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Original Article
Azithromycin Versus Ofloxacin in Treatment of Enteric
Fever in Children
Ammara Manzoor, Tariq Mahmood, Rubina Zulfiqar
Department of Paediatrics ,Holy Family Hospital and Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi
209
Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College (JRMC); 2014;18(2):209-212
Gold standard for diagnosis of typhoid fever is blood Investigation to be done during hospital stay was
culture and bone marrow culture. Other tests which Typhidot (IgM antibodies) . Chi-square test was used
are commonly used include Typhidot test and PCR. 9 to compare efficacy (afebrile on day 5) of both drugs.P-
Case fatality rate of typhoid fever is 10 % without value < 0.05 was considered significant.
proper treatment however it can be reduced to 1 %
with proper treatment with antibiotics 10. About 15 %
of infected patients with salmonella died in past in Results
pre-antibiotic era. The survivors used to have The age range was from 5 to 12 years with a mean
prolonged disability and illness lasting for weeks or age of 7.7 2.45 (Figure 1). Majority (54.3 %) were
even for many months. Antibiotic therapy is necessary males . The weight of the children ranged from 10 to
for treatment of typhoid fever.11 40 kg with a mean weight of 237.48 kg. In the
Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) is the term used to Azithromycin group majority (69.6 %) became afebrile
describe the resistance to all first line antimicrobials on day 5th .In the Ofloxacin group 48.7% patients
used for treatment of typhoid fever including became afebrile on day 5th.The proportion of patients
ampicillin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and becoming afebrile on day 5th was higher in the
chloramphenicol. Due to these MDR strains, azithromycin group as compared to Ofloxacin
fluroquinolones are the drugs of choice 12. A study was group(p=0.01)(Table 1)
conducted in India in 2001 that showed 100% 40
susceptibility of all isolated Salmonella strains to
Ciprofloxacin.13Increased use of fluoroquinolones 35
20
for newer antibiotics to which salmonella is sensitive.
Among newer fluoroquinolones, Gatifloxacin is a 15
age in years
Patients and Methods:
This randomized controlled trail was conducted in Figure 1- Age distribution of study groups
Pediatric Department of Holy Family Hospital, Table 1: Frequencies of patients becoming afebrile
Rawalpindi ,from March 2012 to September
on day 5th: Azithromycin versus Ofloxacin groups
2012.Sample size was calculated by WHO calculator.
Total 230 diagnosed patients of Typhoid fever, age antibiotic given
range from 2-12 years, were included. Patients had azithromycin ofloxacin Total
fever >37C in the presence of at least one or more of AFEBRILE yes 80 56 136
69.6% 48.7% 59.1%
the signs and symptoms , i.e., persistent headache,
No 35 59 94
abdominal pain or discomfort, splenomegaly /
30.4% 51.3% 40.9%
hepatomegaly, rose spots on skin and vomiting.One
Total 115 115 230
hundred and fifteen patients were given Azithromycin
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
and 115 patients were given Ofloxacin randomly.
Patients were randomly divided into two groups, A p=0.001
and B . Group A was given Azithromycin 10 Discussion
mg/kg/day once daily orally for 7 days.Group B was The results of present study revealed children
given Ofloxacin 15mg/kg/day in two divided doses between age group 7-11 years, mostly infected with
orally for 7 days. Both the groups were observed for typhoid fever. This is in contrast to a study which
duration of becoming afebrile on 5th day of treatment. showed that children less than 5 years of age are at
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Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College (JRMC); 2014;18(2):209-212
high risk.18,19 Males were reported more than females disease, with a mean fever clearance time of 4.5 days25.
in our study groups and it may be due to the reason Of Vietnamese adults, 96% (42 out of 44) were cured,
that male children have easy access to street foods. with a mean duration of fever of 5.4 days. 26 The
Similar results were also obtained in Bangladesh in slightly lower cure rate in our study as compared to
which male patients were more in number than the these studies may be due to higher doses of
female patients infected with typhoid fever.20, 21 In the azithromycin used in these studies. Azithromycin can
Azithromycin group 69.6 % patients became afebrile be used safely for the treatment of typhoid fever in
on day 5. The proportion of patients becoming afebrile children.27
on day 5 was significantly higher in the Azithromycin The persistence of fever in some patients of our
group as compared to Ofloxacin group; p= 0.01).A study may be due to the continued production of
case series reported from south India showed that pyrogenic cytokines.28 This shows that time taken to
fluoroquinolone use in fluoroquinolone reduced clear fever may not be an adequate measure of
susceptibility strains should be done with great antibiotic efficacy, and consequently may not be an
caution. 22 Another study compared different appropriate end point in typhoid therapy trials. Some
antimicrobial regimens for the treatment of MDR investigators also did not specify whether clinical
(multidrug resistant) (nalidixic acid resistant) Na (r) failures were excluded or included in calculations of
typhoid fever. Vietnamese children and adults with mean fever clearance time.
uncomplicated typhoid fever were entered into an In this study, a 7-day course of azithromycin was more
open randomized controlled trial. Ofloxacin (20mg/kg effective as an initial oral treatment for uncomplicated
of body weight/day for 7 days), azithromycin typhoid fever. Appropriate treatment of typhoid fever
(10mg/kg/day for the first 3 days) were compared. is a clinical as well as a public health challenge due to
The clinical cure rate was 64% with ofloxacin, 76% rising levels of drug resistance and limited evidence
with ofloxacin-azithromycin, and 82% (51/62) with for use of newer agents like Azithromycin, particularly
azithromycin . The mean (95% confidence interval, for children.
fever, clearance time for patients treated with Conclusions
azithromycin (5.8 days [5.1 to 6.5 days]) was shorter
than that for patients treated with ofloxacin- 1.Azithromycin is a better choice than Ofloxacin in
azithromycin (7.1 days [6.2 to 8.1 days]) and ofloxacin terms of shorter time of fever clearance.
(8.2 days [7.2 to 9.2 days]) (p < 0.001). 23 According to 2. Clinical burden of typhoid fever ,along with
another study conducted in Amirtasir India, the safety emergence of resistance to antibiotics which were
of ofloxacin and azithromycin is equal in treatment of considered appropriate for its treatment , needs
typhoid fever with no major side effects. However exploration of more antibiotic therapies .
azithromycin is an effective alternative in conditions
when ofloxacin is contraindicated. 24
In a study it was shown that about 20 % of patients of References
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