agra aur RURAL ois wax / 102012 (901/18, a 30-8-2012 oH MATHEMATICS Standard 12 (Semester IV) ee zl Gujarat State Board of School Textbooks & ‘vidyayan', Sector 10-A, Gandhinagar-382 010Authors Dr A. P. Shah (Convener) Shri Rajiv 8. Choksi ‘Shri Jaykrishna N. Bhatt ‘Shri Vipul R. Shah ‘Shri Patimal Purohit Reviewers Dr A. H. Hasmani Dr H.C. Patel Dr B. 1. Dave Shri Mahmadsharif A. Aliyani shaileshbhai Sheth ‘Shri Kantilal N. Prajapati Shri M. M. James Shri M. S. Pillai Shri A. B. Pillai Shri Virendrakumar J. Sharma Language Reviewer ‘Smt Sejalben H. Sarvaiya Artist ‘Shri Manish P. Parekh Co-ordinator Shri Ashish H. Borisagar (Subject Co-ordinator : Mathematics) Preparation and Planning Shri Haresh S. Limbachiya (Dy. Director : Academic) Lay-out and Planning ‘Shri Haresh S. Limbachiya (Dy. Director : Production) PREFACE ‘The Gujarat State Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board have prepared new syllabi in accordance with the new national syllabi prepared by the NC.E.R-T. These syllabi are sanctioned by the Government of Gujarat, It is a pleasure for the Gujarat State Board of School Textbooks, to place this textbook of Mathematics before the students for Standard 12 (Semester IV) prepared according to the new syllabus. ‘The manuscript has been fully reviewed by experts and teachers teaching at this level. Following the suggestions given by teachers and experts, we have made necessary changes in the ‘manuscript before publishing the textbook. ‘The Board has taken special care to make this textbook interesting, useful and free from errors. However, we welcome suggestions, to enhance the quality of the textbook. Dr. Bharat Pandit Sujit Gulati yy Director Executive President Date : 05-08-2015 GandhinagarIt shall be the duty of every citizen of India (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; (c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; (@ to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; (c) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongist all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; (to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; (g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wide life, and (o have compassion for living creatures; (h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inguiry and reform; (to safeguard public property and to abjure violence; G) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement. (k) _ to provide opportunities for education by the parent or the guardian, to his child, or a ward between the age of 6-14 years as the case may be.1. Applications of Derivatives 1 2. Indefinite Integration ST 3. Definite Integration 90 4, An Application of Integrals 133 5. Differential Equations 157 6. Vector Algebra 191 7. Three Dimensional Geometry 227 © Answers 269 © Terminology 281We are very pleased to present before you the textbook for Mathematics of, semester IV for standard XII following the new syllabus prepared by Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Board on the basis of NCERT syllabus, in extension of Mathematics textbooks of semester I and semester II for standard XI and semester III of standard XIL This textbook has been prepared originally in English as in the case of textbooks of semester I and II for standard XI and semester III of standard XII, The manuscript has been thoroughly examined by leamed teachers from schools and colleges through a workshop organized in the month of June. The suggestions and proper amendments had been accepted and the revised manuscript has been translated in Gujarati, The Gujarati version was also examined by teachers from schools and colleges and the necessary amendments were made, The English manuscript and the translated version in Gujarati were examined by language experts and the corrections were made. This way the final draft of the manuscript was prepared. A second review had been carried out in the end of July by subject experts from universities and technological colleges. They were retired mathematics professors of ‘eminence. Their recommendations were accepted and amendments were made. In chapter 1, we apply differentiation to various problems in mathematics like coordinate geometry, approximation; maximum and minimum values of a function and rates of change of one variable with respect to another, especially with respect to time which will consequently help to study applications of differentiation to science. Chapter 2 continues the study of integration which has began in semester III. Iere, since the study continues, the prerequisite is knowledge of indefinite integration studied in semester III. Some examples can be studied by techniques of any of the methods from these two chapters. Chapter 3 introduces definite integration. Theorems and examples freely make use of indefinite integration techniques. Chapter 4 is about an application of integration, It shows how to calculate certain areas bounded by some known curves. Chapter 5 is further application of integration to solve different ‘equations. Here, only some simple techniques are studied. Chapter 6 is the study of algebra of vectors useful in three dimensional geometry, The concept of Vectors was introduced in semester IT. These concepts are revised. Abstract approach to vectors and geometrical significance are studied. Chapter 7 deals with applications of vectors to three dimensional geometry of lines and planes. In between, some explanations are given in boxes. They are meant to explain further the concept introduced earlier or to add some comments on them. They are for more understanding only. vAttractive four-colour title, four-colour printing and figures make this textbook visually rich and adds more to its utility value. Plenty of illustrations and exercises are integrated to explain various concepts and variety of problems. They will help the students in achieving good marks in semester examination as well as competitive ‘examinations We thank all who have helped to prepare this textbook, We hope that all students, teachers and parents would like this textbook, Positive suggestions to enhance the quality of this textbook are welcome. ~ AuthorsAPPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 1 Life is good only for two things - discovering mathematics and teaching mathematics. Siméon Poisson . Each problem that I solved became a rule, which served afterwards to solve other problems. = René Des Cartes 1.1 Introduction We have de of a fumetion, In the introductory article in std. X1, semester II, we had introduced the notion ofa derivative using the slope of tangent to a curve intuitively. Now we will study this application and several other applications of a derivative such as rate of change of a quantity wrt. another quantity, finding approximate values of a function at some value in its domain, equations of tangents and normals to a curve at a point and the orthogonality of curves, inereasing and decreasing functions and maximum and ‘minimum values of @ function, These mathematical concepts are used to apply differentiation to find optimum values in Physies, Eeonomies, Social Science, Biology, Chemistry ete. Des Cartes and Newton explained creation, the shape and colour of rainbows using these ideas. Geophysicists use differential calculus when studying the structure of the earth’s crust while searching for oil, 1.2 Rates of Change Let s = /(O be the equation of rectilinear motion of a particle, where 5 represents displacement at time ¢ (ie. directed distance from origin). If the displacements at time f, and 1, are respectively sd the derivative of @ function and studied several methods to find the derivative Sand sy, ils average velocity during time interval 4 — fy is given by the rao B=. Let As = 5) — 5), Ar =f) ~ 1, and average velocity = 25 ‘Similarly for any function y PIED For another example if volume V = f(r), Qe + hfe thy) 25 5s the rate of change of volume of a sphere wert rads. For a ‘smooth’ continuous curve y = f(x), let Pla, F¢0) and QC + hy fle + 1) be two y points on the curve. (Fig. 1.1) Figure 1.1 ‘AreLicavions oF Dunivarives 1fotm=foo Yihoe form fon 7 As i 0, QP, P remaining on the curve. Since the curve is ‘smooth and continuous’, o Slope of the secant PQ ° slope of tangent at P= lim (slope of PQ) oP lim foetin— foo no F FO) The slope of the tangent at P(x, f()) to the curve y 0) is (0). Example 1 : Find the rate of change of volume of a sphere w.rt. radius. Find this rate when r = 3 cm. Solution : For a sphere, V = 4nr3, where V is the volume and ris the radius of the sphere. ae 4nGP) = 4m? av (D),-s Am X 9 = 36m em¥em ‘The rate of change of volume of a sphere, wrt. radius when the radius is 3, is 36% em@/em. Example 2 : The rate of change of volume of a sphere w.rs. time is 167 cm/sec. Find the rate of hange of its surface area wit Gime et the moment when the radius is 2 om. Solution : Volume of a sphere, V = 410, where r isthe radius Volume changes wrt. time, So + and V are functions of time 1 WwW - wv, dr_ ae ar dt av 2 lor (2. = 16m msec) eS emisec ar ems Now surface area of a sphere, S = 4m? ds _ ds dr ai ae te = sre te = ane te = ane 2E = 161 onPisee 2 (dS) = BE = 16m cmisec (Gp), <2 > AE = 16% enti ‘The rate of change of surface area of the sphere is 16% m/sec, when r= 2 cm. 2 ‘Marnesarics 12 -1VExample 3 : A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and circular ripples are formed. Circular wave fronts ‘move at the speed of radius increasing at the rate of S cm/sec. How fast is the area increasing when the radius is 10 cm Solution + Area of a circle, A= 72, where 7 is the radius da _ da dr dt dr dt = ome HE = one de Now r a = 100% emisec. dh — om x 10x 5 = 1007 cm an (0 em and 42 = 5 emisee ‘The area enclosed by the waves increases atthe rate of 100 cm/sec Example 4 : Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume increases at the rate 80 cm*/sec. How fast is the radius of the balloon increasing when the diameter is 32. cm ? Solution + Volume of sphere, V= 41073, where 7 is its radius, WW dr 4, ar a dt dr’ dt $707) dt an? dt a By 32 Now 4 = 80 emseer = 32 = 16 om so = an.2s6 de de 5 cmisee tok 5 ‘The radius increases at the rate of G55 emisee Example 5: A ladder $m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled away ‘along the floor away from the wall at the rate 3 cmlsec. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall ? Solution + Let {be the Tength of the ladder. A is the end-point of the ladder on the wall. C is the point where the ladder touches the ground. AB is a part of the wall. From the figure 1.2, <2 +)? = R a ay A xf tryBoo dey yd ata ° Now /= 5 my = 4m x- (Pop 5-16 3m Figure 12 Apniicanions oP Dexivarives$= omiee (2 > 0 as_y is increasing when + increases) B 003 mise 345.4 000 =o £901 (4. <0 asx is docresing when ¢is increasing) ‘The height of the ladder on the wall is decreasing at the rate of 4 emisee. Example 6 : Find the point on the curve y = = ) wins, time is 3 times the rate of change of x wnt time, +7, where the non-zero rate of change of Solution : We have y = 33 +7. Given 2 =3 o Now # = 30-4 w From (i) and (ii) 3-48 = 32-4 we (2x = 0) xe lors ye Sor ‘The required points on y= x3 + 7 where the non-zero rate of change of y wert. 1 is 3 ti rate of change of x wrt tare (I, 8) and (1, 6) Example 7 : On a national highway, a car is driven East fat a speed of 60 km/hr and a stalf bus is driven South at a speed of 50 km/hr. Both are headed for the intersection of the roads. ‘The car is 600 m away land the bus is 800 m away from the intersection Find the rate at which the car and the bus are approaching each other: lution + © is the intersection of the roads. B represents the position of the car and A represents the position of the bus at a time. Let BC = x, AC = y ata moment. The distance between the car and the bus is B Y AB = =, From figure 1.3, 2 + 9% de dt x= 0.6 km and y = 0.8 km 2 = Ylo.6? + (0.8 = 1 km 2 Figure 13 0 kmibr, negative as x and y are decreasing funetions of time, Now, x + 97 4 ‘Maruesarics 12 -1Vdy ny ® 9, de ax GE + ay B= 22 de & beg d) = 4(0.6 (60) + 08-50) =16 kr ‘The bus and the car are approaching each other at the rate of 76 kmllr Example 8 : The total cost in rupees associated with the production of x units of an item is given by C(x) = 0.00545 — 0.0212 + 10x + 10000. Find the marginal cost, when 20 units are produced, [Note : Marginal cost means the rate of change of total cost wnt the output x] Solution + We have C(x) = 0.005x3 — 0.02x% + 10x + 10000, ac Marginal cost MC = © 0.005)8x" — (0.02)2 + 10 (FE). 45 = (0.005)1200 — (0,02)40 + 10 = 6-084 10 = 152 ‘The required marginal cost is € 15.2. Example 9 : The total revenue in rupees received from the sale of x units is given by R(x) = 10x? + 20x + 1500. Find the marginal revenue when x [Note : Marginal revenue means the rate of change of total revenue wnt, the number of units sold.) Solution : We have R(x) = 10x? + 20x + 1500 B= 20x a& = 20x + 20 (4B)... = 100420 120 ‘The marginal revenue is € 120. : The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 12 em'/sec, Find the rate at which the surface area is increasing, when the length of the edge of the cube is 10 cm. Example 1 Solution + Volume of a cube, V = s3, where x is the length of an edge ae wv dy ar dx dt ye ds a B19 om But % = 12 emisee eae de ire ae woe ay Apniicanions oP Dexivarives 5Now surface area of the cube, $= 62 ds _ ds dx a4 ts ae waex s (8) ae Daw i as Py bs 48 onilec The rate of increase of surface area is 4.8 em?isec. Example 11: A water tank isin the shape of an inverted cone. The radius of the base is 4 m and the height is 6 m. The tank is being emplied for cleaning at the rate of 2 m/min, Find the rate at Which the water level will be decreasing, when the water is 3m deep. Solution + Let the he Using similarity of triangles, 24 = 22. 4.6 roo ban BOF pa 2h 7 Now the volume of water at any time # is, Ane h v = 4h Now ‘The height is decreasing at the rate L- m/min ae ht of the water level at any instant be / and the radius of water cone be r: D Figure 14 (Volume is decreasing) ‘Maruesarics 12 -1VExercise 1.1 1, ‘The surface area of & cube increases at the rate of 12 cmPisec, Find the rate at which its volume increases, when its edge has length 5 cm Find the rate of change of volume of a cone wert its radius, when the height is kept constant. Find the rate of change of lateral surface area of @ cone wir. to its radius, when the height is kept constant, 4. The volume of a sphere increases at the rate 8 enlsec. Find the rate of increase of its surface area, when the radius is 4 cm. 5. ‘The volume of a closed hemisphere increases at the rate of 4 ombisec, Find the rate of increase of its surface area, when the radius is 4 em 6. A cylinder is heated so that its radius remains twice of its height at any moment. Find the rate of increase ofits volume, when the radius is 3 em and the radius increases at the rate 2 emisec. Find the rate of increase of its total surface area also in this ease 7. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and sipples move in circles with radius increasing at @ speed 4 omisec. At the time when the radius of a circular wave is 10 em, find the rate at Which the area enclosed by the waves increases 8. A rectangular plate is expanding. Its length x is increasing at the rate 1 cmisee and its width 1» is decreasing at the rate 0.5 emisee. At the moment when x = 4 and y = 3, find the rate of change of (1) its area (2) its perimeter (3) its diagonal. 9. A ladder 7.5 m long leans against a wall. The ladder slides along the floor away’ from the wall at the rate of 3 cm/sec. How fast is the height of the ladder on the wall decreasing, when the foot of the wall is 6 m away from the wall ? 10. A concrete mixture is pouring on ground at the rate of 8 cm*isec to form a cone in such a way thatthe height of the cone is always 4th of the radius at the time, Find the rate of increase of the height, when the radius is 8 cm 11, ‘The total cost in rupees associated with the production of x units is given by C(x) = 0.0059 — 0.00432 + 20s + 1000, Find the marginal cost when x = 10. 12. The total revenue in rupees received from the sale of x units of @ product is given by nx= 15 R(x) = 20? + 15x + 50, Find the marginal revenue wi 13. A man 2 m tall walks away at a rate of 4 m/min from source of light 6 m high from the ground, How fast is the length of his shadow changing ? 14, Area of a triangle is increasing at a rate of 4 emPisec and its alitude is increasing at a rate of 2 em/see. At what rate is the length of the base of the tiangle changing, when its altitude is 20 em and area is 30 en? 15, Two sides of a triangle have lengths 4m and 5 m. The measure of the angle between them is increasing at a rate of 0.05 radisee. Find the rate at which the area of the triangle sases, when the angle between the sides (fixed) has measure . Apniicanions oP Dexivarives 716. Two sides of a triangle have lengths 10 m and 15 m. The angle between them has the measure increasing at a rate of 0.01 radisec. How fast is the third side increasing when the angle between sides having lengths 10 m and 15 m (xed) bas measure % 2 17. The radius of a spherical balloon increases at the rate of 0.3 emisec. Find the rate of inerease of its surface area, when the radius is 5 cm. 18. If y = 3x — x4 and x increases at the rate of 3 units per second, how fast is the slope of the ‘curve changing when x = 2? 19. A particle moves on the curve y = x3, Find the points on the curve at which the y-coordinate changes wir. time thrice as fast as x-coordinate. 20. Find the points on the parabola »? ix for which the rate of change of abscissa and ordinate 1,3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions ‘We have seen in the third semester that f(x) = a", a € RY, x € R is an increasing function at the @. But this is not always possible or even convenient for all fmetions. Let us find @ of x fora> 1 graph of f(x) criterion for this Consider f(x) = 2x + 3, x € R. Here obviously, ay Sx) S/O), Vey x) € (5) 2) Sis strictly inerensing on (a, b) if x, < xz => Sl) < Slay, Wey x € (G4) (3) fis decreasing on (a, 6) (denoted by f-Y) if xy Fy) 2 FC), Vay € (a6) (4) Fis strictly decreasing on (a, b) if x, fl) > Fle Ways ¥ € (0b) 8 ‘Maruesarics 12 -1VWe say f is increasing (or decreasing or strictly inereasing or strictly decreasing) on Ror a subset of R which is a subset of its domain D, if fis increasing in every open interval (ar decreasing oo strictly increasing or strictly decreasing) which is a subset of R or of D as the ease may be, Consider following graphs Fee) = [x] _ yao Figure 16 Figure 1.7 Figure 1.6 is the graph of the increasing function f(s) = [x] in [0, 1), [1, 2). It is imereasing on R. : igure 1.7 represents the graph of a strietly increasing function, 3 x22 Hore f is decreasing for x 2 0. Figute 18 [Note =] F(6) = 32, x <0 represen the graph of a x decreasing function. (Fig. 1.9) A function increasing or decreasing at a point : Let f be defined on a domain containing an open x’ Six interval 1. Let xy € I and let some A, > 0 be so small that Gy — hy xy +A) CL If Fis increasing in (xy ~ hy xy + A), we say fis increasing at xy. ¥ If Fis decreasing in (xy — hy xp + My we say fis decreasing at xy. Figure 1.9 If f is strictly increasing in (x) — h, xp + A), we say f is strictly increasing at xy. If f is strictly decreasing in (x) — h, xy +h), we say f is strictly decreasing at xq. If f is increasing for all xy € I (decreasing, strictly decreasing or strictly increasing), then we say / is increasing (decreasing, strictly decreasing or strictly increasing) on I. Now we will find some criteria to determine the nature of a function whether increasing or decreasing, Apniicanions oP Dexivarives 9Theorem 1.1: If fis continuous on (4, b] and differentiable in (a, 5), then (1) Fis increasing on (a, b) if (12) 2 0 Vx € (a, b) (2) fis decreasing on (a, b) if f(x) $0 Vx € (a, 5) (3) Fis strictly increasing on (4, 6) if 10) > 0 We € (a, b) (4) fis strictly decreasing on (a, 6) if f"00) <0 Wx € (@ b) (5) Fis constant on (a, b) iff") = 0 Vee @ 6) Proof: Let xy € (@ B) x € (a 5) and x, < xy. Since f is continuous on [a, 4) and Uifferentiable in (a, 6), there exists © € (xy, x) CS (a b) 80 that fm) = fx) = Gy = 4) [0 (Mean value theorem) () WP) ZO, Vee GH, flO) ZO wee (ym) Cad). Since xy 0 Ol, — HzO £9) = fey 20 fle) $ fox) xy Sy > fe) S/O, Wey my € (a ) “fis increasing on (a, 6) @ tfoso, Vre@s, soso. ay Sy SSG) ESO). Vy € | D «+ fis decreasing on (a, 6). C8) PE) > 0 Vee Wd), FO>0 wy SO) Va € @ PD «fis strictly decreasing on (a, 5). 6) HPO) =0, Vee @d, MO =o. FO) ~ FH) = 0 Vay xy € (a bY » fl =fey) Vay € (@ ‘Fis a constant function on (a, b). 0 ‘Marnesarics 12 -1VExample 12 : Prove that sine fonction is set increasing in ( ole wh Solution Lsinx = cosx a 5. 4) sine Saetion i sty increasing in (~ cosx>0itxe Example 13 : Prove that f(s) is strotly decreasing on R Solution «0 = (B= 2 P() = 2 log 2 < 0 as log,2 > 0 and 2° > 0. is strictly decreasing on any interval (a, 6) CR fea) = (4) is strictly decreasing on R. Example 14 : Prove that f(x) = fame, x © R= {2k ~ DE ‘quadrant Solution + f(e) = tans ke 2} is setly increasing in every J'@) = sex > 0 Wee R= {2k- DE bez} 70) ~ tani sel increasing in all intervals ke (0, £), (E, mon et S(3) ~ tans is strictly increasing in all quadrants. Example 15 : Prove that f: R > R, f(x) = ax + b is strictly increasing for a > 0 and strictly decreasing for a < 0. Solution : f(x) = ax +b So)=a Ia > 0, f(e) > 0 and so fis strictly increasing on R. Ifa <0, f(x) < 0 and so f is strictly decreasing on R. AAs an example /(@) = Sx +7 is strietly T and f(a) = —2e + 3 is strictly U. Example 16 ; Prove that f(x) = Solution + f(@) = 37 20 fis Ton any (a, 6) CR fis Ton R 8x € Ris increasing on R. Example 17 : Prove that f: R > R, f(x) = 38 + 3x2 + Sx is strictly increasing on R. (x) = 8 + 3x2 + Se PQ) = 32 + 6+ S 3x8 + 6x +342 =30+1P +2>0, VreR ‘is strietly increasing on R Solution Apniicanions oP Dexivarives ir— 6x +15 is strictly increasing or Example 18 : Find the intervals in which f: RR, f(0) jetly decreasing. Solution : fa) = x2 — 6 +15 SQ) = 2-6 Ix <3, 2x <6 and f@) <0. J is strictly decreasing for x € (=, Ix > 3, 2x > 6 ands") > 0. (fis strictly increasing for x € (3, ©). Example 19 + Determine in which intervals the function f: R > R, f(@) is increasing and where it is decreasing, Solution : f@) = x3 = 62 = 36r +2 Sa) = 32 = 12-36 = 32 - 4x - 12) = 3(e = Ox +2) () ie <2, then x <6 x+2<0,x-6<0 F'3) = 3x = Ox +2) > 0 fis Tin (—%, -2). (Intact strictly 1) (2) WH2< <6, thene$2>0,x-6<0 PG) = He = He +2).<0 fis + in (-2, 6). ©) Thx > 6, then x+2>0,x-6>0 FG) >0 Fis Tin 6 =). Example 20 : Determine where /(2) ~ tan "sine + cose), x € (0, Mis increasing and in which interval it is decreasing Solution : f@%) = tan-Msinx + cose) ; > (casx — sins) f°) = Te Ginx Foomme Tine com (0) Wx € (0) then cose > sine (cosx € (4.1) and sine € (0, +) Also 1 + (sine + cose)? > 0 2 ‘Maruesarics 12 -1VP09 > 0 exe (0.8) Fis increasing in (0, 2), (2) xe (8, 3), cone < sine. Thus, case ~ sine <0 and ifs € 1) case <0, sine > 0 cose ~ sine <0. For s = %, cose — sine = 0 —1 = -1<0 wre (E, x), reo 0, com > 0, 80/0) > 0 For x = £, 2% > 0, cass = 0. So f(s) > 0. Itxe (3, n), x > 1 and -1 < com <0. Fe) > 0. fis (strictly) increasing in (0, 7). Example 22+ Prove (4) = log sin is increasing in (0, 8 Solution + (2) = log sinx I) = By x cose = cote > 0 in (0, J is increasing in (0, 2). Example 23 : Determine intervals in which f(e) = GEG, x > 1 it increasing and where i i decreasing Solution : $@) = Ey ogee xt og x=1 (logs (log x SQ) = (1) x 0 Fey 6, then log > 1. So logx ~ 1 > 0 and (log)? > 0 fea) >0. fis Tin (e, ©). Apniicanions oP Dexivarives 13Example 24 : Prove f(x) = 4224 is increasing on (0, 2). Solution sf = MM = sons con ~ sie cote the) eee #0) Now, 0 0. Also (xeos x)? > 0 ray > 0 sis Tin (0, Prove that cor: R— {AI | k € Z} — R is decreasing in all quadrants. Prove that cosine is a decreasing function in (0, 7). Prove that see isan increasing function in (0 Prove that cosee is an increasing funetion in Prove that f(x) = a is T, ifa > 1. 6. Prove that f(x) = loge is The @ RY 7. Determine the intervals ia which f is increasing and the intervals in which fis decreasing : (1) ROR fQ)a3e47 2 fi: ROR I(x) = 8 - Sx GB) fF ROR FO) =P -2etS O) PRIOR fx) = 9 + 3x2 ©) f: ROR fox) = 8 + 3x + 10 OF RIK foyaart— 48 — ime +s () £40, RHR, fla) ~ sin + cove @) f:ROR FQ) = -28 = 9? — 120 +1 O) fF: ROR, fa) = (e+ IP &-— 39 mf: (9) > R,—F0) = log cose i" ‘Marna 12 -1VCDs: (En) 9K, £0) = tog [cose | (12) Ff: R= {0} DR, fe) = e* 8. Prove that if is an open interval and 1.7) 1, 11 = 0) then f(a) = x + Eis triely increasing on 1 9, Prove that f(x) = x3 — 3x? + 3x + 100 is increasing on R. 10. Prove that F(2) = x10 + sine — | is inereasing on (0,1) 11, Find intervals in which fox) = x4 - whieh itis decreasing. = 5 + 38 4 11 Gs increasing and intervals in 12, Find in which intervals, f: R — R, fe) = HES which it is increasing is decreasing and intervals 13. Prove f(x) = x", x € RY is increasing if x > { and decreasing if 0 0. 18. Prove that f(x) = x? — x sinx is increasing on (0.3) 19. Prove f: R > R, f(a) = x? is increasing for x € R* and decreasing for x <0 without using. derivative test and using the definition only. 20. Prove f: R— R, fla) = 2 + 2 is increasing for x € (0, e) and decreasing for x € (=, 0). 21. Determine intervals in which following functions are strictly increasing or strictly decreasing : CY) FERAR, f= 8 — 6? ~36r 42 OF RIOR soya =a (FRIAR fo) = 6-1-2 ) fF: ROR F(8) = 2x8 — 12x? + 18x + 15 () FRE R fey =xfeFT O PRIOR fQ-F ery? (7) £20, WR) > R, f(x) = 2x + cotx 8) fF: ROR, f(a) = 2cosx + sin?x () FRR f= tog +) Apniicanions oP Dexivarives 15CDSERR, flay = x6 + 192 + 10 CODFRIR FO) = xe Ds RIR (13) f: RY RY, COS RT SR f@) =x log x 1.4 Applications to Geometry (1) Tangents and Normals : We know that if y = (4) is a differentiable function in (a, b), ‘F"Gxq) is the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at (yy /O%))s Xp & (Gs Be So a tangent to a curve y = f(s) at (xy f(s) is the line ps having slope f(xy), where yp ~ fxg). If a tangent at (xg, xq) is vertical, it does not have fg through (xy, y4) and a slope. The equation of tangent at (xq, yg) to the curve y = f(x) Is y — yy = SUK) — xp) where the tangent is not vertical. If the tangent a vertical line through (y, ¥p)s equation is x = xy. A normal to a curve y = f(x) at (xg; ¥9) isa line perpendicular to the tangent at that point and passing through (xy, yp). If the tangent is not horizontal, /"(x)) # 0. Then the slope of the normal at Gey yy) it — Fiz alee slopes my, my of perpendicular lines saity my m, s+ The equation of the normal at (xg yp) iS y — ¥9 1/0) cal, the equation of the normal at (yy ¥9) is.» = Jy. =x) Fe) #H 6, the equation of the normal at (xq. y9) is iy: If the tangent at (xp. ¥9) is Example 25 : Find the slope of the tangent and the normal toy Solution : The equation of the curve is y = x3 — 2x + 4 # yp Basta =e $4 at (1,3). © The slope of the tangent to y = x5 — 2x + 4 at (1, 3) is 1. ‘Since a normal at a point is perpendicular to the tangent at the point , its slope at (1, 3) is —1, 1) Example 26 : Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the circle x2 + y? = a? at (xy yp. Solution + The equation of the circle is x2 +»? = a (myn, = 16 ‘Maruesaries 12voy eax) o,#9) But x12 +92 = a? as (xy, 94) lies on the circle x2 +? = a, Figure 1.10 ax +9 = @ is the equation of tangent at (xy, y;) t0 the circle x? + y= a2, (y, #0) Corresponding to y, = 0, Ala, 0), Aa, 0) are two points on the eile ‘The tangents at A and A’ are verti and x Taking (. ¥4) xa-b0= aie, xa = a? of —x6 and have equations x -a respectively. (a, 0) or (a, 0) repectively in the equation xx, +39 = a? also, we get @ @ and x = —a are tangents at A and A aso ‘Atal points (xy, y_) on x? +? = a? the equation of tangent to x2 +)? = a? is any + yyy = @ ‘A normal to x2 +»? = a? is perpendicular to xx; +34 = a and passes through (x). 94): J+ Tis equation is ay, — yxy = yy — ym, = 0 The equation of the normal to x + 9? = a at (xy, ¥>) is mp, — ym = 0 and it passes ‘through the centre (0, 0) of the circle + A radius (.e. line containing radius) is always a normal to the citele. Example 27 ; Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to x? + y? at x = acos®, y= asin’, 8 € [0, 3) (a>0) Solution : See that x? + y = (acas3®)* + (asin@)? = a (cos + sin?8) sine ‘The equation of the tangent at (acos%®, asin*®) is» — asin’® = — 225 (x — acos*®) pe0s8 — asin®® cos® = —xsin ® + asin® coP® Apniicanions oP Dexivarives 7xin + yeos = asin0 cos0 (sin20 + cos?) asin® cos J ‘The equation of the tangent at (acos*®, asin'®), @ € (0.5) sin + yeos0 = asinO cos ‘The equation of the normal at (acos*®, asin) is xcos0 = ysin® = acos% cos ~ asin'@ sin = a(cos*® — asin*®) = a(cos*O ~ sin0)(cos?0 + sin?) = ac0328 ‘The equation of the normal at (acos*O, asin®0) is xcasO — ysinO = acos20. ‘Example 28 : Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to y? = 4ax at (a, 2at) Solution : The equation of the curve is y? = dar. y 4a treo ° x ‘The equation of the tangent at (a? 2at) is Yo dat = He aPy we y 2a =~ a Figure ttt x — t + at = 0 is the equation of the tangent to 9? = das at (a2, 2at) where ¢# 0 ‘The equation of normal at (at, 2af) is tx + y = sat) + 2ar. be + y — 2at — ab = 0 is the equation of the normal to y? = da at (a, 2a. (¢# 0) Now if ¢ = 0, the corresponding point on parabola is (0, 0). The tangent at (0, 0) is vertical ‘and its equation 6. Normal at is perpendicular to x = 0 and passes through (0, 0), Hence its equation is y = 0. [sx—2 parallel to 4x — 2y + 5 = 0. Solution + The slope of the line 4x — 2y + 5 = 0 is m Example 29 : Find the equation of the tangent to 6 ‘Marnesarics 12 -1VThe slope of tangent to y = J3x—2 must be 2 as parallel lines have same slopes. a. Har Since y = Y5E=2 isthe equation of the cure, os ke We? 9= 1638-2) Let (x9, yp) be the point of contact. =1 -4 = then xy = 4(2+2) = 4b, yy = x=? The equation of tangent at (m= 2) Dy = 18 = abr — 4 48 — 24y = 23 is the equation of the tangent to y= Y3x=2 parallel to 4x — 2y + 5=0 [Werify that 48x ~ 24y = 23 is parallel to 4v ~ 2y + § = 0 and is not coincident with dy 2y + 5=0) Example 30 : Find the points on x2 + y? ~ 2x —3 = 0 at which the tangents are parallel to X-axis. Solution + The equation of the curve is x2 +»? — 2x — wtayB—200 ® ‘The tangent is parallel to X-axis, So its slope is zero. Now, 1? + 9? = 2x = 1#y2-2-3-0 @=) yaa yot2 ‘The tangents at (1, 2) and (1, ~2) to the circle are y = + 2 and they are parallel to X-axis Example 31 : Find the point or points on y = x4 — 11x + 5 at which the equation of the tangent is peso Solution © The equation is y= x8 — 1x + 5, & sp Pase- 1 0 ‘The slope of y= x — 11 is 1 ‘The slope of the tangent is 1 a Bet Apniicanions oP Dexivarives 19ged (using (i) a= iz 2 x=t2 Ifx=2y=x3- liv+5= 9.1. £ Point of contact may be (2, -9) or (=2, 19), At (2, -9), the equation of the tangent is p+ 9 = I(x — 2) (slope = 1) yexoll But the tangent at (2, 19) cannot have equation y =u = 11 as (2, 19) does not lie on ‘The tangent at (2, 9) has equation y =x — 11 +: Show that tangents to y= Tx? + 11 at x = 2 and at x = —2 are parallel. Example 3 Solution + The equation of the curve is y= 7x3 + 11 aye Paix = 84 at x= 42 x= 2, y= 78 + 11 = 67. fx =-2, y= 45. ‘The equations of tangents at (2, 67) and (2, 45) are respectively y — 67 = 84(x — 2) and yb AS = Bae +2), (m = 84) Sax — y= 101 and 84x — y + 123 = 0 are equations of the tangents at (2, 67) and (2, 45) respectively They are having same slopes and are distinet lines. ‘They are parallel. Example 33 : Find the equation of the normal to x? = 4y passing through (1, 2) Solution The equation of the curve is 4 wee hae ox a? ‘The slope of the normal at (xq, yg) is #0) ‘The equation of the normal at (xp. ¥4) is. — yy =~ = x) o IF i passes throwsh (1,2), 2—3y = EU ee = 40) ‘The equation of the normal at (2, 1) is» — (using x+y =3 isthe equation of the normal to x2 = 4y passing through (I, 2) 0 ‘Maruesarics 12 -1VExample 34: di + Vv = Je is constam. (c > 0). (#0, 9 #0) Prove that the sum of the intercepts (if they exist) on axes by any tangent to Solution + The equation of the curve is Vx + Vy = VE ee We * ay & o #--fe WF) ‘The fie y x Eke (#09, #0) Eth ato k (xp yp lies on Jz + VY = Je) co te imorsets axes at (fy VE. OO. yore). The sum of the intercepts on axes is J Ve + Yuive = eu + dm ‘The sum of the intercepts of any tangent to Vx + Vy = vc on axes is constant. Example 38 : Prove that any normal to x= acos® + a@ sin®, y = asin® — a® cos® is at a constant distance from origin. 0 # EE, ke Z Solution :Sinee x = acas® + a9 sin® and y = axin® ~ a8 cos® EE = —asin® + asin® + a8 cos® = a cos & = acos0 — a cos0 + ad sind = 00 sinO ose (cos® # 0) i. The slope of the normal at @-point is S252, (sind #0) ‘Arruicarions oF Denwvarives 2oF (x acox0 — a0 sind) ‘The equation ofthe normal at ®-point is (y— asin + af cos®) = sin — asin®® + a sin cos =—xc0s0 + acas?® + a0 sin® cos (c0s® + sin?®) xcos0 + ysinO = a is the equation of the normal at O-point, (0#4E) xc050 + ysin® distance fom origin is, then p= TOT tat ~ oor e+ sie |a| which is a constant, [What happens if @ = AZ 2) (2) Angle between two curves = “The measure of the angle between two curves is defined to be the measure of the angle Between the tangents to them at thei point of A it: Let y = f(x) and Gs) are differentiable in (a, 6). If they interseet at (xy yy Xp € (a b). The measure Of of the ven by tersection. #60), ¥ € (a, 6), be equations of two curves and f(x) and angle between them is ames =| gpa. sna. - | AAlso the slopes of tangents at (p. 3g) are f(x) and (x) So m, = f"G%p) and my = gry). Hence the result If f(a) #'G%y) = AsO = E and we say the curves interscet orthogonally. If f(x) = g'G%q)s the curves touch each other at (¥py 79) Example 36 : Prove that x2 — y2 = 5 and 4x? + 9y2 = 72 intersect orthogonally at every point of imorsection Solution + Let us first find the points of intersection Poy=5, a tor=2 © 42 = 4y? = 20 using 2? = y? wo Solving (i) and (i), 139? = 52 PA Soy- 42 eaans 5 X= 9, Sox=43 ‘The points of intersection are (3, 2), (3, -2), (3, -2), (-3, 2). fi dy For the fist curve 2x ~ 2% = 0 ‘The slope ofthe tangent to x2 — 32 = $ denoted by'm is given by my a For the second curve 8x + 187 2 ‘Maruesarics 12 -1V‘The slope of the tangent to 4x? + 9)? = 72 at (x x) denoted by my is given by my =~ ax oF Atal the points of intersection the curves (hyperbola and ellipse) intersect orthogonally. mm, = Example 37 : Prove that y = x3, x2 + 32 2 are orthogonal, Solution + The slope of the tangent to y= ax at (% 3) is denoted by my. Som, = = sax2 2 +3)? = 6 implies 2 + 6y B= 0 ‘The slope of the tangent to x? + 3y® = 5? at (x 9) is denoted by my. Som, = = — =I as at the point of intersection y = ax mms = Gar?) (-35) The curves intersect at right angles. [The curves do intersect as substituting y ‘This equation has a solution.) ax? in x2 + 3p? = B2, we get x? + 3026 = 6% Example 38 : Find the measure of the angle between x2 + y2— 4x —1= 0 and x2 +) —2y—9=0. Solution : The equations of curves are a? +)? — 4x—1=0, x2 +y?—2y-9=0. At the point of intersection, x2 + y? = 4x + 1 = 2y +9. ax 2y den-ya4 yemn4 Substituting y = 2e— 4 in +)? = 4-10, 2+ Qr— 4 4r—1 5x2 — 20x + 15 = 0 aa +3 x © 3 or 1. So comespondingly y = 2x — 4 = 2 or -2 ‘The points of intersection of the circles are (3, 2) and (1, ~2) Now for®4y#=4x—1=0, 20+ 2» —4=0 o and for? +3? = 279 = 0, 2 2p B 2H =o, « 16a ye ising (a () ACG, 2:6 +47 a= 0, GHA — 27 =O (Using () and For x? +)? = 4x — 1 = 0 slope of tangent m, = — For x2 +9? — 2y—9 = 0 slope of tangent my = —3 (vs) a) say 2-4 - reo (Using 6) and 4, As before m= —4, tance = Apniicanions oP Dexivarives 23at ‘The circles interscet at both the points at an angle having measure Example 39: Where does the normal to x2 — ay + 92 = 3 at (1, 1) intersect the curve again ? Solution a2 — ay +)? = 3 is the equation of the curve w= (eH as)ey®—o wenn 2-EB+ieoe 3 & The spe of ie ngent t t s Et So the slope of the normal at (1, 1) is ‘The equation of the normal at (1, 1) is y— 1 = —1 (+ 1) x+y =O is the equation of the normal at (-1, 1) ‘To find the points of intersection, let us solve x+y =O and x? —ay + y2=3 Substitution y = —x in x? — ay + y? = 3, 3253 xetl Since x = —y, the point of intersection is (1, 1) asx # —1 The normal drawn at (=I, 1) imerseets the curve at (1, =I). [(-1, 1) is the point at which normal is drawn. So it is the foot of the normal. Hence x # —1,] Prove that 25 = 22 = 1 (@ #0) and sy = & cannot iterseet orthogonally Example 4 Ssaton + Ope othe aun sf = 2 2x _2y dy oop a? The slope of the tangent to the curve, m = 2 = BE (Why y #0) ‘The other curve has equation xy = c? The Hope ofthe tangent tte cam mms (SICA) ‘The curves (hyperbolas) cannot intersect at right angles. PT ‘Marnesarics 12 -1V Be ntasa ee1, Find the equation of the tangent to 25 ~ 2 = 1 at Gy, yp. 2. Find the equation of the tangent to y? = dar at (xy, 9») 3. Find the slope of the tangent to y =x3 + Sx +2 at 2, 20), 4. Find the slope of the normal to 3? = 4x at (1,2). 5. Find the equation of the tangent to y? = 16x, which is parallel to the line 4x — 6, Find the equation of the normal to y7 perpendicular to the line 2x — y — 1 = 0, > yt 2 2 7. Prove that the curves Ba tn Ea + PE = | ert ontop they intersect. (Ay # Ay) 8. Prove that portion of any tangent to x = acos*@, y = asin*@ intercepted between axes has constant length 9, Prove that 2x? + y? = 3 and y? = x intersect at right angles. 10. Prove that circles x? + y? = ax and x? + y? = by are orthogonal. 1 ine a (1) (2) Where does it interseet the curve again ? 12, Find equation of tangent 10 x = 0x0, y= sin® @ € [0, 2) at O= &. 13, Find equation of tangent to y = 4x — 2x5 passing through origin, 14, @, 3) lies ony? = ax + b. The slope of the tangent at (2, 3) is 4. Find a and b. 15. The slope of the tangent to xy + ax + by = 2 at (I, 1) is 2. Find @ and b, 16. Find the equation of tangent to x = a(0 — sin), y ~ a1 — cas®). 17. Prove that parabola 3? = x and hyperbola xy = & intersect at right angles, if 8k 18. Where does the normal to y =x — x? at (1, 0) intersect the curve again ? 19. Find a, b if tangent to y = ax? + be at (I, 1) is y = 3x — 2. 20. Find the equation of tangent to x3 + y? = 6xy at (3, 3). At which point is the tangent horizontal or vertical ? 21, Prove xy = 2, ¢ #0 and? — y2 = 2 & #0 intersect orthogonally. (Compare : Example 40) 22, Find the equation of the tangent to given curves at given point ® a (5.3) @) at (-1, 4v2) ® aad 4 2) (5) 262 + 22 = 2507-32) at G1) 23. Find points on x2y? + xy = 2 where tangent has slope ~1 Apniicanions oP Dexivarives 2524, Find the measure of the angle between CG) y= y=@- 2p @ #-y= 25. Find the equations of tangents to y Pode t= 0 ©. -as(x + y) parallel to x + 2; 26. Pind he equations of tangents oy = Ly. # 1 parle he ie Fy + °. 27, Prove hat £ + Z = 2 touches (2) + (FY = 2 for alt © N— (1) the pont of comast being (6 28, X-axis touches y = ax} + bx? + ex + 5 at P(-2, 0) and intersects Y-axis at Q. The slope of the tangent at Q is 3. Find a , 1S Approximation and Differentials Error : We know that tim L@+/= foo noo a and x € (a bx +h (a, Bp. "(a), where fis a differentiable function in (a, b) If h is ‘very small’, Luth= foo A F+W FO) = Heh + wih. Let f(x +) — f(x) = ASG) and b= G+ hy = F's) + u(h) where u(h) isa function of hand as h —> 0, u(h) 0. Ax, As) is a ‘small’ change in /(x) caused by a ‘small’ change Av in x. Ase = sede + way de S'COAK is called differential of y Ay = dy + wo de Since w(Ax\Ax is very small and can be neglected, we say dy is an approximate value of Ay ‘SF(8) and is denoted by dy. Also Af(x) = Ay. and we write Ay = dy. Also dy = f'Q)Ax o Moreover for the function » = x, f") = 1 de = 1 Ae FFor the independent variable x, Ax = di. ‘Thus from (i) dy = fax = feed «ay = re- dy _ dy) * ®@® On LS. we have derivative of y = (2) and is not a ratio, but on RILS. We have a ratio {2 of differential of y and differential of 26 ‘Maruesarics 12 -1VAy is also called an error in calculation of £3) o Ay = dy = sex. Moreover f(x + Ax) Interpretation of Sos) + F*eodx, © D2) By = ApS 6g* A) Geomets Ast) igure 1.13 Let Aig, f(%4)) be a point on the curve y = fC. Blay + At, (ip + Ar), is also on the curve. C is the point on the tangent at A to the curve y= (8) lying on the vertial line through B. "(iq) (X= x5) {f"Cxg) is slope of the tangent) The equation of the tangent at A is y — yo = ACC, x = xy + Any pcoordinate of Cy = yy + (y+ Ary — a9) /'G) = fla) + £6) Ary = 100) + Dig, 9 CD = pvoordinate of C — f(%) = Ba, 54) Af(ag) = Avg BD = foxy + Arp) — fle) Ave — Ne, 5) ‘As B moves nearer and nearer to A on the curve, BC —> 0. Hence dy = Ay, ‘Thus f(y + Any) = flay) + /"G5,) Ary is called the approximate value of f(x) for x xy + Avy obtained by linear approximation using tangent to y ~ f(s. ‘Example 41 : Obtain approximate value of J701 and J99 using differentiation, Solution : Let f() = Vx, x € RY Let x = 100 and x + Ax = 101 (We know Ji00-) Ava 1, (Ar=x4 Ar = x= 101 ~ 100) = 0.05 7 a P00 = Sh > Wie = 30 Now f(r + Aw) = fQ) + 1) Ax 2 Apniicanions oP DexivarivesF(101) = f(100) + 7°00) Ax = Ji00 + (0.051) = 10.05 An approximate value of TOT is 10.05. For J99, let x= 100, x-+ Ar = 99, Ar ==I (Ax = 99 — 100 = 99 = £199) = f(100) + f*(100) Ax = 100 + (0.05y-1) = 10 — 0.05 = 9.95 a ind approximate value of (65). Example 42 [Note : We will henceforth not use the phrase “using differentiation’ but it is implied.) so Ase) = sede = Example 43 : Find san 46°, Solution : Let f(x) = tanx and x = #, xeR={(2k-y§lkez} (45° = £8) a - 5 #10) = sectx = (WZ = 2 AsO) = fy dx = 2-5 sh 28 ‘Marnesarics 12 -1Vtans6° = tans? + A f(s) 214k ‘An approximate value of ran 46° is 1+ Example 44 : Find approximate value of (1) cos“! (-0.49) (2) sec“ (2.01) -05, Ax = 001 =F. Alo) = £10) Av = Solution = (1) Let f() = cos'x, cos! (0.49) = cos! (-0.5) + ASCO =n oor! 03) ZR Ry Se <2 op 3 7 Soe Another method : Let f(x) = cos“lx, x = 0.5, Ax = —0.01 cas! (0.49) = 1 — cos! (0.49) = & — (cos! (0.5) + f(x) Ax) - (Jeon oy sods (2) Let fx) = sete, x = 2, Av = 0.01 1 , 1 Tp Are =rad= ah sec“! (-2.01) = me = see“! @.01) =~ (see!2 + fe Aw) ‘Example 45 : Find approximate value of (1) log,10.01 (2) logigl0.1_ (3) log,(e + 0.1) 0.4343, Jog, 10 = 2.3026) (logyoe Solution = (1) Let f(@) = loge Let x ol 0, Ax = 0.01, #9 ten x 70 ASG) = Se) Ax = 0.001 Jog,(10.01) = log,10 +") Ae 2.3026 + 0.001 = 2.3036 (Actually log, 10.01 = 230358459...) Apniicanions oP Dexivarives 29(2) Let f9) = logyo% = Faget = lB Togo = (0.4343) log, Let x = 10, Av= 0.1 Je) ~ MB ~ 98888 — oo4s4s AS) = FG) Ax = (0.08343) (0.1) = 0.004343 logig(10.1) = logig10 + f°) Ax = 1004343 (Actually logy9(10.1) ~ 1.00852137...) (3) Let f@) = log, ¥ =e, Av = 0.1 on Faye tet, ape ssreae- ane log.(e + 0.1) & loge +7") Av oy4le = 14 qh = 103678704 (Actually itis 1.0367879441...) Example 46 + If there is an error of x % in the measurement of radius of a sphere, what is the approximate error in the measurement of volume and surface area ? Solution + There is x % error in the radius arn Volume of sphere, V = Sree Ww 4, B= Amar?) = ance? mor in volume AV = Ar = 4m. aE ‘There is approximately 3x % error in the volume. Surface area $= 472 sn as, Emror in surface area AS = 4S Ar sr 2 ram) 8 100 ‘There is approximately 2+ % error in surface area 30 ‘Maruesarics 12 -1VExample 47 : The radius of a sphere is measured as 7 m with error of 0.02 m. What is the spproximate eror in the volume ? Solution : For a sphere, volume V = 42 m, Ar = 0.02 m w dr ay = 4n(49)(0.02) 3.92 mB ‘There is approximately 3.92 1m? error in the volume ‘Example 48 : Find the approximate error in the surface area of a cube with edge x cm, when the edge is increased by 2%. Solution : $ = 6x2, Av = 2% Bi Bin a = a AS = or Ae AS @ Ie A = 12. = 6x4) _ ag. ‘There is approximately 4 % increase inthe surface area, Example 49: Prove that fora triangle insribed in a etcleof constant radius, sides change according to ee + he + BS = 0 in usual notation, if da, db, de are small be Solution = We have Gx = Ey = GEE = 2R acconting to sine ra a= 2RsinA, b = 2RsinB, ¢ = 2RsinC, R constant. da _ db de 44 = aRcoss, 4b = 2RcosB, 4o ReasC da = 42 AA = 2Reosh AA ete da, db, de work + cosh + Gost R(AA + AB + AC) R(A(A + B+ C)) R AT) win + wien + ae Example 50 increase in area, when the radius is $ em. When a circular plate is heated, its radius increases by 0.1 em. Find the approximate APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 3MSolution + For a eitele, area A = Tt da _ = one AA = 4B Ar = amr Ar = 2m(5)(0.1) ease in area approximately Example 51 : If f(x) = cosy, find the differential dy and evaluate dy when x = and Av = 0.01 Solution : y = f(@) = cose PQ) = ~sine. So f(E) = -sinE ay = P(e) Ax = (0.50001) dy = 0.005 Example 2 : Prove that if J is very small, sink = A Solution : Let f(x) = sinx, x = 0, x+ Av=h S'8) = cos, (0) = c0s0 = | fle + Ax) = f0)+ fy Ae ft) = FO* HOH = do sinh = sin0* cos0-h sinh = h, i h is small, Find approximate value (1 to 12) 1. J037 2. (0.999) 3. (80)" 4. 255% 399)? 6. G2)? 7. 0s 29° 8 sin6 1° 9. tan31° 10, log,(100.1) LL, logy9(10.01) 12. (16.1) 13. If the radius of a cone is twice its height, find the approximate error in the calculation of its volume, when the radius is 10 em and the eror in the radius is 0.01 em. 14. If there is an error in measuring its radius by Ar, what is the approximate error in the volume of a sphere? 15. Kinetic energy is given by k= Lnn2, For constant mass there is approximately 1 % increase in the enorgy. What increase in the vslosty » which caused it ? 16. Area of a triangle is calculated using formula A = LabsinC. 1f © = % and there isan error in ‘measuring C by x %, what is the percentage error in area approximately ? a, b are kept constant at art 17. Find approximate value of /(3.01) where f(s) 2 ‘Marnesearies 12 -1V18. Find approximate value of f(1.05) where f(x) = 2x? ~ 3x + 5. 19, Find the approximate increase in the volume of a cube when the length of its edge increases bby 0.2 em and its edge has length 10 cm. 20, Find the approximate inerease in the total surface area of a cone when its height remains constant fand the radius increases by 2% at the time when its radius is 8 em and the height is 6 em. 21, Find approximate value of cos AHL, knowing the value of cos. 1.6 Maximum and Minimum Values We have seen some applications of differential calculus. Now we will lean an important application of differential calculus to optimization problems. |We may wish to find maximum volume of a box, minimum cost of a can to contain fixed quantity of fruit juice or minimize the cost and maximize the profit et Definition : A function f bas an absolute or global maximum at ¢ if /(e) 2 f(a), We € Dy, € € Dy and a function has an absolute or global minimum at ¢ if f(c) $ Sx), Wee Dace 2, Son Dy. Definition + A function f defined on an interval I has a local maximum value at ¢ © if for some h > 0, (¢ —h,c +h) CU and f(c) 2 f(x), Wx € (C — hyo +h). .¢ maximum and minimum values are also called the extreme values of ‘A function f defined on an interval I has a local minimum value at ¢ € I, if for some H>O(C—metM EI and Se) Sf, We € (e- eth. {F00)~ sing, € R takes sla maximum for = (in +1) B,€ Zand global minimum =I for x = Gn + 38, n © Z. Conser f) =, x € R Since P20 Vee R F(0) = 0 is global minimum as well as local, minimum but f has no global maximum, But if the domain of f is restricted to [-3, 5} say, it has a global maximum /(5) = 25. igure 114 ‘AvPLicavions oF Denivarives 38‘The function f(x) no extreme value in R, Bx © R has Look at following graph, Figure 115 Figure 1.16 See that the global minimum occurs at x = a in (a, a’] and the global maximum occurs at x = d. F(O) is local maximum and f(c) and f(e) are local minimum values. Also global minimum occurs at ‘an end-point of the interval but global maximum occurs at an interior point of the domain. Now we assume following result without giving proof. ‘The Extreme Value Theorem + If a function f is continuous on (4, bly f attains its global maximum value at some c € [4, 6] and global mi some d € [a, b|- ‘These are called extreme values of the function. y [Fo 1) ra |ra = x = x @ © Figure 1.17 In figure 1.17(a) both maximum and minimum values of f oceur at an interior point of fa, 6). In figure 1.17(b) the maximum occurs at ¢ € (a, 6) and minimum at d = 6. In figure 1.17(6), there are ‘two maxima (je, more than one). ™ ‘Marnesearies 12 -1VLook at figure 1.18. Here the domain of the function is [1, 4] but the funetion is dise Is finuous at x range is (0, 4). For no x © [1, 4], 09 "The function has no maximum, Hence, we have kept the assumption that ‘is ‘continuous’ in the extreme value theorem, But a discontinuous function could well oo 123 4 have maximum and minimum value F(0) = x in (O, 2) has no maximum or ‘minimum but f(x) = x in (0, 2] has maximum of 123 4 FO um f(0) = 0, For f(8) = x, Figure 118 y : Look at figure 1.19 i The function is continuous on (0, 4), but it ‘ ' has neither maximum nor minimum value. The 5 H range is (1, ©). Hence, the condition ‘closed > | incval” caters in the extese vale theorem See that in figure 1.196), we st f(“F*)=2*y Which is larger than fc). where x, € (0.2). No Fe) can be maximum. Similarly (4) < fx), 80/0) thas no minimum value. Mii of Reis Band wigin of OR x 2) se an ay Thus we get a larger valve /{ vis Jp santa ae f($) a hn value at A aay al 2S) ca) ‘There is no maximum or no minim, Faweh18) y Look at the graph (figure 1.20) ‘fhas a local maximum at x =e. In (oo) (e~ he)fis increasing and therefore AN PC) >0. In (c+ Wi, fis decreasing ' and so f(x) < 0, As x takes values : a in (© ~ hc + A) and passes through © f"C) changes from positive to negative. Also f'(c) = 0. Similarly at x = d, has @ local minimum and f" changes sign from negative to positive and /"(d) = 0. APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 35 Figure 120‘Thus we accept the following theorem without proof. If f bas a local maximum or local minimum at ¢ and if 0. ‘Theorem 1.2 (Fermat's Theorem) : Sis differentiable at c, then f"(c ‘Although this is only a necessary condition and not sufficient, For f(x) = x5, f'(0) = 0 but it does not have a maximum or minimum. Such ® point where the graph crosses its horizontal tangent is called a point of inflexion. For f(x) = 28, (0, 0) is a point of inflexion. At (0, 0) tangent is horizontal Figure 121 y Also fmay have an extreme value at x= 6 and f may not be differentiable ate x P() ~ || has minimum at x = 0. 9 F(0) = || = 0 is minimum value of SO) ~ [x] but fis not differentiable for x= 0. Figure 1.22 Hence we define, A Critical Number (Point) : A er such that /"(c) = 0 oF fis not di Thus if has a local maximum or local minimum at x = ¢, ¢ is a critical number of f- ferentiable at ©. ‘We now state following first derivative test from above discussion. First Derivative Test + Let f be defined in an open interval I= (a, 6). ¢ € Lis a critical point of f and f ix continuous at . (A) If there exists @ positive number # such that (¢ — hy ¢ +h) C1, f") > 0 in (chy 6) and /"(8) <0 in (cc +h), then f has a local maximum value at 6. 2) IF there exists a positive number such that (e — ke +H) CL (4) <0 in (€ — A, 6 and f'Q) > 0 in (© € + M), then f has a local minimum value at e. GB) I F"C) does not change sign as x takes values in (¢ — h, € + M) for any h > 0, JF bas neither maximum nor minimum value at x = c, Such a point is called a point of inflexi 36 ‘Marnesearies 12 -1VFor some ht > 0 Sometimes, it may not be easy to handle first derivative test. ‘Then we may use following second derivative test. Second Derivative Test : Let f be defined on an interval I= [a, b]. Let ¢ € (a, 6). Suppose JMC) exists. Then (@) fhas local maximum at x = if (0) = 0, FC) <0. SiS) =O" > 0. (3) The test fails to give any conclusion if f"(e) = f"e) = 0. (2) has local minimum at x = Note + £"(@) <0, f'(e) = 0 means f"(x) is decreasing at x = € and since f(e) = 0 J") changes from tye to ve. c+ FG) has a local maximum at x = Similarly if £"(c) > 0, f"(0) = 0 we can conclude that /() has a local minimum at x = Pa — a,x © RTL {0} ind the critical points for f(x) Example $3 Solution : f@) = 4x? — x? £1) = 0, if x and /"@) does not exist at x = 0 but 0 € Dy, ‘The ericital points are 0 and 3. Example $4 : Find local maximum or minimum values of f(x) = |x]. x © R |, 0 € Dy So 0 is a critical point and the second derivative Solution + fis not differentiable at x of f does not exist at x = 0. forte x20 x x * 1 if x>0 and fay==1 if <0. JC) changes from negative to positive as x passes through 0 and fis not differentiable atx= 0, ‘F°G%) changes from negative to positive as x changes from (—h, 0) t0 (0, M), h > 0. ‘Fhas a local minimum value f(0) = 0 at x = 0. f has no maximum value. ‘AvPLicavions oF Denivarives 7To find extreme values for a function defined on a closed interval (a, 6]. @ (2) Find values of fat end-points. id local ma 1um and local minimum values of ‘The largest of the values obtained in (1) and (2) is global maximum and the smallest of the values ‘obtained in (1) and (2) is the global minimum value of f- Example 55 : Examine for maximum and minimum values : f(x) = 3x4 — 16x3 + 182, x € [-1, 4] Solution + f() = 3x4 = 16x3 + 18%? P= 128 = 8x2 + 360 12x02 = 4e +3) 12x (e— ee 1) P18) = 09 = 0, 1 0F3, PG) = 362 — 964 + 36 F"0) = 36 > 0, 10) = -24 <0, "8 = 72> 0 ++ (0) is local minimum and f(0) = 0 is local minimum. Ffbas local maximum at x = | and f(1) = 5 is local maximum. ‘Phas local minimum at x= 3 and f(3) = ~27 is local minimum. Local maximum oF minimum values ean occur only at an interior point of {-1, 4} For global maxinum and minimum values, consider f(-1) and /(4).. SV) = 37, fd) = 32 FO) = 0, FU = 5, fG)=-27, FED = 37, fA) = 32 A(H1) = 37 is global maximum oceuring at an end-point. £G) = 27 is global minimum and it occurs at an interior point 3 € (-1, 4). Example 86 : Find maximum and minimum values of the funetion f(x) = x3 — 12x + 1, x € [-3, 5] Solution | £6) =x8 = 1x +1 2 fi) = Bet 12 3 — 2 +2) SG) ~ 0 => x= 42 £"G) = 6 FQ) = 12>0 fQ)= 8 = 24+ 1 ==15 is local minimum value. SD ==12<0 2) = 8 +24 + 1= 17 is local maximum value Moreover, f(-3) = 27 +3641 = 10, (5) = 125-60 +1 = 66 S(2) = -15, f(-2) = 17 38 ‘Marnesearies 12 -1V1) JQ)= Example $7: 16 is global maximum and 15 is global minimum. id minimum values of the funetion f(x) = 3x8 — Sx¥ — 1, x € (+2, 2] @) = 1sxt = 15e% Is? = 1) 15x? Or — Ie + 1) PQ) =0 = x= 0 orx=41 I") = 60x = 308 1d maximum Solution sr) = 30> 0 FQ) == is local minimum value. PIN = 3060 fo”) But /"(@) = 0 Second derivative test fails. Ps) = 1522 (= e+) P>0,itx40 WHI 0andx-1<0 PQ) <0 for-1 sine ~ 4 xe CRM x #(B) ~~ VF is tocat miniraum value at x =~. ® PLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 9cos SE = 2eos(%—F ~ =2eos8 V5 <0 = S42 (4) = J5 = 5 is local maximum value sl SM) = % — 2cosm = H+2 f(® F(M%) = % + 2 is global maximum value. é 1 = 2cos(-n) = —W — 2eose = — +2 J(-¥) =—J3 - 4 is global minimum value. Example $9 : Fis Solution : Now f'() = maximum and minimum values of f(x) = 4x + cote; x € (0, ™) — cores 0 cosects x€ (0, J") = ~2eoseex (—eosecx cots) aeosecs cone £(2) <2 J >0, RB) = 85 <0 (E) = 2% + JG is local minimum value at and f(2E) = 8 — JF is tocal maximum value at x = 3. [Why no global maximum or global minimum 7] Example 60 : Prove that out of all rectangles with given area, the square has minimum perimeter. Solution + Let the given area be A and the Iengths of the sides of the rectangle be x and y. Now perimeter of the rectangle, p = 2x + 2y n2e4 28 (Since x is the side of a rectangle, x > 0) Since x = y the rectangle becomes a square 0 ‘Marnesearies 12 -1Vap Also £2 de ‘The perimeter is minimum when the rectangle becomes a square, = 2A Example 61 : Find point P on y? = 8x nearest to A(JO, 4) and also find minimum distance AP. Solution + Parametric equations of a parabola are (a?, 2a) Here 4a ‘A ypical point on the parabola is P(2P, 4p, Now AP? = (2? — 10)? + (4r— 4)? if — 4022 + 100 + 1672 — 324 + 16 4d — 24? — 32r4 116 168 ~ 481-32 = 16(# = 3¢= 2) 16 + 1 = 1 = 2) 16 + 1-2) SO = 096-1 ort=2 Let fe (CIA, 141) where b> 0. Lets BIDS Ath <1 th ie hen ch PO) = 160+ WRU 2) «ety = 16423 Fy) > OIF 0< 1 <3 F*0 does not change sign in 1 = A, =1-+ 1) ‘Phas no maximum oF minimum at ¢ S10 = 482 — 48 #80) = 192 = 48 = 144 >0 ‘FCO is minimum, if = 2 Soa lth AP? is minimum for ¢= 2. For ¢= 2, P is (8, 8). HP, &, then AP= 0-8) + (8—4)? = fre = 295 is minimum ‘The point nearest to A(IO, 4) and lying on 32 = Be is PCB, 8) Example 62 : Find the maximum area of a rectangle inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r. Solution : Let us consider the semi-circle in upper half-plane of X-axis Let AGs 9) be one vertex of the rectangle in the fist quadrant. Obviously other vertices are Bex, 0), Cr, 0) and Dx. 9) ‘AvPLicavions oF Denivarives 41AD = 2x, AB = ‘The area of the rectangle f(3) = 239 t Also 2 + 2 = 2 D fe) v>o x & fs) = PoP c 9 8 2. fe) = 2p Pog? + 2A S09 =2f ator Figue 123 fe) = 22-24) (4) 2-2 an + ES] -8<0 ‘tea is maximum fora squate and maximum area is A = 24y = 2- fee ‘Marnesearies 12 -1VExample 63 : A cylinder is inseribed in sphere of radius R. Prove that its volume is maximum if its 28 hight is 2B Solution : Let the radius andthe height of the cylinder be r and h respectively. Then RE= 2 ‘Volume of the cylinder, V = @2h ven(e- 2a = ARH — Eh A. meg? — aH aE = maar? — 3°) Figure 1.24 28 ‘The volume of the cylinder is maximum if b= 3% Maximum volume is 2h = w-(R? ~ 2) n = n(n? — B)28 one BYR _ ame’ we Example 64 : A eylindrical canis to be made to hold | Jol. Find its radius and height to minimize the cost Solution : The cost of making the can is minimum, if the metal used to make the can is minimum, Its (otal surface area S is given by S = 2-2 + 2mtrh Now the volume V = Tw?h and 1 litre is 1000 cm’, V = th = 1000 hoa am $= 2m? + amr x 28 hem = on + 2m Sane MB oP r=(ay Figure 125, 25 oan OP oo Surface area and hence the cost is ‘Thus the height of the eylinder should equal its diameter for minimum cost APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVESExample 65 : Find the point on the line y = 2x — 3 nearest to origin Solution : Let M = (x, 2x — 3) be any point on the given line. OM? = 2+ Qr—3P = 58-1249 Let fa) = 5e°= 1249 SFG) = 10r= 12 4 Also f"@a) = 10 > 0 Distance OM is minimum if x = wea Figure 1.26 Find the maximum and minimum values of following functions (1 to 15): Lose KER se xeR 3. f= tetsy? rer 4. fee) = 2eose + sin? xeR Fe) = log, +) xeR 6. fle) = xe* © [0,2] 7. fay = Met xe [3] 8 f0) = fi6— 7 Ix1s4 9. f= xe [L2] 10. f) = sine + cose xe (0, 2m] li. fo) = ES x€ (0, 2m] 12. fo) ~ sia o igure 127 Slope of tangent at P = 2a. eat ° | te = 2a (PQ is a tangent) =e) Sinilay, R= 1, 1,2) S(1,-2) ‘The equation of PQ is y—2= 20-1) yr2amw-2 de-yo0 e Similarly, the equation of 88 is 2x + y The equations of common tangent are 2x — y= 0 and 2x + y= 0 Example 68 : The postion ofa particle is given by s = (9) = # — 6? + 94, sis in meters, ¢is in seconds. () Find the instantaneous velocity, when ¢ = 2 (2) When isthe particle at rest ? @) Find the distance travelled in first 5 seconds. Boro 0) Vj = 228+ 9 = amie 2) Whon the particle is at rest, its velocity a that time is zero aR = in+9 P-ae3-0 Solutio 1 +9 lord ‘The particle is at rest at ¢= 1 and ¢= 3, ) SW =30- 1K-3) For £< 1 and 1 > 3, f'0) > 0, and f(e) is increasing and f(i) is decreasing for # © (1, 3). "The motion is divided into 3 parts (0, 1), (1, 3), (3. 5). 6 ‘Marnesearies 12 -1VTotal distance covered is 3) +s) + 55, where 5 = If) =F 1= 4 =1F) fA) |= 10-4124 55 = [f) — £8) | = 20 Total distance covered is 20+ 4 + 4 = 28 m. 0 is not the total distance covered. Note : | £6) — f@) | Example 69 : An exhibition is to be arranged in a reclangular ground, A fencing of 80 m is done on three sides of the plot and the fourth side is not to be covered by fencing. What should be the dimensions of the ground to cover maximum arca ? Solution + We have 2x + y = 80 AS xy = X(80 28) = 80x — 27 an a AR = 9 = 804-0 = x= 20 2a wen nt Solution + Let the required point on xy Pt = 3h + Lease =@- 3+ f(a) = 20-3) — Box 9-3 toad 64=0 (= 408 +22 + dx + 16) = 0 * Manenancs 12 -1¥xed (Verify that x3 + 2? + 4x + 16 = 0 has no integer solution !) fay =2- feo) Pn 2+ Be ‘Fe2) is minimum for x = 4 ‘The point nearest to P(3, 0) and lying on xy = 8 is Q{4, 2). PQs five Example 71 : Find a point on 9’ 2x nearest 10 (1, 4) and the minimum distance Solution : For y? = 2x = das, a= 4 Lot Q(1, 4) and P(4?, 4) be any point on parabola PQ? = (42-12 + 42 = det Ps 14P— H+ 16 J(0 is minimum, if 1= 2 PQ, 2), QU, 4) PQ= JiF4 = V5 is the minimum distance. Example 72 : A rectangular sheet of tin 45 em X 24 em is to be made into an open box by cutting off squares of the same size from each comer and folding up. Find the side of the square from each corner for maximum volume of the box, Solutio © Let x om be the side of the square removed from each corner, Length and breadth of the box are (45 — 2x) cm and (24 ~ 2x) em. The height is x o ‘The volume V = (45 ~ 2x)(24 = 2e)e = 4x3 = 1382 + 1080 AE <0 => 12x? ~ 276 + 1080 = 0 => xt 23x + 90 = 0 x= 18 or 5 45 cm But if x = 18, breadth 24 — 2x = 24-36 <0 * x Wand so x= 5 ahem ‘The length of the side of square removed is 5 cm. BY < ney 296-10 -276.<0 V is maximum if x Figure 1.29 APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES °10. uM 2. 13. 14. 15. 16. 7. 18. 19. 20. 21. 2. 23. Water is dripping out from conical funnel at the rate of 5 cm/sec. Slant height of the cone fertical angle of the cone is ©, Find the rate at which the formed by water is 4 om, Semi z slant height decreases. Height of a kite is fixed at 40m, The length of the string is SO m at a moment. Velocity of the ki of the string at that time, in horizontal direction is 25 misee at that time. Find the rate of slacke Altitude of a triangle increases at 2 cm/min. Its area increases at the rate S cm2/min. Find the rate of change of length of base when the altitude is 10 cm and the area is 100 om? Find the intervals in which f(x) = 2x8 ~ 3x2 — 36x + 25 is (1) strictly increasing (2) strictly decreasing, Find the intervals in which f(x) = (x + 1)%x ~ 3) is (1) strictly increasing (2) strictly decreasing. Prove x!01 + sine — 1 is increasing for |x| > 1 Find the intervals where f(x) = x4 + 32x is increasing or decreasing, x © R Find the interval in which f(x) Prove that curves xy = a? and x? +»? ~ 2a? touch each-other "eis increasing or decreasing. x € R Find the equation of tangent to y ~ be" where it intersects Y-axis. Find the measure of the angle between »? = ax and x? = day. Prove that y = 6x3 + 15x + 10 has no tangent with slope 12. Find points on the ellipse x2 + 2)? = 9 at which tangent has slope + Find maximum and minimum values of f() = 2sine x € [0, 27] Find m: x20 imum and minimum values of f(s) = Find maximum and minimum values of f(x) =x? +2 x #0 Find where f(0) = 4x — tans, —E 2 (b)x <1 jx<0 (d)x<-2 (48) Normal to 9y? = x3 at ...... makes equal intercepts on axes. oO @ (4. w (4.28) © (+4) (8.4) (49) y = mx + 4 touches y? = 8x, if m = oOo @s oF ©2 @2 (50) The measure of the angle between the curves y = 2sints and y = cos2e at x = E is oO we = oF OF (51) The normal to x? = 4y passing through (1, 2) has equation Oo (a) x =y (b)x+y—3=0 (6) 2xt3y—8=0 ()x-yt1= (52) The local minimum value of x2 + 46 ( # 0) is a. Oo @2 2 @-2 @2 (53) The minimum value of sees, x € [2% x] is Oo @1 ()-2 ©2 @n (64) The maximum value of cosees, x © [E, E] is o 2 OF oF we (55) If f is decreasing in [a, 4), its minimum and maximum values are respectively and on Oo (©) F@) and £0) ©) $0) and foo) (4) an so 10) and ($4) . PLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 38‘Summary We have studied the following points in this chapter : |. Derivative as a rate measurer. - Increasing and decreasing functions. Applications to Geometry : Tangents and normals, . Differentials and approximate values. 1 2 3 4. Angle between two curves. 5, 6. Maximum and minimum values. 1 Application to optimization problems and practical applications, RAMANUJAN He was born on 22nd of December 1887 in a small village of Tanjore district, Madras. He failed in English in Intermediate, so his formal studies were stopped but his selftudy of mathematics continued. He sent a set of 120 theorems to Professor Hardy of Camb ‘4 result he invited Ramanujan to England Ramanujan showed that any big number can be written as sum of not more than four prime numbers He showed that how to divide the number into two or more squares or cubes. When Mr Littlewood came to see Ramanujan in taxi number 1729, Ramanujan said that 1729 is the smallest number which can be written in the form of sum of cubes of two numbers in two ways, ie, 1729 = 93 + 103 since then the number 1729 is called Ramanujan's number, 34123 56 Manenancs 12 -1¥NDEFINITE INTEGRATION 2 2.1 Introducti In semester Ill, we have studied about the definition of indefinite integral, working rules, standard forms and method of substitution for indefinite integrals. We have also studied trigonometric integrals ofthe type [sine coste ds, mn € N, substitutions, an important substitution tan integrals of the type f aa de ds AC+B il five [Tartine faetiee “™ [Torsnene 9" there are functions for which integration using these methods is not possible or may be difficult. For xt example, log x, sees, e'sins, SET SypT EH ee: ate such functions, For integrating such functions, ‘we have to develop some other techniques, In this chapter, we will lear methods for obtaining integrals of such functions. We know the rule of differentiating the product of two functions. Now we will learn a method to find integral of product of two functions. It is known as rule of integration by parts 2.2 Rule of Integration by Parts If (1) fand g are differentiable on interval T= (a, ) and (2) f" and g! are continuous on I, then J f(x) g'@) dx = £0) g@) — J f'@) g@) de Proof + Hore f and g are differentiable functions of x. So f+g is also differentiable and according to working rule for differentiation of @ product, EVO e091 = fO)-20) + )-F09 o Now, ff" and g are continuous on T and hence they are integrable over I A and gf” are also continuous and hence integrable, <. From (i), using definition of antiderivative, FO) a) = J [F0)-¥6) + eG -FO)1 a = J £0) 8) de + J £0) 800) de J F009 209 de = FO) 900) ~ J F'6)- 209 ae wy This rule is known as Rule of Integration by Parts, yas of Rule of Integration by Parts in Practice + Rule of integration by parts is f f(x) ge) de = FO) g(x) — J /'@)- gtx) de Isoerinire ENteoRATION 371 we take f(a) =u and 2) = vin this expression, then) = Hf and ga) = Jvc *. The new form of this rule will be Juv de ufode— | ($8 fvas) ax Find + fx+sine de If we take w= x and = sinx, then fresine de = x [sine de — J (Re J sins as) de = ease + f (1-eo8s) de = -ecose + sine te But, if we choose w = sins, v= x, then sins fx ds — f (ZL coinsy J xa) sins A — f (core) fx-sine de 5 = Sesinx = 4} feosx-? = x! a ‘Thus, for this type of choice, power of x increases and the integrand is transformed into comparatively more complicated integrand having highet power of x. Therefore, the choice of w and ¥ is very important, The success of this method depends on careful selection of w and v. We shall keep the following things in mind while using the rule. 0 Inegrl of y is known. (i) Wis simpler to imeprate Mf vat Keeping these points in mind, we frame a rule. |L: Logarithmic funetion, I: Inverse trigonometric function, A Algebraic function, T: Trigonometric function, E : Exponential function, First letters of above functions generate LIATE. The first function appearing in this order in product u- v to be integrated is taken as u. This order is formed keeping above two points in mind, This is a convention, not mandatory, 58 ‘Mamnesaries 12 -1VFor example + (1) In the product x+sin“x, x is algebraic and sin“lx is inverse trigonometric function. Now in LIATE rule, inverse trigonometric function precedes algebraic function, Hence we take u = sine and v = x. (2) In the product x+e%, x is algebraic and e* is exponential function. Now in LIATE rule, algebraic function precedes exponential function, so we take u = x and v= &% (©) While using rule of integration by parts, when we integrate v we shall not add constant of integration. If we write the integration of w = sin as —cos x+ h, where & is any constant, then [xsine de = x Jinx dx — J (gee [vinx a = x Coon +8) = Jcvose + 8) ae mr cone + ke + foose de = Jk dr ome cose + ke + sin — be te 0 Solution : Let w= see7!x and v = 1 1 = faceted msec te ftide~ f (Lear [1 as) swecrteox = | (Torx) ae (x|=xasx> 0) sweets fT de = xsec“ly ~ log |x + Ya? 1 | +e = xsecly = log e+ JP) +e &>0 Example 3 Evaluate: f ds, O 0) = J0sin0 40 = 0 find 0 — f (0 J sin 40) 40 0 cos0 + [ (1+ cos0) a0 cos0 + sin +e 0 Ymae + snd +6 (cos = fim? ree fig trte = aYl- 2? sine tx be First we find integral of », ie, f rad ak. {we d= fo ay Fee de =—y Jd =P)? C20 de ae Now. t= f ssurte [TAS de sé sins | FS as) de $I) ~ | TS fae anf e swe tbe Isoerinire ENteoRATION ot= bef cose de — f (Set Joos ax) de = etsins = Jetsinx de = sine = [o* fui de = {(é Les J sinx dx) ds] (= y= sin = eS sing = (Het cos x = J (e8(-c08.0) del sinx — [-e%cosx + fe cos x de] = esing + cos ~ [et conde Setsins + cose Ite (sins + cosx) +e HZ bsinx + cosx) + £ (sine + cosx) +e Example § : Evaluate : f 222" de Solution : Let w= x2, v= 2" = feo ae ofa ae— f (Le fr as)ae ~ da ~ f Grea)
0 as 0 < 0 < 3) tog fre Pl +e 1 = 2xtanly — 2log (1+ 7)? te = 2x tals — log (142) +6 Second Moto «et ut wast cor (2222) Let r= san, 0< 0 < Ea v>0 oy (ttan%e 0 (Tt cos! (cos20) 0 (0 < 20 < x) - tans ae =f 2 tar de 2 [lars fac — f (geanmis J as) a] = 2 fnree~ f (Gas)a] = 2 [sats 4 [as] <2 [rate $ top 04x] +e = Detar's ~ tog (+32) +6 4 ‘Mamnesaries 12 -1VFind the integrals of the following fun 1. x loge x>0 2 3. cos lx xe [-1 1) 4, 5.8 ante 6, sin (logs) x0 9. oz xP dm neZ 10 1. — 12. 13. x cos? 14, 15. (1-3) logx x>0 16. V. xe @1) 18. 2.3. Some More Standard Forms of Integration Now we will obi integrals of 2a? jons with respect to x. G + 58) cos 7 ee sth > x cote coset 22" 1 cos x" logs a x>o 0 oa prot t= [yaa de Le Tex QPi@ —1-at og ixt yee +e inownni icons 6ata xyraa? — a log |x t Yea | te 1 afi - 2 tog ie + {Pa | +e Second Method : We can obiain the same standard form taking x = asec. (x > a> 0) 1s [YP =a? ae Proof : Let x= a sec, So dx = asecO tan dO, 0<0a>0. b= [ mPa et f fear -aee0 sand do T= @ J sec8-1an°® ad (a > 0 and tan® > 0) = a J sec8 (sec2 — 1) a8 = a J (eec¥8 ~ secB) a0 @ fsec38 a0 — a? | sec dO @ f secO-sec?8 a0 —a2 | secO d® = 2 [recB fsecr@ a0 ~ f (fp se08 [sec%® a0) a0 ]— 2 | sec 8 @ [sec® 1an® — f(secO tan® + 1and) dB] —a? {sec dB a [sec® 1an® — § secO+1an®® d0) — @ J sec 0 = @ secO 1anO — a2 secO tan*O dO — a2 log | sec + san | +e 1 =a sec® tan® — 1 — a® log | sec8 + tan8| +c (= a fsecO tan20 dO) = @ secO tan® — a? log | sec® + tanO| +c 16 & ec YoeFO=T = B tog seed + YedO=1 [4 € (tard > 0) (al =a) 4 og | We Te = top| [me [ese tinge EYP oe = og |e Pow |e (G+ Sime = 0) [AP re ae SPP — eg | LPP | +6 66 ‘Mamnesaries 12 -1VFor example [ Pow a [ PF a 4 (Ew Fw |x+ fw | +e $ (eas - Bow |x + Faas | +6 [Pra + tog ix (Pre +e prot t= JY ee et de = Pre fi ae f (VP ee fi a) ax (P ed ~ [zag Pie -f [are _ (tec sx yea — Jere de ts oltre - [YPre are [pis LT =xyst ta? - 1+ @ bog [x + tsa) t ec Qa xyxr ta? + a log (xt yr tal +e 1a (Pa + angie (Poet [LPP ag PP + ng nt Peete «> “This formula can also be obtained using substitution x ~ a tan (a > 0) For example, [ Yate4 ar = [ Pad? oe (OE + Bog |x + (257 | +6 (Pra + 210g x4 Va [+e of PP ae = 2 P +H svt He @>o Proors sf faba ot de = Wee fa ae f(b fe fr as)ae Isoerinire ENteoRATION @) VP re ac 7ee = | (Toke woe = fT ae wfete = [YP oF acre f texto? 14 2a! (2) 40 a= x Yee +a sit (2) +e 1a af a2 + @ st (2) +e [VPrF aes GPF + hat Ete fone ae = f Pe ae “PH + wrt) te = Nos + $u0r(g) re ‘This formula can be proved using substitution x = a sinO also @) fe¥e + sla = ef) + Proof: 1= feta) + sede = ferayde + fe sora = so ferac— [(Leseo foras) ac + ferry ae = foyet— J fe) ede + [f) ef de = esate For example, () Jeseex (+ tansy de = Je (seex + see tans) de = fetfrecx + Lecce] ae = eseex tbe os ‘Mamnesaries 12 -1Vfob ael« sete 3) fxretden f[@— 1) + Yetde + fle-o+ £e- vow seG-te (5) fet sinthe + 4) de lasinfbx +4) ~ beastie + HL +6 a heO Proof: 1 = fet esintbe +) de = sins + fem — f (Le sinche + & fem ae) de = sibs + Ef (beaut + St = Sambe + bf conte + Der ae = Fsinte + = Bleowbe + fe de — f¢ (L costbx + &) Je dx) dr] = Sent = fone + SE — f (Cosine + 5) a] & sib +e costbx + by ~ EES et sintbe + &) de 1 taste +4) b conte + hy = Ete e 14 Ere SE tasinbe += beanie +b) e 2 2+ BL = e¥ fasinfbx + k= b costbx +] + ae) SF lasinids + 1) B costby +B) + 6, where © = GEES o Now, we will express this result in another form. = Ee [ae ne pig ote tate Hse 0 40,80. tas, o<| gear l= o<| eel 0 Example 9: Evaluate : J YG@=3)7=s) dt. G << 7) Solution : 1 = J JG@=a=a) ae = J Ytox— 2-21 ae 2 ‘Mamnesaries 12 -1Vlox + 21] = -p2 — tor + 25 — 4) = ee 9-4] =4-@-5y J (Paar aw = Pare t fait (AF) +e = 23 WO-D0=» + 258! (2)+ ° Example 10: Evaluate: f o(e) ae soon ot = fe (ASRS) = fe (gig + S88) ae = Jet (oecte + tans) de = fe(ane + ean) ae Fae o We should divide p(x) = 4x — 22 + 1 by qos) = 32 = 2. 4-1 v-2fas—eet 4x3 — Bx [= + ae + Be ET —2 42 y oF ae 1 Quotient s(x) = 4x — 1 and remainder r(x) = 8x — 1 agate tx-1 Thus, “SF = ae + SS Here, the quotient 4 — 1 is a polynomial function and “= is a proper rational function. Now we study the method of integrating a proper rational function, pw mainly upon the nature of the factors of g(x) as discussed below. 16 Marnearics 12-1VCase 1: Real, Linear and Non-repeated Factors Let g(x) have 1 real, linear and non-repeated fACt0rs x — fj, ¥ — Oyj X — Oly he. a8) ~ (8 = ONE = Oy)" — OF). (a, # 0, for 1 #) ae) ‘Then we can express Tray as PO) _ A As gi) ~ 3-0 + a pooch Faby where Ayy Agen Ay are constants, We can always: determine Aj, 7= 1, 2..., » uniquely and integrate function on the right hand side easily. Let us take aan example to understand this method. a3 Wane ae Example 15 : Evaluate: f a Wopa-naan We can see that given rational function is a proper rational function and in the denominator, we hhave real, linear and non-repested factors. o where A, B, C are constants. Multiplying both sides by (e — I)er — 2)(¢ — 3) we get 2e 3 = AG 2\e— 3) + Bee — 3) + CH Dee 2) w Now we can find constants A, B, C by any one of the following three methods. First Method : Denominator of the rational function (x — I)(x — 2)(x — 3) has three zeros 1, 2, 3 Let x= 1, 2,3 in equation (i) by tum and we get the values of A, B, C. X= 1 gives 2(1) = 3 = ACI)-2). Hence A x= 2 gives 22) — 3 = B(I)A1), Hence B x= 3 gives 2(3) — 3 = C(2M1). Hence C = 3. Second Method : yk We have Goygsnase 7 FST FAT ASS ( To find A, we select the factor x — 1 in the denominator of A and put that factor equal to zero and obtain the valu of x Ge. 1). Replace + by that value in ==", obtained 20 T=aa-H 73 22)—3 after removing x — 1 from LLS. Then A imilarly to obtain the value of B, we substitute x= 2 in 7 1. To obtain value of C, we substitute x = 3 ITE INTEGRATION 7‘Third Method : From (ji) we have, (2x = 3) = Ale = 2 = 3) + Br = r= 3) + CH= N= 2) De = 3 = AG? = Se +6) + BE? = Ae +3) + C68 = 3 +2) 2e— 3 = (AF B+ OX + CSA 4B = 3C)r + (6A + 3B + 20) Comparing the coefficients of x? coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides we get, A+B+C=0,-SA—4B—3C=2, 6A +3B +20=-3 4 Solving these equations, we get A= —, B= —1 and C = 3 We can use any of the above three methods, whichever seems simple for a particular problem. Now, substituting values of A, Band C in (3) we get, ax-3 ane ne [et Case 2+ Real, Linear Repeated and Non-repeated Factors : If g@x) = (= Oe = 04) & — O).6x — 0), then Tet PQ) as qa) ¥-a*7 aed faby as Blog [x = 11 = tog [x= 21+ $ tog 1x3) +e A + +. 8 = oF ona Corresponding to non-repested linear factors we assume as in case (1) and for each repeated factor (x — Op, we assume pata fastons, A tt AES where Ay Ans An wear * Gear tt : take an example to understand this method Ag are constants, Let _. Sol 2 ae a-var + Let Gin tS 0 Gorasy Fo Multiplying both sides by (x — 1)? + 2), we get X= AGE = Dee +2) + Bok 2+ Cee =F Now, x = 1 gives 1 = BG), So B 3 2 gives -2 = C(). So C= Comparing coefficient of x2. A+ C = 0. $0 A = -C. =2 Ans ™ Marnearics 12-1VSubstituting values of A, B, C in expression (i), erase xdx J oatoss ~ —Floghet atte eh log | 353 |-3abn +¢ Case 3 One Real Quadratic and Other Linear now-repeated factors : If g) = (ax? + be + ©) Ce — 04) OY — Ou. (& — OF), then let pO) Aven A ga) ~ a sbere t Ay where Aj, Ay, Ago Ay are constants to be determined. Let us take an example to understand this method. dx Example 17: Evaluate : [GG yaTy dx BK Solution : 1 Let >= Geena ‘Multiplying by (3x? + 2)(x — 2) on both the sides, x = AG + 2) + (Br + Cie — 2) x = AGx? + 2) + Bae — 2) + CO - 2) x= 2 gives 2= 1A. SoA = Comparing coefficients of x2 on both sides, 3A+B=0,S0B=-3A --3 Comparing coeisints of x on both sides, -$t C= 2B= 1. S0C= 1428 wD sxdx de 1 1 ae 4f weet 4f were ine INTEGRATION ”war (4 4 1 ee pay! BE mele at ape oe 92) etm Fey ecas 220 Flog Lx — 21 — 7p low [3x 4 2] + he ene __ ide Darra Solution ere all the indices of x are even, Write x? in the integrand. (It is not a substitution) —__ t Beha ry ~ TNH Le Genera AU + 4) + BO+ 1D ‘Taking ¢=—1, we get “1 = 3A. SoA ‘Taking ¢ = —4, we get —4 = ~3B, So B Substituting values of A and B in (i) cle ok TT fd gs fate fomien -4 fofa 3 fa x? Soares For) re Sol 1: [aie Let x8 =f, So 3x? di = di, Hence 2? de fant 3) Teas 1 A Let Gengay 73 + 1=Au—5)+ BU +2) 1 tat 2 gives, 1 so Marnearics 12-1V44 a Trneay er ts 1 =taeties 3) 0a 5 frrae dfrbsa log [t+ 21+ 4 log 1-5] +e te] SEE -oe| SE] Bart ample 20: Eat: f S25! sonsion 1 = f SEE ae Let x= 1 de = dt = feces y P+ets «fot “Jaeasae of pas apras sia an + ran" Example 21: Evaluate: f “EE ae sand + tan’ Solution f a Tend and (1+ tan°®) T= man tan see*0 Tian Ispkninite INreceanionLet tan = ¢, So sec2 a0 = dt v= fit We - dt - Samer arse Let Tene sen "741 } Paps A? 1+ D+ G+ QU+1 SAP 1+ 1) + Bart 1) + C+ 1) ' 1 gives “1 = 3A, $0. = 1 Comparing the coefficients of # on both sides, we get A+ B= 0. So B= B 5 Comparing the constant terms on both sides, we get A+ C = 0. So C = deed wanes TT Pod be afaaas sane frees if ee ae tf Afaeiftes -ifide,ap@icndr Slog let 14 blog |@— 04 1+ mbtog [eb 14 bog [2 = 04 1) de ca 1 Marnearics 12-1VIntegrate the following functions defined over a proper domain wrt. x wet per +p HIP 2) 64 5e +1 10. UW. Grasp 12. 13. Sax—sne 14. Beample 2: rate: f4 9 soon st = fe nf Se cxtpaen 4 axs2 Wades FETS ss Srey se Tan - 4tan 05 Dard e THOTT x>2 (tx< 2 (>a [ten dfot-otona se) ts 4 YPaa ~ Fogle + (P4143 = + Glogix+ fPoalte 8[Pa4 + 4tog [e+ JP oa l+3 Pate e+) 4 +4log|x+ fe—alte 4 siny) de Simei cosxy sample 2: Bae f +siny) dx met cosy a » [amd | Solution : 1 = f Let f= 1) +1, where I . sinxd » | meson c oe a tTat Gnu (+92 + BU — 9d +H +CU 9 1 gives 1 = (A). So A= 4 + 1 gives 1 = CQ). So © ives (or any convenient value of # can be taken) AtBHC --1¢442 w-i4ded pel r+ aa tfo + ede Marnearics 12-1VTeosry +e oh and |eaoken tnd te @tana yhgtmgte Hiog | ran ¥ | +4sec? 4 + tant + Fog |1an | +4 sec? $+ sam + Second Method = tan = sett Lda Let tan = 1, s0 sec? $-4dx=dr Hence de = 2, bie as siny dr Home cosy » Ww » fray = fee dfb+2+9) a 4 fiociens arr] + ob bogiritrtt? tc Fog [tom [+ tam + sar ot Observe that 1 = 4 tog [tan | + tan + 4 (sec?4-1) +c! tog [tant | + tant +b sec? S$ +o! Fitog|rant | + sant + bsg te (ese Thus, we can see that answers obtained by both the methods are same. ine INTEGRATION 55sample 24 Bratt: (gor) * Ee) ay x1 1 Gee Solution = 1 = f (log dog + =) ae Let logx = 1. Sox = et Lode di F=f (lees 4) ear ~ [ones $4 +B) eta = floes) (p= a)] ea =f (oars z) ea J =e logit te loge— fb =x log (logs) ~ Gey +e sin“"Wx = cos" Example 25 : Evaluate: f sin" cosy Solution : T= f Sin Vat coWe apes sa PGs Dg, (oi + core = 3) = & [Ne de — fae Let I, = f sin Ni ae Let sin" Wx = 8, Sox = sin?®, 0< 0<% (ve > 0. 80,0< 0 <8) dhe = 2sin® + cos8 0 1,= J @2sin8 cos a8 = J 0 sin20 a0 coe 8 + 4 fcos26 a 8 sin2® $B cos20 + m2 =-9.(1~ 20in?®) +L sin@ - cos 86 Marnearics 12-1VLng [wr ras ~ fae -4[4 © 4 si Wi (1-20) + AVR ioe 4 si WE + xan We + Afra? Sai Ne + x0 Ne + Afro] te Integrate the following functions defined on proper domain wnt, x 5. log (et Ye va?) 7, sree ad % Coen u. xya? 13. GoExCora 1S. Sax 1 Ginx deotx 19. Sixt cory 2 A cose 6. in 8. Stone 10, tog tos) + hy 12. @— 3? +e 1 Ta ae 16. com =x + 4) oo © JeVe) + Solar = ef) +e enim (5) fe -sinfox + &) de = TET lasinfdx + # — beoslbe + Bl +e (a#0,b#0) Ss sintox +k 0) +6 Teor: «€ 0.2m) (6) Je conti + 8) de = GEA la contbe +b) + bsintde + H+ (aH 0,b#0) where cos = ToT, sine wee ew Toby. na = Thee. ae 0.20 3. Integrals of the type : (1) J Jat +ox+e de (2) J (Ax +B) far sorte dr 4. Method of Partial Fractions. ras(bx +k — ot) +e Ispreisite Intonation 9DEFINITE INTEGRATION 3 Calculus required continuity and continuity was supposed to require the infinitely little; but nobody could discover what the infinitely little might be. = Bertrand Russell . All great theorems were discovered after midnight. = Adrian Mathesis 3.1 Introduction We have already studied integration (antiderivation) as an opers jon inverse to differentiation. From the historical point of view, the concept of integration originated earlier than the concept of differentiation. Infact the concept of integration owes its origin to the problem of finding areas of plane regions, surface areas and volumes of solid bodies etc. Firstly the definite integral was expressed as a limit of a cortain sum expressing the area of some region. The word integration has originated from ‘addition’ and the verb ‘Yo integrate’ means ‘to merge’. Later on, link between apparently two different concepts of differentiation and integration was established by well known mathematicians Newton and Leibnitz in 17th century. This relation is known as fundamental theorem of integral calculus and we will learn it in this chapter. The calculations of area, volume are done using integration. In the 19th century, Cauchy and Riemann developed the concept of Riemann integration, Now in this chapter we shall understand the idea of definite integration as the limit of a sum and how it is helpful to find out the area as well as how it ean be linked with differentiation. 3.2 Definite Integral as the Limit of a Sum You have studied in std, XI that rest force acting on spring-mass system is given by F = ky, where & is force constant of the spring. If we consider only magnitude, we may consider F = kx, IF k= 10, then F = 10x, Here we would find the work done, if displacement occurs due to the force, As per definition of work, work done by the system at a particular moment is, w= Force acting at a particular moment X displacement due to force. Now F = 10x shows that force changes with displacement. So, how would we find the work done during the displacement of 10 units ? As por a common estimate for work done during the displacement, Initial force X displacement < w < final force X displacement Let us calculate w for the above mentioned example. First displacement occurs in (0, 10]. In this case for x = 10, force is maximum i.e, 100 units and for x = 0, it is minimum i.e. zero. So in this interval, work w satisfies, 0X 0S ws 100 10 (w x d= 0 x 0 and w x d= 100 x 10) For work done in interval [0, 10], 0 Sw S 1000 o 90 Matnesiarics 12 -1VNow to get a better estimate of work (Ww), let us divide the interval [0, 10} into two congruent subintervals i.e. (0, 5] and [5, 10]. Suppose in the interval [0, 5], the work done is w), then since ‘maximum force is $0 units and minimum force is 0 unit in this interval, so for interval [0, 5], work done Ww satisfies, 0S w, 50x 5 0 Sw, $250 Similarly, if the work done in the second interval is w, 250 Sw < 500 ‘Total work done w 250 Sw, + w, $ 750 250 < w $750 c Here it ean be seen that result (i) gives a better estimate than result (i). I'the interval (0, 10] is 1th, divided into three subi vals [0, 2], [$9, 22], [22, 10], work done in each interval would be as follows 10 109 x 10 = 1000 ‘Taking x = 12 in B= 10x, we got maximum work w = 190 x 19. = 900 os, se 100 2000 Similarly 122 < , < 2000 and 200 < yy, < 2000 7 Ss 2000 6000 As way iy + wy 30, MD Sw < saad R be a continuous function. For positive interger m, let bea = 254. If we partition (a, 6] into » sub-intervals of equal length, then the dividing points b are a, at hy at Uiyay a+ mI ath a=2h ath b Figure 3.1 Eras Thus we get a sequence {S,} based on function f and partition of [a, ]. We assume that for a continuous function, this sequence has a limit and this limit is called definite integral is denoted by f (8) dx. of f over [a, 5]. ) Zee @ J £09 de = 4 is called the lower limit and 6 is called the upper Ii it of definite integration. 2 ‘Maresearics 12 -1VAlso, we ean prove that lim > net 1 "E) foa + ty is also equal 9 ff) de Above definition is called the definition of definite integral as the limit of a sum. The above process of linking a function f with its definite integral is called evaluation of definite integral as a limit of a sum, ‘ Note + | f(x) de can be defined for certain functions which may not be continuous. But at proscat we will not disci them Symbol Intogrand Upper limit of integration > b Ld suggests J reo)de & integration is carried out wrt x Lower limit of integration 3 @ Integration of f from a to b. 3.3 Some Important Results () 14243 tm = meen @ PAPE Rae noenanen (3) B28 bP at WB wos ae" a we sin(a + h) + sin(a + 2h) +b sinfa + nh), where h # Ine. nm € Z () atartar star (©) Lats, o find this sum let us muitply both sides by 2sn 4, So, we have asin es, = [asia + #) sin + 25in(a + 20) sin + 2sin a+ 30) sn + so Daina + ny sin [eos(a + 4) ~ cos(a + 38)] + [cosa + 2B) — cosa + SB] + feos(a + $B) — cosfa + 2b)) +..+ [eosfa + nh — 2) — cosa + nh + 2)) ain BS, = [eos(a + 2) — casa + nh + 4] cos a tnh +) (and #0) ein Ih = 2am, S, = nsinna (6) Let 8, = costa i) + cos(a+ 28) + conta + 3h) act cosa nh), where HF Dn. n€ Z. ‘To find this sum let us multiply both the sides by sin. So, we have A h ai sin t h 2sin [Peosta + ip sinh + 2eos (a+ 2h sin + reas (a + Hsin + + 2eos(a + nk) sin IwrecKation 93= [since + Ay — sina + )] + n(a + 3B) — sinfa + AB)] + [oin(a + 2h) — sinfa + 3B)] 4. ain(a + nh + 4) — sin(a + nt — 4] sa +4) _sinlart nhs 2)~ sina +4) h asin & 25,.— [pine + nh + sa (rb #0) 3 Example 1 : Obtain f xde as the limit of a sum. i Solution > Here, (2) =x is continuous on [1, 3]. Divide [1, 3] into » congruent subintervals and the length of each sub-interval is given by = Here, a= 1, b= 3 and f(a + ih) = f( + ih) = 1+ ih According tothe definition, : 2 fxde= tim aE sla + iy I ane = im +2004 2)] +20 +0) 2 Example 2: Obtain [ Gx? — 2x + Ade as the limit of @ sum. 0 Solution + Here, (4) = 3x2 — 2x + 4 is continuous on [0, 2]. Divide [0, 2] into m congruent sub-intervals and the length of each sub-interval is given by dt Here a= 0, = 2, fx) = 3x2 = 2e +4 94 Matnesiarics 12 -1V(0 + ih) Sih) = 32h — 2h +4 According to the definition, 2 7 [ Gx? — 2x + dv = tim hE fa + = im 2% Gri - 2+ 4 = tim 2 = lim ean + an] = tim [a(r+do+t)—a( +d) es] = 4(1 + 02 +0) = 40 +0) +8 sass =12 1 Example 3 : Obtsin [ade as the limit of « sum, (a > 0) Solution : Here, f(x) = a¥ is continuous on [-1, 1]. Divide [-1, 1] into n congruent subintervals, Length ofeach subintervals = 22% EL 2s mh, Here, a ==1, 6 = 1. f09) = a Sila + ih)=f(-1 + ihy citi fla + ih) Asn 2h 0 1 * Now, f atav = tim iS fla + ay = im Ble aes ah + a (nh = 2) IwrecKation 98* Example 4 : Obtain f sin-rele as the limit of a sum. Solution + Here, f(@) = six is a continuous fun ion on [a, 6]. Divide [a, 6] into » congruent sub-intervals, Length of each sub-interval is h = 2= nh=b-aatnh=b Also f(a + ihy= sin (a + ih) Asn > 0h 0. > * Now, J sinxde = lim, Zsa + ih) jimh &, sina + iy lima [sina +) + sina + 28) + sin(a + 3) +. sina + wh) E jim, (a+ ah = by (as cosine is continuous) = cosa = cosh Note : Since > 0, we can have |i] < 2m < 2k|m, KE Z— {0}, Obtain the following definite integrals as the limit of a sum : 2 4 3 1 f+ dee 2. J @r- Dde 3. | Qe + Dde a > i 4 J 62 + nde 5. f ede 6. [end 1 4 ° > doge8 > 1 f sae 8. J ede % [evade i loge? ° 96 Matnesiarics 12 -1Vlog, 4 2 , ao. fat de a. f G2 = 2+ Dae 12. f cose de ven? a 2 : s 3 13. f sine dx 14, | cosx de 15, [Pak 0 ° i 3.4 Fundamental Principle of Definite Integration From what we have learnt, we can definitely say that to obtain definite integral as the limit of a sum is not so simple. In fact it is tedious, We will see that this task becomes very simple using fundamental principle of definite integration, ‘The following principle is called fundamental principle of definite integration. Principle : If function f is continuous on [4 ] and F is a differe 4) such that Vx € (a, 6), [FO] = £9, then » J FG) de = F() — Fa) Here, F(x) is a primitive of £(2). F(b) ~ F(a) is expressed as [FOO]? With the help of this result, we can obtain definite integral by taking difference of values of its nts of given interval. Newton and Leibnitz independently obt This principle establishes a relation between the process of differentiation and integra is accepted without proof. primitive at the end-ps Note : (1) Here Vx € (a, 6), £ {FCO} = £00. So, J f(x) de = F(x) + ¢, where c is an arbitrary constant, ’ ib But J fede = (Fe) + el, = IF) +e] — [F@) + a) =F) +e - Fla) —e (b) ~ Fla) jepration arbitrary constant is eliminated and we get the def ‘Thus, in definite of integral ite value Definite integral is a finite definite real number. Hence the process of obtaining such an integral sealed definite integration (2) Wa> 6, then we define f /69 de =f fee) de As, we wil acep that ra = 5, Treyde = Treva -0 Drrisiry Isrrorarion, 97» » (3) [fede = f Sat, where fis continuous on [a 5] Let F(x) be a primitive of f(x). Then by fundamental principle of definite integration, , b J fle) de = [Foo], = Fb) — Fla) and J Hoa = (FOr, = FW) — Fe, . ’ Henee, f f@x)ae = f far ‘Thus, the value of definite integral does not depend upon variable with respect to which integration is carried out. Earlier in this chapter, we have learnt how to obtain value of definite integral as the limit of a sum, Now we will see how easily we can oblain the value of definite integral using the fundamental principle of definite integration. ‘Now, we will review examples 1 to 4 using the fundamental principle of definite integration. @ 2 @ = [8-44 8] =12 o @ (a 4) topye = cosa — cos 2 () fsinx de = [eos x}? 3.8 Working Rules of Definite Integration (1) If fanetions f and g are continuous on (a, 5], then . » 2 {Gd + g00] de = [09 de + J ge) de Proof : Let F(x) and G(x) be primitives of f(x) and g(x) respectively on [a, 6]. F(x) + G(x) is a primitive /(@) + g(0. According tothe fundamental principle of definite inteyration, J Ye + geo) de = [Fe + Geol? = [F@) + Gy) — (Fa) + Ga = (FH) — Fa] + (6) - Ga) 2 . = [fords + f gayde on Matnesiarics 12 -1V2) ICFs continuous on [a, 5] and K is a constant, then | S69 dx = Kf f(s) ds Proof : Let F(x) be a primitive of f(x) on [a, 6] and & is any constant, AF() is a primitive of kf). ‘According to the fundamental principle of definite integration, * + [ksoode = ere]! KE) — F(a) AF) — Fla) * = kL fey (3) If function fis continuous on fa, 6] and a sins) 100 Matnesiarics 12 -1V= [rine + cosxle = (sin E+ cos B) — (sin 0 + cos 0) -orpe foi - (bed Ste Example 6 : Jaan * { —L de Viren? yaa? = [low |e +1 + foray? ay , oe : = [loge +1+ fFs2x43)] & € 0,3) = tog 4+ J9FE73) ~ tog (1 + 5) = log (4 + 392) — log (V3 + 1) ea = vee (Ger) @1= = ($ log2 +8) Tnecnaron Totsins, OSxS™ Example 7: Evaluate : J f(x) de, where f(x) = { I Lecosy, WSxS20 an ® on Solutions () J fede = f foyde + J foyde 0 @ * 2 sinx dx + J (1 + cosxy de = eos xy + be + sina = ~feosm — cos 0) + [QR + sin 2) — (+ sin ®)] = AFI = 1+ [en + 0-40) =24mamt2 3.6 Method of Substitution for Definite Integration We have learnt the method of substitution for indefinite integration. We have seen that if the integrand is not in standard form, then the method of substitution is very useful to obtain cera integrals ‘We can use it in combination with the fundamental principle for definite integration. Let us see the rule of substitution for definite integration. Rule of substitution for definite integration Let f+ [a b] > R be & continuous function and g + [ct, B] > {a, 6] be increasing or Ia, B] and differentiable in (ct, B). #(0 is continuous in (ct, B) and g'() # 0, Vr © (, B). a = g(a) and b = g(B). decreasing (monotonic) function. x = g(f) is continuo * 8 Then, | S00) de = | SQ) e'O at Let us understand this method by some illustrations, Example 8 : Evaluate : (1) sin2t wiv co ote 5 ® | ante © > Letx= 21), de = 20d When, «= 1 1= 1 since x= and 2 1 and if'e=9,1=3asx=2 x = g(t) = # is increasing for ¢ > 1. Its continuows in [1, 3] and differentiable in (1,3). g@ = 24 0in (1, 3) a= 1 B35 102 Matnesiarics 12 -1Vof aca 1 = 2log (+ 1)), [log 4 — log 2) log? 5 ? ot | santo > Ba de= OM, copy = TH, Let tant = 4, de = HE, cosx = a, When, x= 0,6 tan 0= 0 and when x= 2,6 tan B= 1 —# iP aD _ de ey > =a [le Ell: ] ~ tos |S o3b [ole Be B2 = & “Ws tos (3; (We = #2 1as¢2 1) (a) (5 - 2> 0)3 : on fame : Garr comt Let sit = x, 2sint cost dt = de. So sin2r dt = de When, = 0,45 Oand when ¢= E,x= 1 sino Wan ™ Ti + eo = (ean Qe = Dy, lo & tan-¥(1) — tan(—1) » 108 Marwesearics 123.7 Method of Integration by Parts for Definite Integration We have studied the method of integration by parts to obtain indefinite integral of product of two functions, We can also use integration by parts for definite integration, ‘To use method of integration by parts in definite integration, we use following formula. F09, gO), FG) and g'@) all are continuous on [a, 5]. * ot J £0) g@)de = YO) eI], — J) gar 4 ’ J £0) 209 de = [F) B6) ~ fla) I ~ | FO) ge ae Now, we will understand this method by some examples ae sincly xdx & of « 0 | amen xe 1 Example 9 + Evaluate : (1) fx tan” ° IwrecKation 10s@ bef a J ew Jee faa] = 0,15 sii¥0 = 0 and when x= 3g, 1 = size = B When, x= 0,4 10 = 0 and wh we #-4 Let sin £ = (etang® — tamed 0} [estan q]* + [log feos 111% = (Ban — 0) + [log (cos 8) ~ tog tcos 0] Et tog’ = toy E+ log Fe — log | ~E_Liog E—Liog? 1 dx. ' were ° For x 0, let x? = 4, 2 de dt. So xde When, x= 0, /= 0. and when x= 1,¢= 1 1 1 xdv ' Geers 2) Ty ° ° (@ = 0.8 = 4) (cost > 0 in 106 ‘Mariesearies 12 -1Vata Now let Genaaay ~ THT + THE AU +2) + BEF 1) ) fog 1-4 A tg 2 rer]! lee] |], [los 3 — toe ; J tart) (ae } } Example 10 : Evaluate : [sin ax-sin be de, a bE N ° 1= 17 asinas-sinbx a ° on 1 [eosta — Bx — costa + Bl de a +452 - se) (a#bandatb 70046 EN) 0 4-0 (Why 2) 1=0 cose 2:0 as sintax de - J (eso IwrecKation 107o f sinax-sinby de = [0 if a4 nif a= (Why sin 4ra = 0 2) Example 1 : For 0 > 0, if f(e + 0) = f(8), We € Rive. if fhas period oF, prove that ms « lon J fede =n J f(x) dx, where n © N and hence obtain f | sinx| dx. 0 ° 6 "T foods me N a a Ps ane a [ fede+ [ f@de+ f fi det.t fo fdetit J soae a a aa iw We shall prove that each of these ineprals is equal tof f(x) de ° ene Now lt = J sodde in Let x= koe +4, de = dt When x = ko, 1= 0 and x = (K+ 1), 1= 0 = Fr0a+ oa 0 If cis a period of f then ket are periods of f sho + = f0) = [ f@d= f fora a ° (etna « ie f fade = J fordr fe ° J fende + | foods +. | soo de (n times) o a a nf fonds 0 con [k= 1 Quy = DI] (ken) [k= 1,2, 3nd 108 Matnesiarics 12 -1Vlor Now 1= f° |sinx| ats, a 10 f sins dx a 10 f sins ae 10 [eos x" = 10 [cost — cos 0] =10(-1= 1) = =10(-2) =20 3 Example 12: Evaluate f [2x — I de Solution: 2120x224 . 1 [2e- p= fae—1 xed xed [2x] de Qr- Dae (period of | sinx| is ™) (for 0 Sx < msinx= 0) 109Evaluate (1 to 35): sindx de 5 2 j tan?x de 3. 2 cn i ; 4. [imcortx de 6. | fmamay ae : 2 axes 1 s Jas » | Fie > 1 3 10. mL. Jwes 2. J 7 > 0 1 > 4 5 a 4 Jatune J 5 5 > > 1 5 a [fe «sf meta ° o 5 2 : sin x4 608 x A + 24. | Soe 28. | ae 26. f cos2x-log sinx de 2 1 q L a os 27. | sTrcom & 28.) Tone scorte 29. f |cosx| de 1 1 ° 4 2x48 15x52 30. | fayds, where fay = {50 pe veg 10 ‘Mariesearies 12 -1V: sine OSx5H 31. f fds, where fa) =} 1 Be =-[ fatb-oa 2 ’ Slat b— od * | fatb—ods 2 * ie. [ 0) def flat b— x de 1 ‘Mariesearies 12 -1V(See that in theorem 3.2, if a = 0 and bis replaced by a, we get theorem 3.1) Now, to understand this theorem, let us take an example. as Les Se Theorem 3.3 : If the function f is ontinuous over [0, 2a], then 2 4 ¢ {se de=f foo de + § f@a— 9 de ° o ° Proof : Here 0 R be a real function of a real variable, Let Vx € A, -x © A. @ fH =F), Vz € A, then fis called an even function. @ If) = ¥@), Vx € A, then f is called an odd functi For example coss, secx, »2 are even functions and sinx, tans, x° are odd functions. INTHGRATION 1sTheorem 34: If fis an even continuous function defined om a, «| | fos) dx = 2] fe) ae o Proof: Here -a <0 < a, J pe de= f sey ae + J fn de © ° Let I= [ f(a) de Let x= 1, de = ir Also when x= —a, 1 = a and when x= 0, 4= 0 Here $8 = -1 is continuous and non-zero on (a, 0) ° r= J sendy -J So ar Lf ar 0 = J FO dt, as fis an even function 1=J fe) de ° ‘Substituting the value of I in (i), we get J 700 ae V senae + J sya 2) ferac Now, let us understand this by an example. y= cos. is continuous even function in [~ coos t= (sins = sin B — sin(E s1tis2 16 Matunwarics 12 -1V2f cose dx = 2fsin xy? = 2 (xm B — sino} = 20) = 2 q 0 cosx de ‘Theorem 35: Iff is an odd continuous function on [-a, aly [ f(s) de Proof: Here -a <0 o 1 Solution: () T= f sine costs de 4 Here f(x) = sin'x costs S S(-x) = siniex) cos'(—x) = msin's + cass oO F (8) = sin'x cose is an odd function on [=1, 1] 1 J sin'x costy dy = 0 « oa *. f(8) is an even function and g(x) is an odd function, 1-2. [soe ae ana t, = 0 Jia a ns Matunwarics 12 -1V= 2 [ora = 2a [sin“1 — sin='0] - [8] on é xtanx 1 + : Example 14 : Evaluate (i) J Sw) fea =F de Gi) f sin 2" tog tans de 3 0 5 xtanx - | ite 6 Replace x by 1 — x in (i) (x= 9) sin ox Tse = 3) { J sins sinx Ti a J te & iby @) 119(ince fa — x) = fH - x) = fo) mh, (einai) => =m 2m = mR -2) 1-3-2) 1 4 6) 1 = fea 2 ae a Replace x by 1 — x. r= fa-9t-a-9F 1 4 = [= det yee? de a watahan 120 Matunwarics 12 -1Viy 1 = f sin2e tog tam ae ® Replace x by E+E == E— yin Gi 1 J sin2 ($ — 2) tos sam ($ — x) de = ] sin2xtog core dx w Adding (and (i), we get, at = | sin2x [log tanx + log cot x] de = J sin 2etog (am x cot) oe = J s2x- tog ae u=0 1-0 1. Evaluate + @ an afte of fer ake ©) J sine de (© | cosx de Danse IvrecnaTion mi2. Evaluate : x on (1) J sintecosts de 2) f sine caste de a Prove the following (3 to 15) i om & a J a= Bs = 3 Yeosx+ fine [sin x 4 2 ow 3 4 6 [xa des | ater ae 8 8 | eo-ota e | Re J 1 14tins xde ° J pe de 10. J Jano uf G8 -8 6 6 o sa f tog (1b aan ae Boga wf Aan ° o x x » 14. F xsibede = 2% 15, f pig af eB +) e 0 Miscellaneous Examples : Example 15 : Prove that f sartrar 4 = ap log (V2 + 1) o Tress worrvane a & Hl oan m ‘Mariesearies 12 -1Vta ues |e + wan (-8) ] tan B|~ tgse$ ~ san |] = 7 (low V2 +11 = toe V2 - 1) = pe FS H en = Fe oe +? =e ei +) Example 16 : Prove that J tan’ dx + [ tan"-?x dx = hy, n © N- {I}. Solution 1 = f tame de + f tat = 2x de a ot oe (tants + tant = 2x) ds Depivite INreceanion 123=f tant 2x tants + 1) de = fsa" (sects) de Q canoe] Example 17 : Evaluate : f cor —x + 2) de a 1 on T= f cor =x +2) de Soh ocx a) Carle + ta — yy de Ris a continuous function. Divide [a, 6] into n sub-intervals of equal length given bea by A P P ‘Then f fo) de = tim F=4 YS pa + im 2, Fundamental theorem of integral calculus : If the function f is continuous on {a, 6] and F is a differentiable in (a, 6) such that » Vx € (a 6), [F(a] = fea, then J (0 de = FO) — F(a) * * 3. J f(x) de = J f(O dt, ie. definite integral is independent of variable, 5 « 4. [fede = -J fede (a > 5) a > Ti oortartoaatent ed eral eeteeer stent ff yeaa Pr cea Eee 6. If fis continuous on (a, 6) then Fronae = ine — Hae 7. Atfis cominuons on [a 8} then ff) de= f fa + b— 2) de 8. If fis continuous on (0, 2a) then fre a= j SO) de + j fa =x) dx Ifa = x) = foe), Vx € [0, 2a, then i foo) ax= 2} p00 ae If f(a — x) = -f(a), Wx € [0, 2a}, then f f(x) de ° 9. IFfis an oven continuous function on {a a} then | f(x) de =2f f(a)ar & ° 10. If fis an odd continuous function on [=a, al, then J f(x) de = 0. 132 Matnnwarics 12-1AN APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS Music is the pleasure the human soul experiences from ‘counting without being aware that it is counting. = Gottfried Wilhelm . ‘There are no deep theorems - only theorems that we have not understood very well. = Nicholas Goodman 4.1 Introduction, Integration and differentiation are basic operations of calculus having numerous applications in science and engineering, Integrals appear in many practical applications. If the archways of a building has triangular shape or semi-circular shape or rectangular shape and we need to fix glass in the archways, then We can use formulae of elementary geometry to decide hhow much glass material is needed. But if the archways are in section of an elliptic shape, then we have to resort to integration to find out the quantity of ‘lass material needed, Figure 4.1 We need to know the area under a curve for this purpose. Before integration was developed, ‘one could only approximate the area. Method of approximation was known to the ancient Greeks. ‘A Greek mathematician Archimedes, worked-out good approximation to the area of a circle. Finding the area of a region is one of the most fundamental applications of the definite integral. The concept of integration was developed by Newton and Leibnitz 4.2 Arca Under Simple Curves In the previous chapter, we have studied how to find the value of a definite integral as the limit of a sum, Let us study how integration is useful to find the area enclosed by simple curves, area between lines and ares of circles, parabolas and ellipses. We shall also discuss how to find the area between two curves We will assume following property of a A continuous function defined on a closed interval atains maximum value at some point of interval 45 well as minimum value at some point of interval Case 1: Curves which are entirely above X-axis > Let f be a continuous function defined over [a,b]. Assume that (2) 2 0 forall x € [a,b], We want to find the area A enclosed by the curve inuous function defined on a closed interval y=, the Xaxis and the lines x = a and x = b. (The coloured region in the figure 4.2(a) and 4.2(b)) Figure 4.2(@) [AN APPLicaTion oF INTEGRALS. 133We first divide the interval (a, 6) into: subintervals determined by the end-points = XX Xpven Hp =H. Since F(2) is Con on each subinterval [x)—j,%j = I 2sos ms there exists @ point xj © [xj 1» %] such that f(x) is ‘minimum value of f(x) in this subinterval. Also, * € bx; _. 5) such that FG") is maximum value of f(x) in this subinterval. Lot Ax, rectangle with f(x')) as its height and there exists a point (7X ye We construct a ‘Ax, @= 1, 2s na its breadth, (as in the figure wt) 43), The sum of the areas of these rectangles is clearly Tess than the area A we are trying to find ie, Eyopagsa @ Oa x A Figure a3 his sum SE f(a) Ax, is called a lower sum, We construct @ rectangle with f(x;") as its height and Ax, a1 its breadth. (as in the figure 4.4) = Doses MD as ‘The sum of the areas of these rectangles is clearly greater than the area A we are trying to find, Figure 44 ies z Fos) Ax 2A wy This sum E65) Ax, is called an upper sum. ‘Thus, from (i) and (i) we have z Foe) Ax, SAS z F5)) Ax, ‘The arca is equal to the limit of the lower sum or of the upper sum as the number of subdivisions tend to in ity and maximum of Ax, ~> 0 provided upper sums and lower sums tend to a common limit and can be written as follows 134 Marnpaanics 12 -1VA= tim E foe) xy tim Efex) Ax, * ‘As discussed in previous chapter, the above expression is J /() a s Thus, area A= f fon de. Case 2+ Curves which are entirely below the X-axis If the curve under consideration lies below the X-axis, then f(@) < 0 from as shown in figure 4.5. ‘Then the sum defined in (3) and (i) will bbe negative but the area bounded by the curve y = f(a), Xaxis and the lines 1, In this case we x= atox = a, x= bis posi take absolute value of the integral * ies [J £G2)dx| as the arca enclosed, 4 ‘Thus, arca A = |1| where I= f f(x) dx. Figure4.s Case 3: Curves which intersect X-axis at one point : y Figure 4.6 Let the graph of y = f(x) intersect X-axis at (c,0) only and a < c 0 oF g) $0, Vy € [e dh ‘Then the area of the region bounded by x = giv), y= cy = d and Y-axis is A=|T | 44 where I= Jxdy = f gy) av. x Figure 4.7 (2) Let the graph of x = g0) intersect Y-axis at only (0, e) and © Se 0 in the first quadrant) ample 4: Find th sa csksed by the slipe 4 2 Solution : The ellipse is symmetrical about both X-axis and Y-axis Required area ~ 4 X Area OAB in the Ist quadrant 411}, where 1 = f ya ° 138 Matnesiarics 12 -1Vigure 4.14 2. Find the area bounded by the parabola y =x? — 4, the X-axis and the lines x =—1 and x = 3. What is the area bounded by the parabola y ~ x? and the Hines x = —2 and x= 1? 4. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y= J¥=T. the Y-axis and the lines y = 1 and y 5. Find the area bounded by the X-axis the parabola y = =x? + 4 6. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 9 ~ x? and the X-axis. 7. Find the area enclosed by the circle x2 +? = a? 8. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola 2 and the line y= 4, 43° Area Between Two Curves In this section, we will find the area of the region bounded by a line and a circle, f line and a parabola, a Tine and an ellipse, 4 circle and a parabola, two circles ete Let us try to get intuitive idea of how area between two intersecting curves may be oblained. As discussed earlier, area of the region bounded by y = fi), x = a x = b Figure 4.15 [AN APPLicaTion oF INTEGRALS. 1396 and X-axis is given by Ay = [Ij | where I = Alode Here, 1, 2 0 as we have assumed that fix) = 0. (See figure 4.15) As shown in figure 4.16 area of the region bounded by y = fils) x= a x = b and Xeaxis is given » by Ay = [| where 1, = [ f(s) de Since f(x) 0 we have 1,2 0. If wwo curves y = f(x) and y = f(s) intersect each other at only two points for which their x-coordinates are a and b (a # 5), then the area enclosed by them is given by A= ill where I . » I= [Awd — [horde » JA) — Ae de If two curves x = gy(9) and x = ga(y) intersect each other at only two points for which their p-eoordinates are ¢ and d (c # d) then the area enclosed by them is given by A = {I 4 where = J (ey) ~ 2,0 4. Here we have assumed that £10) 2 0, 30) 2 0 Y Figure 4.16 Figure4.17 sai) x0) sg x Figure 4.18 Figure4.19 If the curves intersect once within the region being considered then as shown in the figure 4.19, the interval of iepration will have to be split up. Suppose we wish to find the area between the curves 140 Marnpaanics 12 -1Vy= fyG2) and y = ffs) and the lines x = a@ and x = b. Suppose that the curves intersect each other at some point ¢ between a and b then A= [11+ [Ip ‘ » where T= fC) — AAAs Ly = J AO) — Al) de Example + Find the smaller of the two areas enclosed between the ellipse 2> + 2> = 1 and the 242 ine £4201 Solution + The given line is = o y and the ellipse is 2 + = 30,5) Clearly, the line intersects the ellipse at ‘A(a, 0) and BQO, b). The required arca is x = x shown as in the figure 4.20 as coloured region, AC, 0) For the elipse » = 2 JQP (ist quadrand Now, area of AAOB = LOA - OB ¥ : - Figure4.20 = Sab iy Also, area enclosed by the ellipse in the first quadrant is Joae = = b fat iy @ [: z (iv) By Gi) and (iv) Required area = 20b ae > 2. Second Method : Required area = |1| where I= J HO) ~ A as, where A) = 2 YaF—P and flo) = b MOT 0-2) (FF + rts) fe Bab — ab 2 [AN APPLicaTion oF INTEGRALS. 1Required area Mab as n> 2. Example 6 : Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the circle x? +? = 4, tine x — yJJ = 0 and X-axis in the first quadrant, Solution + Here the given curves are x2 +)? = 4 and x — yJ¥ Substitute y= J in x? +3? = 4, 4 eye 42 = 12 xed 3 In the first quadrant the point of intersection of the line and the circle is P(Y3. 1. PM 1 X-axis and M(J3. 0) is the ¥ foot of the perpendicular. y Figures.21 Now, area of the sector OPA. area of AOPM + Area of the region bounded by the circle x? + 3? lines x = J3 and x = 2. Required area = Ay ++ Ay |, X-axis and the ‘A, = Area of AOPM tom x PM 4. -£ 4x1 © ( > 0 in the first quadrant) Ww 12 Marnpaanics 12 -1VSecond Method : Required area A = [I] 1 where T= J (0) — 2300) dy, where #40) = a= y? and 2,0) = V3y ° Required area = Example 7 : Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = x? and the rays y = |x|. Solution + Consider the curves y =x? (i) y ) and y= |x| ‘The two curves intersect where x2 = | x | IxP-[x1=0 (= [xR Ieldxt-D=0 Hence, the two curves intersect at the points (-1, 1), (0, 0) and (1, 1), Figure 422 We have to find area of the region enclosed between given curves and is shown as coloured region in the figure 4.22. As both the curves are symmetrical about Y-axis, required area A = 2(area of the region in the first quadrant) 1 = 211] where 1 =f GyGx) - Ayla) de, where f(x) = |x| and fyce) = 2? 0 (x|— 2) de 2) ae [AN APPLicaTion oF INTEGRALS. 13Required area A= 2x b= 4 Example 8 ind the area of the region bounded by the «i = lett yea % % and the parabola x2 = 4y Solutio ven circle bas equation x2 + 92 2 3 and parabola has equation x? ~ dy o w ‘The two curves intersect at points where 4y (each 32) y= 9-42 4? + oy 9 =0 Qy- Dey +9y=0 1g 8 voto But y 0, (Why 2) therefore the two caves intersect wna y= Pandya dear roi The two curves intersect at (—VZ_ 4) and (V2. Since both the curves are symmetrical about Y-axis required area = 2(Area of region OABO) Figure 4.23 211 we were = TG) — Hb) a, whee Fe) 73 144 Marnpaanics 12 -1VExample 9: and (8, 4) Solution : sing integration, find the area of the triangular region whose vertices are (4, 1), (6, 6) et AG, 1), BG, 6) and C(8, 4) be the vertices of a triangle ABC. (See figure 4.24) y 36.6) Figure4.24 ‘1 fa-9 yodx-9 o 2 Simiary, the equation of 8G is y = —e + 12 and the equation of AG is y= dx — Let L, M,N be the feet of perpendiculars from A, B, C to X-axis respectively. Now, area of AABC = area of region ALMB + area of region BMNC ~ area of region ALNC. = 1h 1 + UI = Us! [i x- 9a] ‘ Jere 12) | 5 I= 2)44 -|pe-= -[[209-5)- G00 —9]- [8 299- C + - [Geo -16) - Goo -s)]] [AN APPLicaTion oF INTEGRALS. 1s19 + 16) | + [(64 ~ 54) — [8 + 29] =7+10-10 Required area = 7 Example 10 : Find the area of the region bounded by the circle x? +»? — 2ax = 0 and the parabola y2 = ax, a > 0 in the frst quadrant, Solution : ‘The equation 2 + y?— 2. bbe written as (x — a)? +2 = a? which represents a citele whose centre is (a, 0) and radius is a. 2 = ax is a parabola whose vertex is (0, 0) and its axis is X-axis, Substituting »? = ar in x? + 3? — 2a 2 bax 2av=0 eaar=0 xe a) = 0 ox 0orx=a Since »? y Both the curves intersect at O(0, 0), A(a, a) and B(a, —a) 2 + = 2ax gives y = J2ax—x?, ? = ax gives Required area = |I] where I cr) = A909) ce, where (0) = fara? and) = Ja (Year? ~ Vax) a (First quadrant) I (era ~ Vas) = (PETE + Baer 146 Marnpaanics 12 -1V oryta = vax fas y 20) °Meat - 2 artic] [ reget (See neque wea = ( Example 11 : Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x? + 2, xx = 3 and x =0. e+? +2, Solution : Here Let us draw a graph of the region bounded by the curves xx 3 and x Required area A = |1| : where 1 = f (0) — AO) dr, ° where f(2) 242 and fle) = x jotvo—nde } [e+e]; =946-2 a 4 aon et26 Px 0x Example 12 : Find the area of the region hounded by the curves y and X-axis Solution + Here y= 4 — x2 So? -y 2 ( — 4), which is the equation of @ parabola. Its vertex is (0, 4) and opens downwards. To find its point of intersection with X-axis, let us take y = 0 4-e=0 xed? The points of intersection of the 2, 0). Here, the limits of the region bounded by the curve and the X-axis are x = 0 and ‘The curve intersects X-axis at (2, 0) between (0, 0) and (3, 0) ccurve with X-axis are (2, 0) an Figure427 [AN APPLicaTion oF INTEGRALS. “7S0.A= 114 1b 2 where ly = Jf yds o 2 =f G-ae Pde : Lofa@- 2 Required area A= [26] + [2] : Find the area bounded by the curve y = cose between x = 0 and x = 2m. Solution y Figure428 From the figure 4.28, the required area ~ area of the region OABO + area of the region BCDB. + area of the region DEFD Required area =| f cose de|-+| f cose de|+] [cose a a 5 ES 2 = 2° (sin x] + [sinxle + {sina C= O1FIET- DIFIO@= DI 424154 Example 14 : Determine the area of the region enclosed by y= sins, y = cass, x = and the Yeaxis Solution + First let us draw the graph of the region, 148 Marnpaanics 12 -1VFigure429 Now, from the figure it is clearly seen that we have a situation where we will need to evaluate two integrals to get the area, The point of intersection of y = sinx and y = cose will be where This gives x= & (Why 2) ‘The required area A= |I)1+ [Ip] where Ty = } (i) — AG) de, where f(x) = cos and fx) = sins ° = fcosx — sins) ae = sins + cose)! “Wt R- Ory w- @ = Lae — fede = J (cose = sins) de = [sine + cos] =[0F9-(% =1-V2<0 oy Ibl=vB-1 From (i) and (ii) required area A= |1,| + |I,|= J2 - 1+ J2 - 2V2 - 1) [AN APPLicaTion oF INTEGRALS. 19Find the area of the region enclosed by parabola 4y = 3x? and the line 2y FFind the area of the region bounded by curves y = 2x — x? and the line y Find the area of the region bounded by the curves f(x) = costix and X-axis where x € [0, 2]. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves f(s) = 4 — x? and g(x) = 32 — 4 Find the area ofthe region bounded bythe cunes y = x y = 1 and y = 22 Wing inthe first quadrant 16. Find the area of the region enclosed by the curves y = x? + Sx and y x=—2and x= 0 Find the area bounded by the curves y = x2, y = 2 —x and above the line y = 1 Determine the area of the region bounded by y = 2x? + 10 and y = 4x + 16. Using integration, find the area of the triangular region whose sides lie along the lines y = 2x + 1, y 4 10. Using integration, find the arca of the triangular region formed by (I, 1), (0, 5) and (3, 2). 11, Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the X-axis, the line y =x and the circle x? + y? = 32. 12, Find the area of the region bounded by y = 5 — — 2 and bounded by x + Land 2,453 and X-axis, Region Represented by Inequalities = Consider (Gx, ») | 0 Sy Sx}. As shown in the figure 4.30, if we consider any point P(x, ») on AB, then y 2 0 and y S x7 So if B is any point on the parabola and A is on X-axis such that AB . X-axis then any point PG, y) € AB will satisfy 0 Sy Yi 9? and g,0) = 1 - fray? Why 2) 1 | WEF-0- Fo (i= - 1) " " ol oats lo \aF-ye -[EIFE vt £8) “lfpeet- 4] ol -¥] ols ke =) Required area = 1. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x? — x ~ 6 and the X-axis. 2. Find the area of the region bounded by the Y-axis, the line y = 3 and the curve y = x? + 2 in the first quadrant. 3. Calculate the area bounded by the curve y = (x — 1)(x — 2) and the X-axis. 4. Find the area of the region bounded by the citele x2 + y? = 3, tine x — yJ3 = 0 and the X-axis in the Grst quadrant 5. Determine the area enclosed between the two curves y2 =x 4 1 and 2 =x +1 [AN APPLicaTion oF INTEGRALS. 18316. Find the area bounded by the curve «2 = 4y and the line x= 4y — 2. Find the area lying in the first quadrant enclosed by X-axis, the circle x? + 9? = Sx and parabola»? = 4x 8. Find the area of the region bounded by the Tine y and x 9. Prove that the curves y2 = 4x and 32 = 4y divide the area of the square bounded by x = 0, x= 4,y=4 and y= 0 into three congruent pats 10, Find the area of the region {(% ») |0 Sy S241, 0SySx+1,0S¥ 52) 11. Find the area of the region bounded by the circles x2 +)? = 4 and x2 +9? 12. Find the area of the region enclosed by y? = 8x and x + y = 0. 13. Using i 3x +2, the X-axis and the lines ration, find the area of the region bounded by the curve [x [+ Ly = 1 14, Using integration, find the area of the given region : {(x, ») [Ix- 11 Sy S f5—a?). 15, Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola y? =.x and the line x + y = 2. 16. Find the area of the region bounded by y= x + 1, 0 and y 17. Select a proper option (a), (b), (¢) or (@) from given options and write in the box given on the right so that the statement becomes correct (1) The area enclosed by y = 1, y= 3 and the Y-axis is oO 2 2 (2 ws o4 ws (2) The area enclosed by the curve y = 2x — x? and the X-axis is ... oO s 4 Os 2 os ws (3) ‘The area enclosed by y x SB and the X-axis is oO @ wa 2 Or (4) The area bounded by the curve y = sinx, % Sx S 2m and the X-axis is oO @n 2 oO wo (5) The area enclosed by y = x2, the X-axis and the line x = 4 is divided into two ‘congruent halves by the line x = a. The value of a is oO (2 or wor 4 (6) ‘The area of the region bounded by the lines x = 2y +3, y= 1, y= —1 and Y-axis 18 oe oO 4 3 os ws (0) The area bounded by the parabola y2 = day and its Iatus rectum is oO 4 s 16 2 @ 4@ @ Se © at we 158 Matnesiarics 12 -1Vis oO @2 (tr ot ws (8) Area bounded by the curve y = 2x2, the X-axis and the line x = (9) The area bounded by the curve y = x|x], X-axis and the lines x = 1 2 4 (0 wt oF oF (10) The area bounded by the curves y = cosy, y = sinx, Y-axis and 0S x S © is Oo @ 22-1) v2 -1 wo v2+1 @v (11) Area bounded by the line y= 3 —x and the X-axis on the interval (0, 3] is oO 2 4 @s (4 os oF (12) Area bounded by the curves y = x? and x = y? is oO 1 1 1 @s wt ot wl (13) Area bounded by the curve y = sinx bounded by x = 0 and x = 27 is oO @! @2 3 ws (14) The area bounded by the curve y = 3 cosr, 0S x SB, y= ois oO 2 L @3 On oF OF (15). The area under the eurve y = cos?x between x = 0 and x= 1 is Oo @n ws © @2 (16) The area under the curve y = 2V¥ bounded by the lines x = 0 and x = 1 is oO 4 2 ‘ @4 we ol ws (17) The area bounded by y = 2v — x? and X-axis is oO L 2 4 @t we @ ws (18) The area bounded by the curve y = 3x, X-axis and the lines x = 1, x= 3 is oO @3 ws jn (36 (19) The area bounded by the curve y = |x — 5, X-axis and the lines x = 0, x = 1 is oO @2 ws ory ws (20) The area of the region between the curve 32 = dx and the line x = 3 is oO @ 4v3 (b) 8V3 © 163, @sv¥ [AN Apruicavion oF INroRALS 155We have studied the following points in this chapter : 1. The area A of the region bounded by the curve y = f(x), X-axis and the lines x = a, x = * is given by A= [1], where I= f f(e) dr. 2. The area A of the region bounded by the curve x = g(y), Y-axis and the lines y = c, y = dis 4 given by A= [I], where = [ gv) dy. 3. I the graph of y = /() intersects X-axis at (c, 0) only and a x= b(a#b), then the area enclosed by them is given by A= |I|, where I= J (f(x) —fy(x)) de. 5. IPthe two curves x= g)() and x= 4,6) intersect each other at only two points for y= cand 4 y= d(c #4), then the area enclosed by them is given by A= |T], where T= J (g1(») — 20) dv. 156 Marnpaanics 12 -1VDIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 5.1 Introduction If isa faton of, then we deo and is cel a dependent variable. We hve aed eat various metho find © o a) 8 y = f(x). Hore x is called an independent variable Also we know how to find fusing indefinite integration when we are given an equation like 0) = 0) Cxnive) ie. 2 = ge Here the equation S = g(x) contains the variable x and derivative of y wir. x. This type of an ‘equation is known as a differential equation, We will give a formal definition later. Differential equations play an important role in the solution of problems of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Engineering ete. Here we will study the basic concepts of differential equations, the solution of a first order - first degree differential equation and also simple applications of differential ‘equations, 5.2 Differential Equation g an ss of the dependent variable An equation contai dependent variable and a dependent variable and the deriv respect to the independent variable is called an ordinary differential equation, It x is an independent variable, y is a dependent variable depending upon x i.e. y = f(x) 5 ay & or GOs ») = O and the derivatives of y wnt x are 2, 5, Fou then the functional equation w, dy dy ayy L an ordinary differenti ion (Derivativ F (sn Ze Shs ov Z) = 0 in called am ordinary differential equation (Derivatives must occur in this equation) DivvERENTIAL EQUATIONS 157Fora, () Sy ner se @) Bay-2 5.3 Order and Degree of a Differential Equation Order of the highest order derivative of the dependent variable with respect to the independent variable occurring in a given differential equation is called the order of differential equation. (1) 4 yeaa = sine ‘The order of the highest order derivative is 1. So itis a differential equation of order 1 @ is 2. So it is a differential equation of order 2 @ is 1. So it is a differential equation of order 1 “ is 4, So it is a differential equation of order 4. 6 The order of the highest order derivative is 2. So it is a differential equation of order 2. Degree of a Differential Equation : When a differential equation is ina polynomial form in derivatives, the highest power of the highest order derivative occurring in the differential equation is called the degree of the differential equation. ol the degree of a differential equation, we should make the equation free from radicals and fractional powers. musly to obtai The degree of a differential equ: AY (%) +» Tn this equation the highest power ofthe highest oder derivative is 2. So the depre ofthe sitferential equation is 2. ay (B) -#-0 In this equation the highest power of the highest order derivative is 1. So its degree is 1 (Why not 4) 158 Maritesrarcs 12 -1V© ents fof ‘Convert this equation in a polynomial form in derivatives We get, (2 — (By - wee In this equation, the power of highest order derivative i 2. So the differential equation has degree 2. For example, cy 2+ am(2) = 0a en diet etn Hse i and det defn esas the cation so in 8 plo orm in dais (2) £E tog ($P) + the onder ofthe equation is 2 and the degree isnot defined because ‘we cannot express this equation in a polynomial form in derivatives. Example 1 ; Obtain the order and degree (if possible) of the following differential equation : ay (by Y ae o 3 +(Z) tyext a & 1+( * 2 4 a Wynd fy (ee - ©) w® 4B 42-0 «2+(Z) +w-0 - 9) (BY - sm +3 Scion: 1) Te hipster eave is and is pave i ‘The differential equation has order 3 and degree 1 r+ ay ‘To make it radical free, we cube both the sides. a & This differential equation has order 2 and degree 3. (3). The highest order derivatives is ©. Hence the differential equation has order 1. But we can a not express the differential equation in a polynomial form in derivatives, So the degree is not defined, ay (9) The highest order desvatve is 4 and is power is 1, so the differential equation has order 2 and degree DivvERENTIAL EQUATIONS 1592 and degree 3. Obtain the order and degree (if possible) of the following differential equations fy. ob ey 1 E+o 2 x+() = fivy a a & 9, 22 ~ssin3x 5.4. Formation of a Now let us try to understand a family of curves. Consider the equation x2 +)? = 2 o and assign different values to r. Ire 1 then 245% = 1 r=, then P+ =4 Ir =3,then 2+)? =9 Ihr =4, then 2 +92 = 16 rom the above equations, itis clear that equation (0) represents a family of concentric circles having center at origin and having different radii Now we are interested (o find the differential equation which is satisfied by each member of the family irrespective of radius. The above equation has one arbitrary constant, i. r. We should find an ete equation which is free from r. Differentiate x24)? = 2 wrt x Figure 5.1 4 So 2% +22 =0 ay xty Zeno ‘This is the required differential equation satisfied by all the members of the family of concentric 7? and note that it does not contain arbitrary constant r: circles x? + y? 160 Mariewarics 12 -1VExample 2 : Obtain the differential equation of the family of parabolas having vertex at origin and hhaving Y-axis as axis. Solution + We know that the equation of the family of parabolas having vertex at origin and axis along positive direction of Y-axis is x2 = 4by. Let $(0, 8) be the focus of one of these x parabolas where b is an arbitrary constant Now differentiating both the sides of the ‘equation x? = 4by wart, x we get, ‘sO a= an x do = iy But 4by = x2 2B airy oy ph 2 dy edirw-0 Figwe 52 eBay eo ‘This is the differential equation of the given family of parabolas, ae Example 3. Obtain the differential equation of family of all the parallel lines represented by y= 2x +e having slope 2. (c is an arbitrary constant). Solution :y = 2e-+ eis the given equation of line where c is an arbitrary constant For distinct values of c we get different lines. All the lines are parallel to each other. So, y = 2x + 6, (¢ abitrary constant) is a family of parallel lines. [Now we shall find an equation not containing the x arbitrary constant and which is satisfied by all such ‘members of the family of parallel lines, Hence differentiating y = 2x + © with respect Y tox a Ba This equation not containing arbitrary constant Figure 5.3 represents the differential equation of family of lines. Example 4 : Obtain the differential equation of the family of curves y = a sin(e +h), (a and 6 are arbitrary constants). Solution : y= a singe +b) is a given family curves. Differentiating wre x, & = acostx + 6) Dirruentiat Eovxrions 161‘Again differentiating wirt. x, ay fy asin 5) yy oe FE 4 y= 0 isthe siterenia equation representing the given fani a > 4 y= 0 the differnt equation representing the given family From examples 2 and 3, we can say that the differential equation of a family of curves having one arbitray constant is of order one. From example 4, we can say that the differential equation of a family of curves having two arbitrary constants is of order two. From these examples et us understand the formation of a differential equation as under (2) If the family of curves has only one arbitrary constant c, then it can be represented by the equation /(x, y, ©) = 0. Differentiating above equation wrt. x, we get a new functional relation showing relation among x, x, y’ and c, Let this functional relation be gee y= 0 Now eliminating ¢ from the equations f(x,y, c) = 0 and g(x, » FG yy) = 0 representing differential equation of the family f(x, 9, © (0, we get an equation 6. (b) If the family of curves has two arbitrary constants c, and cy, then it can be represented by the equation f(x, » ey 2) = 0 Differentiating wrt. x, we get a new functional relation showing relation among x,y: ¢1 and cy, Let this functional relation be the equation g(x, 2 9! ey, e) = 0 relating x. x: Ys ¢} and >, But both arbitrary constants cy and c, can not be eliminated from only these two equations. Differentiating equation g(x, ), y's ej, ¢,) = 0 again wet x, the equation Aes, 3%." ey €9) Now eliminating arbitrary constants e, and cy from f(& 3: ey, €2) ~ 0 and g(x,y: Ys €y, €)~0 and (x, yy ¥", cy €3) = 0 we get an equation Flx, » ¥, y") = 0 which represents the differential equation of given family f(x,y, ey, €3) is obtained relating x, », ¥, »", e and e,. In short differentiating 7 times, the functional relation f(% 9, cy, cy ‘n arbitrary constants, we get (m + 1) equations including given equation, Eliminating cy, Cyn Cyi We get the differential equation of the given family. Remember that, if the number of arbitrary constants is m, then the order of the differential equation so obtained is also n. Gy) = 0 containing, Example § : Obtain the differential equation representing the family of ellipses having focii fon X-axis or Yeaxis and centre at the origin. Solution + We have the equation, y 1 where, a and 5 are arbitrary constant. (a # 6) (i) ‘This equation represents a family of ellipses. Differentiating equation (i) wt. x, ae ra! We set E+ oe ye, “i Figure S.4(@) Figure $.4(6) re ay 182 Mariesearies 12 -1VDifferentiating both the sides of equation (i) wir. x ve we ay @y ‘We get, (2 ty ae a Maltiply by x on bot si (a) +3 (using (i)) ay ae de is the required differential equation representing the family of elises. Example 6 : Find the differential equation of the family of circles having centre on X-axis and radius 1 unit y Solution = x o| Figure 5.4 Hore the centres of the circles in the family are on Xcaxis, Let the centre of a circle be @ 0), (@ © R) and let these circles have radius |. The equation of this family of circles is Garter © Differentiating wire x aot w-atyS-o -a--y% a a=» Z cc) ‘To remove the arbitrary constant 4, substi (oy S)ar=t y (47 +)? — 1 = 0 is the differential equation of the given family of ci DivvERENTIAL EQUATIONS 168 es.5.5 Solution of a Differential Equation ‘The solution of a differential equation is a function y = f(x) or functions obtained from functional relation f(x, y) = 0 which independent of derivatives and shows relation between ‘variables and satisfies the given differential equat as If for a function y = f(x) defined on some interval, there exist derivatives of f upto order m and if the function f and its derivatives together satisfy the given differential equation, then this function y = f(x) is called a solution of given differential equation. along with all tives. In order that a function y = f(x) is a solution of a given differential equation it is necessary that some conditions regarding domain and continuity of functions are satisfied. In other ‘can be obtained, we discuss how to obtain the solution under some favourable conditions. We will not discuss the existence of a solution of a differe and we words if solution of a differential equ: ble equation. We will study some methods to obtain the solution, when it exists iM not mention the conditions or circumstances under which the solution exists. Solution of « differential equation y= 2x + cis @ solution of 2 = 2, (Example 3) because y = 2x + ¢, satisfies the differential tet sce ate xan 1h x © Ris alton ofthe dite quan LY + y~ 0 a ing y= sine wert. x, & = cose because differentiating y rx @ #y ae ay ty-o a ‘ &y Now y= cosr, x € Ris also a solution of £2 + y = 0. ym cose, x € tion of > ty Here » = cose Differentiating wre x a ae ay ae Le ryeo ae From the above examples, we say that in general there ean be more than one solution of a differential equation. General and Particular Solution : The general solution of a differential equation is a function y = FX, cy Cys cy) OF S65 J. ey, Cron 64) = 0 with arbitrary constants whose number is equal to the order of ‘the differential equation. 164 Mariewarics 12 -1VIn general, there are m arbitrary constants in the solution of the differential equation F(uy, 2, 2, SY) ae de ae This solution is denoted by G(x, J, Cy» Cgymy Cy) =O WhETE Cy, Cpu Cy ATE ATbIT If we can find definite values of the arbitrary constants occurring in the general solution of the differential equation under some conditions on the given variables x, y and deriv: a rary constants. Se Trev etey then the solution of the differential equation with definite values of arbitrary constants is called a particular solution and the given cont or boundary conditions. If a solution other than general solution of a differential equ as a particular solution from the general solution, then such a solution of the differential equation is ins are called initial condi mn cannot be obtained called a singular soluti Example 7 : Verify that the funetion y = A cosx + B sinx, where A and B are arbitrary e ay is a general solution of the differential equation <2 + y = o. a lution of t tial equation Solution » Here y = A cosx + B sinx is the given function Differentiating both sides of the equation wrt. & oa si co we get, P= A sine + B cose fy ae #y ae e ae A coss — B sins (A cose + B sins) ay at ‘Therefore, the given function ay equation + A cose + B sine is the general solution of the given differential |, Because there are two arbitrary constants inthis solution of the differential equation. Example 8 : Verify that » where ¢ is an arbitrary constant, x +2 is. solution of the dierent equation y= x(22) + 1, Soliton Hore y = ex + 4 (eis an arbivary constant) Ditoeninting wrt 5 substinting¢ = inte equation y= er +2, ‘ wera (eee () (2)-(a)e0 ‘Therefore, the function ex + 4 2 solution of the given differential equation. 165bier conta Solution : Here given relation is y = ext @ Differentiating (i) wart, x, % we get Fo = dex Gi) ay = x7 = ler) — dort ext — dext ° ene» “en is sola ot = 0 Example 10 ; Verify that y = ax + a? (a is an arbitrary constant) is the general solution of the ayy dy iterenviat equation (2) + (GE) =>. Find a particular solution, when a= 3. Also show that 4 singular solution of this differential equation is x? + Ay = 0. Solution : Here y = ax + a? (q is an arbitrary constant) x * Substituting a= © in y = ax + a, we get the given differential equation 2 ay * yoxat (2 a Because of presence of one arbitary constant y = av + a? is the general solution of > (a) +(2)-» Now substitute a = 3 inthe general solution. We get y= 3x +9, whichis particular solution of the given differential equation, Now consider x? + 4y = 0 yee : ay (2 (Sy (Z dirniteqaon ‘Thus x? + 4y = 0 satisfies the given differential equation. This is a solution of the differential ‘equation, But this solution cannot be obtained by substituting any value of @ in the general solution, Hence this solution is a singular solution of the differential equation, 166 Mariewarics 12 -1V1. Find the differential equation of all the circles which touch the coordinate axes in the fist quadrant. 2. Obtain the differential equation representing family of lines y = mx -+ c (m and c are arbitrary constant) 3. Form the differential equation representing family of curves y2 = m(a? — x2) (m and a ate arbitrary constants), 4, Find the differential equation of the family ofall the circles touching X-axis atthe origin Show thatthe differential equation 2 + 2x9 ~ 4x3 has the solution y = 262 ~ 1) + ce, where is an arbitrary constant 2 5. Vevity tht 2 = 4+ ) isa solton of he diretal equation »[1— (2) ] = 2 ay. rove y= a cos(log x) + b sin(log x) is a solution of the differential equation x? £2 +x 2 +y 7. Prove y= a cos(log x) + b sin(log x) i a solution ofthe differential equation x? SP +x 2 +. where a and 6 are arbitrary constants y -w Pe 8. Verify that differential equation (1 — x*) 7 sls has solution y = a cosy + b, (where a and & ate arbitrary constants.) 9, Find the differential equation of the following family of curves, where a and b are arbitrary constants x42 2,2 a 2 w 242 eset OP =4e— a 4) y=(ar+% ys as (y= eat by x= aR — x) 10. Verify that y = Ssindx is solution ofthe differential equation 2 + t6y 11, Show that Ax? + By? = > ay , (a «pS +(4) 12, Show that y = 4 + 8 is a solution of is the general solution of the differential equation 32). we wey sexs #y a 5.6 Solution of Diferentl Equation of Fst Order and First Degree: A fis over and ist dpe dient! equaion is epsened by 2 = Fee yh x € Tis fey 2a) any interval). If we let F(x y) = Ss, y)de + glx, y)dv = 0 is also another form of first order and first degree differential equation. ‘The first order and first degree differential equation may not be always solvable but we will discuss particular forms of these equations which have a general solution, DivvERENTIAL EQUATIONS 167[Now we shall discuss some methods to solve a first order and first degree differential equation. (1) Method of Variables Separable : In the differential equation f(x, »)ae + 0x, y)dy = 0 of first order and first degree, if f(s, ») is a function p(x) of x only and g(x, y) is a funetion 40) of y only, then the general form of first order and first degree differential equation is peside + gay ©, Such an equation is said to be in variable-separable form. Now f poxdde + f addy Solve the differential equation, x(1 + )de — y(1 + P)dy = 0. (© is an arbitrary constant) is the general solution, Example 11 Solution > Here x(1 + »2)de = y+ 22)dy ay (Variables Separable form) + ax 2y os ie ny? Integrating on both the sides, fore [oy it iy log [1 +32 we (FE) log|1 + »2] + log ¢ (Instead ofc, let log ¢ be the arbitrary constant, ¢ > 0) ge (> 0) G4t2>a1497>0) ate alte ‘This is the general solution and c is an arbitrary positive constant Example 12 : Solve the differential equation (e* + e*) Solution: Hee (4 oy Bw t= ae (Variables Separable) ere Integrating on both the sides, jo fo55 ye log [et be] be which is the required general solution of the given equation. We may write y = log (ef +.) + ease +> 0. 168 Mariewarics 12 -1VExample 13 : Find the particular solution of the differential equation 2 tans given that y & when x = 0. (vy # 0) o Integrating on both sides of equation (i), we ee [tar ftane ae + log Ly] = log | secx | + log |e] (log | c| arbitrary constant) slog [1 = log Le see yresecx wa ‘This is the general solution, Substituting y = 1 and x = 0 in equation (i ‘a particular solution 1 = secd+e wwe get value of arbitrary constant ¢ which gives ec x is the required particular solution Buample 14: Solve he diferent! equation 2 =e =7 +7. Solution : ey be Sif ,x ao te eet a Ode + de Integrating on both the sides, fea= fier ede nb Onet bee (€ arbitrary constant isthe general solution ofthe given differential equation sample 15 + Solve : & 2 Example 15 : Solve : 2 = ( + yy Solution : This differential equation cannot be expressed in the form p(x) dx + q(») dy = 0. so at tat sgh tis feral equlen doer no ech tobe of wtablen erable ty, Ba can naar it hat fom, ae Subang £4 nthe equation DivvERENTIAL EQUATIONS 169So the equation will become 4: ao te? a dois ade ie Integrating on both the sides tar-'(x + y) = x + is the general solution. Example 16 : Solve cos(x — yidy = dx com” dx Aiscosn at wot” ds cost ~ corr t Integrating on both the sides, Lseost ~ fan footer 1 fede = feosect = cove di + [cos — Jem fcosecr cove d+ f (cosec?¢— 1) dt (Variables Separable form) (c arbitrary constant) @ «iy 170 Maritesrarcs 12 -1V = log ox] wy ‘This is the general solution. 74 Maritesrarcs 12 -1VNow we are given 9(1) = ¥ ie, when x= 1 and y = So, from equation iv), cos ® = log |e © = tog |e] cos(2) = top ix #9) is the req -d particular solution, Example 20 : Solve [x sint (2) = y] det x dy = 0. Find the patcutarsolton, i the intl condition is y(1) = = Solution + Here fr si? (2) = y] ar+ x dy = 0 od syd Te @ ro) a aw From equati dv vere i (D, (i) and Gi) we get sintv Ing bt si owcts a == fa cot v= —log |x| — log |e] ait Now we are given y(1) ie. when x= Ly DivvERENTIAL EQUATIONS 15y cot 2 log Lex] = log Lx 1 + log & «#0 = log [x] +1 ‘This is the required particular solution, ample 2: Sole 20y #52 = 2° =o, Aso fia th pa salut ur 0) = 2 Solution : Here 2xy +3? — 22 & = 9 5 a a Let a From equations (i, (ii) and (ii) ver@ayed srBavele (Variables Separable form) afar fou -2 = log lx] +e ax 2X — Jog |x| + ¢ is the general solution. Now y(1) = 2. So if Lys? Be tog |i |+e @# x40) 1. Solve the following differential equations = () 7 + dy = 07 + Py de 176 Martestarics 12 -1V@) (ceo +3 sin2)y = x cos 2) @) xB-y4xsin(2)-0 yeh de= wet ae (5) xsin(2) 2 ~y sin(2) +x (6) y+ 207 Hm ree @ e&-2-yty dtd yar8r-A)e-0 0) eBaxty (10) ae 4x tog (2) d= 2x ob 0) Ge® 2 tyar= xy ay 2S 4 cy 2-2 + ean(2) 2. Find the particular solution of the given differential equations under given condition : ) G2 + 2dr tay dy = 0; @ xe yt eB eo yo=0 0) B- Zs cosecL =o Y= 0) C2 = Wye + By dy= O40) =1 © dy + Pa D 0; (I) = 2 (6) G2 + 3xy + de — Pay = 0; I) = 0 5.8 Linear Differential Equation : 1€ 4) and Q¢) ar functions of variable. then the deren equation “+ Pn)» = 6) i aed a Linear Diferental Equation dy Forexample, (1) 2a ears Re) = 5 Qe) ~ cos a» a * @ Z-t-6 Pay = =F, Qe = & @xBey-8 ro=2,em-¥ « Beye Pea) = 1, Q@) = ar ‘Method of solving linear differential equation : et 441) = OG) bea given lina diferent equation ol, we gor BY el Pde 4 y of PDA. RA) = QU ef PDA Ie we mulply both the sides by «194, we get B of Pde + y ef ReA PE = Q(x) ef PO £ pyel toe = ogy el tone Integrating wrt x, we get rel MO = frat el 0) a Dirruentiat Eovxrions 17Note Here the linear differential equation is multiplied on both the sides by F700 ae to make it easily integrable, So ef PO & is called an Integrating Factor - LE. The fit oder ner deel equation e 2 + Pay = 4) If we multiply both the sides by A(x), a function of x, we get 1) % + Wee) Pony = }QE) o Choose a function A(x) in such a way that A(x)Q(x) becomes a derivative of y h(x). ny + 0 Mey = Le) 109 + He Pay = HB +9409) Mx) Peay = yh) Hx) +P) = HG) Po) = Integrating both the sides with respect to x, Jroo de = [pbs we ae fo JPGo de = tog (460) | Hy = ef Pode In the equation (i) substitute the value of f(x), ree ® 4 PaDa peay = of OE QQ) . free B® 4 friar roy = of P24 Qay £ irmary = dre) ze SPO Mry = [el PMA QU) ae In this way we get the solution of a linear differential equation. The function A(x) = e! Pig an Integrating Factor. Bxample 2: Solve © + 2 =, Te gen ter diferent Solution : The given differential equation is linear. $. Qe) = 7 Lp = ef Pende Here PCO We can take LLP. as x because if we multiply both sides of the differential equation by x, then there will no change, Multiply by x on both the sides. 18 Martestarics 12 -1VxPayed Loo = aye [ear watte (is an arbitrary constan) This isthe general solution of the given differential equation uample 23: Solve 2+ yuece = tae ay Solusion + + yseex = tan ‘This i a linear differential equation Here, P(x) ~ see x, QG0) ~ tan x Le, = el Ponds = met te le Lee +t = |seex + tanx| We can take LF. “Malkiply both the sides of given equation by LE. we get, see x + tan x Gees + wy + oe (ec + tons)y = tna te + to) 4 - - Loecx + tansy] = tan (secx + tan) y(secx + tanx) = [tanx (seex + tanx) de yiecx + tanx) = fscex tanx det [tanPxde secs tanx de + [ec — 1 ae cox 4 tanx = xh 6 p(seex + tanx) p(seex + tan) is the general solution. : Solve & = Example 24 ; Solve © = y sax + e* Solutio 3 tan x + € is a linear differential equation in the form 2 + Pmy = Q(x. a Here P(2) = —sanx and Q(x) = e* Now, LF, = oJ Pode J~tans a ele leas We can take LF. = cos x Divvimesriat, EQUATions 179Example 25 : Solve 2 General solution of this linear equation is, vy cosx = Jetcosx de (sd ride = fog ltée ae) y corn = & (cons + sinx) + is the general solution (€ arbitrary constant) ay B+ % = tog x Soluti isi arterial equation in th frm 2+ Pay = 9) Here P(s) = 2 and QG) = log x Lr = el evar According to the general solution, jel Ph = FQ Me de ya [log x de ye tg fr de (Eo 0 fa) a xia pw = log xe = Z yoo Blogs ditto (¢ i wm avbitenry constant) Solve the following differential equations : ‘This is the general sol 1 2 3. 4 s. 6 7 8. 4B + ry ae 9. Ub yds = Wanrly — x) dy 10. x logs ty =2togx, x>0 11. side 2 + y = core 12. yde— + DAd=0 Martestarics 12 -1V5.9 Applications of differention Equat As we know the study of differential equations began in order to solve the problems that originated from different branches of mathematies, physies, biological sciences ete. (1) Physies (RL cireuit) : Let us consider RL circuit. This circuit contains resistor (R) and Inductor R L (L). So it is known as RL cireuit. At r= 0, the switeh |} —r0 is closed and current does not pass throuch the circuit. When switch is on, the current passes through the circuit. As per the electricity law, when voltage ‘across a resistor of resistance R is equal to Ri, 5 FOS La, the voltage across an inductor is given by 12, rags given by Tey Figure 5.5 ‘where # is the current sample 26: The eqn of clctomtive force (emf) i = Rit Ll, whee R i esas, L is the self inductance and / is electric current. Find the equation relating time (#) and electric ‘current (0). Soluion The given equation canbe writen as LZ = B= Ri (Variable Separable form) is the requited equation, Another Method : Given equati pidinp- Lé-r-w zB rE age at! ‘This is a linear differential equation. LF. Multiplying both the sides by LF, & dtl) Heong Divvimesriat, EQUATions 181Integrating both the sides wine. 1, -£ arbitrary constant) ‘This is the general solution. @) Application in Geometry + y= fe) = J0) is a given curve. If y = f(3) is differentiable at (¥y, 36) then, slope of the tangent at the point (9.34) ay seventy (Bec (1). The equation of the tangent to the curve at point (x, ¥4) 18 FS Se “(2 Sub tangent nae ¥~¥0* VarJoag yg) 80 Figures.6 (2) The equation of the normal to the curve at point (4, 6) i dx wo, ro [B)a we (%e) Let M(x, 0) be the foot of perpendicular from P(x, yp) on the X-axi ierseets X-axis at T, then TM is called the subtangent. Suppose tangent at P Length of subtangent TM = ‘Suppose the normal at P intersects X-axis at G, then MG is called the subnormal. Length of subnormal MG = ay 0 LAE Joy 39) Example 27 : The slope of the tangent to the curve at any point is reciprocal of the y-coordinate of that point (y # 0) and the curve passes through (I, 2). Find the equation of the curve, Soluti “te M9) Beaty poi the eae Slope ofthe angen the eve a te pint POs 9) But the slope of the tangent to the curve at point P(x») = 192 Martestarics 12 -1V