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Aggregate for Bituminous Aggregates constitute about 94% by weight

Removal of Overburden

Road Construction of asphalt paving mix


That is why; aggregate properties are very
important for performance of asphalt
by
pavement
Prof. Prithvi Singh Kandhal
Associate Director Emeritus
National Center for Asphalt Technology
Auburn University, Alabama USA
pkandhal@gmail.com
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Excavation Quarry Operation Sizing Stockpiling

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Desirable Physical Properties of Classification of Aggregates based


Aggregate (Wish List) on Size
Specified Aggregate
Hard Cubical Coarse Aggregate (retained on 2.36 mm
Tough Low Porosity sieve)
Properties and Tests
Strong Clean Fine Aggregate (passing 2.36 mm sieve)
Durable Rough Textured Mineral Filler (mostly passing 0.075 mm
Properly Graded Hydrophobic sieve)

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1. Gradation and size 5. Cleanliness and Aggregate Gradation and Size
2. Coarse Aggregate Particle Deleterious Materials
Shape and Surface Texture 6. Toughness and Abrasion Distribution of particle sizes
Resistance expressed as percent of total weight
3. Fine Aggregate Particle Determined by sieve analysis
7. Durability and Soundness
Shape and Surface Texture
8. Frictional Resistance
4. Porosity or Absorption
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Particle Shapes

Rounded
Coarse Aggregate Particle Shape
and Surface Texture Sub-Rounded

Sub-Angular

Angular
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Surface Textures Consider Shear Strength

Polished Normal Forces Normal Forces

Shear Forces
Smooth
Asphalt Film

Rough
Smooth Surface Texture Rough Surface Texture
Very Rough
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Coarse Aggregate Angularity


Angular aggregate desirable for increased
resistance to rutting
Crushed stone aggregate is almost 100% angular
If gravel needs to be crushed, at least 95%
particles by weight must have two crushed faces
(IRC:111-2009). Test made on 4.75 mm plus
material.
Crushed face: its area should be at least 25% of
the projected area of the particle (ASTM D 5821)
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Flat and Elongated (F & E) Particles


in Coarse Aggregate

Excessive F & E particles tend to break under


roller exposing uncoated surfaces
Particles tend to orient flat under traffic, reducing
pavement voids. May lead to flushing
Change in shape affects mixture volumetrics (air
voids, VMA, etc.)
Mix stability and fatigue resistance may be
adversely affected when excessive
New Coarse Aggregate Angularity Test
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Flakiness Index Elongation Index
Flakiness Index and Elongation Flakiness index is percentage by weight of
particles whose least dimension (thickness) is less
Elongation index is the percentage by weight of
particles whose greatest dimension (length) is
Index (BS 812) than 0.6 of the mean particle size more than 1.8 times the mean particle size of that
particle
Test conducted on aggregate size greater than
6.5 mm Aggregate is split into different sizes
Metal thickness gauge with slotted openings used Gauges with pins set with appropriate gaps for
to identify flat particles specific sizes are used to identify elongated
Total amount of particles passing slotted gauge is particles
weighed and expressed as percentage of the total Those particles which exceed the appropriate gap
sample to report flakiness index for specific size are identified as elongated
Lower flakiness index values are desirable particles
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Fine Aggregate Particle Shape and


Surface Texture
No test is conducted in India to evaluate fine
Fine Aggregate Particle Shape aggregate particle shape and surface texture.
IRC:111-2009 requires no natural sand in binder
and Surface Texture and wearing courses and no more than 50%
natural sand in base courses.
Not all natural sands are fully round and not all
crushed sands are perfectly angular.
Need to adopt Fine Aggregate Angularity (FAA)
Test being used in Superpave in the US. FAA
Flakiness Index and Elongation Index should be at least 45 percent
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Fine Aggregate Angularity


funnel
fine aggregate sample

cylinder of known volume (V)

measured
uncompacted voids =
mass
V - M / Gsb
M x 100%
V

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Asphalt mix containing absorptive aggregate particles

Porosity and Absorption


When porous, aggregates tend to absorb
water and bitumen. Rule of thumb: bitumen
absorption about 60% of water absorption.
IRC: 111-2009 - Water Absorption 2 max.
(arbitrary limit)
Bitumen absorption is accounted for in the
Marshall Mix Design.
Excessive bitumen absorption will make the
mix very expensive.
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Cleanliness and Deleterious Sand Equivalent Test


Materials Test used to determine relative proportions of
fines or claylike material in fine aggregate
Cleanliness important to minimize stripping Fine aggregate passing 4.75 mm sieve is placed in
a transparent graduated cylinder filled with water
Cleanliness and Deleterious resulting from clay coating on aggregate and a flocculating agent and is agitated
Materials Sand Equivalent Test used to determine After 20 minutes of settling, height of sand and
clay in the cylinder is measured in mm
amount of clay and sand in fine aggregate Sand equivalent value is the ratio of the height of
sand (mm) to the height of clay (mm) times 100
Higher sand equivalent value indicates cleaner
fine aggregate

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Sand Equivalent Value Test


graduated
cylinder

clay reading, mm
flocculating
solution

sand reading, mm
suspended clay

sedimented aggregate

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Toughness and Abrasion Resistance

Aggregate should be tough so that it does


Toughness and Abrasion not degrade (break down) under impact
and/or abrasion during:
Resistance Handling/stockpiling
Tumbling in dryer drum
Mixing
Compaction under roller
Exposure to heavy traffic
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Measurement of Aggregate Los Angles Abrasion Test


Toughness Aggregate of specified gradation placed in a steel
drum with steel balls and drum rotated for 500
revolutions
Los Angles Abrasion Test (ASTM C 131) Aggregate subjected to impact and abrasion due to
tumbling
Aggregate Impact Value (BS 812)
Aggregate sample recovered and sieved over
Micro-Deval Abrasion Test (AASHTO T 327)
1.77 mm (No. 12) sieve; Percent of sample
passing through this sieve is termed as Los Angles
loss value; Lower loss values indicate tougher
aggregate
Requirement in India 30% maximum (?)
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Resistance to Degradation by Abrasion in


Micro-Deval Apparatus
(AASHTO T 327)
Aggregate Some aggregates are weaker in moist or wet Micro-Deval Test
Impact Value condition compared to dry condition. Such
(France)
aggregates cannot be tested in Los Angles
Machine which is a dry test.
Micro-Deval Test was developed to measure
aggregate resistance to abrasion in presence of
water.
Test has been found to be related to
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Aggregate Soundness and Durability Aggregate Soundness Test
Aggregate should remain sound when exposed Aggregate sample immersed in sodium or
to environmental factors such as wetting-drying magnesium sulphate solution for 16-18 hours at
21 C
and freezing-thawing
Sample removed, drained, and dried to constant
Sulphate Soundness test simulates freezing- weight and then re-immersed
Durability and Soundness thawing in lieu of refrigeration equipment Subjected to 5 cycles of immersing and drying
which was not readily available in the past
Finally dried aggregate sieved over a set of
Aggregate is immersed in sodium or sieves which are somewhat smaller than the
magnesium sulphate solution and then dried. sieves used originally in grading the sample.
On drying the salt crystallizes and exerts Resulting weighted average loss for each sieve
pressure in internal pores of aggregate similar size is the Sulphate Loss
to what happens when water freezes and forms Lower the loss, sounder is the aggregate
ice which has increased volume
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Polishing British
Frictional Resistance aggregate with
Pendulum
British wheel
Tester
(ASTM D 3319)
(ASTM E 303)

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Questions ?

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65 Kandhal 4-66
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