BANDHU PRAKASHAN Science Study Material

Microbes - The Dreadful Virus

4
grasp it

A Number of diseases are being caused by harmful Microbes.

In recent decades, man is facing a big threat from dreadful viruses such as HIV
and HBV.
The Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause for the dreadful disease
namely AIDS-Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.
The HepatitisB(HBV) Virus causes a severe disorder of liver.
Immunity is the capacity of the body to defend itself against the disease.
AIDS is a condition in which the in built defence system of the body completely
break down in a gradual manner.
AIDS is identified as Syndrome rather than any particular type of disease.
AIDS is associated with two main diseases namely pneumonia and Skin Cancer.
In India the first AIDS patient was officially identified at Chennai in 1987.
A HIV particle is spherical in shape containing RNA as its genetic material.
HIV belongs to the retrovirus group of Viruses.
There are B and T lymphocytes which provide the protection against infection.
If a person is infected by HIV then he is termed as HIV Positive.
AIDS is an infectious disease but is not transmitted through air, water, food etc.
Hepatitis means inflammation of Liver.
Hepatitis spreads through polluted water and food.
Hepatitis B is generally spread through blood plasma.
China and India are the two countries seriously affected by Hepatitis-B.
Vaccines for Hepatitis-B is given three times from birth to next six moths.
It is important to vaccinate sex workers newborn babies, hospital workers, nurses
as precautionary measure.

Multiple Choice Questions and answers:

1. Name the Virus Which causes a) Acquired Immuno Deficiency

dreadful disease namely AIDS Syndrome.
a)HIV b)HBV b) Attained Immuno Deficiency
c)HAV d)HCV Syndrome.
c) Added Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome
2. AIDS Stands for d) Acquired Immuno Dangerous
Syndrome.

228
Science Study Material BANDHU PRAKASHAN

3. Name the disorder caused by the a) Vitamins is found

virus HBV b) Proteins is found
a) Disorder of kidney c) Carbohydrates is found
b) Disorder of Liver d) Fats found
c) Disorder of Lungs
d) Disorder of Heart 12. In a HIV Reverse Transcriptase is
called as an
4. Immunity is the capacity of the body a) Membrane b) enzyme
to defend against the c) Particle d) Fatty material
a) Cold b) Fever
c) Disease d) Deficiency
13. White patches in the mouth is one of
the symptoms of the disease
5. Name the disease in which the
inbuild defence system of the body a) Hepatitis B b) AIDS
completely breaks down in a c) Skin Cancer d) Diarrhea
gradual manner.
a) Hepatitis B b) AIDS 14. Duration of incubation period of the
c) Meningitis d) Cancer HIV adult is
a) 10 to 15 years b) 2-4 years
6. AIDS is identified as syndrome c) 8-10 years d) 1-2 years
rather than any particular
a) Disorder b) Disease 15. The year in which National Aids
c) Deficiency d) Damage control organization in India was
established
7. AIDS was recognized for the first time a) 1982 b) 1992
in USA in the year c) 1980 d) 1972
a) 1980 b) 1981
c) 1982 d) 1983 16. Hepatitis means inflammation of
a) Heart b) Oesophagus
8. AIDS was recognized with two main c) Liver d) Kidney
diseases namely
a) Pneumonia & Skin Cancer 17. Colour of the Skin sclera of eye and
b) Pneumonia & Lungs Cancer
urine turns yellow. The condition is
c) Pneumonia & Blood Cancer
termed as
d) Pneumonia & Bone Cancer
a) Herpes b) Tuberculosis
9. In India the first AIDS patient was c) Meningitis d) Jaundice
officially identified in the year 1976
at 18. The most dangerous Hepatitis Virus
a) Bombay b) Chennai is
c) Delhi d) Calcutta a) Hepatitis A b) Hepatitis C
c) Hepatitis B d) Hepatitis G
10. The Shape of a HIV Particle is
a) Elongated b) Square 19. The disease which Spreads among
c) Spherical d) Cylindrical drug addicts and patients who
undergo frequent dialysis is
11. In a HIV, inside the membrane a core a) AIDS b) Hepatitis B
of c) Tuber Culosis d) Herpes

229
BANDHU PRAKASHAN Science Study Material

20. Name the countries which are 17) d) Jaundice

seriously affected by Hepatitis-B 18) c) Hepatitis B
a) India & Japan 19) b) Hepatitis B
b) India & America 20) d) India &China
c) India &Australia 21) b) Antibodies
d) India &China 22) c) Hepatitis-B
23) c) 1981
21. Hepatitis-B vaccines stimulate the 24) d) HIV
body to produce
a) Secretions b) Antibodies
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
c) RBC d) Plaletes

22. Blood Donors should under go tests B. Answer the following questions:
for 1. Name the diseases in which the
a) Jaundice b) Blood Cancer defense mechanism of the body
c) Hepatitis-B d) Blood Clotting destroyed.
Ans: In AIDS the defense mechanism of
23. AIDS was first recognized in USA in the body is destroyed.
the year.
a) 1990 b) 1980 2. What is the expansion of HIV?
c) 1981 d) 1992 Ans: HIV is Human Immuno Deficiency
Virus.
24. Which of the following is the virus
responsible causing AIDS. 3. Give the expansion of AIDS.
a) HAV b) HBV Ans: AIDS is Acquired Immuno Deficiency
c) HCV d) HIV Syndrome.

Answers: 4. What are main symptoms of AIDS?

1) a) HIV Ans: The main symptoms of AIDS are the
2) a) Acquired Immuno Deficiency following:
Syndrome a) There is total loss of immunity.
3) b) Disorder of Liver b) There will be considerable weight
4) c) Disease loss.
5) b) AIDS c) Itching of the Skin, burning
6) b) Disease sensation in the respiratory tract,
7) b) 1981 cough with sputum will be
8) a) Pneumonia & Skin Cancer present.
9) b) Chennai d) Profuse sweating.
10) c) Spherical e) Fever, Persistent body pain.
11) b) Proteins is found f) White patches on the mouth.
12) b) enzyme g) Ulcers in oesophagus.
13) b) AIDS h) Memory is affected.
14) c) 8-10 years
15) b) 1992 5. Which are the precautions taken to
16) c) Liver prevent infection of HIV?

230
Science Study Material
Ans: Following precaution can be taken
to prevent the infection of HIV.
a) Sexual Contact with HIV infected
people should be avoided.
b) The needles and syringes used by
HIV infected person should not be
used by others.
c) Only HIV-free blood should be
used for blood transfusion.
d) Mother infected with HIV should
not breast-feed the child.
e) Drug-addition should be avoided.
Needles and syringes used by
drug-addicts can transmit HIV
from person to person.
6. How does the infection HEPATITIS-
B Virus Occur?
Ans: Hepatitis-B Spreads through polluted
food and water, and blood plasma. It
happens when inflected blood is
transfused through unsterilized
syringes and unprotected sexual
contacts and through the infected
mother to baby. Sharing the razor
of infected person, during
acupunctures through surgical
implements used on infected person,
through frequent dialysis the disease
Hepatitis-B spreads.
7. What are the Symptoms of HEPATITIS-
B?
Ans: The main symptoms of Hepatitis-B
are:-
a) Fever of mild type
b) Cold and Flue Symptoms
c) Indication of Jaundice
d) Severe weakness
e) Vomiting sensation and loss of
appetite.
III. Additional questions with answers
(2 marks)
1. AIDS is identified as Syndrome
rather than any Particular type of
disease. Give reason.
BANDHU PRAKASHAN
Ans: AIDS is identified as Syndrome
rather than any particular type of
disease because AIDS patients show
several symptoms which occur
together at the same time.
2. Where and when was AIDS
recognized for the first time? Name
the two main diseases associated
with it?
Ans: AIDS was recognized for the first
time in USA in 1981. It was associated
with two main diseases namely
Pneumonia and Skin Cancer.
3. Who discovered the AIDS Virus?
Who suggested the name HIV?
Ans: In 1983, French Scientists discovered
the AIDS virus.
The International committee on
the nomenclature of viruses
suggested the name HIV.
4. Name the three types of Immuno
deficiency.
Ans: Genetic (Parents to off springs).
Induced (transplantation).
Acquired (Sexually transmitted
diseases).
5. Name the tests to detect HIV.
Ans: a) ELISA- Enzyme Linked Sorbent
Assay.
b) PCR- Polymerize chain Reaction.
c) Western Blot.
6. What is main function of Liver?
Ans: Liver is considered to be the
chemical factory of the body. One
of the main functions of Liver is to
carry out them.
231
BANDHU PRAKASHAN
7. How do HIV get transmitted from
HIV positive mother to her Infant?
Ans: To the embr yo, through the
Placenta.
During delivery of the child.
Breast feeding.
8. Name the methods by which AIDS
is not transmitted (any 4 methods)
Ans: By shaking hands with AIDS
patients.
By hugging each other.
By sharing plates, tumbles & food.
By using toilets, bathrooms &
swimming pools.
9. Name the two Lymphocytes which
provide the protection against
diseases.
Ans: There are B and T Lymphocytes
which provide protection against
infection.
10. Name any four secondary infections
of AIDS patient?
Ans: a) Tuberculosis
b) Pneumonia
c) Herpes
d) Meningitis
11. Name the methods by which
Hepatitis-B is not transmitted.
Ans: a) By shaking hands
b) Eating together
c) Sharing toilets and Bathrooms.
d) By Mosquito bite.
12. Why it has become difficult to
develop a vaccine for HIV?
Ans: HIV belongs to retrovirus group of
viruses, capable of giving rise to
232
Science Study Material
DNA. Retrovirus changes its genetic
sequence frequently and hence it
has become difficult to evolve a
vaccine for HIV.
13. Write a few measures that can be
taken to prevent Hepatitis-B.
Ans: a) Vaccines are available for
Hepatitis-B. These should be
taken.
b) Blood should be screened before
transfusion.
c) Babies. Sex workers, hospital
personnel lab technician, nurses
should be vaccinated as
precautionary measure.
IV. Additional questions with answers
(3 Marks)
1) How does HIV destroys the natural
immunity of the body?
Ans: HIV belongs to the retrovirus group
of viruses, capable of giving rise to
DNA. As and when a new DNA is
formed by these viruses in the host
cells, it becomes difficult to develop
a vaccine to control the disease. HIV
gets adopted to the host body so
well that the body cells tail to identity
this virus as intruder. Thus, the
Symptoms take years to appear.
Ultimately HIV destroys the natural
immunity of the body.
2. How do AIDS viruses destroys the
T Lymphocytes leading to
breaking of defence system?
Ans: The white blood cells attack the
intruders and try to destroy them.
Entr y of viruses stimulates the
production of lymphocytes which
provide immunity against diseases.
Science Study Material BANDHU PRAKASHAN

There are B and T lymphocytes Structure:-

which provide the protection against A HIV particle is spherical in shape
infection. When the HIV enters the containing RNA as its genetic
body, the body fails to identify and material.
thus there is no stimulation of It is covered by a membrane
Lymphocytes to counter the viruses. made up of two layers of a fatty
At the first stage, the AIDS viruses material.
destroy the T Lymphocytes Inside the membrane, a core
breaking the defence system soon made up of proteins is found.
the patient is exposed to various In the center of core, the viral
diseases till his death. RNA along with enzyme reverse
transcriptase is present.
3. What is meant by Jaundice? This enzyme acts as a catalyst on
Ans: Liver cells are likely to be damaged RNA helping the synthesis of DNA
due to intruding micro organisms, in the host cell.
toxic food items, drugs, alcoholism
etc., during this process, a pigment
in RBC bilirubin is released in the
liver. This pigment gets destroyed in
the liver itself. But when the liver
cells are severely damaged, bilirubin
is not diffused and its level in blood
increase. Due to this colour of the
skin, sclera of eye and urine turns
yellow such a condition is termed as
Jaundice .

V. Additional questions with answers.

(4 marks)
1. Draw a labeled diagram of a HIV
and explain its structure.
Structure of HIV

1. Fatty layers 2. Reverse Transcriptase

3. Protein cover. 4. RNA

233