If W is staan eubapace of V (dierent from V), then Whos dimension lee than me Furthermore, any basen, for W may be extended 1.8 fests mycraas teste -nitg for VG ICV ina vector apace, an inner product on Vie a facie aging Asa pir yy af ens of Vee meer denoted yy), {awing propetive bd all yy 8 in anal alas fea) = 09) 2) Gey.) = + tn (8) (on) = eta) = He ex >ouego -Avecter poce V logter with an ine profseton V elo a toner produce space. “hg vrtor space may have many diferent inner products. One pa ican tl ones puck on Bdfd allows I =) ‘nh wedeve feo) = ein ate Toe propionate vey Tih esp tr dna by ary) ler thea =) to veld confusion withthe mse rofact which we thal dn sory“Nie an ape ope 1 V i a inner pod eps, oe dios the length (e norm) of sect of Vy the equation Wel = ma"? he nore funstios has the flloweg popes ()ial > ote 40 (2) esl = lls (2) c+ vl +I “The thd of thaw proper the oly one wha proaf eis sme work ‘tilled the trang inequality. (Soe th exec) An eee fort ‘thie noun heh we sal gue id the nent (2) e— yl 2 el si ‘ny function tom Vt the el that sine properties (2) just lowed eled' norm on VT length fnetion Served ro an te Jeotuct rome cxnmpl 0 sem, Dt hse are ther no ha ewok ‘Seve om noe paste On for cmp ooh atone aie orm dered fm the dt product which wld te eaidoan norm, but {Ec har sloth sup orm, which dele) by Ue eqaton sta “The up orm ie ften mice onan ose than te ued arn. We tue tt the io nnn on stay he aan [nll < ‘A matric Aiea sectangular ray’ of sumber ‘The general nanber ypeming in cheney incall mn etry ofA the ray bs wrod ‘Slum say tha Aas sie n byt, iat ian by ma” Werualy doe tho entry of appearing nthe # row and isan by ysl the so inden an j the cam index of ths ety “Aandi se by sith grea enon andy patel, we dtne AB tobe hn ny matrix whew geet ty ey yan we dene eto be te my maa hae goer xt 68," With nw operation test fall nym aie en vein ath eto pce proper ar cyto vei This fat hry sing for an ty mst every much eam cape; the oly [iferenc i tha he mur ae wn in otangalae sry ited Tera “Theset of mates ha, honeve, a tonal operation, ella matrix smultipicatinn Is nti ue ny my and B amt fae iby ptr the product AB edhe! to beth ate C of sie by nm grr ety een bythe eqeatin ‘This poduc operation atid the llowing proper, whch are stright forward to sey ABO =-B)-C () A(D4C)2ABH AC. (@)(A4B)-CHACLB-C. (8) (A) B=eA-B)= ACB) (6) Borech thew aby Kati sch at fA ian by Awd wt Awad cach of Uw teens we tte tat the macs ina ar of ‘apite sen wth the ntl peas maybe permed "he matec of ize by wove general ety By 8 Oued j and by 2 late j the mtn ‘Slee entity mats o sae by Be ae be fr rile he 5 ith cate of onthe nin igo” and enti of 0 eee ‘We extend tonic the sop wor diel fr apes. Thal i if A ie amat ane m by m wil generale) ye Jie “ and ost sansa “Te he proper of ata amt, ti the lowing el eat ‘Tasorem 1.8. If has sist By m, ond B has sie m by p then |A-BismialiBl.TEV and W are sector suse, anton TV — W i cle linear tranaormntion fi atic th lowing pret fra, i V and () Tix4 9) =T19) +70) (2) Tex) = eT) Min addon, 7 ceiee V onto W ‘linear Komorphisin. “Soe checks en that fT; VW ina Hiner tnafraton, and $:W sie ina ansformatin, hen te compote So: V= Xi ‘ina tanarmation, Fuster, PV — We near oop, {hn Dol W Vi laser nomorphies "tina tantraton ie uaury determined by evan basi lea antes alae maybe speed sete. Tht te atance ‘tthe liming thor onetime fbn then Tt led ‘Theorem 14, Let V be @wetor space with Bai sy. Let W bere water space. Gisen nj m setore bys iv W, tere actly one finer travafrmation T "VW such hat, forall Tea In te seca case whee V and W ate “ape pce aac aR and fe, nec mtalon i cele! way pcg ier as ‘ion wn now oho Pot me cu fo matin cl mts A mati of sie 2 tym nelod row mnt he ato al uch nes Dents an ovis ‘emblanee to RTadod, nde he one tone crespondenee fens a] the wctor space operations ao cxepond. Tha thin orerpondenc ea Net rong Sim, soa of ae » by 1 eed 9 eal snr thet fl ch nao a bear un ols ranma to Inte he coapondence oat ‘The second of thee omorpisns i partial uefa when studying linea trom, Sipps rte ment hat we epecet eel 8 Fifi of an 8 by column matin athe than by tuples IA oad by ‘mai ts Se» fren T= by te eqn Tee de, “The prope of matet product imply medial that i nea ene Ts fc, very near teaormaton of to RY has thi fora, The pot inom. GiterT, lt by sy be the vet of Rauch that Te) = by ‘iam AW them ym mate A= fy Bl with sere enue Brena Sethe Genty te bat clumsy yonn the euson fg 2X imple tat Aj = by for aj. Then Ae) = Tle) oral {tao tom the receding Uinotem that Ax = 1) forall “Te comenionc of in onto ede to ab Ulli conn Convention. ‘Throughout, we shall represent the elements of RY ty colran marie, nie we spcinly Hate thervse Gin ates A of by there te eel iter ces ‘ourited with A. One ete sgnce spanned by the elas of A, kel ‘slam mate elena lets oR). This space i aie ‘he caluma space of And te dimension alle thecal rank of 4 Bees the cau space of Ag spanned by metry ite dimension us| evn lager thn, cne a bape f Rt denon an Be Tine tha ‘Silly the pace spanned bythe rows of A ake ta 0 mates (or elements of) aed the row space of A, sb te Sinesion (Shad fhe ean ofA ‘Theorems 1.8. For any matri A, the ow rank of A egal the olan rnk of A. ‘Once one hs ti toe, one an speak mee ofthe rank ofa mat ‘A. by whicone mean the nme hat oul both the ow rank A and Qe ctim ek a ‘Therma anise Aiea important nabs sited with A. Ove ‘Sef siatly single rocesie called Gauss Jordan reduction tat fan be wed for finding the rank os man Uc ee ts purpose (si) We ame ou ares Bln, 2 merely fev ke aor Sates anToe ea To ome One susie certain operation, called elementary row operations, that are opted tes mts to oban spew mari Bf the ume nae ‘They are the folowing (a) Exchange row yan fof A were i #4) (2) Replace row fof A hy lf pl the mala € Sc ois (hee ie. (3) Mall ow ofA by the noe wala ach of Un operation in neti; fat, the inverse of an daatary tperaton ao eeu operation tesa typ, mou can cherk. One Sarthe flowing el ‘Theorem 1.6, If Bis the matre obtained by applying an clemen: tery ros apeation fo Ay then ak ak A (Gane Jordan reduction ithe pron of applying eanentary operations to Ato rece to pec frm called echelon ovr taste form) fev whih the ean tne Aa engl of nt nth fom the flowing eee the enti Beneath the “spt” a Oh eros mach « may hes o oe id th “oe enti" marked, are Rone (ve conc ett ae eatin elle pivots") One ia fae med Sly [Sperone gps) aod (2) to ees Ato helo fom ‘Now cup te we that, ors matic Bn clon frm, the ome romarindependnt. I llnys tit they fom sino the ro space of B, {ther of B aque he aber af Sona rw. Tor some porponsl convenient fo fdace Bt a8 evn mre spe cit frm, called reduced echelon form, Using cementay operation of ‘ape (rome can nae all he ete an sly above ech of the comet ‘hie tsa Oer Then by ming operations type (3), scan make the Srnec The edd econ form ol the msec Bendre prety hte frm: 8 ee fn ge eis ven eer toe hat, othe mati Ct an une he mabe Cite neo ro Traspose of «matic ‘inn a matet A often by m, we doe the transpose of Ato be he matic Def emu by wwe geen entry in row tad clam J ‘lige by the eqetion dy = gy. The matic D's fen denoted A yar =a. (as Be aes Be “Tee ft tne fallow by dict computation, andthe a from the kth {he ow rant of AY ial the sume athe lam Fak A exercises 1 Le Ve wectarapce with ne dc (7) ann tes (0) Prove he Cacta-Scwns negslty (2.7) < bs int Wop feciene= iis an d= Hs and we eat a iaZdi ss) (0) Prove tat 4915 Pal + BL int: Campate G+ y+ 9) lo (o) Prove tat x31 2 f=. 2 Aisanm by mated Bota my pai show tat 1A. BI sma] 5. Show that she ep emo i ot de se rer 4 (ate (ey and y= ae) abo hte Kn tortor [) I] /P] (6) Show hatte sin monn] ie aman pod on fan aaaa omen ® ain a Onin * soa hich nytt) ‘wea tn het (seFepene {2 MATRIX INVERSION AND DETERMINANTS Wen tea vr utr spect of ina algera. Thy are the flowing: msn ates axis, an determinant, Prostate inde, Same emote ena se oe sf yc om hi Th te) independent be ec ‘ay tte yw To as es Bar Mth pane Va inerenent {a} Chee he et Ral iia el mors Definition. An elementary mati of ie by mi the mtx ob ee teneid tinh Se eco pc der cme ie ton an ear mh “The alemnary aoe a of thes basi yp, dopending on whic Sn fhe thvor options oe The lemetary ate eaesponing to he (0) Lc dente he tf coming ofall = 19) St emetay operation has the fem ‘Shtce d ae far 1 (0 We hehe ta ad etn Nori, Pvwis (r+ n¥e)= Me) +00), Tao (eoney= ere 1 (4) et Fb the ete fF cong of Road ei ‘Foi a tg ncn Let Fe cme ati cos fal plynailfeneom. Show tha each of he iste pecding one and a x7: 1 selene a msec Not ered Loe (o) Stow ta senegal prt and he itn oe \ rt 2 vowis dine [104 at epe=ste : SLs on tow eae[And the mentary mais conempondig othe thie mentary row ope Bre \ eri (One ha the lowing basi res: ‘Theorem 2. Let A be on n by m mais. Any elementary ‘nw operation on A may be cared ont by premuliiyng Ay the Corceponding clementary matrs Proof. One proces by dtc computation. Te eft of mlipyng A onthe let by the atnn Eto inchange ows nd a of A, Say, ‘tapping by Bhs heel vpcng row iy byt plane timer ow i Aut omplying A ty Bh holo mitlingrow tty 2 We wil athe rem Ite wh me prove the change yaar ‘hor frase leg, wl tin the preset sein “The ivean of a matic. Definition, tet A bea mart ofsie my met B and C be mates soe ny Wesny that Br ft verse or Af BA I, me fey hal Cs sight faverse for AWA'C= Ty ‘acorem 2:2. If A has beh a lft inserse B and a vight inverse then they are unique ond ua Proof Eavliy fms tom 2 compatation C= Ig C= (B.A). C= BAC) = BIg B. the let inverse fr A, we apply ti same computation with Be 1c We cooled that C= Dito By and Bae oa Hence B [onige. A smi competion lows tat C tuna & ai ro ode Defiton. 1A has both sight vere and ah ine, thes sido te invertible. Tye unigae marcha both gt ove aod © tt inere fr A ical the averse fA, and enced A [A eecauay sd scent condition fr Ato be invertible ie hat A be uate and f maxi ask. That te ostance of Ue albwing to ‘Theorem 23. Let A bea mati of seem by m IFA te invertible, then m= rank A Proof. Stop 1. Wa show tha fo aay byw mae Dy rank (DA) < rank A “Te pra ie cny Fis rm mals of ite by then Ain row urethanes near combination f the row fa a came tthe row apace of AThe rows of Dae staid by malig he owes D hy Ac Thre vac tow of DA ia lef he tm tee ‘SA. Thos te row space of D- A contd in the rom pace of Aa oF Trogir ‘Step 2 We sow tht if A ha et iavre Btn the rank of A “The equation ig = 1A ingles by Step 1 that m = rank (BA) < rank A. On the afer hand he row space of Aiea sbepace of maple ‘oes, tht rack Sm ‘Slep 3. Wi roe the thom. Lt Bb the inverse of A. The fat hat Be hive for Alpe by Step hat ra A= mh ft hat Bin ight nvr for pita oa ley shone by Step 2,rank A= a. ‘We rove the convene thi theorem in alghy tenga von: ‘Theorem 24: Let A hea matre of stem by m. Supose mm rank A ‘Then Ais invertible; and furthermore, A equals a product of elementary aTe ead onmtet Proof, Slop 1. We soe fink tat every lametay ative ine at that ivees ean sletatry tar The low rom he ot tha! cementry operation re inweribleAlesnily, gow can thc Feil thn the mati E orepending to operation fhe fit pe Ue aver, cht a inves for Bea be anid by replacing ey —e {he pata for Ev and tt an ve fr enn be baie by rescing Shy Pinte formal oe ‘step 2, We roe the tere. Let Abe an m by w mates of rk Lut us Face seed ilo frm © by apying ementry ro Uperation. Hecate © ete an rank ala he nae of i own (Fist ea the ests ns Te fli om Tone that See Se Stequnce Bj -sEb eleenany ates sch the (BKB, -AN oD) {ewe mally Both side of his ogation on theft by Bz, then by EZ Bubs AS BS BD: hes A sua produto dementay tics. Diet compatation shows = BeBe Babs Intoth aight and et inane fr AO (ne very weil comtquene of thi theorem ithe flowing ‘Theorem 2.5. If A in sare mats and if is eft inverse for Bthen Dis aso aight tnters for A Proof Since A ba seh inven, Sip 2 f the prot of There 2.3 impli that te ak equal the mnie of clus of A. Since Ae ‘unre, thie he mame th mart fone of Aso Ue peeing tore ipl thot A hes am ive By Theorem 22,isovese mst be Bo ‘An by m ati A ie mid o be singular if sank A < 0; ori ‘teil tobe nomsingulars Tae thorn jst proved bly that A Snveie and oly omategels Determinants ‘he determinant ic x fantom tha asin, wo ac square matic A, snmbe led th determinant ofA and dente det A. &. a nd tea ‘The notation [Ai ote wl fo he Sterna of A bt we ae ing ‘his ain to deot th spoon of A So we sal ue St Ao deat ‘he determina tend Tn thie wtiom, me tate dhe asia the dterinant fenton, and we aie the ernce af 2 fncion aiyng thas names‘ al Comtrction of he general Stain fn il fe potpaed or gto al Definition. A faction hat amigas, to ach byw mae A, rel umber dneted tA, called determinant fncom fae he Totowing xi (0) ITB i the matic obtain by exchanging any to toms of A then dag ees (2) Given the anon det Ae nae a action fhe sm le. (@) aan Condon (2) can be fred allows: Let {be fie, Given an retapleeteeAis) dente the asso oe Ay ead the 3 row by Thon endo (2) sas tat det Aox + fy) = edt Ae) 45d Ala) ‘hoe thre sxe chavaterae th determina fenton nigel, os we ae AMPLE, ut ini ct ett te tn eel il da Far by 2 mat te ae suff] eat «ff 8 §] Jao sabe babes ins eyes sae once or crams the exreson he dca cf #¢ let the value ofthe determinant One hae the fing ale16 Tega nt Trey tO ote ‘acorem 2.6, Let A be ann by n metre, (G) IPE i the elementary matris corerpnding to the operation that exchanges ross ety then de EA) = = dt. () IF isthe elementary matrix corresponding to the operation ‘that replaces row, of A by af pls times row iy then det ) = eo (6) ILE isthe elementary mais cormsponding to the operation ‘tht inlet rw i of Ay the nom seo salar then dB A) = Aide. (6) IFA te the identity matris I, then det A= Proof Propenty () a esatement of Am 1, ad (2) ia ratte soot af ksom 2 Property (2) folie lyfe Hosa (x 3) et Aan) = Ne As) ow nv (Ne it ht fA ha tao hn Torecchanging ths ows dvr st cange the ax Abt by Asm it ‘hopes fe dsr. Rowe Bt thle cpration {Matteplae sow f= by Wal pee tines row iy at oul ow and a(R A) = de Alen) Ie Ax) ede Aly) tA since Ay) ha oe ms de Aste (a) =A, ‘he four propio of the determin ecto aod thi thee te vot one ural) neck ralber thon the sims themale Tey "a intact he dtenane comely ewe shal ‘Oma he proprio t compute te determina fhe deme tary ties, Sing = yin Poem 28, we bane dt Be-1 aod da B'=1 ant dab ‘Wosbee tow they ca be welt caput the termina in gee Now we deve the farther proper of the eer funtion ha we ‘Thegrem 27. Let A be a square mate. Ifthe rou of A ae Independent, hen det A-£.0; Wf the Yous ave dependent, en det A ‘Thar om n byn mari A has rank fond ony ide A # 0 ® atte roof is, we moe that ifthe sow of A the a9 ro, en ec A=, For tnitipying row # by 2 leaves A unchanged om the oat han, it ost matipy th ef the eterna by 2 ‘Second, me nol hat ping one ofthe tar tow operations to A ow ot fs the aihing of novi oe Secrminnarles| [Aclue fhedtrminat by afator ater “lotr 3 whe 0) Now by mean of camstay rw openings tex ence Avosmates ‘ccm Farm (Hlmentay partion of pen () sat (2) wil ee) 1 {he roms of dare dependent oak An then rank B< m0 ha Be Davee aro row Then det B= 0, aj td; ws that det 1 theron of az independent, het eer B free to ebelon fora "Since ieequce and tae ram Crt vl the ety oe (ee Za. Then det fH flaws at de A.C ‘The prot a given ca be efi oa to provide a matod fo eae lasing th eter ote ‘Theorem 28. Given a aguare matric Ay let ute reduce it to echelon form B by elementary rou apeations of types (1) and (2). ‘har a ser row, then de A 0. Otherwise eb the nanber of row ‘exchanges tnoloal in the redoction process. Then tA equals (1) Fimes the product ofthe diagonal entries of B. Proof 1B tae » xr rom, thn rank A < 1 an det.A = 0, So seppone that B has no tr ow, We knw fo a) and (0) of There 26 That det A's (-1} dec Pathan, Bm bate he rn Cs Ooty ® 00 ban her the dagen entre ae ona. Irma to show tha oe B= bin tht purpose ut apply metry operations of type (2) 4 mabe the entre above the dagoal nto von The Sagal cis oe waft ‘bythe proc thelr the renting machete fom by 0 0 0 by 00 a bn ”“The a Tn oP cone Since only operation f type (2) ae intled, we bane det B et C ow et sil row 1a Cty Uy 2 by Ip, a wo, cing ‘urea pat the entity mati a’ Propery() 3 Tare 2.8 ptr dey =f) 0/2) (0 LC, that (ong property (8) bet C= baba bs Corollary 29. The determinant fanction is uniuey character sed lye tee acim Tei also chareterised bythe for properties ltd tn Theorem 2, ‘Te aleltion of et jst given ue only pope 0)-(2) Throne 26 Then ton fl om the thee sone, ‘Ticorem 2.10, Let A and B bem bym matrices, Then het B= (et E(t D, Step 2 “The theorem hole whe rank A =m For in hat cae A i ‘sprodat of sementry matin and one marly api Step 1 repenely. Species AT By Bas thee (es By (8 (eB (de 3) ‘Tis gation olf ll Bo the ae B et A= (et 9 (et B). (aE). “The toe floes, 2 a nin a Dt Step 8. We compete the poo by showing thatthe theorem hols if rank Am. Weve genera, rk (A: B) = rk (A.B = rank (B.A) Sean A", her the ingly fs from tp of Theorem 2. Ths ifraak A | . Werow that dat A(D) = Met D, 16 = 0, hs role obi snc in that cae rank A(D) < #. So mute 46, Debi fasion fy the suai $0) = 1/0}44 AD). Wie haw that ets the fur proper satel in Tose 26,50 that M0) ea. ‘changing oro of D hs the eet exchanging io ows cf A(D), ich chang the vale of [by afacior “I Repasing ow of D byte lose tiws row iy of Dh the fle of replacing tow (+1) a ACD) by i ple row (i+ 1) of AUD), whch eae he tle ff ehangnd Matpyig row fot D by) ba be ol mating ow I) of ACD) by uric change the vale of J by tar of Final if D {hey ACD) sin ehton frm, dt A(D) =~ by Tharen 28, ed 4D)=1 ‘Step 2 sams by taking aneposs that bow ae Wane) Step 3. We pow the that Lat A be a matrix aisyng the by pier forte. One can by nseueace a exchange facet ® ai adie 21 roms bing the row of up othe tp of mati, witheat fecting he Cede ofthe rnning soe They by a equnee of fT exchange oe ‘sot colunnu ane at bring the J clon thi ats the hei ‘Se mata witout afecting the order ofthe renaning clams The ma {eth rests ha the erm se the mance outed in Sep tod 2. Furthermore, the (Ia }inor Caf he matte i eatin ith {ho Gahnnor Ay the ena at Now ack row exchange eng the ign of he determinet. So doe ‘och lon excangs, by Theor 211 There deb (1) UM (HH det A MP ga (oayttanc, (HMbde Cy — by Supe Land, = (Ub aye ‘Theorem 2:43 (Cramer's rule). Let A bear my n matric wih succes cols aires Let te clam matrices If A ea) sh Proof tet ey-~-6y be the standard ba for, war ch sven a coun aie Lat be the ati c. Toe equations Ae) = ay and Ax engl tha ae baa emg a (tA) et 0) = dt fy a. € magn22 The ad Tega omer Now © asthe om sehre the ty apie in ow ad sn i Hence by the peeing des = BU) dt as = ‘Tae there lows, 0 Haren the formal we have been sing ‘Theorem 214 Let A Be on yn mates of ran: let Then yy = Diet wh Proof. Lat j be fel evoughot this argu. Lat ete tej calarnof he mtr The fc hat AB artcalr tht Ave, Crue ale ala that (eA) dat ona) We cone fom Lena 2.12 hat (ea) ne al de Ay ‘See 2 = by, oa theorem fllons, ‘This theo gives a alert for comping theives of # mn tiie A. One prove faa (0) est, for the mari whose etry in ow and clam j (Pipe eA he mae eld te matrix of efectos of A (2) Sscond, tate the tanspone of thie ate (0) Third, vide ech ety of hia matic y et A “The algorithm i in ct ot very wel opal prposs comping scrip oo tine cosoming. The pata of i ml forthe ore sll ee. Ifane wid arta to compute 1 {hea alge uel on Gaso-Joran roi that moe fen Win otinedia the exerci Wo nn divin fr vaating the detent. Thi the ‘ne plce we nual nod the aso or the etermisot Eatin rather {hte the popes ated ia Thee 2 ‘Theorem 2.18. Let A le ann by m matrix, Let be fc Then ded = Sate A are Ait eu the (homo of A Thi aie he “ae for expan ef the tterminant by cantor the rom Thee ‘ir vle for expanse hy electors ofthe clu, proved by Taking Proof. Let A(x), a wl denote the mae obi fom A byw cing the #8 rom by ibe maple x Ife. dente the tal ba ‘etn in RY (wien Tow nats this cae), then te rw of A Ea eA = Say le Alon) Sean deay by Lemma 22, by teary (io 2, a26 The ee ad To oP mes “4 (0) Find diet vei A (0) Show tht A tar hie 2 et A bean bpm mate ih gm (0a A how ha mais Da es pt exencises val (8) Show eat A at ef iene and ely sah A =m (6) Stow at A hat ight ere and aly ira A= 2. Vy he ean de (0) Te Ate mb mma anh aig enn sm ‘MoCSy oti these pty athe eS ot ote cate Ay aig the alginate na) (Hint A Seer stn sr ey aaj cd (0) Cae A aig ero —be 40nd A m[& $] toes s nine Tes n 25 Teh alte a §2, REVIEW OF TOPOLOGY IN f° acl hats A nd t,he AB dette st fallondred priv (a8) for which a @ sed 9 Bh “Gen ws Ny a medri on Xs fnetion ds XX = Rach tha she flowing popes tld fr all 29,2 © X" (diay = diya (2) dary) 20, and eqenliy ble and ely (ala) dea) + A motre space ta act X tgeber witha specie metic on X. We often Shopreseention ofthe ie, an pea spy of “the meee ssce X TEA tra mii spoce with sed and if. isastet of X, then he seein dt the et VX ns rte on Yt Via mee sace ts on ight calla ubepace of My) = xylan diy) = bem they at cle the cetidean metic ad the sup metres pet. I fallow imei om te operon of» nr tat ty ae rc. or typos th tween on Rare lest, ame sal “We sll inthe ook be concer ely ith the mere tase Rand it enapnee, sxep fo the sxptary Rol sction hie eal wit fal crc mpaton "The opee Wie comment called -dimenional TWN tat spce wth mated then gen 22 €X and give €> the wt wee (elder) <426 Te Anat Tra cont ‘scaled the cmighborhood of rth enighorhood centred at 2s. A abut Uf X os tote open in Xie each sy CU the erpending¢> Ose tht Ufone) conan in UA mbt Col X tsi ote else in X ifs complement XC i open in Xe fllone fom aoa ha agora i wen ot ‘any open st containing 2, we commonly ert U amply eighborhood aff. ‘Theorem 31. Let (NA) be a metric space, Then fie interee tions and arbitrary unions of open sts of X are open tn. Siar, Sie nina array nections of oe tf Xr ‘Theorem 3.2. Let X be metre spc; let ¥ be a subiace, A steel 4 of is open in ¥ sfond only thas the form Asuoy, taker U i open in X: Silly, fanly fit ha the form where Cit clove in XO [efllows that fA pen in Vand ¥ opm in X, then Ae open ia 1X. Siny Ais aed In ad Yi coed hen Ate ced X IP ies mee spe, spot ze of teed tobe ile point of these AoC X every enighterod fy intrete A alent ‘oe pine feet fom sy An equal onion et oa tha eney Iightoriood of zy coma iftly mary pol Theorem 3.3. If A is subset of X, then the at T consisting of A and allt int point tea else et of XA sb of Yt eloned ‘Fa ony if conten alt it point ‘The mt Hi called the conury o & nf the esghboreods Ino to sandard metre ae gen apc ws. Ha eR, the cnighorhood ofa athe alas tiene the ‘pom ballofrudae contre at my od demted Dace), Toe apbotiond ‘lan te sup mate eal the open cube of aio «cee ty sad hotel Clo). The igen x 0, here iva carrenponding 8 > D such that Api fle) fea) << whenever dy(eyee) <6 ‘Thin isthe cai “6 formation of comity” ‘Note tho gan 25 € itm happen tht for sre 8 > 0, the 5 eighorod of Zp oie fhe pit 2 le In that a, yelled an Eotatedpointo Xan any function f= ~~ automaticaly omianat “hcontant fnction frm X to ¥ i continuous, and 4 io the identity faneion iy XX. So we retetone and eompsite of otimna ane Theorem 3.5. (a) Le £56 A, where A [:X-Y wr continoons ot zy, then Be reste (@) Let f:X = ond 9:¥ ~ 2. MF continuous ot ze and g ie continous at yo = Jes) then go f'X'— Z i continous a. 0 ‘Tasrem 2.8, (8) Let X bea metic apace. Let J: RO have he frm £0) = (oD race of X. If laahe ese Ty oY one ‘Then fs contnnous ot x5 if end only if each faction fi-X —+R is antinowe at sy. The functions f recalled the component faneions oT (0) Let fx. XR be continuous at 2. Then f +9 ond f—9 and F-4 are conto so; and ais cantinovs ai 20 920) #0. (6) The projection fonction 1-80 —R given by (x) = 3 cone “These tren imply tht fmt fre fom the fan eval eotinou anton of ean wing lai persion abd compete ‘Se eouiaoue in For nuance sine one news tat he fenton” and [SEES emt in lows tat such Fnetion ae i ratio in RY ‘on ne die the notion f Hii. Lat X bea mete space. Let A.C X snd ee 1A =F Le't itp a the domain Act J (The ot [Poin ocr nt belong to A) We ay tha J(2) aprons yo 2 ‘tonroncher 25 itor nck open wt V f¥ contain hse a open cEO CE contaning tu uch tat f(a) Vombemver 2 in U CA tad {P44 This satenent expat’ symbol inthe oa Me)ay eae We sso sayin ei staan that dhe Kt off), a approaches Ze Je Th eatement coxprased symbclcal by te equation Jan, fe Note that the seuiemen ha be imi pit of A guna that here eid pointe feet en Ze banging tote wc Ura. We do not Sth it of a ha iit pi of ean Note slo that the vale of fay (povided fis even dfn at 2) i nol ive inthe dition the iste ‘The notion ef it ea be eaten ay tha nos the ti pecielly One shows ready that fs) apprnches os 2 spony PSed ely ithe flowing condom bla For each e >, there feo omerponding & > 0 such at Ar(flehag) e Wyse ©) (oy >4. COMPACT SUBSPACES AND CONNECTED SUBSPACES OF Hr An important ca of sabpacs othe acon mae. We hall ie the bse properti of sch apts constantly The properties we sll ‘ed oe summa in the theme ofthe section ress ae ced Shee sme thee rete ou oy ot ha br oe ‘Aston afl cla pace the la of onasid spe; wee mnie hte hoe fw prope shal sed ‘We do rot atenpt to del herewith compacts and conecedna in sshtnuy tic pac, comer ha ay fer prot hl tha Definition. Let X be wslipacect R.A covering of X in cllestion guns of whine ie conan X exh he ase open ty acd tn opom covering of 8 The snce Xi id to be compact very open coming of comin Ane sbvaleton that sa forme 9 pan coeing ot Wie is dein ot compacts aves open we of Be be ‘etormulted na maar tht eves ely apn ee esate ‘Thcorom 4.1. A subspace X of Ri comport if ond ony if for very collection of ste open in hove unin te K, there toa ie ‘bealction whore anion epuals Proof. Suppwe X i compact. Let (Ay) be a clin of te open In X soe unten X. Chowe, far ech Gyan open set Dy of Raich that dy = UzoX. Siac ir compart, we fie sabes othe telecon (Uy) over X, sy fr a = aya. Then the ste fa, er ‘assy are X nthe one ‘The pict ofthe converse esis, “The flowing alt ie alway proved in a ik cote in sali, so oot wll be otel Iae ‘Theorem 4.2. The sigue [0 of R ix compact. Delton, A subepace of Ri sd to be Bounded if tee ian M such tnt | St ral Be X: Weshall eventually show that saepac of "i compat ian nly i wis daedand bounded. Hal ofthat torent xy; me Prove noe cement See dC Spc a ‘Theorem and Wounded Prof. Step 1. We show hat X bounded. Fo each poi inte sex Wt Upc the ope cae Uy = (ON). Tem Uy a open Seana, Cig andthe ma Uy eon allo Go pear they Ser. Seni aelton i cones Aen oH Nig AM isthe ago the sures sr Ny hen contin in Ua Ah ited. ‘Step 2 We how hat Xi coe by showing ht th compere of Xisopen, Lt be pt of notin Kw fn an cigar fe ‘ha ie athe complemen of orcach postive neg N consider the ee Cre bee al 1/8. “Ten Cy 3 Cy 3. and the itt ofthe ste Ce coef the fein aa. bt iy etn splat of Cy then inne tad WiC ty conan he ate Vr coer lf reac rte pit tay ove 2) Sota fie sebcolo oes Kya be = Ngee Vs HO Sic pee th sumbee Nr Ny hen Xm cone in Yu Then fheac Cr digm X dinar the op cae Ce) Take complement of X-See Figure 2 3. Xie compact sebapoee of RS, then X i coved CCovllny 44, Let X be a compact eubypace of R. Then X hava largest clement anda malet element aProof. Since X i wounded, it has a atest me bound ed leas spper bound. Since ica, the mete nat ong XO ‘ce ie» basic and fami) rl tht wd coat ‘Theorem 45 (Extremo-alue theorem). Let X be o comput tomer oes PAs cont, hen J) 8 pat “in particular, if: XR ie contnsons, then 6 has @ asim selue and a minis ee Proof. et (Va) bea callin of ope st of R* that cones f(X). ‘The sete "(Ve form an open covering OFX. Hence sme fly ay of than ovr Xs fr a= aya The the ss Va foe = oy tovee JX). Be J02) cpa Tow i: XR i conan, {be compe, 20 i ae a lest lene nda aat ent Te he ine sd am ce “eo ition, Let X be mute of W. Ginen¢ > 0, the ann of te set Ba) aa rng ve all point of, eld the Cmighborhood {FX inthe udm me Sil the in fhe te Cla) call the encghbekood of im heap met ‘Theorem 4.6 (The cneighborhood theorem). Let X be com pct subspace of Bs lt U ke an open set of Wrconainng X. Thon Fhe a9 ch atte cron of Xf er ets) Proof. The igbotod of Xin the caldenn ntti olan in the eneghborbool of Xin the sup mete. Therefore sues to el ely ‘he later oe Step 1. Let © be sd ube oC RY, Far cach ER, we defor a0 f(x elie€ We call x,C) the distance from x £0 C. We sow it conto a Tete Cit x.y €R, The rangle equal tha Mx.0)~ [my] $ xe] Pea] < lye te cp et ot a “nie hl fr le € Chere ss0)~ In=11 540.0) “ dix, C)~aly,C) $ x= yh. “The same inequality ld andy te interchanged comity of d%,C) ‘Step 2. We pow he throm. Given U, die fs X= R by the Joa) = alas, ‘Then fa continuous anton. Frtermor,f(2) > Oo all € X. Fori He then some Laighorhond of contained n Uy thence ts) > 8 Becnne ecmpat, fara minimum vale Been f taken on oly env vlc, tha minunam ale le postive. Then the €aeightorbod SEX wontaned in 0. "Thin rem doe old without sme hypatbesion the set X. CX iethe zac in RE for exarpe and Us the open st Veter vase), hen there io Cae hat the cacghbuteod of Xl comand in U, See Figure 42 0 Witter VP rein another fairest ‘Thooram 4.7 (Uniform continaiy). Let X ew compat eubgpace op feet “XR be sontinuone” Given €> 0, there fea 8> 0 eh that wheneveraay €X, [awl <6 imple (fox) son <6Teng ad Tage ome This real ale hlde if one wee the euclidean meric iatead of the np metre Proof. Comer the wiapace XX of BY; and within thn conser the pace (xls ©), ich cll the digonal of x X. The diagonal ia compact ep (Eine the tnge of the cops npr adr the conto tap fie) = 0). " XK Reel bythe gen nn Camere eacon We)~ so ‘Then comer the st of points (59) of KX for which gtx) < € Breve 9 conte, he et ina pen st of Xe Alo contain the agama A ince gi) = 0. Therefore, gan be inenecin ith Xe Netan open oe O SR™ 9 iba canine See Fae 82 ate) fn) 9) a as ¥ Powe ss Competes of pla tha for some 8, the Bihborood of i ontained in U This the 8rd by our theorem, Tarifa © X with Deny 26, toe Her) Go) = Hoey. 0) = env <& se that (x) belongs tothe Bsihorood of te diagonal Then (e9) Tetons to Us that gfe) < dae ame Sept Comate Sagan YT “The cnmaponiig el he sup mati canbe deve by sae ron cesimly by ating that x~yl Bf then ey | <8, nee [70)=f0)1 s WO)=fO9I1<6 8 ‘Tocomplee cut characeration ofthe compact subspaces of, we ned he lowing es emma 4 ant) {nis compact Proof. We pocnd by induction osm.‘ mai tue or 9 = sme suppseit re form =I ad prove ta form. We ean ite Q=X xlaubh were X iss rectangle in “1. ‘Then X ie compact by the induction hy others. Let Abe a open coeing of, Step 1. Weston hat gies [yt thee an <> One tha the Xe(-gt49 cn be eomred by fey may elements of A ‘Thee X xt compoct apace oR fr is the image of X unde the conicee map X= RY ge yf) (yt Thee ay be lnc ty Sty many element of ony by Aer A Tat be the ion thee then Ue open ad contaiae Xt. See Bocas X xt compact, thr nan ¢> Ova that the ighorhod of Xt conaned i U Then i partic, the at Xx (OE) ‘ntane in and ese i covered By Ahe Nien a Tap hye Step By the rau of Step 1, we may for ech ob] chee an open neva Yah auch ha he et Van be enced by ely ‘ay lets ofthe elton ri in cover the atta ob ee Bitly ier nfo =f "Twn Q = fy] cotaned i te ic of the ste Xx Vy Tic afn sine mh of theese an be conned Hey any ‘eesti Aap may Q be conned. Ch ‘Theorem 42, If. X isa coved and bounded subrpace of then Xiseonpoct Proof, Lt A ve calletion of open ets that coves X, Lt ws ain 1o thi lection the gent I~ X wich open in RE erase X ‘oe ‘Then me have an en eserng all o€ WBecauteX is bode, ‘recanchawe rectangle @ that contains Xo lletion then pat inn “ine Q is compact, sme fie anbcltion covers QI thin ite sbcoletnn eotaae thet ROX, meds fom he clon, We then hve afte mbealetion othe elletion Atay nt eve alle Q Inti conalaly coe Xyance he ae RX we ded conta 3 pe axe All the theorem ofthis ection Bel CRY nad ae replaced by a itary metre spacer 2p! forthe theorem jst prope. Tha here Conected spaces TCX in a tsa, then X ind to be commected i X canto be te othe unin of oo dina nowempty eau Aa Bch of ich open in "Phe flowing Uren i anes proved in Sat conte in ans, the prt wil etd ere ‘Theorens 410. The lol interal [oof RP is connected, OL “The basi fact att cunt paces tht we sal i the allowing ‘Theorom 441 (Intemadinte-vaue theorem). Let X be com eed GPX Y icant the JX) enacted ace “in prticalar, if +X ~ Mis cotinuons end if feo) << fei) for some pots 02 of hen (a) = 7 for some pt © of X Compe Shonen nt Conte Stet oR Pros Suppose J(X) = AUB, where A and B ate dat te oper In OX). Then JA) and J-NB) ate deta whose ion and sch opens ecatoe /i eominuoue The contd conecednee we. ‘ive let A conto al yn with y The Aan Bare open in hea 7X) de ct ont then 3) the anon of the dea sete f(X)A.aed f(X) Broach ‘hs fecpn in FOX) Thin canta comnetedmee oC f0%), mand ae ois of R, ten the Hine segment Joining and i ened the the seta ll pot of the form = a> a), whee OCC Any ne egies cemected, for ithe age he ner Dt ede the cntngous map tra +b) {nt of Raid to be mv evry pea of pointe of A, theline spent ning sd bt conte in A Any conver bet ie stomataly connected: Fort An the wing ofthe jt sts Spd Vy ech wich open in A, mend nr hone in a in Wand nse tnt i tele egnntjoning a ond Bethea the wie UE snd V0 ae dit emp and ope fle tnt in Wal open balled es uber and eetanges ae conecte. (Se the execs) EXERCISES (©) Show that te coinom fncon fy ~ Rave by fe) = ‘ives toundel thane tun ae ao = (0) Show tat te conto facon gy — Roe by fe) = ffs) bande bt tac an ey then of ans ‘enamtyoe y 2. tee X date eat (1,130 ade 1 be he ope Bjorn, wc ome X. Show thee ao > O sch the Croghbroat Xin antl in 3 Lt Re thet tuple (85--)ofiel amb ‘Sata ina nt tig of 8 Se te serie $1) eke ‘einer produet on 8 by tere ey) = Seg (Tei he mince lb aly any terme wah) he xy oe he BB h GereTe Ate ad Try 4. (0) Show sat ope ale lop eben in ae cones (8) Show tha (open a end) can in are conve Differentiation In this chapter, we consider factions mapping R ito Rand we die wat we eas by derivative of euch a fonction. Much of xr dance ‘ily vw fee tha te lead fame to ou fom ele The wo majr eu thi chpter ae the inverse faction there, wih ger odin under wie ferentibefunton rom 0 has Girne ies, a the splet funetion theorem, which roids tie thorete undraning forthe tecaiqa fp dileennion A ‘Node mene ocala ne write he element of "and Ra luna mate nee (5. THE DERWATIVE Fin, el ow the aie ora aed faction of rel a Tet be aaatet of It 6: A—R, Suppone A contains «mightor hood ot pointe We deine the darivtive ot 6 ta bythe qin dt0)= iy HH, provided the int xn, In hice, wey tht i ifarotiabe at ‘The following facts a mediate commence:(0) Dieta fonction sr comtinou. (2) Compare fdfeentabe anton at rentable Wereek now to dfn th derivative of facia f mapping abet of Into, Ae cat sinly pao and inthe elitin jst en by nk of Rove cae dieu pt of Ry 2 pst eR ifm > I Hey isa frat sttampt a deat Definition. tat AC RM: let f: A+ RY. Suppo A contains 2 wightorhood fm Giea € wih a 0, deine Fata) fi sow) Prove the mit exits This it epend oth on a on wi ald {he directional derivative of fat a with rect tothe vce ty (In ‘Selo aually request bese et bu hte bot nessa) RAUPLEL, Lek f= he gon by th gun flene)=nee he dina dete a J at = (0109) ih rept he var, Fawn) = in tO =, 2) the dieters So) = fg ADE gy, Iti empting to bei thatthe "icons deriva” b the spprop- ste eneralston often of "erative and to any that fw dle Aisle nc maf fu) ei or every Wf 0. This woul cy homeo, ben ‘yal det of erent wn et lo fotos, that ‘Eieeatablty ings ennai (See Example fellow) Noe weal {alow that comportes of ifteste face ae diferente, (Se he ‘rece of§T) So we wk someting songs ele ke mts ou evento enn, te emt the de niin offre i he single eo ello Tet temmubert oR BAR Suppo A conus a aightor od oa We rentable ata ther eo ube tat “The number, whieh ini, called he derietivact at a ed dented 3 "Phe ration fh esto abs ex he act hati indir. catia hen th hear fnetin és od appresimatin tthe ramet cin” (art) (0, fen eal the Sd spprexinaion” {he ica sppeimaton” to teers felon erga ths weson ofthe det ACR and f= A 1, wint mug we men by aed” ot slne” approcmation the Incomentfncion f(a 8) ~ la)? ‘The natura hing todo to tae & flncton hae nan ee wae of near sgeea Thies lade othe falowing detinton Defisition. Let AC RD, Wt J 2 AR Suppo A cotane 2 schnad ca: esr at fs reatnho sn te ny fash fd Boe og Tl “Te ate B, which ania the derivative of fat denoted Dit Note thatthe quotient of whieh we ate aking the Kite dfn for in sore deed meghboond of, sine the domain off conta a neeh ecood fa Unf the sup norm it the denominator is nt een Se ‘Sansa evaletdefiten ion ple by eis uy tome that ig. Suppor Ci acter matric ating ais conden, Sebncting, we hoe cue Til seh — 0, Let ube wSined vector st (6% Bye Ho's wis arbre. eANLES, La 2 RB dfn bythe onion Jan Bx8, te Baum by m mae and € RY Then fi ieee and Djtey= Balad, nc Sion) f0)=B-m ae end neigh dive ihr eyereiaen on We now show that this dation eater than the lente oe we ove nln aod ha it adel aitabe deinitin of dierent ‘Specialy we very the fling tai thi sete ad hee flowing (0) ifn function ar contiaou. (2) Compo of distin ecto ae lifer (@) ieratnlty off at ipo the eine of al the dictions erative of ta Weslo stow bo te cmpate the dette when texte, Thcorcm S:t. Let ACR; let fs Ae RY Uff diferente fata then oll the dietional deicatces of Fata ers, and Fiosw)= DI) J. Let B= Dfa), Set = twin he defo of derail, were 0. Then by hyphens, a Mesi=fo-B 4 1-10, 1 approche 0 though pve ales, me may) by to sence ak fa 0) se a des. It apron through negative vale, we malty (Ghty jalvoreach the name conlsion Thue Pau) =m. HAMPER ein £0) fe=eslet er) 6 (eanee We sow ll detonate font een tiiewel ieee: Then =the see (OM eee ® Te deinin 45 ‘hae [1) x 40, Home. foction Jeo iti 2a rity na oti ta cal by then Dt) Sy mine em oad 0.3) ah ie tea fms tm Bat 0 “Theft fo ela ing is ‘ onion on each gt ine tog the ign. I 90 he ght icy meek the aoe mz) 2 at fe leat (8 Soir tn nat ven ntti Rf a ae ‘seg whey mar the on ae pom he rm (7) Sus 7 ane Se ie Tasorom 5:2. Let AC AMY Let fs ARM. If i diferetiable at then fs continuous af Proof, Let B= Df). For Wea 0 bt deren om 0, weit ssf soe) —fo)= LLB) py By hypothasis the expression in bacte apronces 0 ash aprons “The, by ou bi there ois, figifie+ 0) ston =0. ‘Thos fis continous at ‘Me sal del with compost of diferente ation in 7 Now we show how to caelte D(a), povided text We fst ine uc he notion athe pata eivaie of ea-alued fantionDesiniton, Lat A.C RM et J: AR. We define she partial dexivatve of fat 10 tthe tonal det of ft with espe {othe vector o, rovied thie dratie cas and we dente by Dy) - Dist ie ty) ~ fla) Patil drives ar nly ety tole. Inded west B40)= Fle hen the jpantinldervtve off at a qua by deft, sity the nny derivative of he fncon atthe pin =. Tho he pata ‘Tine Dy con be nel ty tenn #2) eyqe ra a tent, a itrentning the ling fein with peo), cing ‘he familar dierentation ae for ncn of» age vaca apres We bin by calaing the detvtive cf ia the cae whee Je « seabed funtion Theorem 5:3. ata then fla) = (Dif) Desa) Let ACR; let fA—R, IL differentiable Defi ‘hots i Dflo) ext tie te row mati wh ete ae the pra devi of fat Proof By pot, Dfta) ext a ina mation by mht Dffa) =D ba al 1 low (sing Theorem 5.1) that Dyfla)= F0:9) = Dfla)-ey =. 0 ‘We genrlit this there felons ‘Tacorem 5, Let ACR lt f-A oR. Sappose A contains «neighborhood of a. Let fA be te # component aneion off ome fie) fe fu), ® Tieden AT (a) The fnction fi liferentabe etn ifand onl fee component function f, 18 aiferentible at (0) fis diferentale ln then ty derivative i the nym matr sche how tthe derivate ofthe fonction fr “Thi oreo alle tat Dis) Die) 5 Dini that Df) ithe rae wha ety in ow and ctu j Dy f). Proof Lot Bean abiery m by m mass, Cone he fonction fab) ~ fo) — Be i Fos which deed fr 9 < I << fr sme). Now Fs) tn mati aoe by 1 Me™ cate ate Ube ean ‘ny = HO D= fe) — (ow i Bh et approach 0. Then the watts ‘eatin apposed Hence Bia Pow of Barna fr bch Fh) proncee Oi nd only iexch of for whieh FU) = ten te ‘And coer The there et ACR and fA of. Ibe patil dst oft component functions fot Fx tthe one at frm the att ht ae Df) ae Ieaty in ow al colsnn J. The mote elle the Jacobian matrix of FIC i raise at my thie matrixes D(a). Hove, Pier the pst! drvatvs, and hen the Juan mato eis, ‘tout flowing that fe ifleventale ta (ee Exngle psedng) ‘Thiet nearing guandny. We have convenient way pel fordeterntig netbook a fstion i dierent (ber tha gag back ote etn). We kno tat sch fanaa aston | siotay) ant ay se ave portal deities, fo hat ft ew consequence of tania tore ‘rom geval nag. But we donot tow they ar dilate We stall deal with hr role athe ext ston.40 teeta come ane me m= ct don he ig Inmance if" ina diflerenble fein, Ke desatives thei one aa 0 5 Incas, fe nino premarin ad the vce Ds Be fl + HMO + 0 nc the ols traf he cae (Of ou in cata oe apt ec and or he nt as vector ate than de) eres soe see taeton 9218 = te Dyin) =[Dute) agin) Date sd he lstonl sone ru he ati podct Dy nel (Se incon gv te mapned ws tla el td the oe ld erg = (ipl + (Dag + (Dies ba he ain a ten dtl by he el) Te ve that vio neta is aleante for delng with the desinatve of {when ste he saa ve rane of fh dineen Ter gees ice ee ment eel EXERCISES 1 let AER fA. Show at fu ens hen F509) end oa fo 2 ak ff Pb aba by ting 0) flew) =erlie4v") te #0. (a) For ie wetes & #0 doe 00) ei? raat wen (0) Do Duy ak Daf ex ac 2 (6) bf derma at 0 1) 1 f comin at on ite Fon 49 5. Repeat Bese othe fection el by ting (0) = and Feaha Pv ev +0-27) W e9¥0. 4 Rapa ie ar he nto f Ub iy mig (0) =O and Hanae fet +¥) it (ah 40. Sead=lel+in 6 Rape ate othe anton flea) meal 1. Rapa eee oth fant J aid by ting f(0)= ad Heab= style? +29 i (an p0. 5. CONTINUOUSLY DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTIONS thre existence tthe arta dete decent ity dicen Te wee, we ipo the comparatively ld) additional onion tht thes ‘atl dats be continuous then diferent oe "We begin by ealing te malo hate of sg vrale nay ‘Theorem 6.1 (Mean-ylue theorem). If: (a, ~ Ri eontinw ‘ous at each point of the closed inferal ab, and siferenihle teach i a he open itera ab en tee ests pt of a) 4) 6) = (910-9), 0 In practic, ne matte apply thi harem when i diferente on an open inter contining fa In thi te a cote, contin om feat‘Tacorom 62. Let A be open in Suppose thatthe prtal derivatives Dyfi) ofthe component fetions of feat a ack point 074 and ofc continuous on A Then se diferente et each point A. ‘A fncion ning the hypothe thi theaem in ft dt be comtinuoualy dilantin, of ease Cy on A Proof tn view of Thoten 4 iis to pro that each omponeat function of eifccniate Thre wea ret ourselves to he a related faction om that era, Then & Stave ncresng sd ua ten futon ich dete by tog {G9} be that ge number = ach hat ls) ~The faeton We nt eet and deat sie the quai Y= ee), nile ola for difereniating he ave of« ftw f ‘several vrbln I the pre etinn, we domo consider the qrton “eter the fnction f ea era whether tat ie dlrs ‘We cnsider oly he pole of nding he derivate of the vere fant‘Thcorem TA. Let A be open in Let fA; let fa) Sappve that 9 maps a reightorod of © ite Ry ha gO) = sts) == Jor al ina neighborhood of a If is diferent ‘igerentabeat by then Dats) = (Ds le at a and 9 8 Proof. Let +R be the etiy faction; i devine is he en att fy, Wea ge hat (fee) =) for ll x a neihbarhod of. ‘The chal ue mpi tha ath): DSa)= ‘Thus Dat) ithe ivee mati to D(a) (20 Toren 28). 0 hore that if irenbe funtion fet have mrt never that he marx Df be nosing. ini ft tat thi anti eal uct fo © Funcin fofclne C¥ to have a iver a et ely” Weal rove this OWARK [ewe mea comnen! on atton. The wi fl chee feta cn hy be temp, Argument re obey ad is etwas he EPG pnt, The formals othe derive compose fntcn a ‘stipes wendy bent rhe women he ctaion sted lela pt derativs, ad the eno theca ae proved or the apart ntitn De foe the deivaie af «vale fo fel rate’ (Da dent 0 by tian in ict) Tn ean {Stee ante sation common. rw fn dase esse hc fon hey Wing 9 =) [unctionsas tach weve ary roe thnght abut . 6 “The abit tation hn iii om hn inna ty teenie hen fone’ 9 RR and RR Uta of componte enon Bo rst ty he mal Deo 9) o(sie) Date. ies ye lta ‘vere sha han saan Te ee, sme. =) he tare fecton# = Yy) he h eare wes elt ah sit ACR and fo A Ry en ere Y= JO1= Metal, nd ent he pial desine DL by one lh yb a eo sac T yin ntact ih tain, Con FRR a oR Groby etamate oF mage to and its eee P(x) = DoF): DF, a[DFO DaFUes Dafa) Baie Daas) natron | Dita) Daft “Te orl rhe paleo Fi tha my he ete DFUs) = > Dash ste) Daft ewe itt rasa station by sting y = fe) ad = oy ie EERE: nota he fra oe 05/0, by &snpheminded ipleton ison apn Woon ae aie Day) =(04081" nace y = fa) In elite eatin rma ae them [iSfen, coven! [env anvonl are {Sova 05/0 i abot ms bag recipe the pat erate Oya cal ii! * et aon Ten 3 exercises 1. 5 =f ity hon 0) = (0,228 pro[) 23] Les Petey heen Parereereney Fad Dg 2 LJ AP and 9B be en yh nin Ba) (e ay esa +204), (0) Ha) =o(F0)-And DPC) int Do compute Fen) (0) Gin) = s(n). 92 DG, Let J Rad ge ileal Ut PE be Pee = Hen.) ) Find DF nam ep o f adg (©) Wz) = otra 2,9) And Dagan ag on 4 tet gE be diy the atin 929) = 29 2) Le fc 8p tau ont ded ip uae ats eh fog. Sow thatthe detonate of ft gta sven at Aulacenizuige tr wie Woy) das att 8. THE mivERSe FUNCTION THEOREM ac A be open in RY et fs ARP be of clae We know that fr f to hate serail iyee te mcemay thatthe erative DY) of te nonsingular. We no pone that th souditnn alo safc fo fo ave diferente avon a at eal Thiet led th Sera fincion theorem. ‘We pny sowing that nosing of Df impli that Jellyemia 8.1. Let A be ope in Ry lt J: AR be of las C* 1 fe) ie noesingula, then thre exits a> O much thal he inequality sl Lixo) = fi 2b ole forall x2, in sme open cube Cae) centered at a. It flows tat fis onetoone on this open cue Proof. ut B = f(a); the B ie momsingaar We Ket coi the Linear tanfrmation thal mage to Bx We compte + (B9- B x S01B Boag Bl wet 2 1B, then far lg [Boxe ~ Bn] > Bae Now we prove the lemma. Cone the funtion Ms) = 100) Bx fe) tas Dia) = 0. Beans I tl ‘nh > 00 tae [DH [Box Bx — Ife) So 2 toi = xo =f) = fs “Te emma flows. Now ne sow tat moosinglsy of Din the ce whee font onl that the inverse fonts dflernale ‘Theorem 6.2, Let A be pen in Rs Let fs AA be of clas Cs let Bafta) If] is one-to-one an A anf Df(x) is nom-singatr for GA, them ke at B i pen in a the inverse farction g BA te of elase Proof Stipe. Wepsov th fling ementary el: 1: A Sn cieentnte sd if has el minim at 2 € A, then DS) = "omy that hs esl isn a x ane tat) > oe) fo sutsin a eeiguontood oy. Then gen 0, a0 + 10) ~ oxo) 20 i ae + 10) — eset Inn negative I approche 0 though positive ale, ad i oman ET appt 0 thr mea vale foliar hae 70) ©. tela Dyd(ey) = O fora js0 tat Deka) = 0 Step 2, Weshow thatthe wt B open in. Givea BB, westow B contains ome open ball Bb: 2) aout by ‘We begin by coming a rectangle Q ing in A whoe itso, contig the point m= foM(b) of A” The wt BA is compact, being lel and used i hen the ct (B40) hak compact neha coed and unde in Benue cone t-ne, (84) dit fom by beease Ug) i el, era che 8 > Om tha the Balt B28) i nj fiom f(b). Gren ce Blo) we show that c= fix) for me xe Or then los tat tet f(A) = Banas each pinta Bs) a deed.Given €€ H(b:A), omit the reall anton te) = We)? vie eof a C* Bees Q is emp, this fnction bas ina {aloe oO; spp ha them ale ocus wt pot xo. We ‘ow tha fis) Tow the rae a the pois aie (0) = Ila) =e? = =f? <&. ene the minnmin vale of 08 Q must be ethan. 1 lows hat this ‘nina sl eno seat om BAG, fr sfx © B4Q, the pnt JO) Hs ete ball B28), 20 that fa) ~e > # Ths the anima ae Soca ats pine x oot Q Besar inter, flows tht has » lel nna a hen by Stop te drain of vantee a. Since 0)= Einar, Dyste) =F Hf) eadDs Lt “The equation Dae) =O ca be writen in mati form as AUR) —e) ala) eFC) #0 ow Df(a) i womsngula, by Hypothesis Maltpying toh sider of hie fenton eth rg tie fvera of Df, we meta (x) 2 0, a ‘red ‘Slep 9. The faction J: A= B is eto-oe by hypothe; 9 B= te the incre ent. We show pai ‘Cantina gw sein oe stent ha foreach open st Ua A the wt V2 g"HU) open in B Bat V= J(U} ad Step 2, api to ‘eset, which ope in A ad hence open aR ls wth ¥ open | Rand hens open in. So Figure 82 ® ThebweneFnaee Tren 67 ean ct hath of Sp add with ing Se bits eee eb ag ee di ea Step 4. Given B€ B, we show ta gis diesel ab Lt be the pit (hand lt E'= ft). We show tht ibe ancton = is = 90) —E-' 8, ich is dtd fr Kt 8 deleted aeghorbood of 0, approach at peach 0. Then 9 i deentiabe a with tive Eo Taw dee (8) = (8-4) = 08) {or nae 0. Weft show ha tere am €> O auch tat (RIK ounded for 0 < Iki < e(This woul alow thm dierent 2 ‘hati nha we ae tyag to rove!) By the pocding lemma, the ie ‘wiphbothood Caf and an > Oma hat Lite) J) 2 ales fer xox € C. Now f(C) ina ncightorhnd of by Ss 3 he €40 that Dike f(C) whence] Ce Then fork] < we canst = 900+) so = 9b) and rete the peeing egal the fom Mb-+h) BI oltb-+)— tb),ya.>\a00/, die, ‘Now we show that Gk) Oat K+ 0 Lat << Weave 0k) Bo ou = by dein, opt. fA E-at) 1300) =e Esa) At (Were me wth fet that A(R) #0 for K #0, whi fin rom the at {at's Soetoone) Now B°!ieomtnt and |e) w bouale, 1 ‘ast show tht the extn im rate gos to tt We ave ‘b+ k= fig(h-+¥)) = fla) + 80h) = f+ 408) “The the expreton in bates Slat 0h) ~ fia) 900) Bw et —=0. Then A(h) — 06 well fens g ic contimoas Sie f “pnb tm with erat B thn pron gosto seo, sit ‘Step 5. Pinal, we shaw the nvr fnction gf eae ‘echse gn dfeotible, Toor appr oho tht ie dea is gen bythe orale. Day) (fla fer y €B. The function Dy ths oa the composite of the nso BAL GLa) 1 GL), ere Gn sth st of casing by matin, and Ti the eneton “ina coch nosing tse esi Now fein gee pepe frmoin oling determinant a fy the ete of 1(C) ae Jal functions he toe fC ach, they wre C™ fein fe nt of We proceed by indueton om r, Suppose i of lau C. Then Df i eotiaos, Because pan nese oni (nen, 9 ferential Sei Tis dow C2) te campos Tunion, ich caias Dg, bo ‘Sheiavur Heme goes C™ ‘Supoce te there elds fr function of cms C1 Lat f be of dns Co Ten in pater ff cae O° that (th drton ‘oth te iver Fnetiong of eas C°-", Perma the ncn DF scl dhs C1 We ake Conny 7240 condade tha fhe comnte ‘clon, bch gute Dg, if ele "1 Thon g oes OO Final, we prove the ove Fenton theorem = ‘he Fan Tne ‘Thoorcm 8.3 (The inverse function theorem). Let Abe open in Wj let J 0A be of clase C™ If Dfta) i monsingla at the point a ofA, there ioe neghtoroad U ofthe pint m sch that J farvis U'in a one-torone fasion oto an open set of Rand the Inverse enetion ts of lass Proof. By Lerma 81 thre a igor Up of 28 which fi onetoune. Benun dt Df (x ra catnnen unten of on ee Die) 2 Others neighborhood Uy ofasuch tae det Dx) 4 Oon li. HU ose the iecton of Up snd Uy then he hyorhan of She peding thee esate fr [202 RT thor foe ‘This theorem i the strong oe hat nm be roe in general, Whi the nonsingular of Df on pe tha fi aly one-touch int of A dow ot ly that f ocean on all oA. Come ie {owing example AMPLE, Le £9? be ded bye etn Haver Me opcoye[Se ern eth pe) (0. ee The ene Stier bund ta wsexercises 1. ek ff ened by the epatian fead=(e #209, ) Show tat oper on he se A cami al (9 ith OPS tia whieh Toate fet =O) (0) Wat ete ne B= JAY (0) Hg athe actin, End Da. Te ff beds bythe Sea) = (eee ny (9 hen etn et Aci ta mh 1) What ede wt B= JCA) (0 eg athe ve fant, fad at.1. 2 Lk fo he gen by be tion fe) = uP Slow that Fiat ds O tae 7 it at a Bt) an tg RB een by the eton stes0) =e" 20) Lat be ge yt eton flea) = (2 Part nants?) ® The oie Fin Theron (0) Show tha shee» mghoend of (3) halen ane ‘ane fo sto narod 20) (0) Bint Dy 09-1) 20, 5 Let Ae open in RY fs A be a eC a Df sepa eee A low a nf encomtreneon Ate n +9, THE mMPLICIT FUNCTION THEOREM “Te ope of ipl ientnton ie one tht i probably fiir to you from cel Here atypia preblen 1 tentible faction ot Bnd dye (ne sais this eal problem by "lang at 9 faneton of 2° and ‘Sitectating ith pot to 2 One eine te agen Sep Pyle 2em(y +2 dale) =0, shiek oe ss for dy/da. The drove df of conse expe ia Terme of tad te anktows tne 9. "The ce of rary fein ft handled ily: Soppsing tha, the equation f(z) = 0 dotermane jae lectin fantom of say her the pri drivativ ae evased a he pint (262). Note ‘he wlton inves a hypothess not given in the statement ofthe problem Inerder tolled gs) i avery to ame that 0/09 waste Tein foct tras out that the non-vanishing o 2/2 so ayicient to juny the spine we made In mig the prbls That by oe ‘unction f(a) ba the property Uist 3//2y 20 at spot (20) that selon ote uation f(2y4) 0, thes thi cguation dace Stemine at ‘etn of, for # net th fontion of He dilentileemntn ome “Thieves ape et hse led the impli fonction theorem, which ve pow nh scion 7h el a th it ston are cr mn patos ne Shon ssl mono One nko mt em Ser of the unknown me ote sth. Specie, sppeos tht te fe a tnt ceca Ch Then te ctor one Flaine) = is event toa stem of sear equations aK aaknowas. One would fae tobe to ign atrary sa to Ff te unknowns ad owe ‘ee he reaming taknowne in soon a he Ose woul to expec that ‘Se erling func wosl be dle and hat one could by mpi ‘center ders cuenta udev ee ney eae cn ig hy i ‘Shon vo thie rl gral the smputaton of (2) Js ven, The ‘Sed ine showing in onder table condition) the pit defo ‘cons et an ie diferent ‘horde to tate oat tl sation fo the mete Df a ' coon form, we introduc 9 new Definition. Let Abe open in Ret fA = Re dient, at roe fu the compan faeics of J We wrtimes ithe maton Jo) Ha) 8 aa, forthe deivative of. On oceon we abren tint the nation fl: More giutly weal we the otaton a =i) to dnote the by € matic at omit of the ete of Df ping in tome Shute and clue jy -yJe The geal ene tis ae OW tai cho ge the patil erative Bf, Now we de! with the probe of ling the dative of inp ity ened fnetin,ssming existe sad diferentinble or simpy, ‘Salfacuie tht we hve eed» seem of quinn + unknowns fee the lst nwaknowas in taro ofthe fst &uakoowes . menttatatine 1 age tld on tt te ior wae Nall Fo cattle bes wie or=[oiee on Sagem g Ata oti = nd me en crane Slax) = for alle B. Then fore B, “This sqton pin that th m hyn mae J nonsingaae a hep (a0) thw 9e)=- [Seas] Benaen Note tat nthe as w= = 1 hin these frm fo the drove Proof. Given, tm deine B= RE by he euaion 9) = et) ‘Te hypothe of th there imply tat the composite fnction Mex) = (0) = 16968) 1 dfn and quae eo for ll € B.Tech ale hon Spi hat He) = Df i) Die) Lay Lovo) may 2a) ay + Ln) -Da, mate eee eg cen ees acs Sngulrityof0ffy mus to grate hn the fancy eit ade ‘itera‘Thcorem 9.2 (Impl funtion ebearem),, Let A be open in Rens elf Anse be of class C™. Write fin the form fina), Joo wei and'y € Re. Suppose that (ab) @ point of A sich thet Fiah)=0 and a, te eae) 40. ‘Then there isa neighborhood B of min RY and a unique continsous oncion 33 Re Such that g(a) = b ad fleg(0) =0 for all x€ B. The function 9 iin ft of elas Proof We consruct funtion F to which we ean apy tho inverse function thot. Debine PA RU bythe equation Faxy)= (x sle9)) “Then Fp the open nt A oC REY ito RE 0 Pathe, hoo Pelosi one] Comping det DF by speatedappiation of Lemos 2.12, we have ds DF eet fy. "Thos DE tenon gale the po 0) Appling ne era fenton toners othe map ‘hat theresa an opon oa Ux V af abot (ay) (hte open in RE and iopen t )eck that 12) F mags U x Vina one tone fon ont an pen at W ha RM ccouaaig (0) (2) Theives fnston GW =U xV eof am C Note that beans Fly} = (fe). me be (a9) = Gla Ste) “Ts G peeve the ft coordina, at P doce. Then we in wre Gin Gex2)= (a) fee x ER and ER hoe ie foci fee C™ mapring W ito RY ‘ac B tea coenecind pghbrbood of an Re choven al enough ta Bx lscontained in 1, See Figure 1 We prove existence of Uw fenton G28 -eR Ire B, then (0) € 1 so we ae: te0) = ess). (0) = F(x his) = flash) (x a0) Pie emt oe) = hi) rx By hn gain ton 0) ‘ss desired, Parthermore, ee (a) = Ga (os h,0)); hen b= ofa), a desi Now we ow uniques og. Lt gy + RY be w omiuous fction ‘tying te condone in the eonlson for cote, The npr ‘Grate with gn the pnt x. Wo how ha i gees witha the oi ‘SE By chen go apes with 7 Ino niglinebood By of my Thi sony. ‘Theimap geri ay into V. Since g's sntonoun there igor ‘Bo coma fo B ech hat go alo maps Dy nto VT et that Fhesgse)) =O or x By pin the F(xga)) = (20), 50 (54a) = Gta) = (60) sed gagecon Be. allows hat ya gage on allot B: The se. tpi B es) aie dees (wt pre ude the at o point f fr hie ts) ~ af) > 0 9 comtanly fg and gy). Since B is annette atar me mt be emgy, nour pot ofthe pic fonction thor hte wa rs noting speci thot solving forte lat neoriatsthtchee waemadesigly ferconeience The ae argument app othe poem casting any 1 ootlnte interme ters 6or example, suppose Ais open in RP and = A a anton of han Gr Supp oe wines to le” the anton (952% {othe wo ako yan = tee fhe eter cre. Thee he SSE SOAANTE SS a Fes seb 40 2.9 then one cn ole fry 04 oly earth pay fave) Preto, he svt ad aati the fra alata) "beer RAPE Lot te ie byte auton Heserer—s sed Fie ‘Rhreslmerheipteanecv¥ ame shaded = ar noo {tgZite 2 Spleye meet sts he same cmon, ba nt cantons, So Fig 92, y=he a ‘ Telnet FetonTawen 7 ample 1. Te pln (9) = (VE The dative 0/09 men st wo cm et JR een by heen Jeane Tin.) adton te qin 9) Baca 8/0) a 2UGohm Som ep te let te ewaonp oat ea (00) Ba inc wean aad fathers te tae oe Aowever te fonction we sua au feather Pre Piet 94 Peas «Le Kaho 2 ‘Tha 60) slton of the ognaton fe) = 0, Beane fy ade. Shed nents atnc lr yn terme oe (09)un ow the pit (2) ho aise he ean (9) = 0. Bec Pease i iahinioe ots wi So Tipe 9, Ove a net expen) ws conus fncon of = on = large neighborhood tan the ane ete stem ac mca ae EXERCISES |< t netnCtftn - e ie ahes fl) (6) Slow eis fnton 9: B= of da elon a pen Slespierate)) =0 Dre, 7 foe 2 € Bat 99) =(~ (0) Fiat Dot. vg oa fn (©) UMinuy pate ease tm Sr a he a oS. 2 ines J: Faraone of ae C8 tat a= (12,105 ppm ha Poe Di) (0) Show tee fenton = B= fl" deed oa pen Beers Senne) e029) =0 form (212429) € Band 1,80) =(2.-0) (0) Fin Dat 3.0) (0 Dich io ig ean J) = 9 aay 8 tat fo A be cla Cw 2-1} 1 St Geena) fen +0, Mage) wet oe +8. “Te ston Glens) = 0 and He.4.) = © hve te sltion Gana (0 Wat coins on DY mae hat he at Canton 9) nds poet onan pcan hl ny ah ete, fea hat get) an (0) Unde he conto a, and ing ta Df inegtijas Bea A tet PWR atcha Cw F0.0) = Band DFO.0 = TG mw ead ty eqn oases, ote, (4) Note hat G(-2.2,-1) = F(.) = 0. Show tat ane an sive {he eqmton eget] =e tr 2 my = teh ee) ns htenood Ba (-2,3) sch bat (20) = (0) int Dot. $0) MDADAP = 3 anh D.DGP = -1 nd DLE = 50 (0 DyDiei-20) Let fig — Re eto of eC Sn grea a expects steep) = 0 nd feb) =e eet Ia ec) me bt gutn, af 99/06 2) Na {es enn hte a ncn ee in - we ee= 2h Feta 6 Let ft a Cpe ta fa) = and that Da) Te in ef Wu de 8 he {Se canion fl) chasseIntegration In thie copr, we die the integral of eva fusion of evra sa nl and deve it popetn The egal me ty = fi ia cece generalization of he nora oly eid few et ‘ore in single rable naga: 10. THE INTEGRAL OVER A RECTANGLE Weep by dein te vou festa, Lt Qua abl «yb he arsine in RY Bach ofthe itera fy bh i ld component Incr of @. The maximum ofthe numer 6,-01,sbe ae ced ‘he wide of @. Tht predict. 1Q)=(s— abs Ince the volume of @ Tn the cane 8 21 te vohme andthe wideh be he (Ldiensonl) retanle [H athe tan, nome the miter Dah mama ‘ll the length (8) Detnitions Gie can e ] R pron ‘nt calleton ot plte off, tat cds the pte sad Weein ote ynde th dementia increasing ode, for notational comenene sebeneu chek cach of th interel[f-yt.fF¢= fo ella a mbloteral deter ‘ined ty Py th nice (0, Moe erly ens ete Qe lassi fab in RY, partition P of Qin an mele (Ph-—Pa) atc tha Pia» tion [ph] or tack foreach 9, wee of the abintras ‘cried yj the test [6 the he recap Rake h is cates gubroctangle determined by, ofthe rstangle Q- The mas um hth Shee retails incall the mesh of P. Desiton, tot Q be arcane RY tf: Q — Ri ase 5 founded Lat P era partion of Q- For each brendan by Piet inal) int f(s) Ix 2), Ma) = s0p{J02) | € R West he lower sum aed the upper sum, respectively off dermine Uy Py the equations UBP)=T maf Up P)= TD Mal) 4B, ihre the summation extend overall abrectngh termine by P. Let P= (PhP) be 9 pain of the rectangle Q. I Pie pation of @ obtained fom P by anny additonal pts to sme ol (te patos Py Pathan, Piclled refinement of. Given 8 partons Pand P= (PF P) € Q, the pation PEBUPh PoP ea refinement of th and Pinca thi common refinement Pasing tom P torte of Po oune aft Tower sme tnd appersane; fa, i ene to ates the ower sa an decrene (Pre urn Thal the nbtace of th following lee: 0 ‘he magne Rae rms 10, Let P be partition ofthe mctanle Q; let f:Q— Rte bunded fonction. If Piva refincren! of P, then LLP) SUSE?) and USP") SUP) Pre at be sae Qe fh fab 1 ais to rth ka wee i tind by sping» singe {ite pt the pro ef one ate semper ara of Sore abe eat Cat P's he partion (oP) ad at Pee ‘hide by ajontng the pon go ution Be spp ht Pew tthe ate ashen ewetoh sd tht gee intro to the mbit gt We fit compare the ler sum (fy) and (J.P). Mos of the subrectangls detrnined by Pa ln xiang determined by Pn ‘ception sears fora ebrectngle detormined by P of he fn Ree tenths (bere Si oe of the suet ff a by dori by (Pye-sPa) The te ching the snberenge Re sspears fom the Tomar and replaced byte ere insving the eo suteranl Hy =lhug) XS and RE= ltl S, ih are dete by PX So Figure 10.24 senor cps Now since maa J) $f) french x Hy aed french x 6 5, it nf) S mal) and mans) Sng Beene (Rs) = (5) + #08) by irc computation, we have ag SR) < (SCR) + Mg Sic this insu hkl for each sbrestanl ofthe form gt lone ane USP) S U.P, 1 ds, ide arom pie show that U(J,P)2 UUs P®). OL Now we expe the rain Btwien ape apd wer nama. We Ino he fling wes emma 30.2. [et Q bea vectangle; let {QR be «loaned fonction. If P and Por any two partins of Q, then WIP) SUP». Proof Inthe ete where P= Phe rc ans: Foray sabe reetanne Re Stermined by P, me hase mF) © Mnf) Malying by CR) sed summing tvs the dered noun a geet cn pros P and P of Q, lot P* be tha onan nent Using the preding Hann, me conch WLP) EMS PY SUP) SUL). Now (nly) me defi the nara Dofition. Tot Qe arecangle It f:Q-— be abode fanetin As Pranse oer al ptions @,cetne [remuany [ryan ve Tener Ore Reng ‘These numbers ee cl the lower integral and upper integrals epee Lies of f over. The att feeaine the number L(f,P) ate bounded ‘Sow by UCfsP) whore Pi ay ed pation sf Qe andthe sume W(f.P) ace bounded below by L{f,P), the upper ad wer integra foe ar egal, wosny fs integrable over Q, aad we df the its. (gael f oer Q to eqn th comon alae of the per ad lower era ‘edente the tga ff ovr Q by eter of te bole Le Lae AAR. Let [0,8] — Wl te anon anaine homie ontin. IP Ist parton o 1 ten {f-Ph sete til rao heh a ‘ung snd the on etre he apo] sd the ann nod UF) cae the eal nen feb ene creamed abt ‘een Se aoe 1, us) Pir 108 compte ty apsimaling th go y nse rectangle he =p forages thee tr na compte ty apenting {Ween ty cremated rectangle, ite on! sed “at ae ‘tea f npc Sry Qn cae Souda ecu ptr Ui) athe tel eum ofered. Pie 109 AMP 2 Lek Fw, Lk fF =A be deed by stn fe} = 916 ‘Pitan: and /()e1 ite etna Wes tha nat gabe LP be pt of 1 ay abit tei by Phen nfs ean inf) 1 ace Rn oh ata 0 ea ULP=Deaey=0, our oam=n Sine inary Elo he love nega a foe Tae 0 STC ppm que Theft nee Fr ‘A contiton that fen wl for showing ha ie ation inte ate the flowing ‘Taeorem 10.3 (The Riemann condition). Let Q be a rectangle et FO =m bea bound function. Then be re on cans ietat Tyr Hin<« se Teng Ome Rage et PY be afd priton of. ells fom te fot that Us PVE UCP tory pon Pa, ta [ystun, [Now meh fc tha Pi ait to once tat bey retrtnyin oat te ene rat Sor: Ered ee Bs unmeuneys [ rs0desvisr, ‘he lower and upper sunt f deter ty "ae wihin of ech ote, ‘Gone, suppose te sper and lowe igre ae we eal: Lat [fre et Peay partion of. Tes wins |r<[ysuan ec the pp a owe ot for Jf detente hy ac leat ¢ ‘Thar he Rl condton dor tbl. Hore isan ey appleton of hi theorem, ‘Theorem 10.4. Beery constant faction f(z) = i Indeed, Q 8 tangle and Ps a prion of Q, then [ere 4O)= eB, ‘thee the summation eztends ovr all ubrectangles determined by P. integrableProof. IC Rim mbectngle dtrmind by P, then mal) Myf) 1 flows that Uf P) =e LAB) = UP) the Rema oto olde vay Th cox nce orb ween f,P) ses UU, P), mst owl ey oP) "Fhe lt hl fo ny ptetion Pn parla, if P is she va sti who ony antetage il, [ere o 2 collar this el, which we sal we in the wor sin, the faowin CCorllary 10.5, Let Qt rectangle in RY Ket (Quy Qe) be nite collection of retangss that coves Q. Then HO) 5 om Proof, Chie rctangle cntaining al te rtangles Oy... ‘eee end pint ofthe component interval te ean Qi Qi {0 define pttion PQ Then ech of the tangle Q, Qh. -" Shion of brane cried by P. See Figure 104 su Thehiees Omani 0 From th peeing thar, we coneade that 1Q)= FR, hte mmm tow ll mtg nin in Qe ve each sch sureties ona nat et ome of the tangs Gira we hve Dwmsd F wm, Asin wing Theorem 104, hve E aman. ‘Arona tout ation, Weal fen ine igh diferent notation for de integral the ene mT In nee Q te hve ireal [ob)n and wecsen denote the Ino off ver, by one ft yb fre [or intend ofthe symbol fy Seats ai ad nc hon nega [ro ere the yma “e" has no Independent meaning. We abl sc hi ation forthe tine eign ater caper, weal give “2” a meting ‘Sisal oduct neta ‘he definition of th tga we hve given is in fact dete Dasbowe An ‘eure formation, due to iemaan iin In Bete 7. Tn pratt [steam standardo call thistle Reman integral, independent lhc dfitonEXERCISES 1 tt fg:@-—= Me oda ch ha £60 fet pion Porch UEP) = T7p,P cepts W be themumver opr omen Phen " a fot (iat QP ‘Show shat Phar gh It than 6 hen UP) ~ LU) <6 Li The sommes bomen of Pad P webiansd yning Minow N ptt PI ‘Divorem, Let JQ be bunded Thon th tema th riyae oh Q° wih [7 = hes slat to the wae ‘hat gten « > 0 here as 68> 0 euch that f Pi ‘mes gnaw ad of for cach mbrectogle term Bete apom ef ten Sfancm~ Ale . Cine 3 111, @USTENCE OF THE MvTEGRAL tain ton we even may and se nan the exente ihe pl fy Wve soo of asa Define ea tset of We ty AB measure sro ia ier every €> thee ew eonetng Qty Gays af Ady cova tay cans suck that Enon 0 there ta countable covering ofA by open rectangles Int Qh Is Qa, sch tht Len 0 (Bien patane P of @ for wha Ufo P) = LSP) ‘Gie'leto be he tange munbet (aM +20(Q). int, we cover D by countably many open sets at Qhy Int Qyy-- of total suse than Cag (cof the receding tearm: Secon ac Potnt mo not n D, we chose an open rectangle Int Qa contain sich Sat [ies ee oe xe Qang. (hie we cam do because J continuous at) Then the open sts Int Qi Int Qa fori = 2, and or wD, cove a af Q. Sac Qs ‘Compact we can choot fnte saben It Qin Int Qa It Qasee at Qe ong as Bete, wane, Th he eg Gis Gn Bs cover Q, where ihe etal Q, sassy the condition Qin Int Qe may not ever D, a Le@a 0,1 tet oJ) ot Ava (fle) |x€Q od Ina] <8). le Mi f) = sop Aa dt mf) Fat ay te eget Ay, We dee he orcilaton of Aha [M6 mt ‘Then fin) nonnegative; we show that continu at af ad only Moga) = TT ix coniaoar a then, gen > 0, we can cote 8 0 0 that f(a) = fea < frail Q with fea) © 8 flo hat Mi < Jia) +6 ad mis) Made “ ‘Sve 0 there ea 5 > auch hat Mf) Oy we shall cover Dy by countably many rectangle hata ¢ Fit choee pation Pf Q fx wich U(f,P)~ Lif, P) < eam. ‘hen let Da eat of has poise of Deiat tong to Ba fot somesubrectangleR determined by Ps and et Df coi of th reine of Dr eter nc of Din De by rca ving tl vee tan 3 or Dit bony. Gen Ry he et Bd nase nro hen se does th vin Ug BAR. Since Di i const Inti nin i maybe ‘ered by count ny rectangle of otal ame ls tha 2 ‘Now we omer Di Lat Ryn, Ry be thane abrctange dicen by Piha contin pot of DA” show that thee subetang have tel volume seth 6/2. Gh the wctangle K contin & pot a af (Die Since a BA fe sae wn 6 > 0 sch tht R,cotain the cba eaghoriond o€radioe ceneed atm Then 1m $ (fsa) Mol f) =m Mal )~ ma) Mulpying by o(R,) and sumag, we have Liv/myet Ri) s UU P)= LP) < ef2 ‘The the rectangles Ryo Ry have otal volume law han o/2. We give an aplication of thi thee ‘Doren 1.2, Let Q bee rectangle in RY let £9 +R Integrate over Q. (0) If wanton except on a set of measure ser, then fg f=°. (0) fie non-negative and f fg J =0, then fwaises except on 0 sel of measure sr. Pron) Suppone f vans excep on nse E of measure x0. et P ven rutin of @, H Rin astiectange termined ty Pca Re tet conned in Bo tat f vases a sme poi of Then mini) <0 Sou‘ /) > 0. flows tha Lf,P) <0 ad UUf,P) 20. Sie thee Fees ld fr all [ps0 wt [p20 Since ff exit it mt eq eo (©) Serpe J{a) 2 Oand fgf = 0. Weatow tha iff cntimous nthe fl) =e fllons tf must vanah excep pos at pints trots ff tab continue the tof uch pins has ece ter By the Preceding there, me eenece dieing 97 sar | em > “oar daz ieesecs Bes) > 6f2 for I <4 and x€@. Choose parton P of Q of roth aw than 8, If Ry eo aubrecsnge ‘Mtrmied by tha oan hon Mn) 2 te tsb, Stet) 0 oral Reon ae MOD Ug.P) =X male) 2 (9B) > ba Cs Dae Te mmm ffi my te of ‘hear Fr crm = ant fe) = nl a Peja stato hej ube eaey ots wtf mame SO if fee fot oe EXERCISES {Show thatthe st fran [i] done ot hae mee 0a compu nate "sed A harm ri ST CN cca ceentaoie =H. The graph of Ji the ste 6 et Tad Ba A at (epiv= fe) IP. Show haf tin, Gy ba mena a (it Waite ny fh 1. Goethe fon f nf in Beg 2 A wt in ‘Genf ts become? heme qos eon cn eectDeere eter Scgiysmacnm cg cto Bec eee ee eatnneceme a Serane senate Bera eee runetisai (12, EVALUATION OF THE INTEGRAL ‘Given thats fneion f+ Q-— fi integral, baw dos one ert it ine? ‘Een nthe cae of «function f 00] -» Roa single val, he ‘One took provid by the fundamen tore of vale when continue, Ths theorem saat ‘ean, ‘oon fom angles aly Por ene, westae here otis ‘Theorem 124 (Fundamental theorem of calla) continous on (8), end 7 1 for 6 (0, then Fete and uals $2). (0) FF i continuous on [o.), and if 918 « fonction such that M2) Jor? € [ah then freanan 0 (ben gue sr tothe desvatven F and a theca pao he fntefal oie mea sue be nppopiae“oesidl” Ge ative) “The conan of tha theorem ae mrmared inthe wo equations Fo ae) pf rene at [1 2) 910) In ech ca, the itgrnd ie required to be continous on Ue intra in Par (of shi thor tl ne can cleat he integral of» contin sous fusion fi we an fd atiderioative of that,» anton 9 seating Pa) he arora sacha antieriatie Maye xe theo), snc Fie auch am etievtive. The problem of ‘ufo doch aneesivnioen pate That wha the no-cd “Technique of Iiegration” a stated i lvls about “The ssn ifn of erating he integra ocarwith dimensional Interna One na of approaching the prcblem to attempt to reluce the ‘computation of an denna integral othe presualy sper prob Iimraf computing scqrace of oner-Smenina tgra, One mg even WEISS ede the pen to computing» mqente of one dimensional ninoun on old apy the Fda "Phiri thespyonch ted in ela compae double inter, To Integrate the cote uci fy) oe the rectangle Q = [00d for eral, one ntgraen fe with epee toy hig # ed, and thes nic the rtltingfancio with rapes 122 (Or the other ay ‘umd tdi o, one sing te fla Lr= LE [Crem teen, (ocala one uly net he meaning pbs “e™ Sandy be ate acing tie station bere) "Te oleae 0 ‘Sy proved In alu, Infact, i edo mentioned that» prot ‘ded hey retaken a bina’ ‘We sal prove thea ad hi app “Ths mine hld men J colin. But when fa ineeble ut ot continu diane ee sonering te excess of evasion [tegraleovalve For natant intel [lan may not eit forall even though ff eit, forthe faction fc have Ihly lon ingl et ine witht tat bane fectingthe extence the dabei ‘One could noi the problem by singly smug tht lhe ite invest What we shall do Stead to rae the lane neg i the satanet ofthe foals bythe tnesponding lowe tg ppt Inga) which we iow ea, When we do thas aetna hosters ‘ul cudnt pec ae the ewer al the ines x100 pmo oes ‘Theorem 122 (Fubini's theorem). LetQ'= Ax B, wher Aiea sectangte inf! and Bisa rectangle in RO. Let [QR be hounded {anction; write Fim the form fteyy) for x A andy € B. For cach SCA consider he lower and wpe intgrls foatoo) oot Tso IJ integrate over Q, then these boo fnetions of x are integrable very and Wee Lato = Letom Proof. Fr parpws of hie pot dene i) wt Tere], fe for x € A, Asumiog ff exits, we how tat [and T are integrable ovr Avan that th ines el gf Tet Pe pation ot, Thy P commit pstiton Py of A, and» tion Pot B We mste P= (Pay Py) It whe goal bane Erde by Pa, ant Ry the eer esbectangle ot B determined 1y Pc then feqm fe nthe gos ratectangl sf @ determined by P. ‘We bog y ompating the wee abd pp sus for wth the mer snd upper sums fr and Step 1. Weft how that USP)

Oe that Ue)-ri ce mad fgtx)rl oe). By cnt, me ea fd» ‘mhothood Uf xy such that f(x) g(x) > O for x € U aed x € S106 saapnton cote ‘Then F(x) = tx) and Gs) = os) on UNS: flows that Pan @ ae ‘Sno a eA als punt Bld f() <9). (©) Suppose and ae integrable oer S. Lt Q be arcane con taining 5 Then fo and ge ave continous on Q except on sabes D nnd ‘pay, of Quench of meaere er. Now Fats) = mat fete) se(2)) ad Gale) = int feet ‘300 cn ely check. 1 fellows that Fy and Gl ae continous on ‘rcpt on the mt DUB, which has mesure tea Pardeme, Fae Gee Banded bcos fo aod go ate ‘Then Fy aed Ge are Inorble on. "D ‘Theorem 19:8 (Properties ofthe integra. Let § bea Bounded set ns lt ge SB be bounded functions (6) (Cincarity). If fend ee integrable ver 5,50 af +b, and form = afr + afo “eg STETg Pere kg 5) [rs[o temo, ga nk [ns [in (0) (Monotoniiy). Let T © 8. If fi non-negatce on S and Anteratle over and’ then [isle (a) (Addiivity) If = 5, and fn integrable over 5, and Se, then |S integrable over S nd, Sa; frthermore Lee hed deat Proof. (a) safices to prove thie el fr the aglow asectang, i (af +ba)s = afs + bg. oa The baelonr Bab at 107 Sonmppate fang ae integrable over. Thun fang ae continous except tonne DE, rapectvely of mene ar. flows that he fonction 69 S cntinsus except on the we DU Ey eagle owt ‘iecomider tthe case mhete b>. Let be an atitay pation of Qt isa mectange Stemi by PY then 4 ma( fb ma) <8 FO) +b 9) for xe Rt flows ist n+) sma +h super sstiary stares [oon A int or a UEPr+ bur 2 [of +0 Now let Pan Pb any pcitonsofQ, sed et P beth common reign Ts fre what hove fat proved tht auatrartintys [(ofsin (0) x5 € Int C and $00) < te < 9) 1 cae (1), hee ew nihborhoadU of x niet fom C; Then Ux Rs Aj om. ha (at) Bx 5 ‘Conier ea (2) Suppose that fo < O). By comimiy of @, we xm hose n sghborbood Haft) uh ha te fein fe) perne {or C and (ut) €W. Then W i init fom S 0 tat (nt) € SA Sm argumant apple iy > ‘Conde ess (0), By coli, Une aihterbood UV of) in sun that UC Cand bat ancone¢~g(x) a 90)—f e posie ul xV. Tinn Ux V tconaied in 550 a auto) nt ‘Slep 2 Weshow tht Gy aml Gy hare mesa oto. Te ses to cose the ave 0 Gy. Chace » rectangle Qn RP! ‘contig the wt C. Given « > 0, lt be the number € = 2010) [Beate #isconinsoarandCiecompat, there bythe hereon or contin,» 8 > 0 wach that [fa) ~ @i)|'< ¢ heme ny © C and [e=y1-< 6. Choose partion P of Q of ma kaw than & ICR ia sutra determined by Ps memes C, then ff) oy) < Toray € HMC. Poreach ich , choo x paint of RTC and dine Tbe the ners I (en) ~€66en) +e ‘hen the neon rectangle Ie Ty oasis every pint ofthe form (eae) emia ee CAH See Pgue 4. “The rtanls Jt fae rang over ll sbrctangh hited (Cah cover Ge Th tl vel EMR = Dame s24Q)=«116 ren omens ttn SS a Sep 3. Weshow thet D bas measure to; ten the pot is complete acute and are continous ad Cis compacy hte ea nmber ch Ms 60) svn) st for 6 C. Given ¢> 0, cover BAC by rectangles Qt Qaim of ttl lace ethan 24, Te the rong Q, XA, A aR oper D {nd Bove al ef than ‘Thoneen 144 (Rubin theorem for simple reyions). Let (elxeC and ds) sts 8) ee smple eon in, Let [SR be continous function. Then Fis intable oer 8, and We ee Ke 98 Proof. Lat Qx{-M A be aetang in containing S. Heese [ ‘continu and bee on aad eet, fi integrable oer 3. Faremore, reed me €Q, tbe nein f(s threat sxo ou sie se 117 (itso € C) 0s continsas a al bt wo paint of. We conte fom abit toe eat he Lake Since the inne integral aie x fC, we an wrt hie guaion at i Furthermore amber f(t vase alae) << 8), in which x). Thelne meen wre [= Lee fan io 8 ‘The preceding theorem gies ua remnable mtd fr reducing the ‘ientna tegel fy t lonervesina grat ti he ‘Grande cntinous aide ot Sst topes Theat 8 not singe regen, ne can san in pce expres 1 sic of simple eins tat ova ine mate ers Ady th nee tl ur tat we an svete the integral fe by integring er each ofthese elon sepurtly and adding the rns together. Dt {Sines the procdire can be ecb nbrnas Butt east it Selgheward ‘our thr are etal ts that comot be broken pin ht wa into simple reine Competing ates ner seh ete mei One string nt spit yoann saplpon e fate.118 senenton omnes Pie 43 vss ont connection Fort Fie ie ie § ae ie Sa(enise ey sah Spin 4 Whe i ae ai no ne ‘ial wry ig Supt pl tepete tht oe SietSPmatr star adietd inert veh thse one ‘thei rbot ec ‘med eri ef met neg twinning in ome of ple xe i arcing cova nt salt ce Pee 164 {et ue make ove fi eark, ‘Ther one thing aking i out dine sion of he nation of eae, How doe know th the vue of ss Independent of postion espace? Sa era, Siva rca, i cise 119 ad Ch a gd motion (whan that mess), ow do we koe (Baebes and MS) hae the nme volume? For vamp ech of thst Sand peared in Figure 145 represents square mith ege length fet Tie etained by rotating though the ingle # = sean Is immedi from the dfntion that Shae ‘hue ince tat Te esa fr ens gin Bu Boe Uo ce tnow T har votome 35° 0.0 os} 58 a 3) oo (ne can of ous imply cleat (7), One wy to prose ito wie ‘uations fre fnctions (2) a) hom graphs bund T above and ‘on sepocvey and to ltt the function (2) (2) nthe aera [-a,gh So Fig 106 ‘Another way topoced ir tocalne Tian cangeQ takes pariton P ot Qh and ene the appr snd owe a of he anton ty mith rept 1. The ower ue sue the otal eal aeons cote120 sean oe nile uper sm eal the ttl are fall stbrectange hat inert 7 Gre necs show tha Wty) S25 Ur P) lor ll P. So Figue 147. ‘ater of thee pocete icp appealing! What one wed cer nen Ge eat caper, weal poe the ling ral ‘Stponee RRS Rr fancton suing he eon is) ~ Mo = = fo xy ER uth a faction called mn omer HS i eb hn Ghent set P= (8) ae eta and 7) = (3) EXERCISES 1. tee unde et in a eth of te cote cation ec ne 88 (0) Show that Si US cable (8) Givean empl sowing that 5 ned mot be rte Show tht yan So eet 5 ~ Sy nd HS, 54) 48) - 15.059, Show tht if inom, ale opn tin hn oA) > 4 Ge an example a bode tf wey ro ht ce, ad eamge ofa bvniod wt of mute tot ot ae bu mgr ne 2 Let A bea oan open fn RO Me RO = be a Rounded ‘Shinn enon Gives eampl ete foie bt ff oe, 1 Tak $b ound in = _ (6) Stow tat Sr sal thn wie the mt Fad 8) = 0(3) (0) Give an cumple we Sand nt Se ef bat ot (Lat A aed Bb etn in and Rope Let be eh conten in AB hry Blt Spatelxed ant (earieS) ec § a crnscetio of. Show that $ret 9-5 adits, 115. IMPROPER INTEGRALS. We ow extend ur notin ofthe integral: We define the integral ffi the me where Sis not acer Yount and J ot mens Bounded Sich an ners sureties called aa proper gre ‘Wert dene oor cand notion of the Steal aly im the cae where Sis open in Definition. Let A bean open inf et fA 8 te a continuous function. If nom ogative oA we dfn he (extend) ineogral of (er A dented Jute the uprentm th ber pf Dango ‘tral compact rcifabe state of A, evil ths spermato UW curt hat fe teeter (nthe ended seme). More _goerly sna seit contin fnetion ow A st $sGe)=moa{flehO) aed f-(4) = mae{-f00, 0). Wesny that Finegan oer A (inthe extendd ee bath fy ad Jo and nce wet [fe [ie [oo ere fences the extended ner thoughout,122 angaon coe) TE A open in RY ad Both F and A ae bounded, we ow ave tno When toe am N wh that diyB) >If and dO} 2 9 that 26 Dy Final ne mole at oe we Ange = Ce 1x8) > N43) and d,0) <0 41) ‘open (beens dB) add 0) a cotinou). Since Ay contained Drs aed containe Dy Oy dation, falls that Dy © Tat Dry See Fgue 15. ‘The sta Dy ave no quite the ste we want since thy may ot be relia. We cnatsict tesla Cy a flows Peres x € Dy chm © Sent ebe the cnteed atx and ected in It Dy Th tre ‘tikes bes cover Dy eboae Riel ty af them whos intone ove i noe ge 123 Pie 16 Dy and et thi anion be Cp. Sine Cy ie oan of rectangle ie Compact and stifle. Te Dyce Ia Cw Cn It Dy. Ws that he anion ofthe mts Cy eqns A and that CC Tt Cn freak WO) Now we obtain raters onlin of the dition: ‘Theorem 15.2. Let A be open in lt JAR be continuous Choose nquence Cy af compact recifale svar of A have union ach a Gr at Cay for cach M, Then] argrabeoer A ‘and only the sean, fe tmnded. In hie, enn £4 i lows om his theorem that Ji interale ver A if and oly sinter over A Proof Step 1. We prove the theorem ft inthe ce whee fe omaeative. Mee J = [fl Sinn the sequnce fe, i ernang (Oy ‘Boston i conmage ian only I bound126 mapatin ees Suppote fat that fie ntepable over A. fe lt D range over al compat retale abet of Aten [rse00f since Cy isi compu rcifiable abet of A fellas tha he ngaenee aa lis fs Convene, upg the sequen fo, J Rounded Lat D be am bic teary comport recfabie abet af A. Tn D ie covered bythe open ss WC\C mC ence by Bite many of ther, apd ene by one them, sty at Cu, Then Aes Les Lt Since D ie asbitray i allows tat fiintgrble over A, and Irsam Lt Sek 0 fats) £ Ufa] and O< F-00)< UO ile Woo = L600) + 08 Ie fllows thatthe sauencs fo, Js nd Jog J- ae bounded and ely the ance or [lis bound i his eae Ce fave wo eqences cong Sie a J tac Sce nr ean ae Le he Le converge to fo ~ Ja fia the ater el fy etin, ‘We now ei the proper extended integra; ey re analogs to show a te ony egal Then we lt the extended aap to the Cedi nepal fn the ee whore bare dee, bs, ogra 125 ‘Theorem 154 continuous factions (a) (linear). If fand gare integrable over A, 20 f+ bg; and feist = afr + ofs son (arin) et fond 9 be trae oer A. If) <0) [oss ns Lan (e) (Monotonic). Assume B i open and BC A. If fis nome rgultve on and integrable over A, then fs ideyraie over Band [rs] (a) (Adtcity). Suppose A ond B ere open in Rand fx coins wus on AU BL if fir rtgrble om Avand B, then fs itegrabe on Aon"and AB, ond fo Lt bow! Lan Note that by out convention, the itgral symbol dnote the extended inl trougout the statment a ths there Let A be on open set in RO. Let fogs AR be In portico, Proof tet Cy be msoquenc of compact tial sets wha anon Avni tat Cy € Tat Cnn fora (a) Weave [vem s wifi + mf bythe compari and lincaity proprio th odinary integral. Since Both ‘Sor lings Se equaon Pew +a Minty om Lorin afr eels126 enn eee (6) 1 09) <0) one taker its the noua Lash (6). 1D i» compact esta abet of B then Dis ale a compact reteset ofA that Mishe by dein, Since Die abit, feta one B andy & Jaf (i tet Dy bes enucnes of compact web ste wht wine B sack thal Dy © Int Duy french 8. Le By =CuUDy and Fv = Cvs “Then Bg and Fy are amare compact ecb a what union equ AUB and 4B, epocinely. Soe Pigue15.2 Wethow Ey nt Exes and Fi © Int Bigs It By then xin tito Cy or Dy I efter woe nihborbood os ota in (Cw. te hit, some mghbrioed of Xi oad a Dy I tet ea weird ie contained Eye, thal € dak Es ‘induc fx eth some neghborood U of x contained in Cus aad some nighood of V of contain Duy Ti wit Sohtod 0 nef thar cutie in Fy a0 that ee Tat Fy fs mone ees 127 Aditya integral aus hat o LeeLee herds Arvin smo th so fw a fof on SB Line fn “Thu {integrable over AUB and APB. The died ouation now lowe tying inten) Now we lt the extended integral othe ore nepal ‘Thcorean 154. Let A Be Sounded pen sein Rs let f= A — Rhea unded continuous function. Then the extended itera [J Ic ndinary tg ff ey, en we an ee Proof. Lot Q te arcane containing A ‘Sep 1. Wie tow the eaten ital off exis. Choe Mao that UC2)'¢ M tor €-4 Toon for any compat rable subset D of A, Lins [a sano, te fsa on el ae ele aes ameter odin agra off vet Axis Te ous, by Steen, the tera ee the fenton fy Di compact ial set of A, thee [refi ree 1 [emi etm ft fx on D, Since D ie aiteay it fallow hat cont [1 atc ft128 vento cee Pipe 183 (nthe oer and Pea pstition of Q, and et ene the gene subretangle Strnad by P.Denate by Ry Ry thee ean Gaieind and ee D'= Ryu U Ry So igure 153, Now 1ifasP)= Soma) Be, cane mal fa) = mal f) if Rin contain A and mi fa)= Oi Rie ct ‘Sntsned a A On the oer hand, ip oe [erst Sma -eR) md [fy ton toa) fot J Step Now we onside the general ce, Wate = fy~ fo, aaa Since fi integrable ovr Ai the erdiony see wei fos by i nee 129 emma 13.2. The eta) [= eta Je— te) |. enn, omit f= tnt Jf. a8 tote [7 yea © sorties ater PEs Inve J. A cnmgence of the peeing tearm the flowing Corollary 188. Let S be a lounded set in; lel f:S=R bea owned ents fonction IJ negate oer Sin the ordinary (orinas) ff = otendely ff Proof. Ove applic Thorens 18.6 and 184, © ‘This crllay allo hat any theorem we pov stout extended intr hae impteaoae fr oriaryinogras The change of rarls thot, hich ne pov in the met hapa, an spent example. ‘Welme ledy given tw omations ofthe dfn a th xt ice, nd mel ge another inthe st caper, Al thew esos {he denition are flor diferent thei para Acaly sping then to computational problems ean bea tsar, howe Here 8 ormlation hat fl nny prcknstantoes Wesbal as tin same ofthe xsl and exerci120 avg ee icorem 15.6, Let A heopen inf let J: AR be continuous, Let Upc ge be e sequence of open sete whose unton ie A. Then fgf ext and only if the souence fests and is Bonded: in a ae Jom Pron ei, mw soe the case where fo n-ne Seppe the intgial [yf ext Monotniy ofthe extended neal impli hat fs intra er Uy and that for ech 3, [lis [t 1 ollows thatthe incrensing segance ff cones, abd tha ain Ls Le Coney, sppane tbe sence ff exe andi bounded, Lat D ty a compact tae sare oA. See Di cone by the open te UCU, Coy it in conrad by fitely many of tem, and bee y oo ‘hem, a9 Uy. Then, by dein, Mes hts h, Lysin [6 © See Datta, In spying thi theorem, we ly chose Uy that i in ectiabie ana'f Sounded on Uy thn he ital fo, feta a an rosy i {eel ond hence aap extended integra) and ta be compte by fait ‘SEbigues. Ser the xsl follwing mone tge 131 ret in deed ty te eaton Aatieg) 251 ed yo) safeailes madcepriad ta tamnts a piemey eect ra aa “nso ute bean By rept f tenuate SES Soha Le ll (our -0-on Wecwncate tat ff jy r ¥ ve r Powe 164 Powe 155 eM Let Bo (41): et fy) = eta Me Hee Bit botnet fia ao eed, toned pa Rites BASU ten Fe ened a We conde hat ff dos ot xt LN.EXERCISES je cin fe) = Shr nt i ER, the hia sm ‘hs segue Cy of compet ecb st Atte it yc ht Gnqtorcach 8 ad oes th eed ite fg fat? 4 Le A be open in RY lt fog: A ~ be cnt, eppone ht [foal Ste) tx ne Av Show tc fp erste ff (Pin He tense weed maaan tbe epee ‘an tite mie) a) tee aed Bethe ea xe and: fe.) = tea Dine wht Jaf sed [yf eas ete dn alee it 0) Uae (ey Lz 20a yD) te Head = ule VBP + V9 Show ta ff et; ono stomp tae 4 ten fly) = 1h 47 let A a Bt he pen te An(ea)iz>0 and <9 22) Balegz>0 at Poy ce), a, Show sat ff dent i sow tat oe ei nd Sachets ate Pie 158 , roe ens 133 (na)l0ce et ant rey cc}, Beale |oceet and P< yrs!) Detemine wht J, ext, cet 6 Ue Abe the tn aed ye ean An(ay)l2>1 and oy ciah cael 1/298 i exit 7 tat A te vad opm ae in Rs Hef A Be badd onto feecton Let a ete otaiing A Show da [p- [0 [ue 6 Let Ate open in RY Westy fA i nelly bound on At chin Mb wiht on ih f bund as UA be Se cn 7A a ey bdo 8nd {a) Show theif tecntnosa Athen Fe 7A), (0) Show sat sin Fc fend nec compact bat wr ie eed ne Fs Meh (6) Show hat Thre 153 tld facts ft FA (@) Stow that Thar 15.4 ibe wed “onion Poth s oe by Seninon erp a a mareChange of Variables In ralunting the integral of» fanction ox single vail one af the most (Seal nee the aval “station ale” eased ae, fr ‘Sop, a ealate uc an intel me [oe +1!) de; one aos he aultitton 9 = 20+ redoing he nega the intel fra ic sy to evlat. (Hoe wee the “ean Ay” ottin of ele Tan) ‘Ou itation inhi chapters genre the aati len mo (2) We ssl det wih nieninal otras iter than eneines onal itegrl (2) We nal prov for the extended tga, rthr thos merely fr integra of bounded functions ont toned mt Thr wile ‘toi oust negra reopen in, bya Coa Iiey 18S howy ha not ius veneion We cll the enetazal version of the sation re he change of ar her thorn196 chagrin ont 516, PARTITIONS OF UNITY In order to prove the change of aie ther, we nde the ein a the estended neal ff Ths seri bail ty being (Gest A ep ito compact reife wt Cy, and ting the Ln of the torepoading Integral oy f- Inout new apresch we ised bak the {function f up of untions fechas ute neo t ewe take tbe ini of the conesponding gral yf Thi append bat ‘many advantages, expecially for Ueoretialparpowes: wil eur throughout "Ths apronh sls notin of omparatily eee eign in mathe. ruatin led -paition af nity which we defi ie thi ton "We begin ith several leas Lemma 163. There ee C= foetion 20H ch iat dfx) >0 form elat Q and g(x) = 0 othervve Prof. Lat f+ R be df by the eution fe sien ‘The f(2) > 0 rz > 0. Ise standaed rout of sngoaiable analysis {ht fie of clans O°. (A ptt iced tthe veces) Define (e)-f.~2) ‘Then gio clae C™; furthermore, i postive for 0 We now deine ts) = veya ‘he fnew sat allt the conditions feu theorem.)‘Conon (1) and (4 imply tht, foreach x ¢ Ay the nutes di) cally spine uy? that he expres the wig ements an of Tenaegatee number “be local Een contin (3) ha the conngenee {hat fr any compa tC conse! in A, there ban open we about © ‘uwlich vases eel except fry many To Bnd ach a ‘Spon at one coon C by fitely ray seigorhod, on ach f which ‘Shiseeccep for tie many ten one take the union ofthis Bie ‘Seton of eihborhode, AAUP A. Let JR bee by the epain Gtona eorses: f= A Sree) = fle =mn) FS Sect fo) sia nel tr of te vS3el nh scopes sneak ps a hors pesto "hon fill Fach nee Now we expe the conmtonbstmen partitions of wit and thee Aeneid We need pena anna emma $0.4, Let A be open sn Rs le {A ote continaons Ly feanber aside the compart subset C of A, then the integrals fy tit ff exit and ae oval fe Pet ty Proof. Tee integral [fests bees C inbound, ad be fenton fer mhich eqns fon A a ants outaide C econo Nonded on alot Tt Cb a aque of compere ms hoe union eA, sch atc bra. Atpica etn te al Site in nega ot apg foe to 2 eho f ee ‘Theorem 16.5, Let A be open in Rll fs A Re continuous tet (A) bea porttion of wy on sing compact The tal gf tt od ony te snes” MO i/o Lifen Noe atthe inter fa eit and ea oto ints ‘Ss, df (where $; = Support du) by the preceding lemma. “en Pro come Sth cn wht eat ca A ‘Sep 1. Suppose is nonnegative om A, and supp th eres Elia dil conve Weshow that ff ext and [rsBifon lat D bea compat recite stet ofA. Thee exe an AF ach that I> Af the function vans deta oD. Then12 mar vii eet for D. We conta tat LieZyjon orion sEufon 1 ftlows that fate ner A nd LisS ion Slep 2. Sappone J ie nonnegative ov A an spose or A: We show the sree Fe] converes and Eufons [yp Given Ny the wt D = $, Us U Sy is compact, Patter, for G21 Wheel gf vanishes onside Dy that [ore [or by the prseding emma. We coneladethat Sufane$i/on ic interale [1 wince me sf 6 Pree ty ‘Thus the seis Eff] eanengs aca it partial une ate Bounded, nda lth egal [7 ‘The there is now proved for Aawaegaie Fntions J Step 3. Comer the ca of an arieary cntnnos faction fA 1 By Tu ing fad ny he ee ff Exam converges by Steps 1 and 2 ‘Om the the band tf Jet, een [p= [pn [Je ora ifoss-Seuf te) wy seye ata, “Bian wate, ‘ine convergent sre ca be adel tem t-te, exencises 1 Prone a the anton ff Lamia 16 nat O™ willow: en ‘ny atgern 2 deus Ju = by Ge eton n= {" er ane (0) Stow tat foe cone 0 [ia Show tht @ 0, we Have oa) < 90), the cae tte g” <0, we hove ga) > (0) ier ee, t= fee) dena the Insrval wih eed plats g(a) and 38). So Figure 17.1. The termediate "aloe here inp that gear T ont J. Ten te oman fenton ‘Sio(2) dete fran 00, 0 te theorem at et mae soe or equivalent, roe fee ae sie el rf aaa S Py) = fa), Creer tc apa oan Ne)= Fa ‘we differentiate it by the chain rule. We have ee (a) = Plota)a)= Sloe) Besse the ater anton i otis we ea apply the fandoeatl the ram leit integrate We ve [resem -n0 = F(a(t)) - Flats) “fr [i[Now saul ster of) a (8): neither nti equation can be mites ta the om © fuvon- [for ‘hin th fit of td forma "Row nthe cue whre gh weave J = (0), 9), Slee] = 9" inthis ca equation (canbe te ote fm Ip Inthe ce wh gf < 0 re be J = oh (Snes ‘enon 2) cm aa be itn i the oe ( o [oso EXAMPLE, Come te inte ea) ep) = and fe) = 20+ 1. Th oe) ~ Ae ih per ORT Re Riga He hintin lpi at * rateydine [10 Powe 108 fw. Tecan Tes 47 pete [om-vn enone pci ae lie Sty =e) = ins te aft [irooion Note tha nthe pei cae n= 1 the dsvtve Dg inthe by Lat sone ety a Ts thi thea ince the can sittin ele Ties cate. Incas more, of cour, ne the itr ined fhe exlndad igre ute, fr example the compton ade in fe sal prove this here i Iter action. For the present tus itatate how ean be wl to isi computations comment ade [EXAMPLES Ie Bb the oes et dfn bythe outon Beal(e)|t>0 and yon and Payee intone Buchs fe te sae cbt g a es ots an eck realy that det Date) renve a ete (plane one Bn a seetooe an. ce et "Asti 924 —B teompn oe Pigu (ree rsin. ina loceee ant <8 H/2) “ =A] A Tee cone tai Thy 189 [evs [eroanrirsent pevrenentr rons isrerre seston ee aan Welle er ce te usp cvinatese imore ey. ‘The pl caoate A tenes ooops ef en apen at ine lane wit. ower 9 des ete 8 tema of the en U2 ra 0,24) wit te pense Veleiletey ce and eco i yao) ER eg Pe et Voi A W ih ate aie Lev Lev. ‘ila pda ing oe Uy hep an