ISSN 0970-1 257

Series No. 11 1988

a publication for the study of

Tibetan medicine, published b . he
Library of Tibetan Works and .chives
 TIBETAN MEDICINE
(gSo-rig)

a publicationfor the study of Tibetan Medicine

pUblished by the Libraryof Tibetan Works &Archives

11988 Series 111

A,Glossaryof Tibetan Medicinal Ptents

By MiaMoIvray

CONTENTS

Acknowledgement 02
Abstract 02
Background 03
Misidentification of Tibetan plant names 03
Discussion of the major sources cited 05
Remarks concerning the Glossary 06
Latin-Tibetan 09
Tibetan-Latin 46
Uterature cited 84
Acknowledge.ents

This work could not have been completed without the resources of the
Tibetan Medical Centre in Dharmsala and the help of its director at the
time, Mr. Jigme Tsarong, and of Dr. Pasang, and the others on its helpful
and friendly staff. Dr. R. E. Schultes prOVided both guidance and encour-
agement during the process of identifying samples and writing, as did Dr.
S. Y. Bu, and Dr. R. A. Howard. Thanks are also extended to the librarians
of the Harvard University Herbarium Library and the Botanical Museum Li-
brary, who were unflaggingly cheerful about helpIng me find references in
ever more obscure languages. Likewise, the resources of the Harvard Uni-
versity Herbarium itself were essential to the identification of- specimens.
Lastly, a word must be said about mistakes: I have done my utmost to
expunge errors, but those which remain are entirely mine. I will be very
.grateful to all who bring problems to my attention so that corrections may
be incorporated in the future.

The Tibetan font was generated using the Tibetan Text Processing
System, published by the Mahayana Sutra and Tantra Press of Howell, New
Jersey, U.S.A.

The financial support of the Stanley Smith Horticultural Trust and of

Dr'. Irene Agushi, which made this project possible, are also gratefully ac-
knowledged.

Abstract

The introduction to the Glossary stresses our lack of information

concerning the Tibetan pharmacopoeia and that pharmacopoeia's potential
value. Headings in the introduction include:

Background
Misidentification of Tibetan plant names
Discussion af the major sources cited
Explanatory remarks concerning the Glossary.

The Glossary' includes both Latin - Tibetan and Tibetan - Latin

sections giving the translations of medicinal plant names.
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 3

Background

Tibetan medicine is a rich and unresearched field. Reports of cures

abound, reminiscent of the stories about a Burmese king cured of leprosy by
chaulmoogra. That legend resulted in the discovery of the first effective
drug for leprosy, once the plant involved was correctly identified. But
with respect to Tibetan medicine we are still at the stage of trying to de-
termine the identity of the raw materials. Pharmacologic research may well
be' as fruitful using this pharmacopoeia as it was with the South American
ones,' which gave the world drugs like quinine and curare, but it cannot be-
gin until the basic taxonomic questions are answered.

Indian, or Ayurvedic, medicine had by far the greatest influence on

the theory of Tibetan medicine. Since Buddhism came to Tibet from India,
the Tibetans felt great respect for many aspects of Indian culture, even
those based on Hinduism, like Ayurveda. Basic medical theory is similar to
the Indian one in that diseases are caused by an imbalance of three "hu-
mours" or processes. A multitude of other factors, including psychological
and spiritual ones, influence this balance and must be taken into consider-
ation to effect a cure. In theory the medicine or treatment given to a
patient restores the humoral balance by the medicine's own preponderance of
one or more of the three humours. In practice the indication for a given
remedy is usually a specific set of symptoms, implying that it is adminis-
tered on an empirical basis.

Though this Glossary includes only plant names; animal and mineral
medicines together form an equally large part of the Tibetan pharmacopoeia.
Thousands of substances are recorded as medicinal. How much of this enor-
mous repertoire is actually used is uncertain. But Rehmann (1811) records
that simple Buryat doctors often used 25 to 40 elements in individual com-
pounded medicines. (The Buryats are a Tibetan people whose territory is
currently in the U.S.S.R.) Since almost all Tibetan remedies are compounds
of many ingredients, this could imply that a sizable proportion of the
pharmacopoeia finds practical application, or that the same elements are
used repeatedly in different combinations .

i8identification of Tibetan plant names

Identification of the many plants referred to in the extensive Tibetan

medical literature, or mentioned by Tibetan doctors and local informants,
is difficult at this point due to the inaccessibility and geographical bias
of the extant translations. For instance, Posdneev's (1908) generally
valuable work does not list the plants in any alphabetical order, either
Tibetan, Russian, or Latin; and the identifications lean toward Mongolian
and Siberian plants, as is usual in Russian work, neglecting elements of
the Chinese, Himalayan and Indian flo~as which are commonly used in the
va~ious regions of Tibet. This Glossary attempts to give some perspective
on regional substitutions by drawing on sources with different geographical
biases, including the author's own work at a Tibetan refugee settlement in
India. A Tibetan - Latin section has been included both-to make the use of
4 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Tibetan sources easier and, primarily, to make explicit the number of dif-
ferent identifications applied to given Tibetan names. The large amount of
indeterminates in the Tibetan ~ Latin section, all found in only one Tibet-
an herbal, hint at the vast quantity of work that remains to be done.

The ~ources of confusion in working with the Tibetan pharmacopoeia are

many, and they have been aptly summarized 'by Meyer (1977):

local plants substituted for Indian ones retain the Sanskrit name of
the Indian original;

Tibetan descriptions and drawings which are almost always 'too vague
to allow definite identification;

great regional variations in the use of plants (at high altitudes

stones may even be substituted, yet keep the same name);

mlsidentifi~ations by informants when presented with material out of

its accustomed context;

'different names are often given to different parts of the same plant.

The substitution of plants and names is probably the largest single

source of confusion. Repeatedly, multiple definitions do not prove to be
similar plants which may have been mistaken for each other, but are ele-
mentsof different floras which were probably substituted while the origi-
nal name was preserved. An example of this is kantakari, which is Solanum
xanthocarpum in the south, and Rubus niveus at high altitudes (vide Meyer
(1977.' Regional substitutions and nomenclatural variation can occur in
any combination, whether it be Indian, Chinese, Mongolian, and Tibetan
names which are all similar or all different, and which refer-to the same
or different plants. The extent to which the pharmacopoeia adapted itself
to the local flora can be seen in the variations between Hilbotter's (1957)
definitions and those of Gammerman and Semichov (1963), and those of Das
(1970), and Dash (1976). Names in each one tend to describe Chinese, Sibe-
rian and Mongolian, and Indian medicinal plants, respectively, and much of
the variation cannot be explained only on the basis of the authors' own
geographical biases.

Plants were, no doubt, sometimes misidentified as to their Tibetan

name, even before other errors had a chance to creep in. This is likeliest
to happen when informants, whose only experience is with live material in
the field, are given a dried specimen for identification, or are shown a
live specimen out of context.

Inaccurate and incomplete collections are another source of trouble.

Most of the collections were made at the beginning of this century or ear-
lier, not necessarily by botanists, oftener by travelers or scholars in
other disciplines. Therefore the data concerning the locality and the in-
formants who identified the plants' Tibetan name(s) and medicinal uses are
usually scanty.

Yet another source of confusion is the imprecision of Tibetan spell-

ing. Tibetan, like seventeenth century English, may have several spellings
of one word, none of them incorrect. For instance, ko-byi-la and go-byi-la
are both names for Strychnos nux-vomica, and the Tibetan sources probably
never meant to imply that there was any difference between them. Sometimes
an alternate spelling is most likely to be a simple misprint. Byl-shang-
dkar-po in the Tibetan - Latin section is identical to byl-shing-dkar-po
except for the missing "i" vowel sign, which results in "shang" rather
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 5

than "shing". Shing means "tree" and is a common word in plant names. On
the other hand, Jigme Tsarong, formerly Director of the Tibetan Medical
centre, has pointed out that a few of the spellings included in this Glos-
sary are so incorrect that it is impossible to guess the intended Tibetan
.urd. (The entries have been retained, but are noted as questionable.)

No translations of the Tibetan names have been supplied because this

is beyond my abilities, but it is interesting to note how colorful some of
the plant names are. So-ma-ra-dza, which applies to either Cannabis sativa
or to Abutilon theophrasti, means "essence of soma"; and lha-ming-khrag,
AlliUlll sativum or garlic, means "blood of the demons".

Discussion of the major sources cited

The sources I have used vary considerably, with some based in the
classical tradition of Tibetan medicine, while others show the influence of
Tibet's neighbors. Posdneev's (1908) work is a translation of part of the
"'1c canon of Tib~tan medicine, the rGyud-bZhi (i.e. the Four Treatises).
Posdneev's samples were identified by botanists working at Russian insti-
tutes, but he makes no mention of collecting in different r~gions nor does
be specify which regions his samples came from, and he does not say which
saaples were whole plant specimens and which were simply drug samples.

lJam-dPal-rDo-rJe's materia medica, written in the early 1800s, is a

ca.pl1ation of earlier classical works. Thupten Kelsang Rinpoche was so
kind as to go over this book with me quite carefully. Meyer (1 '7' finds
it a disadvantage that 'Jaa-dPal-rDo-rJe gives no indication of frequency
of use of any given plant. This is the only illustrated book among my
sources, and the drawings are often good enough at least to allow exclusion
of certain plant families. Where this work is cited in the Glossary after
a Latin name, I have used this feature.

Gammerman and Semichov's dictionary (1963), the only true dictionary

among all my sources, lists over 700 plants. The definitions were compiled
from several Tibetan,.Mongolian and Buryat collections available in Soviet
herbaria. As with Posdnnev, the stress is on northerly plants. Meyer
(1977) finds that tbey do not sufficiently infora the reader of the locali-
ties or ~ollectors connected with any given species, 80 that it Is diffi-
cult to track down differences in definition due to regional varjatioDs.
They do not enumerate native uses.

Rehmann's (1811) little booklet does not list native uses for the
plants, but does describe them rather accurately. He acquired his samples
while he was in Mongolia, where he bought common medicines from lamas or
apothecaries and then identified them either personally or through bota-
nists. Mongolian medicine was largely the same as Tibetan (always except-
ing the fact of regional substitutions) since it was part of the same Bud-
dhist - lamaist tradition that Mongolia shared with Tibet. Samples in his
collection are of historical interest, as they show what was in common use
at that time and place.

Hfibotter's (1957) work is derived from Mangalam Kurwanu, a Mongolian.

Hubotter does not state whether Kurwanu's book listed uses or was simply a
Tibetan-Chinese-Mongolian plant dictionary. Hubotter himself f in any case,
seems to have recorded only the Chinese uses. He does not say how he de-
termined the Latin equivalents, whether via the Chinese names or otherwi~e.
He omits the authors of the Latin binomials, and he seems to be unaware
6 TIBETAN MEDICINE

that different plant parts of the same plant often have different names.
When faced with this situation he has often questioned whether a variety of
the species was indicated. Some of his definitions may point to substitu-
tions common in the areas closer to China.

The standard Tibetan - English dictionary by Das (1970).has been used

only tangentially, in the course of looking up terms from other authors.
He omits the authors of species, and his definitions are biased toward
Indian plants.

Dash (1976) has written an interesting comparative work on an Ayur-

vedic text and its Tibetan translation. Since Tibet borrowed the major
Indian medical texts, this type of comparative work throws an interesting
light on the development of Tibetan medicine. Dash supplies a glossary in
which he views the Tibetan plant names as translations or transliterations
of the Indian ones -- an approach which is valid for his work but may not
always be accurate for practical Tibetan medicine. He does not specify by
what means he determined the Latin binomials for the Tibetan names.

My samples of the pharmacopoeia were obtained from the Tibetan Medical

Centre in Dharmsala in India. The Centre is the continuation in exile of
the classical college of medicine in Lhasa, and as such can be expected to
represent the mainstream of the tradition. The samples consist of herbs
prepared for use in medicine, therefore many of them are fragmentary. Even
those few which contain the complete plant are usually sUfficiently crushed
to prevent reliable estimates of the original size, inflorescence position,
and other useful characters. Despite the difficulties, samples which con-
tained only seeds or fruits could sometimes be determined to species. How-
ever, the numerous samples containing only roots had to be left undeter-
mined for the most part. It i~ evident from the samples that -the Tibetans
in India have substituted Indian pla~ts for some of the unobtainable tem-
perate ones (such _as Justlcla adhatoda for Euphrasla odontltes). A few of
the medicines in my samples (and a significant number in the pharmacopoeia
generally) are imported from distant regions; most are collected between
August and October within a 200 mile radius of Dharmsala.

Remarks concerning the Glossary

Valid scientific names are written in bold italics, and names used by
authors which are now in synonymy, wheneyer I am aware of the transfer, are
placed in ordinary italics and the entry is alphabetized under the current-
ly valid name and indented two spaces. The major works used to update the
nomenclature are, in order of importance, Hara et al. (1978, 1979, 1982),
Davis (1965 - 1985), Polunin and Stainton (1984), Tutin at al. (1964 -
1980), and Dassanayake and Fosberg (1980 - 1985).

Botanical authors for those of my sources who do not cite them, that
is for Das, Hubotter and Rehmann, have been added when there could be no
doubt as to the indended name. If there is more than one possibility (as
in the case below where Cyperus pertennuls was published by two workers and
has been synonymized with two different species), then the name has been
left 8uthorless. It is also not indented, since it is not a synonym of the
preceding name. A given name appears only in the works referenced immedi-
ately after it. For example:
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 7

Cyperus rotundas L. (D,Dh) gla-sgang (D,Dh)

c. pertennuis CD)

.eans that the Tibetan name and C. rotundus appeared in both Das (1970) and
Dash (1976), but that only Das had both species listed as possible equiva-
lents of the Tibetan name.

When possible, all workers who have used a given name are cited atter
it. For example:

Aristolochla noupinensis Franch. (T) ba-le-ka (J,M,T,G,P,H,R)

aeans that ba-le-ka is cited by numerous authors, but only Tsarong identi-
fies it as above. It is always good to cross-check definitions in the
Tibetan - Latin section (or vice versa), but it is especially important to
do so when there is an indication, as above, that numerous authors have
cited the name. (Space did not always permit citations of all authors who
used a name, in addition to the author whose definition is being cited. I
have- always attempted to indicate that other definitions exist by citing at
least one of the "extra" ~uthors.)

If ba-le-ka is looked up in the Tibetan - Latin section, one finds the

following:

ba-Il-ka (J) Alcebia quinata Decne. (G)

Aristolochia noupinensis Franch.
ba-Ie-ka (T)
(T,M,G,P,H,R) 1t1enispermum dalJurlcum DC. (G)
Menispermaceae ? (M)

Here one sees that 9ut of all the many authors, only Gammermann and Tsarong
have definite identifications. Molvray feels that her specimen probably
belongs in the Menispermaceae, but could not determine her specimen fur-
ther. 'Jam-dPal-rDo-rJe is alone in using "ba-li-ka a likely misprint
tl
,

for ba-le-ka since the difference between the two in Tibetan is so slight.

Finally, some of the different Tibetan names for a given medicinal

plant become clearer when one knows the names of various plant parts. Some
of the more common ones are:

shing tree
me-tog or mdog flower
'bras or 'bras-bu fruit
shun bark
rtsa or rtsa-wa root

Likewise, certain colors appear repeatedly:

dkar-po white
ser-po yellow or gold
dmar-po red
nag-po black
8 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Key to the abbreviations of the references:

D Das (1970)
Dh Dash (1976)
G Gammerman and Semichov (1963)
H Hubotter (1957)
J 'Jam-dPal-rDo-rJe (reissued 1971)
Me Meyer (1977)
M Molvray
P Posdneev (1908)
R Rehmann (1811)
T Tsarong (pers. comm.)

Key to the transliteration:

,.
O
ka

eha
~.

kha

chha
E\r
~.
ga

ja
,.
1::\. nga

nya
(1)

ta ". tha (2) ~. 00. ~. na

"
~ pa
-6. tsa
r:.q' pha
~"
(3)

tsha (4)
~" ba

1(" dza
ar rna
~ wa

'\' zha (5) it" za. ~" t (6) 011 ya

~: ra ~" la ~" sha (7) ~" sa

'" ha. ,"" a (8)

Vowels (with "a" as base letter)

~. i ~. u ... e

(1) ng as in sing
(2) t aspirated as in nut-hook
(3) p aspirated as in uphill
(4) tsa aspirated
(5) zha as in leisure
(6) unaspirated h; vowel sound depends on accompanying vowel sign as
with all letters
(7) sha as in sharp
(8) may be any of the five vowels depending on accompanying vowel sign

Transliteration 1s in the following order: prefix, superscript, root

letter, subscript, suffix. (Pronunciation note: the root letter or its
associated vowel may be somewhat modified by these other consonants, but in
essence only the root letter and vowel are pronounced.)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 9

LATIN - TIBETAN

LATIN TIBETAN TRANSLITERATION

----------- A -----------

Ables spectabilis (D.Don) ba-lu (Dh,M,T,P,H)

Mirbel
A. webbiana Lindl. (Dh)

Abutl10n tbeophrasti Medik. (G) ~aq~:~:1( so-ma-ra-dza (G,J,P,H)

Sida abutilon L. (R)
~~"'qt:q ud-pal (M,T,R)

AcacIa catechu (L. f.) Willd.

(T,Dh,H)
~~'~~ seng-ldang (H)

~~.~~ seng-ldeng (T,Dh,M,G,P)

Achillea setacea Waldst. & 'bam-po (J,G,T,P)

Kit. (G,T); A. millefolium L.
var. setacea (P)

Achyranthes aspera. L. (Dh) ttq~'cq'~ a-pa-ma-rga (Dh)

Achyrantbes bldentata B1. (H) ~~.~~ lel-mo-ses (H)

Aconitum autumnale (H)

~'~'~~'&:i bong-nga-ser-po (H)
""'r-
Aconitum balfouri Stapf (T)
~~'~~ bong-nag (J,T,G)

Aconitum :flscberi Reichb. (6,H) ..,..,...- "'" bong-nga-dkar-po

~~.~'~,~~
A. chinense Siebe (P,H) (G,P,H,J,T,Dh)
m~t; gla-sgang (H,T,Dh,D)
......... ~
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ~~.~.~,~.~ bong-nga-dkar-po
ex Royle (T,Dh) (Dh,J,T)

Aconitum lycoctonu11I (H) thar-nu (H,J,T,G,P)

~~:~
'\ti
Aconitum napelluB L.
(M,T,G)
~~~'~'iiflq
\:j
bdud-rtsi-lo-ma (M,T)
~
bong-dkar (M)
I:\~'~'~
~~~~ 'dzin-pa (M)
.....,.-
~~.",~ bong-nag (G)

Aconitum uncinatum (H)

.5!C\'~C\ sman-chen (H)
10 TIBETAN MEDICINE

....
Aconl tum sp , (G)
1::\"."
~

~,~.~ bong-nga-dkar-po (G,D)

~.~~ bong-ser (J,G)

Acoruscalamu8 L. (6,T,Dh)
~~~
shu-dag (J,M,T,G,P,H,Dh)

Acorus gramlneus Ait. (H)

..... chhu-dgan-go (H)
i~"i"
Adenophora latlfolia Fisch. ~~.~Ql.{C\.q shang-dril-sngon-po (6)
A. pereskiifolia (Fisch.)
G.Don (G)

~~
Adenophora polymorpha Ldb.
(H)
3i-eq sro-lo (H,J,M,P)

~.~~.~
'\t$'\:;
klu-blud-rdo-rje (H)

Adiantum aspidium (H) ~:~t:41 re-ral (T,P,H)

AdlantW'lt pedatum L. (T)

Adonis slblrica Patr. (G) f!~.~.!\~ myang-rtsi-spras (J,G.T)

Aegle marmeloB (L.) Carr. (Dh,H) ,.~~ ka-bed (Dh.J,G.P)

~.e; bi-lba (H)

Aegle seplaria DC. (P) ~.~~.~~

Agriophyllum arenarium Patane (P) ~:~ byi-tsher (P.J,T.G.Dh)

Agropyrum pseudoagropyrum ~~-I::\ dur-ba (J,G)

(Trin.) Franch. (G) v:J
[Agropyrum now = Blymus]

AIlanthus altissima (Mill.) bre-ga (P,J,M,T.G,H)

Swingle
A. glandulosa Desf. (P,G)

Alcebia qulnata Decne. (P,H,G) ~.~~ ga-dur (J,P,H)

v;
~.~., ba-le-ka (G,J,T,M.R)
~
Alanglum Balvilfolium (L. f. ) ~.,.~ a-ko-la (Dh)
Wang. (Dh)

Albizzla lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Dh) ~.~:oof\ shi-ri-sha (Dh)

AlllWII anisopodium Ldb. (G) ~-~.~~.~ ze-ra-nag-po (G,P,H)

Allium cepa L. (T,G,D,H) I\~.~~ sgog-btsong (G)

~~ btso~g (J,T~D,H)

~:I\,-" ri-sgog (H,J)

~
Allium nival Jacqm. (D) ,,~r~ sgog-skya (D,M,T,G,Dh)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 11

All.l_ satiVID L.
........ sgog-skya (D,M,T.G,Dh)
(T,JI,P,G,Dh) "~9~
'9~~9~~ Iha-ming-khrag (P)

Alli. . senescens L. (0) ~9f(~ ri-sgog (J,G,T,H)

AlIIU11J victorialis L. (G) ~9~ dwa-ba (J,G)

...........
Allium sp. (P,B.T) ,,~ sgog (J,T)

""9~9~'9~ sgog-pa-chhig-skye (H)

~.~'9!.~ . dwa-ba'i-rtsa-ba (P)

...,.....
Alpinia alba. Rose.
Amomum medium-Lour. (P.R)
not above; Zingiberae. sp. (M)
'9'9eq ka-ko-la (M,P,R,B)

Althaea rosea (H) "'j9~9eq at-pa-Ia (H)

AmOIDUII IJlJlIU'UlIl Lour. (P) ~~.~ sug-smal (P,B)

Androsace lanuginosa Wall. (M. T) "9~ sga-tig (M,T)

AlJemone cernua Thunb. (H)

~'rc1\ tsher-sngon (H,M,T)

srub-ka (P,J,G)
~~9'
Anemone pulsatIlla L. (P)

Anetbum BOtta Kurz. (D) ~1j~~~ sha-ta-push-pa (D,Dh)

ADgellca arcbangelica L. (P) shu-dag (P,J,M,T,G,Dh)

~9~"
~

ADgelica grosseserrata Maxim. (Hl ~':I\'I'~ sbru-dkar-rtsa-ba (B)

ADgellca POlymorpba Maxim.

var. slnense (H)
ljC'9Jt1i tang-kan (H)

ADgellca sylvestrls L. (B) shu-dag

A. anomala Ave.-Lall. (B) (B,J,M,T,G,P,Dh)
so-mang (H)

ADgellclJ sp. (T) lcha-ba (J,M,T,G,P,H,R)

~
Anisum vuliare Gaertn. (G) t\r,~ go-snyod (J,M,T,P,G,Dh)

Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. ~.,.~ a-ka-ru (J,D)

(T,M,H,R)
fJq~.~ a-ga-ru (M,T,H,R,P)

at-pal (P.B); in error

Aqullegia viridiflora Pall. (P)
~'.~Ql for ut-pal ? (M)

Arabis birsuta Scop. (G) par-pa-ta

Arabis pendula L. (G,P). (J,G,P,Dh,H.M,T)
12 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Arctlum lappa L. (J,T,G,D,H) ~:~~~ byi-bzung (J, T ,G',D)

~~~a; byid-zung (H)

Arctostaphylos uva-ursl L. (0) ~~~.~.~ gya'-kyi-ma (O,P,T,D)

Areca catecbu L. (M,G,D,H) ~.~ gu-yu (M)

"""""
~.~ go-yu (J,G,H)

~.~ zhu-mkhan (D,J,T,R,P)

Arisaema lobatum Engf. (H) ~~'89~ dwa-ba'i-rtsa-ba (H,P)

Arlstolochla nouplnensis Franch. ~.~., ba-le-ka (J,M,T,G,P,H,R)

(T)

Aristolochia recurvl1abra Hance. ma-nu-pa-tra (J,P,G,Dh)

(P,G,H)
ma-nu-ba-tra (H)

Arnebla sp. 'bri-aog (J,G,R,H,T)

IIBerato.1a ap. (G)

Artemisia absjnthium L. (P) tshar-bong (J,P,G,T)

Artemisia annua L. (G)

Artemisia campestris L. akhan-pa (J,G,T,P,H)

A. eommutata Bess. (G)

'r-'
Artemisia capl11arisThunb. (H) ~.,~~ a-krong (H,J,M,D,T)
A. seoparia Waldst. & Kit.
(P,G) Si(~~.~.~ zangs-rtsi-ba (J,P,G)

Artemisia Lriglda Willd. (P,G) ~.~ mkhan-pa (J,P,G,T,H)

~""'"
tq~.~
Artemisia rupestrls L. (0) yog-mo (J,G)

Artemisia serlcea Web. (G) ~.~ mkhan-pa (J,G,T,P,H)

Artemisia sieversiana Willd. (G) ~ifr; tshar-bong (J,G,T,P)

~~

~t\r81 yog-mo (J,G)

Artemisia stelleriana Bess. (H) ~~.~ mkhan-ba (H)

Artemisia sp. (G,T,H,M) ~.q mkhan-pa (T,J,P)

[cont. on next page]
.......
~.S1 phur-mo (J,G)
.....-
~9~r; phur-mong (H)

~.~ sbru-ga (H)

'\,fj
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 13

ArtsUsla sp. [cant.] ... ...........

~~ a-krong (M,J,D)

......,... siebold1! Miq. (H)

~~'*\'c'\~.q ming-chan-nag-po (B,G)

. . . . .agu.s fllicinuB Buch.- ,.~~ nye-shing (J~M,T,G,P,

.... ex D.Don (T) H,R)

~
~s lucldus Lind!. (H) eq.~.,~.; a-so-gan-dha (H)

~B racemOBU8 Willd. (Dh) !.~.~ rtsa-ba-brgya (Db)

Aatragalus sp. (0) srad-dkar (G,T,P,H)

~~~,~
Mter 31pinus L. ( G)
A .Jtaicus Wi!ld. (G,P) 3~r~~ lug-mig (J,P,G,T)

A. biennls Ldb. (G)

-.:er dlplostepbioides (DC.) lug-chhung (J,T,P,H)

C.B.Cl. (T)

Aster 80u11e1 Franch. (T)

3~r~~ lug-mig (J,P,G,T)

AlIter trInerviu Roxb. ex

D.Don (H) . ~~51'~~~ dres-ma'i-ge-ser
(H,T,P)

Astragalus yuIJlJlUJensis Frch. (T) ~~.~,~ srad-dkar (G,P,H,T)

AJuldlrachta indica Juss. (T,D,

Dh,R)
~ar~ nim-ba (Dh)

~S\'~ nim-pa (J,D,T,H)

1;l5~ pa-ru-ra (R)

----------- B -----------

-..Jlospermum montanum (Willd.)

lInell. &: Arg. (Dh) ~c'\~ dan-di (Dh)

Croton polyandrum (D)

~~.~~
'\tj
dur-byed (D,G)

~.,,~ chu-gang (M,D,T)

'~'i
s-busa sp. (D) smyug-tshi (J,D)

Barleria cristata L. (Dh) ~';o sa-ha-tsa (Dh)

JJelaacanda chinens1 s (L.) ti~t:q~ pu-shel-tse (H,P,R)

Redoute (H)
...........
~I:\~.I:\.~" dbang-po-lag (H,P)

Benincasa ceri rer Savi. ~~.~~.~., kush-man-da-ka (Dh)

B. hispida Cogn. (Dh)
14 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Berberis aristata DC. (T,M,Dh) ~~.~ skyer-pa (J,G,P,H,T)

Berberis dlctyophylla Franch.
var. eprulnosa Schneid. (T)
Berberis sibirica Pall. (G,P) l~~'~~ skyer-pa'i-me-tog
(J,G,P,Dh)
8.~'~"! skyer-pati-rtsa (Dh)

l ~'I:\"~~'~ skyer-ba'i-'bras-bu
(J,G)
~~.~~ skyer-shun (M,T)

Berberis vulgaris L. (P,R,H) ,~.~ star-bu (J,T,G)

star-bus (P,H)
"':I\..~~
sdar-pu (R)

Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.

f. ligulata Yeo; B. l1gu-
lata (Wall.). Engl. (Dh)
~ ..
"'~.~
~~.~ a-sma-bhe-da (Dh)

Bergenla crasslrolia,(L.)
Fritsch. (G) ,
~~.~~ li-ga-du-ra (G,M)

~,",5~
\f)
li-ga-dur (T)

Bet,.,la platyphylla Sukaczew. stag-pa (J,G)

(G)
""~
~
dong-ga (J,G,T,P,H)
~~~
Bldens cernua L. (P) ~.~C\'\ a-byag (P,M,H)

Blstorta vivlpara (L.) Gray ~.~~ na-ram (J,G,P)

PolygonulII vlviparU1ll L. (G,P)

Bletla hyaclnthlna R.Br. lcha-ba (J,M,T,G,P,R)

(G,P,H) ""~
~.~~ ra-mnye (G,H,J,T,R)

Boerhavla vertlcillata Poir. pu-na-rna-ba (Dh)

(Dh) ~.~.".~

Bombluc eelba L. (M) ge-ser (J,M,D)

B alabarlcua DC. (H)
pad-ma-ge-ser (M,P,R)

so-chhas (H)
~
Bosflell1a Carterl Birdw. (G,D) a~~,~ spos-dkar (J,M,G,P,R,D)
B. serrata Roxb.
'B. thurifera Calebr. (P) .~.~ ar-skya (J,G,D)

BraBBIea Juncea (L. )Czern . (G) t1~~~,~ yungs-dkar (J,G,T)

BraSBiea nigra Koch (G) yunge-nag (G,H)

B. juncea (H) t1~~i"
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 15

Brasslea raps L. nyung-kar (Dh)

B. c8J1lpestris L. (G,Dh) ~~",~
~.~
nyung-ma (J,G)

Butea monosperma (Lam.) ~.~.~ ma-ru-tse (J,M,T,P)

Ktz. (Andrews,M,Dh)
~~.~z;.. tshos-shing (Dh)

----------- C -----------

Caesalpinla sappan L. (H)

~~~ mdzo-mo-shing (J,T,H)

Cajanus eajB~ (L.) Ruth

C. indicus Spreng. (D) ~~~ nim-pa (H,J,D,T)

eq~~"~ a-bi-sa (H)

Caillcarpa macrophylla Vahle (Dh) ~.t1~.'

\tJ
pri-yung-ku (Dh,T)

Calotropls glgantea (L.) Dryand.

(Dh,D)
~c;.'llII4'~~~ shing-a-rka-pa-rna
(D)
~.~. a-rga (Dh)
~
Camellia japonica L. (H) ~~ra~ brag-spos (H,J,T,P)

Camellia sinensis (L.) Ktz. (H)

--...- rdo-rta (H)
~.J
Campanula glomerata L. (G)
~Q\.~" bal-tig (J,M,G)

CaJllpanula tracheliUlll L. (P,U) ~.~ kyi-lche (P,H,J,M,T)

CanariulI albu. (H) ~Q\.U("~"~ rgyal~ya-ru-ra (H)

~
Canavalia gladiata DC. (G,P,H) ~01C!\~ mkhal-ma-zho-sha
Fabeae sp. (M) (J,G,P,H)
~"t!\
"'"" mkhal-zho (M)
"-"'
khal-ma-zhosh (R)
~"~.~~,
Cannabis sativa L. (T,M,G,P,H) ~Sr~:~ so-ma-ra-dza
(J,G,p,n)
~8r~:o so-ma-ra-tsa (T,M)

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) ~~~.'j par-pa-ta (J,G)

Medik. (P,G,D)
-~
sog-ka-pa (J,T,P,D)
~"".,~
Capsi eum IUJlJUU/ll L. (G , P , H)

Caragana jubsta (Pall.) Poir. (T)

' ']1.'
~~~
tsi-tra-ka (J,G,P,H)

mdzo-mo-shing (J,T)

Caragena micropbylla Lam~ (G)

~Q\.'.~ tha~-ka-rdo-rje (J,G,P)

Caragana pygmaea DC. (P) ~r~~:8~~ gra-ma'i-rtsa-bas (P)

16 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Caragana spinosa DC. (G)

~~"r~ thal-ka-rdo-rje (J,G,R)
~~
Card_iDe fJlltcrophylla. Willd. (M) ~.Q{ sro-Io (J,M,H)

CardUUB crispUB L. (G,P)

a~~ spyang-tsher (J,G,
P,T)
~'a~r~'r~ a-byag-tsher-sngon (J,G)

CarthunuB tinctorius L. ~~~~ gur-gum (J,M,G,P,R,H,Dh)

(M,G,P,R,H) ~ 'VJ

car,. carvi L. (M,G,T) go-snyod (J,M,G,T,P)

CaryophyllulIl see Syzygiun

....-
Cassia fistula L. (T,Dh) ~~., dong-ka (Dh)
....-
~~~ dong-ga (J,T,G,H)

Cassia tora L. (G,P,Dh,T,R)

C. obtusifolia L. (H)
~"'t.'Y~ thal-ka-rdo-rje
(J,G,P,R,H,T)
~~., thal-ka (Dh)

Cedrus deodara G. Don (Dh,T) ~~.~~ thang-shing (T,Dh,G)

Celosia argentea L. (H) ,~~.~~ kadma-bhara (H)

Celosia cristata (L.) Ktz. ~~5 bya-pho-rtsi-rtsi

(G,P,H) (J,G,P)
~rr~~ me-tog-bya-ze (H)

Centaurea monantha Georgi. (G) ,~~~.~ kon-pa-gab-skye (J,G)

~

CeratoDia sillqua L. (P,G) ~~~ dong-ga (J,P,G,T,D,H)

ChaeDOllleles lagenaria (Loisel) ~.~~ se-yab (J,T,G)

Koidz. (T)

ChelidonlUJfl majus L. (G) f~~-Q(~ stong-ri-zil-ba (J,G)

Chenopodium albUlfl L. (G,P) ~.~ sne-'u (J,Gl

C. aristatum L. (G)
,
~.~~ snyi-ba (P,J,T,H)

Chenopodium hybridum L. (6) i yar5 chhu-ma-rtsi (J,T,G)

Chrysanthe.um arcticwrt L.
Leucanthemum sibiricum
DC. (P)

ChrysanthemUllf slnense sab. (H) ~~y~, lug-mik (H)

Chrysanthemum tatsi~nense Bur. & ~~~'\~01~ gzer-'joms (M,T)

Franch. (T)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 17

Cinnamommn camphora (L.) J .Pr-ea l ~.~~ ga-bur (J,P,T)

(P,T)

Cinnamomum cassia BI. (M,G) shing-tsha

c. tamala Nees &. Eberm. (T) (J,M,T,P,G,R,Dh,H)
C. zeylanlcum Nees. (P,G,H,Dh)

Clrslum esculentum (Sievers.) bya-rog-nyung-ma

C.A.M. (G) (J,G)
ClrslUl1J gmellni Fisch. (G)

Clrslum 80u11e1 (Franch.) spyang-tsher (J,T,

Mattf. (T) G,P)

Cissampelos pare1ra L. (Dh) ma-nu-pa-tra (Dh,J,T)

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) bi-sha-Ia(Dh)

Schrad. (Dh)

Citrul1us lanatus (Thunb.) ka-bed (J,G,P,Dh,H)

Matsum. & Nakai; C. vulgaris
Schrad. (G,P)

maxima Merr. (Dh) ma-tu (Dh)

~i
Citrus

Citrus medica L. (G) ~~.~ bil-ba (J,G,H)

Citrus nobills Lour. (H)

~~'i skyur-rtsi (H)

Citrus sp. (D) ku-shu (J,D)

:r~
'\:$\:S
Clematis alpina Mill. val'.
siblrica Rgl. (P)
.~~:8fr; dbyi-mong (J,P,T,H)

c. montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC. (T)

Cleome gynandra L. a-dza-gan-dha (Db)

Gynandropsis gynandra Merr.
(Dh)

Clerodendrum serrate Moon. (Dh) ~~.~ bha-rgi (Dh)

Cnicus spicatus Maxim. (H) I~t~ spung-tsho-ra (H)

~
Cnidlum dahuri CUlll Fisch. & Mey. ~r,~ go-snyod
(T,G',P) (J,G,P,H,Dh)
?~., tang-ku (J,G)
'\[j

7r;~", t ang-kun (p,'r)

coconut husk "Pachyma cocos" (H)

C\".~" 'ga-lig (H)

Codonopsis convolvulacea ,.~ snyi-ba (J,T,G,P,H)

Kurz (T)
18 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Codonopsis nervoee (Chipp.) klu-bdud-rdo-rje (T)

Nannf. (T)

Coelogyue sp.? (M) pu-shel-rtse (M,J,T)

Coniosellnum vaginatum (Spreng.) la-la-phud (G.J,P,

TheIl. (G) H,Dh)

Coptis teeta Wall. (H) myang-rtsl-spras

C. teetoides C.Y.Cheng (T) (J,P,T,H)

CoriandrUllt sativum L. t u- su (J,T,G,P,R,H)

(T,G,P,R,H)

Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) dbyar-rta-dbyung-

Sace. (T,"H) ~~~r;~ abu (H)
dbyar-rtswa-dgun-'bu (T)
~~~.~
4iIlr-
CorallodlscuB kingianus (Craib.) ~~.!..';.~ brag-skya-ha-bo
Burtt. (T) (J , G,P , H, T)

Corydalis boWerl Hemsl. (T)

c.meirolla Wall. (6)
'C;.~~~.~ stong-ri-zil-ba (J,G)

f~-~ stong-zil (T)

Costus speclosus (Konig) Smith ~.~ ru-rta (M,J,T,R,D,P)

(T,D,P)
Costus aJllarus (P) ~.""~.~"Q1 push-kar-m'u-la (J,P)
Crataegus pentaona Waldst. skyu-ru-ra
&: Kit.
C. pinnatlfida Bge. (G,P,H) '5~ (P,G,H,M,T,R,Dh)

Crataegas saagulnea Pal}. (G)

~"~"~ ba-ru-ra (J,G,P,H,M)

CrOCUQ sativa. L. (T,G,Dh,D,H)

~a~~~ kha-chhe-gur-gum
(G,H)
~.~~"~~"~ kha-chhe-sha-skam-
ma (T)
gur-gum (J,Dh,M,P,R)
~~~31
~"~~ ge . . . ser (J,D,M)
~
croton tlgl1um L. (T,G,P,R,H) dan-rag (J,T,G,P,R,H)
~~.~"
CucUJfIls melo L. (H)
~"5"~ ma-ru-tse (H,J,M,T)

Cucurbl ta pepo L. (G) ~*".~ bil-ba (J,G)

~
Cumlnum cyndnUIn L. (Dh)
t\r,~ go-snyod (Dh,J,M,T)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 19

Cupressus sempervlrens L. (P)

~.".~
CUrcuma lo~ L. (P,G,H,Dh) t1~~~~ yungs-ba (J,M,P,G,H)

~~~ ser-po (Dh)

~ ~. ~
CUrcuma zedoaria (Christm.) ~~.~9~".q -bong-nga~ser-po
Rose. (P,H)
C. zerumbet Rose. (P)

CUscuta chlnensisLam. (H)

"~~'~r; gser-sgud (H,P)

Cuscuta europaea L. ( G)
,,~;~~t:i 'bri-rta-sa-'dzin (G,J,M)
~
C)nanchum forrestil Schltr. (T) dug-mo-nyung
CynanchUlll slblr1 cum R. Br . (H)
~~.~.~ (J,G,M,T,PsH)
Cynoctonum purpureU11l (Pall.)
Pobed. (G)

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Dh) ~.~ du-rba (Dh)

~

Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & ~~.~9~~~.cq nad-ma-'byar-ma (T)

Drumm. (T)

Cynoglossum orflclnale L.
C. divaricatum Steph. (G)
~:~ byi-tsher (J,G,T,
P,Dh)

CyperuB rotundus L.
C. pertenuis (D)
(D,Dh)
m1\Z;
9
gla-sgang (J,D,Dh,
T,H)

-------~--- D -----------

Daemonorops draco 81. chhu-srin-khrag "(H)

Calamus draco Willd. (H)

Datura metel L. man-da-ra-ba (H)

D. alba Nees. (H)

Datura strBlllonium L. (H) mdak (H)

~
Daucus carota L. (H) ~.~~ shu-mo-za (H,J,D,P)
~

Debregeasia edulis Wedd. (T) ~.~ goa-bra (J,P,T)

~~
DelphinIum brunonianum Royle (T) ~.ct,~.!i~ bya-rgod-spos (T,P)

Delphinium grandi:t'lorum L. (G,P) bya-rkang (J,G,P)

D. triste Fisch. (G) ~9"'~
20 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Delpbinium zalil A1tch. & ni-rma-lya (Dh)

Hemsl. (Dh)

Dendrobium monil11'orme (L.) Sw. ~.~r.q.g pu-shel-rtse (J,T,

(T,H) M,Dh)
~i~~~
mun-se-sh1ng (H)

Desmostacbya bipllJlJata. (L.) ,.~ ku-sha (D)

Stapf '\tj

Poacynosurol des Retz . (D)

Diantbus cbinensis L. yu-mo-mde-'u-'byin

D. versicolor Fisch. (G) (J,G,P,T)
D. superbu. L. (G)

Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. (G) ~.",~ bya-rkang (J,G,P)

DiospyroB kaki Thunb. (H) ~~.\.".~ shing-tog-'a-mra (H)

..,.,-
Diospyros lotus L. (H) ~.~.~~ a-bra-gos (H)

Dontostemon IntegrlfolluB Ldb. ~r~ ske-tshe (J,G)

(G)
~~.r.q~ byi'u-la-phug (J,P,
G,T)
~~.~ shang-tshe (J,G)

Draba nemorosa L. (H) ~~.tq.Jf1,\ dar-ya-kan (H,G,P)

Dracocephalum ta~tlcum Maxim. ~~~~.:l pri-yang-ku (Dh,T)

(T) '\:j

Drosera peltata Smith var. rtag-ngu (T)

lunata (Buch.-Ham.) C.B.Cl. ~".~
rtag-tu-ngu
(T)
~~.~~ (J)

Dryobalanops aromatlca Gaertn. ~.~.~~ mang-ga-bur (H)

D. camphora Colebr. (H)

Dryopterls fragrans (L.) Schott. brag-skya-ha-bo

(G) (J,P,G,T,H)
Polystichum fragrans Ldb. (P)

----------- E -----------

Echinops daburlcus Fisch. (6) ~.~~r~~:r~ a-hyag-tsher-sgnon (J ,G)

 MEDICINAL PLANTS 21

Bcl1pta prostrata (L.) L.

E. alba (L.) Hassk. (Dh,H) ~~ bhri-ga (Dh)

lug-ehhung (H)
~t\ri~
Blettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton. ~.'-f\~.Q\ 8u-kshme-la (Dh)
(M,Dh)
AlllomuJ1l cardamomum L. (H) sug-smal (H)
~"I~
~&\yltQ\ sug-smel (M)

Elsholtzia calycarpa Diels. (T)

B. patrinil (Lepeeh.) Garsh. ~:5.~r~".q byi-rug-nag-po (T)

(T) ~.~,.r'~ byi-rug-smug-po (T)

Blymus sp., see Agropyrum

Bmbelia pulchella Mez (M)

~~., byi-tang-ga (M,P,H)

Embelia ribes Burm. f. (Dh) ~?, bi-ta-ka (Dh)

Emblica see Phyllanthus

Empetrum nlgrUl1J L. (P , H) ~~.~~ shug-pa-tsher (J,P,H,M)

~~
Entada phaseololdes (L.) Merr.
~r~~",~ gla-gor-zho-sha (J,
E. scandens Benth. (G,P,H) G,P,H,R)

Ephedra monosperma Gme 1. (P ) aqit~aq mtshe-ldum (P,T)

B. saxatilis Royle (T) \tj

E. sinica Stapf. (H) ~.~.aq mtshe-ldu-ma (H)

\tj

Epimedlum macranthum Morr. & J.~ rta-mig (J)

Deene. (H)
~.~ rta-rmig (H,P)

~
Equisetum hyemale (H) Bror,,~rt'''~ ma-ma-sgog-lehags (H t T)

Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. (T) ~~.cq.~ smyug-ma-tshi (T)

Erigeron Beer L. (G) ep;1r~~~.~ spang-rtsi-'byar-

. \ bag-chan (J ,G)

Erlobotrya japonlca (Thunb.) zhu-mkhan (J,M,T,P,

Lindl. (P) R~D)
Nespilus japonlca Thunb. (R) skyu-ru-ra (R,G,Dh)

Erodiwn stephanianum Willd. (G)

Erysimum altalcum C.A.Mey. (P) sgong-thog-pa (J,P,T)

Erysimum dl:t':fusum Ehrh. (T)

Erythrina indica Lam. (Dh,H) rgya-mtsho'i-lbu-ga

(M)
pa-ri (Dh)
22 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Bucommia ulmoldes Olivo (G,P) stab-seng (M,G,P)

det. questionable (M)
stabs-seng (J)

Eugenia caryophyllata, see

Syzyglum

Euphorbia adenochlora Morr. & dur-byid. (H,J,TpP)

Decne. (M)

Euphorbia helloscopla L. (G,H)

~~ bre-ga (J,G,H,M,T,P)

Euphorbia neriifolia L. (Dh) sna-ha [or] snu-ha (Dh)

~71 '~7
Euphorbia pallassii Turcz. (G,P) ~~.~ thar-nu (J, P, G, H)
'\:J
Euphorbia peklnensls Rupr. ~:gt~ re-Ichag (H,J,G,P)
E. lasiocaula Boiss. (H)

Bephrasla odontltes Pera. (P) ~.~., ba-sha-ka (P,M,J,H)

----------- F -----------

Pagonla cretlca L. (Dh) ~.~ byi-tsher (Dh,J,T,G,P)

Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn. (G) ~.~ khra-ma (J,G)

Fagopyrwn Spa (D) "'"

~.~ bra-bo (J,D)

Feronia l1monia Swingle. (Dh) ,.~~~ ka-pi-rtha (Dh)

Ferala aSBa-foetlda L. (M,T,G,

Dh,R,H)
~c;..'~ shing-kun (J,M,T,G,
P,Dh,R,H)
Narthex asafoetida Falc. (P)

Ficus benghalensis L. (Dh) .~.~~, ni-gro-dha (Dh)

FJ.cus rellglosa L. (D,P) ~.~ bo-de-tsa (J,D)

r~ tshos (P,M)

Filices, indet. (P) ~:~Ql re-raI (P,T,H)

~
Poenlcul um vulgare Mi 11 ,"".,~ go-snyod (J,G,P,H,M
(G,P,H,T) <T,Dh)
it~~,~.i:f ze-ra-dkar-po (T,J)

Forsythls suspensa Vahl (H) !l~.~~.~.~. srin-shing-sna-

ma'i-'bras-bu
(H,P)
~~
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 23

Fr~arla nl1gerrensls Schlecht. tbri-rta-sa-'dzin

(T) (J,T,G,P,H,M)

Frltl11arla verticil1ata Willd.

(P) !rf'r~ shri-khanta (J)

F. thunbergii Mlq. (H)

Fumarla . parvlflora Lam. (Dh)

.
~q,,'~~r'('
~
1;1~~"
shra-ri-khan-ta (P)

........ 1lIlpo""" ~

Fungi, indet. (polypore) (M) ~~~.~~~~ pha-bong-dgo-dgo (J)

----------- G -----------

rgu-drus (J,G)
Gal1um boreale L. (G) ~~~
'6
Galium spuriwn II. (T) ~~~.~~~ zangs-rtsi-dkar-po (T)

rgu-trus (P)
Gal1um verum L. (G)
var. rutlJenl cum W. (P) ~~~
",.~~ rgu-drus (J,G)
'6~
Garcinla peduoculata Roxb. (Dh) t~~ star-ba (Dh)

Gentiana algida Pall. (T,G) spang-rgyan (J,T)

!I~3~
~

!f;.~~~-"f''q spang-rgyan-dkar-po (G,T)

Gentians amarel1a L. (O,P) ~~.~.~ sum-chu-tig (J,M,G,P)

G. azurea (G).

~c;~" zangs-tig (J,G,H)

Gentiana decwnbens L. (T , G) ~.~ sngo-de-ba (J,T,G)

6entlana depressa D.Don (Me) ~L;~C\.~ gang-ga-chhung (J,Me,T)

~."
Gentlana detoDsa Rottb. rgya-tig (J,G)
G. barbata Froel. (G,P)

~"
tig-ta (J,G,P,M,T,D,H)

Gentians kurroo Royle (Dh) ~.tqC\.~ tra-yan-ti (Dh)

Gentiana macrophylla Pall. (G,M)

6. pneumonantlJe L. (G)
~It kyi-lche (J,T,G,M,P,H)

G. tibetica King ex Hook. f. (T)

..................
Gentians triflora Pall. (G) a~~cl\I{cl\~ spang-rgyan-sngon-po (G)

Gentians urnula H.Sm. (T) ~C\~.~ gang-ga~chhung (T,J,Me,G)

24 TIBETAN MEDICINE

-i"~'~.q
6entlana sp. (D,J,T,G) zin-tig-dkar-po (D,J)

~~.~.~t\\ sum-chu-tig (G,P)

,,~~.~ gser-tig (J,T)

""~".~,,~
6entianopsls paludosa (Monro) lchags-tig-nag-po (T)
Ma. (T)

Geranium nepalense Sweet (T)

~~r3!~ mig-sman (T,Dh)

Geranium pratense L. (P) ~ar~~r~ zhim-thig-le (J,P)

Gingko biloba L. (G)

.....- mon-chha-ra (G,J,T,P)
01~a;~
,~

GledJ.tschla sinensis Lam. (G,H) ~~.~ dong-ga (J,G,H,T,P,D)

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Dh) ~~.~~~ shing-mngar

6. uralensis Fisch. (G,P,H) (J,M,T,G,Dh,P,H)
Glycyrrhiza sp. (M, T)

Gnaphallum arfine D.Don (T) gandha-bha-dra (J,T,G)

Gossypium herbaceum L.
.....- ug-chhos (P,T)
~.a;~
(P,T,Dh)
"cotton" (D) ,~.~.~ kar-pa-sa (Dh)

~~.~~ ras-bal (J,D)

Gramineae, indet. (J)

"wild millet" (D)
~.~~ khre-rgod (J,D)

Grewia populifolia Vahle (Dh) na-ga-ba-la (Dh)

Gueldenstaedtia multiflora Bge. zangs-tig (H,J,G,P)

(H)

~adenia conopsea (L.) R.Br. dbang-lag (J,G,T)

(G)
G. crasslnervis Finet. (T)

----------- H -----------

Halenia slbirica Borkh. (P)

~z;~.~" zangs-tig (P,J,G,H)

Hedychlum spicatum 8mith.

(T,G,P) IYI sga-skya (J,T,M,G,P,R)

i\.~~ sga-dmar (T,M)

Helleborus niger L. (D) ~.~ spru-:ma (J,D)

 MEDICINAL PLANTS 25

Hemidesmus indicuB R. Br. (Dh) thal-tres (Dh)

Herpetospermum pedunculoSUlIl gser-me (J,M,T)

(Ser.) Baill. (Jeffrey,T)

~
mdog-Idan (J,M)
~~".~~
Hibiscus sp , ? (M)

Hippophae rhamnoldes L. (G , T) t~~ star-bu (J,G,T)

Bippuris vulgaris L. (T) C\~~"~.'''~ 'dam-bu-ka-ra (T,P)

~

Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) ~"~.~ tug-mo-nyung (Dh)

Wall. ex G.Don ~ ~ (=dug-mo-nyung?)
H. antidysen~erica Wall. (Dh)

Hordeum vulgare L. (G,D,H) """"'

~.~ "' so-ba (J ,D,H)
H. sativum Pers. (H)

Hydnocarpus anthelminthica
Pierre (H)
,,\~

~.~~~
'"
..
~
nas (J,G,H)

ma-nu-khrag-chhan
(J,H)

Hydrocotyle nepalensis Hook. (T) C\~"~.';~ lbu-su-hang (J,T,G,P)

aygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Rl~ kshu-ra (Dh)

Heine; Asteracantha longifolia \;
Nees. (Dh)

Hyoscyamus niger L. (T,G,P,H) ~~.~~.~ lang-thang-tse (T,G,P,H)

~r;~r;"i lang-thang-rtsi (J,D)

Bypecoum erectum L. ( G) ~~.~.? par-pa-ta

Bypecoum leptocarpum Hook. f. &: (J ,M,T,G,P.,H,Dh)
Thoms. (M. T)

----------- I -----------

Impatiens glandulifera Royle bya-pho-rtsi-rtsi

I. roylei Walp. (H) (H,J,G,P)

Inula britannica L. (G,H) ~'~i'~~~ ming-chan-ser-po (J,G)

~.~~ a-byag (H,M,P)

Inola helenlum L. (T,G) ~.~- ma-nu (M,T,R,G)

...."....."\:J
Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. (T,G) ~~5 sngon-bu (J,T,G)

Iris dichotoma Pall. (G) ~.~Ql.~ pu-shel-tse (P,H,R)

Pardanthus dichotomus Ldb. (P)
~~.~~
"\:J
dur-byed (G,D)
26 TIBET~~ MEDICINE

1r1s lactea Pall. (T) ~~'31~'~~~ dres-ma' i-ge-ser (T,P ,H)

I. ensata Thunb. (P)

Ir1s sp , ? (R) pa-sbru-ba (R)

----------- J -----------

Jasmlnum grandlrlorum L. (Db)

~,,' dza'-ti (Dh,M,T,G,P,R)

J~lan8 regia L. (T,Bell) t:~.~ star-ga (J,T,Bell)

Juncus amplifol1us Camus (T) ~.,,~ gla-sgang (J,T,D,Dh,H)

Juniperus communis L. (0) ~,,~~ shug-pa-tsher

J. davul'iclJl Pall. (0) (J,M,G,P,H)
J. pS8udosablna Fisch. & Mey. (G) ~I\\~ shug-pa (J,G)
J. recurva Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don ~
(M)

Justlcia adhatoda L. (M,T) ~.~.~ ba-sha-ka (M,T,J,G,P,H)

Justlcla gendarussa (H) ~~~,g.~ par-pa-da'i-rtsa-ba (H)

----------- K -----------

ICaemprerla galanga L. (H) sga-skya (H,J,T,M,G,P,R)

----------- L -----------

Lactuca sstlVB L. (p,a> ~.~.~,~.q ze-ra-dkar-po (G,PrH)

~'~'&Ql.~
~"' ," ~
(P H)
ze-ra-nag-po,

Lactuca serr101a L. (T) ~.~.,,~.q zi-ra-nag-po (J,T,G)

L. scariola L. (G)
~.~.~,~.~ ze-ra-dkar-po (G, P , H)

Lllctuca slblrlca (L.) Benth. ~~--rgya-khur (G,T,H)

(G)
........... --.-
~~.~~ srol-gong (J)
........ ~......- ......
~~~~'1{C\~ srol-gong-sngon-po (G)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 27

Lagenarla slcerarla (Mol.) "".~~ ka-bed (J,G,P,Dh,H)

StandI. 1
L. vulgaris Ber. (H)

Lagopsis sapiDII. (Steph.) Ikonn.- ~e~~. rta~lpags (J,T,G)

Galitz. (G) 1'.
am1ophlomls rotata (Benth.)
Kudo (T)

Llmcea tlbetlca Hook. f. & Th. (T) &.rQ1~.!.~ pa-yag-rtsa-ba (T,P)

Lappula Intermedla (Ledeb.) ~~.~ nad-lla (J,G)

Popov (G)
~:~ byi-tsher (J,G,T,P,Dh)

Larix siblrlea Ledeb. (G) "~.~,, thang-shing (G,T,Dh,H)

~Q1? shel-ta (J,G)

LallBoBia Inerm18 L. (R) ,,~.8f, 'br1-mog (J,T,G,B,R)

Legumes, cultivated, indet. (M) !.!i~ rgya-sran (J,Kelsang)

Sr~ ma-aha (J)

!iG\.~ sran-chhung (J,T,H)

~~.~~ sran-zlum (J)

Legmnlnosae (M) ~~ar~~~ 'jam-'bras (J,M,Dh)

LeonDrus siblrlcus L. (G,P,H) ~~~.~C\ gang-ga-chhung

(J,T,Me,G,P,H)
~cq,C\~.~~ 'phang-ma'l-'bras-bu (H)
Lepldlum apetalum Willd. (G) t:q.~.,~ la-la-phud(J,G,P,H,Dh) I

"Illwo-
Lepisorus "altonll Ching (T) ~~r!l~ brag-spas (J, T,P ,H)

lgularia 1eesl eo tal Kitam. (T) ~.~ ri-sh~ (J,G,T)

EJBUstrum lucldum Aft. (H) ~.~ ba-lu (T,M,Dh;P,H)

LlllU1lJ sp. (G,P) ~.~.,~ a-bf.-eha (J ,G,P)

lmmmthemll1ll nymphoides Hoffllgg. ~~'~:l\.'~ lIe-tog-ser-tshen

& Link (H) (J,G,P,H)

Llmomum aureUJJJ (L.) Mill. (G) ~~9~it~~~ seng-ge-'jigs-med (G)

Linaria burlatlca Turcz. (6) lug-ngal (J,G)

LlnUIII balealease Juzepczuk (G) zar-ma (J,G,H)

28 TIBETAN MEDICINE

i thospermum erytbrorhl:zon Sleb. tbri-mog (J,G,T,R,H)

a Zucco (G)
z, orrlcinale L. (H)

Luffa acat4QIUla Roxb. (Dh) kosh-ta-kl (Dh)

Lychnis brachypetala Schwaeg. sug-pa (J,T,G)

Nelandrlua brachypetalu.
Fenzl. (G)
L. ralgens Fisch. (G)
[Lyc/mis now = SiJenf1?]

Lyclu. chinense Mill. (H) skyer-pa t l - m e - t o g (J,P,H)

----------- M -----------

Magnolia campbellli Hook.f. stag-chhung (T)

& Thoms. (T)

Mal colmla aLr1 cos (L.) R. Br . (T)~~~~~ byl'u-la-phug (J,T,G)

If. sylvestrls L. ? (M) prq lcham-pa (J,T,M,G,P,H)

II. vertiiol l Iet L. (T,G,P,H)
gt~.~ lcham-'bru (M)

Malva sp , (M) ~~.,

'" ardza-ka (M)
II. sylvestrls L. ? (M)

MalvlJ sp , (G) =It\\.~~ brag-leham (J,G,P)

lIanglfera indtc L. (8) ~".\ shing-tog (H,Dh)

lIarrubium Incisum Benth. (G,P,H) ~~~~ rta-pags (P,B)

;.6'~~ rta-lpags (J,T,G)

lIeconopsis aculeata Royle. (M)

II. horridula Hook.f.
~~r~ tsher-sngon (M,T,P,H)

Thoms. (T) ~~:~:~e:~~ gzer-tjoms (M)

lIeconopsis sp. (M,T,Me) ~?~~ ut-pal (J,Me,Dh)

N. simpllclfolla (D. Don)
Walp. ? (M) ~~.~Ql ud-pal (M, T ,R)
.....- ~
~~.~cq.~i\.q ud-pal-sngon-po (T)
~

Jleconopsls sp . (T) ~.~.~~~ smug-chhung-mdan-yon (T)

...-
lIedl cago polymorpha L. var. !.~~ rgya-sbos (H)
vulgaris (Benth.) Shinners
M. denticulata Willd. (H)-
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 29

lIedlcago falcata L. (G) ,,~.,~ 'bu-su-hang (J,G,T,P)

II. lupul1na L. (G)
II. rutbenlca Trautv.
Trigonella ruthenica L. (0)

llella azedllraclJ L. (H, T) ba-ru-ra (J,O,P,H)

~'5'~
N. azadirachta L. (P)
11. toosendan Sieb. & Zucco (G,P)
'J"\." sman-sga (T,J)

Mel110tus dentatuB Pers. (6) ~~.~~ srad-ser (J,G)

---.-
lIelllotus Buaveolens Ldb. (T) ~a~ rgya-spos (J,T,G,P,Dh)

Jlenlspermum daburicum DC. (G) ,=,ydt-J\l ba-le-ka (G,J,M,T,P,R)

lIenYl!UJthes trl:follata
~~~ shu-dag (J,M,T,P,H,Dh)
L. (G)

~~t\\.:t~~ shu-dag-dman-pa (G)

lIespilus sp. ? (M) ,.~ skyu-ru (J,M)

Jlesua ferrea L. (T ,Dh) Cf\~~.~~ na-ga-ge-ser (T,Dh,G,R)

lIichella cbampaca L. (D) ~~., tsam-pa-ka (J,D)

lIirabllls hlmalalca (Edgew.) ~.~ ba-spru (T,P)

Heim. (T)

Iloebrlngla lateriflora (L.) dar-ya-kan (G,P,H)

Fenzl. (G)

l1omordlca cocb,lnchlne1l81s gser-gyi-l'e-tog

Spr~,;ng. (G,P ,H) (J,G,P,H,R)

lIorlnga. olel:fera Lam. (Dh)' na-sha (Dh)

IluCfJlJlJ prur1 ens (L. ) DC. (Dh ) ba-na-ri (Dh)

lturraya. panlculata (L.) Jack. spos-dkar (J,H,M,T,G,R)

M. exotica L. (H)

Musei, indet.; "peat moss" (H) ~.t!~ sa-myag (H,T)

~rlca nagl Thunb. (Dh) '7cq~ kat-pha-la (Dh)

~
lIyricaria bracteata Royle (T) ~ar5 'om-bu (J,T,G,P)
II. davurica (Willd.) Ehrenb. (G)
II. longlfolla Ehrenb. (G,P) .

MYristlca fragrans Houtt. (M,P,. dza'-ti (M,T,G,P,R,H)

T,G,R,H)
30 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Myrrha chinensls (P,H) shel-tas (P,H)

----------- N ---------~-

Naanoglottls hookeri (C.B.Cl. aman-ehhen (M)

Hook. f.) Kitam. (M)

Nardostacbys grandirlora DC. spang-spos (J,T,H,G,P)

N. jatamansi DC. (T,B)
(see also Valeriana)

Nauclell rbyncbopbylla Miq. (H) ~z:;...,~ kyung-sder (H)

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (M,G, ~.,,~~ sa-'bras (G,P,H)

P,H,Dh,J (drawing
~.~~~ sra-'bras (M)

~~.~~.:!.~ bad-ma 'l-rtsa-ba (J,G)

ut-pal (Dh,Me)
~?~
Nelfl11lbo sp. (P .a) ka-ra-lja (P~H)
'''~.~
Nelumbo sp. (P) '\~.C\~~ 'ja-'bras (P)

a"~"
Nepeta japonica (H) byl-rug (B,JtG,P)

Repeta mussinil Spreng. ? (M) ~.:J

"Vj
pring-ku (M)

sbru-nag (H)
~~"
Notbosmyrmium Japonicum Miq. (H)

----------- 0 -----------

Odontltes serotlnlt Dum. (G) ~.~., ba-sha-ka (M,J,G,P,T,H)

~
Oenantbe Javanlca (Bl.) DC. ssp. '\.~ sdo-lchab (H)
Btolonifera (Wall. ex DC.) Mu-
rata; O. stolonifera Wall. (H)

Onosmll bookeri C.B.C!. var.

longiflorum Duthie ex Stapf
(T) ~~.~ 'bri-mog (J,G,H,R,T)

Orcbis latifolia L. (G) dbang-po-lag (P,H)

O. militarls L. (G)
o. sambuclna L. dbang-lag (J,G,T)
O. salina Purch. (G)
"orchid rt (P)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 31

Orobanche coerulescens Stepb. lug-ru-smug-po (J,G,P,H)

(G) .

Orthosiphon pallidus Benth. (Dh)

'Y~.~9'
'\:')
ku-the-ra-ka (Dh)

Oryza sativa L. (D,H) 'bras (J,D,H)

~~~
~.\.~~.~ me-tog-kar-Ia (H)

Oxytropls sp , (M,G) ....- sngo-stag-sha

t{t~~.., (T)
o. chiliopbylla Royle (T)
o. filiform1. DC. (6) ~.~ stag-sha (J,M,T,G,P,H)
O. mlcrophylla DC. ? (M)
O. murlcata DC. (P)

Ozytropls ozyphylla DC. (G,P,H) srad-dkar (G,P,H,T)

---------~- p -----------

Pachyrblzus tbunbergianus Siebe z::.i\~ "

~.eq".~~.~ dbyi-mong-nag-po (H)
& Zucco (H)

Padus asiatica Kom. (G) smag (J,G,P,H)

1I~
Padua avlwn Mill. sllag (P,H,G,J)
Prunus padus L. (T,P,H) I~
Itqr~~ smag-shing (T)

Paeonia albiflora (G) ma-nu (G,T)

ar~
'\{J
ptllJlJ.JC ginseng C. A. Mey . (H)
~,~~.~ dkar-po-chhig-thub
(J,T,H,P)

Panicum lIIiliaceulJ (G) ~.~ khra-ma (J ,G)

Panlcum sp.?, "millet" (D) ~ khre (J.D,H)

Papaver nudlcaule L. (G,P) ~.~ . rgya-men (J.G)

P. alpinum L. (P)
~~.~~.~ me-tog,-ser-chhen (J.P.G)

Papaver somnlferum L. (H) ~'~S1 a-pim (H)

Paris quadrl:tolla L. (G) ~.~~~9~ ga-bur-ti-la (J,G)

Patrln:la sibirica JUs_s. (G) ~~~it~~~seng-ge-'jlgs-med (J,G)

P. rupestrls (Pall.) Juss. (G)
32 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Pedicularls flssa Turcz. lug-ru-ser-po (J,T,P,G)

P. venusta Schangin (G)
P. longlflora Rudolph (T,G)

Pedlcularlsollverloll. Prain. (T) lug-smug (J,M,T)

~".t1~
Pedicularis resupinata L e. (6) a..~.~~.~ me-tog-glang-sna (J,G)

Pedlcularis sp . (M) lug-smug (J,M,T)

P. siphonantha D.Don ? (M) ~~.;~

Pedicularl. striata Pall. (G)

~t\\'~'~~'~ lug-ru-ser-po (J,T~PtG)

Periploca calopbyl1a Falc. ? (M)

....... dug-mo-nyung (J,M,T,G)
~~rar~
Peucedanum balcalense Koch. (G) %'.~ lcha-ba (J,G,M,T,P,R,H)

Peucedanum graveolens Benth. &: ~.~.~~.~ sha-ta-push-pa (Dh,D)

Hook. (Dh)

PeucedlJlJUTn BallnUIn Pall. ( G) ~'oq'~~

la-la-phud (J,G,P,H,Dh)

PeucedanURl vaeinatum Ldb. (6 ) ~.~.~~.~ ze-ra-nag-po (G,P,H)

~
Peucedanum sp. (T) tang-kun-dkar-po (T)
'F'~~'~~
Phaseol us see Vigna

Phlomls kaaraguchll Murata (T) lug-mur (J,G,T)

P. tuberosa L. (G,P,H)
.... lug-ru-smug-po (J,G,P,H)
~t\r5'8"'~
Pbyllanthus emblica L. (T) ~.~.~ skyu-ru-ra
Embllca offlclnal1s Gaertn. (T,Dh,M,G,P,R,H)
(Dh)
~
Pbysochlalna sp , ? (P)
~~'f.:\~~ thang-'phrom (P)
"thorn apple" (D)
....... --.,..
thang-phrom-nag-po (J,D,H)
'\t;'~~'~~'q
--.,..-
Physochlaina physaloides (L.) ~~.~~ thang-phrom (G,J)
a.non. (0)

Phytolacca acinoBa Roxb. (H) ~~.~~~ thang-'phrom (H,P,T)

Phytolacca'esculenta Van
....... .......
~~.~~~~~ dpa'-bo-dkar-po (J,P,T)
Houtt. (T)

Picris hleracioides L. ssp. rgya-khur (T,G,H)

fusclpl10sus Hand.-Mzt. (T)

Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle (T,Dh) hong-len (J,T,Dh,G,P,R)

 MEDICINAL PbANTS 33

~ "-
Pinus sylvestris L. (G,P,H)
~ar~~ sgron-shing (J,G,P,H)

Pinus Spa (H) ~C;.~~ thang-shing (H,T,G,Dh)

Piper betel L. (Dh) ~~.~~~ nad-'dab (Dh)

Piper cbaba Hunter (Dh) ~.~ tsa-bya (Dh)

Piper cubeba (H) ~~.;a.~" r1n-po-che-myag (H)

Piper lcngum L. ~~~ pi-pi-ling

(M.T.G.P.Dh,R,H) (J ,M, T ,G,R,Ht-
~.~.~~ bi-bi-ling (P)
~

~:S!i\ ro-sman (Dh)

Piper nigrum L. (M,G,P,Dh,H)

".~.~~ na-li-sham (P,H)
rna-Ie-sham (Dh)]
rJfl:\~ pho-ba-ri (J,G)

~~ pho-rl1 (M)
~
Pistacia lentiscus L. (R) a~"r\"l~ spos-dkar (R,J,M,T,G,P)

Plsum satlvum L. (G.,H) ~~"~ sran-ma (J,G)

~~i~ sran-chhung (J,H)

Plantago depressa Willd. (T,G) ~.~~ tha-ram (J,T,G,P,H)

P. major L. (G,P;H)
P. maritima L. (G)

Platycarya strobilacea S1eb. & ~"~.~ du-ru-ska (H)

Zucco (H) '\:'j~

Platycodon grandiflorum DC. (H) ~~"~~~ sug-'dras (H,P)

Pleurogyne sp.
Lomatogoniu1I1 Spa (G)
~~"S"?~ sum-chu-tig (G,P)

Polygonatum clrrhifolium (Wall.) ra-mnye (J,G,P,H,R,T)

Royle (T)

~"
Polygonatum falcatum A. Gray (H) ,"oof\t;. nye-shing (HpJ,T,M~G.R)

Po<lygonatum multlflorum All.' (P) ~"~~ nye-shing (P,J,T,M,G,R)

Polygonatum officinale All. (P .G) ~"~r; nye-sh1ng (J,M,G,T)

P. humile Fisch. (6)
P. vulgare Desf. (H) ~.~~ ra-mnye (J,G,P,R)
Orchidaceae ? (M.R)
%'.~ lcha-ba (H,J,T)
34 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Polygonum alopecuroides Turcz. na-ram (J,G)

(G)

Polygonum aviculare L. (G,P,H) I.\~.J.~.'\~~ 'bri-rta-sa-'dzln

P. convolvulus L. (G,P) (J,G,P,H,M,T)
~
'bra-gos (P)
":r~~
Polygonum perlg1natorls Pauls.
(T)
,.Qt "-
snya-Io (J,T)

Polygonum polymorphum DC. (P) rnya-Io (P,D)

Polygonum Spa (D)

Polygonum seabrum Moench. ( G) ~.~ snyl-ba (J,G,T,P,H)

Polygonum tlnctorium Ai t. (H) ~.~~ tha-ram (H,J,T,G,P)

Polypodlum Spa ? (R) ~.~.~.~~ Idu-bu-re-ral (R)

~

PolystichUIII squarrosum Fee (T) ~~.~.~.~Q\ Idum-bu-re-ral (J,T)

\::J
Pongam1a p1nnata Merr. (Dh) ~~8r~~~ 'jam-'bras (J,M,Dh)

Populus tremula L. (G) ar~~ rna-gal (J.,G)

Potamogeton pusillus L. (G) i~'~rq chhu-rug-pa (J,G)

....,.....
Potent111a anser1na L. (T) ~r~ gro-ma (J,T,D)

Potentllla blfurca L. (P) ~5~~ 'bu-su-hang (P,J,T,G)

Potentl11a discolor (H) ,~r~ stag-sha (H,J,M,T,G,P)

Potent111a mult1fida L. (G) ~.;[~ re~skon (J,G,P,H)

P. supina L. (G)
P. tanacetifolia Willd. (G,P)
P. viscosa Donn. (G)

.....-
Pr1mula far inDBa L. (G) ~~.~."- gyar-mo-thang (J)
P. sib1rica Jacq. (G)
~~~.~.S:\Z; gyer-ma-thang (G)

Primula vittata Bur .. Il Frch. (T) ~~~~~~~ shang-drl1-dmar-po (T)

Prunus armeniaca L. (D,H) rqar5 kham-bu (D,H,J,T)

Prunus cerasoides D.Don (Dh) ~~.~~.~ shlng-shug-pa (Dh)

'\:J

PrunuB domestica L. (G)

~~:~ star-bu (G,J,T)

Prunus m1ra Koehne (T) r:aar~ kham-bu (J,T,D,H)

P. persica (L,,) Batsch. (T)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS -35

Pronus Spa (M,G)

~.~~ snying-zho-sha (J,M,G,P)
.,."..- 'llIiw-
Psoralea coryllfolia L. (H) thang-phrom-nag-po (J,H,D)
~"~3ri~~
<IIil,o
Pterocarpus santal inus L". f. (T,
P,R,H,G) ~~~~0l2\~ tsan-dan-dmar-po
(J,T,M,G,P,R,H)
~~~" 'dzo-mo-shing (P)

Pterocephalus hookeri (C.B.CI.) ar;i~ spang-rtsi-do-bo (J,T,G)

Diels (T)

........
Pterosl'ermum aeerifolium (L.) ~r;~ dong-kha (D)
Willd. (D)
~

~,,~ dong-ga (J,T,G,P,H)

Pul1carla insignia Drumm. (T) ~.~.~~.q ming-chan-ser-po (J,T,G)

Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. (G) srub-ka (J,G,P)

~~.""
PUDica granatum L. (M,T,G,P,H,R) ~.~ se-'bru (J,M,T,G,P,H,R)

Pyrola rotundifolia L. (P) brag-leham (J,G)

P. incarnata Fisch . .cG) =l'.~~
~~~.~.~ gya'-kyi-ma (P,G,T,D)

PyrUB malus L. var. tomentosa (H) ~.~ a-mra (H)

Pyrus sinensis Poir. ~~.~~ bse-yab (P,H,Dh)

Cydonia sinensis Thouin.(G,P,H)
~.~~ se-yab (J,G,T)

----------- Q -----------

Quercus bUQgeanB F.B.Forbes (H) mon-chha-ra (J,G,P,H)

Q. mongolica Fisch. (O,P)

QuisqulJ,lis Indi CIJ, L. (G , R) na-ga-ge-ser (G,P,R,H,T)

Q. sinensis Lindl. (P,H)

----------- R -----------

Radia dumetorum Lam. (Dh) po-son-ehha (Dh,D)

Ranuneulus acris L. (T,H) lche~tsha (J,T,G,P)

R. pulcbelluB C.A.Mey. (GJP)
R. repens L. (G) ram-pa (H)
R. seleratuB L. (G)
36 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Rapnanus satlvus L. (G,H) la-phug (J,G,H)

Rhll1llrJus dahurlcus Pall. (0) seng-Ideng (M,T,G,Dh)

R. virgata Roxb. (P)
R. erythroxylon Pall. (G) da-trig (P,J,T,D,H)
R. parvlolla Bge. (G)

Rheum nobile Hook. & Thoms. (T) i~g chhu-ma-rtsi (J,T,G,P)

~eum officinale Baill. (G,P,H) lchum-rtsa (T)

~org
R. palmatum L. (G)
R. undulatum L. (G)
~8r lchum-rtsi (J,M,G,P,H,R)

Rheum sp , (P ,R) chhu-rtsa (P,H,T)

i 1J
9

R. o:fficlnale Baill. (H, T)

l~98
lchum-rtsa (R,T)

Rhlnanthus vernalis (Zing.)

Schischk. & Sergievsk.(G)
~9t\\ bre-ga (J,G,M,T,P,H)

-Rhododendron aff. cephalantbU/ll ba-lu (T,M,Dh~P,H)

Franch. (T,M)

Rhododendron chrysanthemum Pall. da-li (J ,G)"

R. aureull Georgi (G)

Rhododendron metternichll Si eb . shu-mkhan (H)

& Zucco (H)

Rhododendron sinense Sweet (H) ~.~., ba-sha-ka (~,J,M,T,G)

~
Rhododendro.D sp. (D,H) da-lis (D)
~.~~

~.~
ba-Iu (H,M,T,Dh,P)

Ribes hlmalense Royle ex Decne.

(T)
~.~.~~~ se-rgod-'bras (J,G,H,P,T)

Ricinus communis L. (Dh,H) ~.~ e-ra (Dh)

dar-ta (H)
~~1j
Robinia amara Lour. (P) ~.!l~ sle-tres (M,P,R,Dh)

Rosa acicularls Lindl. (G,P,H) !~.q skyer-pa (P)

Rosa sp . (G)
~.~ se-ba (J)

~.~~.~.~ se-ba'i-me-tog (G,P,H)

~9~ se-rgod (J,G,P,H)

 MEDICINAL PLANTS 37

Rosa banksiae Ait. (H) ru-rta (H,J,M,T,P,R)

5~
Rosa davurica Pall. (G)
~.~.~~~.~ se-rgod-'bras-bu (J,G)

Rosa indica L. (M) ~.~~9~.~ se-ba'i-me-tog (M,G;H)

Rosa laevigata Michx. (H) ~.~9~r~~ pad-ma-ge-ser (H,M,P,R)

Rosa sericea Lindl. (T) ~.~ se-ba (J,T)

Rosa sp. (G) ~.~ se-rgod (J,G,P)

Rosa sp. (P,~)

~~~.~.~~ push-pa-ge-ser (P,R)

Rubia cordifolia L. (T,G,P,H,Dh)

R. tinctorla L.(R)
~~~ btsod (J,M,T,G,P,H,Dh)

~~~ gteod (R)

Rubus coreanUB Miq. (H)

..... brag-skya-ha-bo (H,J,M)
~~r~.,~
Rubus :ldaeopsls Focke (T) '~.'j.,.~ kan-ta-ka-ri (J,T,M,Me)

Rubus idaeuB L. (P) ga-bra (J,T,P)

~r~
Rubus alveus Thunb. (Me) '~.'j.,.~ kan-ta-ka-ri (J,T,M,Me)
Rubus sp. ? (M)

~ 2>~
Rumex acetosa L. ( G) ~.~~."'.-f\ sho-mang-ri-sho (J)
R. acetosel1a L .(G)
~
~.cq~ sho-mang (T,G,P)

i~~ chhu-ma-rtsi (J,G)

Rumex crispus L. (P)

~:~~ ri-shos {P}

Rumex gmellni Turcz. (G) i~ chhu-rtsi (J,G,P,H)

RUmex nepalensls Spreng. (T) sho-mang (T,G,P)

----------- S -----------

Saccharum officlnlJrWl1 L. (G,Dh, ,.~ ka-ra (J,G,Dh)

n,H)
~.~~ bu-ram (J,D)

~~.~~ bnr-shing (H)

Salix viminalis (D) t'Z;.~ lchang-ma (J,D)

Salix sp . (G,D,H)
[cont. on next page]
8l1 "cq
Y
ma-gal (J,G)

~r;01 glang-ma (J ,D) ,

38 TIBETAN MEDICINE

~
Salix sp. [cont.] ~.~~ o-mbu (H)

Salsola sp. (P) ~.Q\~~ la-la-phud (J,P,G,H,Dh)

Salvla,multiorhiza Crevost &

Petelot (H)
~:fi~ re-skon. (H)

Salviasp. (T) ~~~.~~.q 'jib-rtsi-dkar-po (J,T)

Sambucus racemosa L. (P,H) ~~.,.~ kan-da-ka-ri (P,H)

Sambucus slblrica Nakai. (G) ,~?,.~ kan-t a-ka-r I (J,G,M,Dh.)

Sangulsorba officlnaiis L. (H) .ii~&.l chhu-chhud-pa (H)

SantalU1ll album L.
(M,T ,G,P ,H,.R,D)
~~~~~.q tsan-dan-dkar-po
(J,M,T,G,P,H,R,D)

Santal U/Il sp , (P) seng-ldeng (M,T,G,P,Dh)

Saposlmikova divaricata Schisehk. la-la-phud (J,G,P,H,Dh)

(G)

Saraca indica L. (Dh)

~~C\'~~ mya-ngan-med (Ph)

Saussurea crepidifolla Turcz. (6) ~~.~I:\.~ kon-pa-gab-skye (J,G)

Saussures glomerata Poir. (G,P,H) B~~~ spang-rtsl-do bo (J,T,G)

Saussurea sp , (G)
a~%~~ spang-t~l-do-bos (P,H)

SaUSBurea lappa (Deene.) Sch.Bip. ~.~ ru-rta

(Dh) 7 (Dh,J,M,T,P,R,Dh,D)
Aplotaxis lappa Dene. (H) ~i\\~'''8''t2t pu-skar-mya-la (H)

Saussurea salicifolia DC. (G) ~~ri~ lug-rtsl-do-bo (J,~)

Saassurea sp. (G,D) ~~~~31 gya'-gyi-ma (J)

"~C\..~.~ gya'-kyi-ma (G,n,p.T)

SlIlCi;fraga flagellarl. Willd. l\~.J.~.~!:~ 'bri-rta-sa-'dzin

var .. mucroDulata Royle (M) (J,M,T,P,H)

sax~r~aea punctata L. (G)

~~"'''~.~ gya'-kyl-ma (G,P,T,D)

Seablasa t'iseheri DC.

S. co.osa Fisch. (G)
~.~~~.~ spang-rtsi-'byar-
bag-chan (J,G)
~~~.~ dar-ya-kan (G)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 39

Schlsandra chinensis C. Koch. da-trig (J,T,P,D,H)

Kadsura japonica (H)
Schisandra sphaerandra Stapf.
forma pallida Smith (T)

Schizonepeta multifida (L.) byl-rug (J,G,H)

Briq. (6)

Scopolia stramonifolia (Wall.) thang-phrom-nag-po

Shrestha cr) (J,D,T,H)

Scorzonera austrlaca Willd. (6) pa-to-Ia (J,G,Dh)

S. radians Fisch. (G)

Scropbularia incisa Weinm. (G) gyer-shing (J,G)

Scutellaria baicalensls GeorgI hongo-Ien

(G,P_H) i (J,M,T,R,G,P,H,Dh)

Selaglnella, Involvens Spr. (G,H)

'{"~~~~ sdo-chhu-srlng-sder-mo (D)

i!t~~~iI4 chhu-sring-sder-mo (G)

Selaginella pulvlnata (Hook.

ex Grew.) Maxim. (T) ~~!i~~~v3i sngo-chhu-srin-sder-
mo (J,T)

Selllecarpus lUJat:ardlUJll L. f. (Dh)

~~.~" bse-shing (Dh)

Senecio krylovl1 Schischk. (G) ~.~.~~.~ ming-chan-nag-po (J,G,H)

Senecio saglttatuB Sch.Bip. (P,

H)
t1.,.~~ yu-gu-shlng (J,G,P,H)
Vi
Cacalia hastata L. (G)

Senecio saratilis Wall. ? (M) ~~~.'\~~~ gzer-'joms (M,T)

Senecio sp. (M) tug-lag (M)

s. tibetlcus Hook. f. ? (M) ~\rQ\~

Serratula cardunculus (Pall.) kon-pa-gab-skye (J,G)

Schischk. (G)

SeslJIl1Ul1l orientale L. (G)

S. indicum L. (T,Dh,H) ~ til (J,T,G)

'.Q\.~'~
tI-1a-dkar (H)

=t~:~
zar-ma (H)

~~.~ shing-tog (Dh)

40 TIBETAN MEDICINE

~
Sesbanla grandl:tlora (L.) Poir. q~iO po-son-cha (J)
(D)
~
po-son-chha (D)
~"~".i6
....-
Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (T) ~"aq",,~"~~ ma-ma-sgog-Ichags (T,H)

Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. (H)

~ khre (H,J,D)

Setaria. viridis (L.) Beauv. dur-ba (J,G)

5""~
(6)
'\:j
~
Sborea robusta Roxb. (D) B~r~,~ spos-dkar (D,J,M,T,G,P)

Sida cordi'folia L. (Dh) ~"t:q ba-Ia (Dh)

S11ene gonosptirma (Rupr.) ~,,"q sug-pa (J,G,T)

Bocquet ssp. hlMalayensls [see also Lychnis]
(Rohrb.) Bocquet (T)

Slnapl-s alba L. (II) ~~~~,~ yungs-dkar (G,H,J,T)

SInapis sp. ? rgya-khur (G,H,T)

~"e~
(H)

81,. s1sar. . L. (R)

~"~~ nye-shing (R,J,M,T,G,P)

SollUJUlJI lndlcUI/I L. (Dh) ~.,,,~ bri-ha-ti (Dh)

SolanD xanthocarpUlll Schrad. &

Wendl. (Dh) 'i\"'j"'.~ kan-ta-ka-ri
(Dh,J,M,T,G,Me)

Solidago vlrgaurea L. (H)

~:~~ ra-sug (H)

Sonchus arvensis. L. (G) rgya-khur (G,T,H)

~"e~
Sophora flavescens Ait. (G,H)
S. angustifolia Siebe & Zucco
&.~~ sle-tres (J,M,G,P,H.)

(P)
l~~ sli-dres (R)
~

Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A.Br.(G) ,\ars 'om-bu (G,J,T,P)

Spiraea media F. Schmidt (P) ~i~c;.~~ srin-shing-sna-ma'i-

'bras-bu (P,H)
~~
~
Spiraea" sp , (G) ~ar~ 'om-bu (G,J,T,P)

Statlce flexuosa L. ~.~.g bya-pho-rtsi-rtsi

Limonium flexuosum (L.) Ktze. (G,J,P,H)
(G)

Statice speciosa L. bya-pho-rtsi-rtsi

Goniolimon speciosum (L.) (G,J,P,H)
Boiss. (G)

......... ~

Stel1arla dichotoma L. (G,P) ~.~ sra-Io (.J,M,P)

var. cordlfolia Bge. (P)
~......- .....,..
[cont. on next page] sro-lo-dkar-po (6)
~.~"~"'~"~
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 41

Stellaria dichotoma [cont.] ~r~rl.\~~ sug-'dras (P,H)

~
6q.~~ a-grong (P)

Stellaria chamllejasme L.
(T,G,P,H) ~.~" re-lchag (J,G,P,H)

~.",~ re-lchag-pa (T)

Stereospermum clJelonoides (L. f . ) ~~9Q\ pa-tra-la (Dh)

DC.; StereospermuJIl suaveolens
(Roxb.) DC. (Dh)

Stipa capillata L. (G) ~:~~~Jf\~.q byi-shing-dkar-po (J,G)

Strychnos nwc-vomi CB L. ~.t:q ko-byi-la (M,T)

(M,T,P,H,G)
~.Q\ go-byi-la (G,P,H)

Styrax benzoin Dryand. (H) gu-gul (J,G,M,P,~,R)

Sllertla chirayl ta' (Roxb. ex tig-ta

Flem.) Karsten (M,T,Dh) (J,M,T,G,Dh,D,P,H)
Gentiana chiretta Froel. (G,D)

Symplocos racemose Roxb. (Dh) seng-erom (Dh)

Syzygium aromatlcwn (L.) Merr. ,Be li-shi (M,T,G,P,H,R)

Perry (M,T)
Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.
(G,H,R)
Caryophyl1us aromaticus L. (P)

syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Dh) dzam-bu (Dh)

----------- T-----------

Tuarindus indica L. (Dh) bae-yab (Dh,P,B)

"Tamarindus ?" (D)
da-trig (J,D)

Tanacetwn sp . (M) a-byag (J,M)

T. dolichophyllUJ1l (Ki tam. )
Kitam. ? (M)

TanBcetum slblrlcum L. (G) gan~dha-bha-dra (J,G,T)

T. vulgare L. var. boreale (G)

Taraxacum altaicum Schischk. (G) e~:~c;. khur-mang (J,G)

T. collinum DC. (G)
T. orrlclnale Web. (T,G,H) khur-mang-mang (T)
T. tibeticum Hand.-Mzt. (T) e~Bl"~~
5~:~c;. bur-mang (H)
42 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Termlnalla bell1rlciil (Gaertn.) ba-ru (M)

Roxb. ? (M) [also: ba-ru-ra]

re~jnalja chebula Retz. ~5 a-ru (M,<T)

(M,T,P,R,D)
~.~.~ a-ru-ra (J,T,P,R,D)

~~~l:\\ a-ru-gser-mdog (M)

~~~.~.~.~.~ bdud-rtsi-a-ru-ra (P)

'\:j [and other terms both
before and after
"a-r-u-t-a" ]

~~~~i gser-ldan (D)

TermlnaJ:la sp. ? (P)

~'iif~ snying-zho-sha (J,P,M,G)

'l'lJallctrum foetldum L.
T. /linus L. (P)
~~t!1~ myang-rtsi-spras
(P,J,T,G,H)

'l'lJladlantha harm.Ii Cogn. (T) ,,~~.~.~~ gser-gyi-phud-pu (T)

Thlaspl arveru:e L. (M, T , G) ~.~ bre-ga (J,M,T,G,P,H)

Thuya -orientalis L. (H) !~~ skyer~pa (J,H,T,G,P)

~
Thymus serpyllum L. (G,P) ~a~ rgya-spos (J,G,T,H)
~

~,a~ brag-spas (J,P,T)

~
Thymus vulgaris Ldb. (P) ~B~ rgya-spos (J,P,T,Dh)

Tlnoapora cordifolia Miers. (Dh)

Menispermaceae ? (M) lr~~ sle-tres
(J,M,Dh,G,P,R,H)

Torreya nucirera Sieb. & Zucco a-'bras (J,M,P,G)

(P,G) ; not Torreya sp. (M)

Tournel'ortla sibirlca L. (G) ,,~~.~~ gyer-shing (J,G)

7"rachyspermum ammi Sprague (Dh) t:q.t:q.~ la-la-phud (J,Dh,G,P,H)

Tragopogon orientalls L. (G) ~.~ ri-sho (J,G,T)

'l'rlbulus terrestria L. (M,G,P,H, ~~.~ gze-ma (J,M,G,P,H,R)

R,T)
~~~~.~.~~ gze-ma-ra-mgo (T)
~
Trlchosanthes dioica Roxb. (Dh) ~.'j.t.:q pa-to-la (Dh,J,G)

Trichosanthes maltiloba Miq. (H) ,,~~ gandha (H)

Tri chosanthes sp. (P) z;r~ ba-spru (T,P)

 MEDICINAL PLANTS 43.

TrlroliUIII lupinastel- L. (6) ~C\.aq sran-ma (J,G,T)

~
TriticUD aestivun L. (G) ~ gro (J,G,H)
T. vulgare ViII. (H)

rullpa edulis Baker (H) i\~.~~~ sgog-bsil (H)

Tulipa gesnerlana L. (H) ~~~~~ii dba'-po-ser-po (H,J,P)

----------- U -----------

Ulmus 'maeroearpa Hance (H) ~C\.~~ lung-thang (J,H)

~~
Ulmus pumlla L. (T,G) uq.~~~ yo-'bog (J,T,G)

Urtlea dlolea L. (G,D) ~1 ~.~~aq zwa [or] zwa-'brum (J,G)

~iS~ za-chhag (D)

----------- V -----------

VaeelniU1lt vitis-ideea L. (G) ,,~~.~.~ gya'-kyi-ma (G,~,P,D)

~
Valeriana jatamlJ1Jsi Jones ac;..a~ spang-spos (J,G,P,T,H)
V. wallichl1 DC. (Dh)
~
V. offlelnalis L. (G,P) ~:a~ rgya-spos (Dh,T)

Vatiea laneeaefolia DI. (G,P)

~~~ gu-gul (J,G,P,R,H,M)
--.,.-
Vatiea sp. (M,T) a~~~~ spo8~dkar (J,M,T,G,R,D)

Veronica longifolia L. (G)

~i'~~ gandha-bha-dra (J,G,T)

Vetlveria zlz4Doides Nash (Dh,T) tf~~~ pU~8hel-rtse (Dh,M,J)

~"
rdo-dreg (Dh,T)

Vieia amoena Fisch. (G) 3i~.~ 8ra~-ma (J,G,T)

"II-
Vieia faba L. (H)
Sli~i mon-sran (J,B)

Vigna mUIJgO( L .:) Hepper ~~a,.~~ mda'i-rgyus (H)

Phaseolus mungo L. (H)
P. radiatus (H) ~.~., ma-sha-ka (H)
~
Vlnceto%lcum siblrlcum Decne.
Alexitoxlcon sibiricum Pobed. ~".~.~~ dug-mo-nyung (J,G,P,M,T)
(G); VlncetoxicUlll sp. (P)
44 TIBETAN MEDICINE

~101a patrlnii Glng. (H) ~.? tig-ta (J,H,M,T,G,P,Dh)

Vitex agnus castus L. (Dh) ,-~.~.f(.~ kon-tl-dza-la (Dh)

~
Vitez canescens Kurz. (T) tt~~~ sngo-ga-bur (T)

ViteK 'trlfolla L. f. (G,P,H)

~.'T''' byi-tang-ga (G,P,H,M)

Vitex sp .'(R) ~.~~., bye-dang-ka (R)

Vitis vinlt'era L. (T,G,P,H) rgun-'brum

Vitis sp. (M) ~~.~~~ (J,T,M,G,P,H)

Vlad1m1rla 80u11e1 (Franch.) pu-kar-mu-la (T)

Ling (T)

----------- W-----------

llithania somnlt'era Dunal (Dh) ~-t:~q;; ba":'dzi-gan-dha (Dh)

Woodt'ordla rruticosa Kurz.

LythrulR fruticosulII(P)
(Dh) ~.?~ dha-ta-kl (Dh)

~~.~.~ sfn-dhu-r-a (P)

Woodsla glabella R.Br. (G) ~~.?!.,.~ "'" brag-skya-ha-bo (J,G,T)

----------- X -----------

XantlJlum slbiricum Patr. (T) byi-tsher (J,T,G,P,Dh)

Xeromphls. spinosa (Thunb.) Keay po-son-chha (Dh,D)

Randia dUIRetoru. (Retz.) Lam.
(Dh)

----------- y-----------

Yormgla sp , (M) rtsa-mkhris (J,~)

Y. s11IJetelJs1s DC. ? (M)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 45

----------- z -----------

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. ~..~..~ te....dza-ni (Dh)

Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. (Dh,H) 7 ~
~~9~"1j par-pa-ta (H,J,M,T,G,P)

~~31 ga-yer-ma (H)

Zanthoxylum bungei Roxb. ,,~~.~ gyer-ma (J,G,T)

Xanthoxylum bungei Planch. (G)
Z. tibetanlc~ Huang (T)

Zingiber officinale Rose. (G,P, sga (G,R)

H,R)
sman-sga (J,G,P,H,T)

'shu-ti (H)

Zlngiber rubrum (H) 19a-dmar (H,T)

= Z. rubells Roxb. ? [= sga-dmar 1]

".~~~
Zingiber sp. (H) sga-gser (H)

Zizyphus jujuba Lam. (Dh) gya-shug (Dh)

Zizyphus sativa Gaertn.

~:~"
rgya-shug (H)
z.vulgaris Lam. (H) ~.~~
var. splnoBuB (H)
~.~~ snYing-zho-sha (J,H,M,P)
46 TIBETAN MEDICINE

TIBETAN LATIN

TIBETAN TRANSLITERATION LATIN

----- KA -----

ka-ko-Ia (M,P,R,H) Alplnia alba Rose.

AmomulII medium Lour. (P,H)
Zingiberaceae sp. (M)

kadma-bhara (H) CelosIa argentea L. (H)

'.~.'.2\
~.~ ka-ra (J,G,D.h) Saccharum officinaru L. (G ,Dh)

,.~~\ ka-pi-rtha (Dh) Feronia limonia Swingle. (Dh)

,.~~ ka-bed (J,G,P,Dh,H) AegJe marllJelos (t.) Corr. (Dh)

Citrullus lanatuB (Thunb.)
Matsum. & Nakai; C. vulg-
aris Schrad. (G,P)
L~narja slcerarla (Mol.)
StandI.; L. vulgaris Sere
(H)

'.~.'l ka-ra-lja (P,H) NelUlllbo sp , (P, H)

kat-pha~la (Dh) ~ica ~~i Thunb. (Dh)

''j~fJf(

~~."".~ kan-da-ka-ri (P,H) Sambucus racemosa L. (P,H)

~"."",.~ kan-ta-ka-ri
(J,M,T,G,Dh,Me)
Rubus sp. ? (M)
R. idaeopsis Focke (T)
R. niveus Tbunb. (Me)
Subucus sibirica Nakai. (G)
Solanum xantbocarpum Schrad. 8:
Wendl. (Dh)

kar-pa-sa (Dh) 60ssyplum herbaceum L. (Dh,P,D)

kshu-ra (Dh) lIygroplJlla aurlculata (Schumach.)

Heine; Asteracantha longifolla
Nees. (Dh)

ku-the-ra-ka (Dh) OrthosiplJon pallldus Benth. (Dh)

ku-sha (J,D) Desmostacbya blpllUJata (L.)

. Stapf
Pos cynosuroides Retz. (D)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 47

kush-man-da-ka (Dh) Benincasa cerifera Savio

B. hlspida Cogn. (Dh)

ku-shu (J,D) Citrus sp. (D)

~.~
~.~ ko-byi-Ia (M,T) Strychnos IJUK-vomica L. (M,T)

;;r,.?~ ko-sha-ta-ki (Dh) Luffa acutangula Roxb. (Dh)

,,,,.~e:.Q\ kon-ti-dza-la (Dh) Vitex aguus castuB L. (Dh)

'~9f.t~~.! kon-pa-gab-skye (J ,G) Centaurea monantha Georgi. (J)

Saussurea crepidifolia Turcz. (G)
Serratula cardunculus (Pall.)
Schischk. (G)

kyi-lche (J,M,T,G,P,H) Campanula traclJelium L. (P,H)

Gentians macropbylla Pall. (M,G)
G. pneUIDonanthe L. (G)
G. tibetlca King ex Hook.f. (T)-

~t;..~~ kyung-sder (H) Nauclea rlJynclJopbylla Miq. (H)

@)'~~~,~ klu-bdud-rdo-rje ('f) Codonopsls nervosa (Chipp.)

Nannf. (T)

klu-blud-rdo-rje (H) AdenoplJora polymorplJa Ldb. (H)

dkar-po-chhig-thub Panax glnsengC.A.Mey. (H)

(J,T,P,H)

~r~ ske-tshe (J,G) DontostemOIJ Integrlfoliu8 Ldb.

(G)

~ar~ skem-Ie (J) indet.

skyu-ru Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. &

~.~ or Kit.
skyu-ru-ra C. pinnatifida Bge. (G,P,H)
~S~ (M,T,G,P,H,R,Dh) Brlobotrya Japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.
Nespilus japonlcus Thunb. (R)
lIespl1us sp. ? (M)
Phyll1Ultbu8 emblica L. (T)
Embllca offlclnalis Gaertn.
(Dh-l

skyur-rtsi (H) Citrus nobllis Lour. (H)

48 TIBETAN MEDICINE

skyer-pa (J,T,G,P,H) BerberIs ar1stata DC. (T,M,Dh)

Berberis dlctyophylla Franch.
var. epruinosa Schneid'. (Tl
Berberis siblrlca Pall. (G)
Rosa acicular1s Lindl. (P)
Tbuya orientalis L. (H)

~~~.~~ skyer-pa'i-me-tog
(J,G,P,H,Dh)
Berberis aristata DC. (Dh)
B. slbirica PaJI. (O,P)
i~~'1 skyer-pa'i-rtsa (Dh) Lyci am c1Jinense Mi 11. (H)

~~.~.~~~ skyer-pa'i-'bras-bu BerberIs s1blrica Pall. (0)

(J,G,P)

skyer-shun (T,M) BerberIs aristate DC. (T,M,Dh)

----- KHA -----

~~~~~~ kha-chhe-gur-gum
(G,H)
Crocus satlvus L. (T,G,H,Dh,D)

~9."""9i1\S\0l kha-chhe-sha-skam-ma
(Tl

kham-bu (J,T,D,H) Prunus armeniaca L. (D ,H)

P. mira Koehne (Tl
P. persica (t.) Batsch. (T)

e'31~ khur-mang (J,G) Taraxacum altaicum Schischk. (0)

T. colllnum DC. (G)
e:'.~r;"81r; khur-mang-mang (T) T. orrlclnale Web. (T,G)
T. tlbeticum Hand.-Mzt. (T)

khyung-sder (J) indet. (M);

nails of Garuda (bird) (T)

khra-ma (J,G) Fagopyrum tatarlcum Gaertn. (0)

Panlcum mlllaceum (0)

khre (J,D,H) "millet" (D)

Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. (H)

khre-rgod (J,D) "wild millet" (D)

 MEDICINAL PLANTS 49

khrog-chhung (J) indet.

khron-bu (J) indet.

mkhan-pa (J,T,G,P,H) Artemisia several sp. (T)

A. campestrls L.
A. commutata Bess. (G)
A. frlg1daWilld. (P,G)
A. serlcea Web. (G)
A.stelleriana Bess. (H)

~
~,,~,,~y~ mkhal-ma-zho-sha Canavalla gladlata DC. (G,P,H)
--.... (J,G,P,H,R) Fabeae (M)
~"C!\ mkhal-zho (M)

--'--- GA, -----

ga-dur (J,P,H) Akebla quinata Decne. (P,B,G)

ga-bur (J,T,P) ClnnlJmomum camphora (L.)

J.Presl (T,P)

ga-bur-ti-Ia (J,G) Paris quadrlfolia L. (6)

ga-b~a (J,T,P) Debregeasia edulis Wedd. (T)

Rubus idaeus L. (P)

gang-ga-chhung Gentiana depressa D.Don (Me)

(J,T,Me,G,p,H) G. urnula H.8m. (T)
Leonurlfs slbirlcus L. (G,P,H)

gandha (H) Trlchosl!UJthes multiloba Mig. (H)

gandha-bha-dra (J,T,G) Gnaphalium affine D.Don. (T)

Tanacetunr slblrlcrm L. (G)
T. vulgare L. var. boreal e (G)
Veronica longlfolia L. (G)

gi-Iba (P) indet. (P)

gu-gul (J,M,G,P,H,R) Styrax benzoin Dryand. (H)

Vatica lanceaet"olla Bl. (G,P)

gu-yu (M) Areca catechu L. (M,G,D,H)

(see "go-yu" below)
50 TIBETAN MEDICINE

gur-gum Carthamnus tlnctorlus L. (M,G,

(J,M,G,P,H,Dh,R) .P,R,H)
Crocus sativus L. (Dh)

ge-ser (J,M,D) BombaJC celba L. (M)

Crocus sativus L. (D)

go-snyod Anisom vulgare Gaertn. (G)

(J,M,T,G,P,H,Dh) CarUIrl carvi L. (T ,M, G)
CnldiUIII dahuricUllf Fisch. & Mey.
(G)
CU1IJinum cY1ftinUllt L. (Dh)
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (G,P,H)

go~byi-la (G,P,H) Stryclmos nux vomica L. (G,P,H)

(see also "ko-bvf -La" above)

go-yu (J,O,H) Areca catechu L. (G,M,D,H)

(see also "gu-yu" above)

gyu:-shug (Dh) Zlzypb.us JuJuba Lam. (Dh)

~.~"
91~~!~ gra-ma'i-rtsa-ba' (P) Caragana pygmaeaDC. (P)

~.~.~~ gre-ba-shing (J) indet.

~~.~ gres-ma (J) indet.

~
gro (J,G,H) aestlvu. L. (G)
f.rltlcUft
~ T. vulgare ViII. (H)

gro-ma (J,T,D) Potentilla aDserlna L. (T)

"sweet potato of Tibet" (D)

gla-gor-zho-sha Bntada plJaseololdes (L.) Merr.

(J,G,P,H,R) E. scandens Benth. (G,P,H)

gla-sgang (J,T,D,Dh,H) Aconlta. flscherl Reichb. (H)

Cyperus rotundus L. (D,Dh)
C. pertenuis (D)
Juncus lJIIPllfollus Camus (T)

2l~.~ glang-ma (J,D) "alpine willow" (D)

~".~"
'ga-lig (H) "Pachyma cocos" (coconut husk) (H)

rgu-trus (P) Gall_ verUil L. var. ruthen-

~~ le_ W. (P)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 51

rgu-thub (J,P)
~~ indet.

-
!a~ 'rgu-drus (J ,G) Gallum boreale L. (G)
G. verum L. (G)

rgun-'brum Vltls vlnlfera L. (T,G,P,H)

(J,M,T,G,P,H) Vltls sp , (M)

rg~a-khur (T,G,H) Lactuca sibirlca (L.) Benth. (G)

Plcrls bleraclo1des L. ssp.
fusclpllosus Hand.-Mzt. (T)
Slnapls sp. ? (H)
Sonchus arvensls L. (G)

'rgya-t1g (J,G) Gentlana detonsa Rottb.

G. barbata. Froel. (G)

rgya-spos lledlcago polymorpha L. var.

(J,T,G,P,Dh) vulgaris (Benth.) Shinners
rgya-sbos (H) M. dentlculata W111d. (H)
Jlelllotus suaveolens Ldb. (T)
Thymus serpy11 um L. (G)
T. vulgaris Ldb. (P)
Valeriua jatamansl Jones
V. wallichii DC. (Dh)

!.~ rgya-men (J,G) Papaver nudicaule L. (G,P)

~~.~." rgya-mtsho'i-lbu-ga (H) Brytb.rlna indica Lam. (H,Dh)

!..~~ rgya-shug (H) Zizypbus sativa Gaertn.

Z. vulgaris Lam. (H)

rgya-sran
5~~
(J) cultivated legume (Kelsang)

~~~.~ rgyal-ya-ru-ra (H) Canari UJII a1 bu. (H)

~ sga (G,R) Z1ngiber o~rlcinale Rosc. (G,R)

q sga-skya
(J,T,M,G,P,H,R)
Hedychlll111 spicatum 8mith
(T,G,P)
Kaelltpt'erla galanga L. (H)

~ sga-t1g (T,M) Androsace lanuginosa Wall. (M,T)

~'i\~~ sga-t1g-nag-po (J) indet.

~~ sga-dmar (T,H) BedyclJi um spicatUlIf Sm1 th (T, G,P)

Zingiber rubrulII (H) [mis-
printed as "lga-dmar ff
]
 52 TIBETAN MEDICINE

~
sga-sho (J) indet.
I.\,,~

t1\~~~ sga-gser (H) Zlnglber sp , (H)

...........
,,~ sgog (J,T) AllIum sp. (T,J)
..-..- sgog-skya (M,T,G,Dh,D) AllIum satlvum L. (T,M,Dh,G,P")
~~.~
A. nlv~l Jacqm. (D)

~,~~.~ sgog-pa-chhig-skye (H) Al11um sp. (H)

i;~'~~ sgog-btsong (G) AllIum cepa L. (G,T,D,H)

~"~~Ql
~~
sgog-bsil (H) Tulipa edulis Baker (H)

"r~:~~'q sgong-thog-pa (J,T,P) Erysimum altalcum C.A.Mey. (P)

E. dlt't'usum Ehrh. (T)

sgron-shing (J,G,P,H) PInus sylvestris L. (G,P,H)

----- NGA -----

sngo-de-ba (J,T,G) Gentiana decumbens L. (T,G)

sngo-spyi-zhur (J,T) indet.

sngon-bu (J,T,G) Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. (G,T)

sngo-chhu-srin-sder-mo Sel-einella pulvlnata (Hook. ex

(J, T) Grew.) Maxim. (T)

sngo-ga-bur (T) ViteK canescens Kurz. (T)

sngo-stag-sha (T) O~ropls chI110phylla Royle (T)

[see also stag-sha]

----- eRA -----

chu-gang (D,'r,M) Bambusa textIlis McClure (T)

nodal silica of bamboo (D)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 53

ICha-ba Angelica sp. (T)

(J,M,T,G,P,H,R) Bletia hyacinthina R.Br. (G,P)
Peucedanum baicalense Koch. (G)
Polygonatum officinale All.
P. vulgare Desf. (H)

lchags-skyu (J) indet.

r\~Y~

r\~Y" lchags-tig (P) Gentianopsis paludosa (Munro)

Ma. (T)
r\~Y~~Y~~Yq lchags-tig-nag-po (T) indet. (P)

~Y~ lchang-ma (J,D) Salix viminalis (D)

~~ lcham-pa (J,T,M,G,P,H) .alva vertlclllata L. (T,G,P,H)

II. sylvestrls L. ? (M)
lcham-'bru (M)
~.~~
'\,fJ

~.~ lchum-rtsi
(J,M,G,P,H,R)
Rheum offlclnale Baill. (G,P,H)
R. pallia tum L. (G)
lchum-rtsa (T,R) R. undulatum L. (G)
~'8
It~c;CC lche-myang-tsha (J) indet.; "a mineral" (Kelsang)

tty"' lche-tsha (J,T,G,P) RaDrmculuB acris L. (T,H)

R. palchellus C.A.Mey. (G,P)
R. repens L. (G)
R. scleratus L. (G)

----- CHBA -----

~.~~~ chhar-'bum (J) indet.

~
chhu-dgan-go (H) Acorus gramineus Ait. (H)
i~~~'~
~'i~'~ chhu-chhud-pa (H) Sanguisorba officinalis L. (H)

iart chhu-ma-rtsi (J,T,G,P) Chenopodium hybridum L. (G)

Rheum nobile Hook.f. & Thoms. (T)
Rumex acetosa L. (G)
Rumex acetosel1a L. (G)

~~ chhu-rtsi (J ,G~P,H) . Rheum sp. (P)

R. officinale Baill. (T,H)
chhu-rtsa (T) Rumex gmellni Turcz. (G)
~8
chhu-rug (P) Potamogeton pasillas L. (6)
~~~
i5~q chhu-rug-pa (J,G)
 54 TIBETAN MEDICINE

chhu-srin-khrag (H) Daemonorops draco B1.

Calamus draco Willd. (H)

iy!i~~~~ chhu-sring-sder-mo (0) Selaginella involvens Spr. (G,H)

~~.~.~~ mchhin-pa-zho-sha (J) indet.

----- JA -----

~~.~~~ 'ja-'bras (P) Caesalpinoideae or Mimosoideae (M)

Nelumbo sp. (P)
~~ar~~~ 'jam-'bras (J,M,Dh) Pongamia pinnata Merr. (Dh)

~t.~9~.~'~~ 'jib-rtsi-dkar-po Salvia sp , (T)

(J,T)

----- NYA ----~

'9t~~ nya-Ichibs (J) indet.

~9'~
nyung-kar ' (Dh) Brassica rapa L.
B. campestris L. (G,Dh)
f'.~ nyung-ma (3,G)

~.~~ nye-shing Asparagus flliclnus Buch.-

(J,T,M,O,P,H,R) Ham. ex D.DOn (T)
Polygonatum :falcatum A.Gray (H)
P.multiflorum All. (P)
P. offlclnale All. (G)
Sium slsarum L. (R)

"~a~~ gnyan-thub-pa (J) indet.

~"'~5Qr~ gnyan-'du1-ba (J) indet.

VJ
;Yt.:q
~

rnya-lo (D,P) PoJygonum periglnatorJs Pauls. (T)

P. polymorphum DC. (P)
,.~""'" snya-Io (T,J) Po1ygonum sp , (D)

~Yrq snyi-ba (J,T,G,P,H) Chenopodl U1R a1 bum L. (P )

Codonopsls c014volvulacea Kurz. (T)
Fritl1laria verticillata Wil1d.
F. thunbergii Miq. (H)
Polygonum scabrumMoench. (G)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 55

snying-zho':"sha Prunus Spa (M,G)

(J,M,G,P,R,H) Terminalia Spa ? (P)
Ziziphus vulgaris yare
spinosus (H)

----- TA -----

tang-kan (H) Angelica polymorpha Maxim. var .

sinensIs (H)

tang-ku (J,G) CD.idlU1t1 dahurlcUlll Fisch. &. Mey.

(T,G,P)
tang-kun (T,P)

tang-kun-dkar-po (T) PeuceduUIJI. Spa (T)

tig-ta Gentiana detolJsa Rottb.

(J,M,T,G,P,D,Dh,H) G. barbata Froel. (G,P)
SWertla chirayita Karsten (M,T,Dh)
Gentlana chlretta Froel. (G,D)
Viola patrinii Ging. (H)

ti-Ia-dkar (H) SestJIfJom orientale L. (G)

S. Indicum L. (T,H)
til (J,T,G)

tug-mo-nyung (Dh) Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.)

[see also Wall. ex G.Don
dug-mo-nyung] H. antidysenterlca Wall. (Dh)

te-dza-ni (Dh) Zanthoxylum acanthopodlum DC.

Z. alatum Roxb. (Dh)

~.~~., tra-yan-ti (Dh) Gentiana lcurroo Royle (Dh)

rta-pags (P,H) L~psis supina (Steph.) Ikonn.-

J~~ Galitz. (6)
J.~~ rta-Ipags-(J,T,G) Lamiophlomls rotata (Benth.)
Kudo (T)
lIarrub1.um InclsU1tl Benth. (G,P,H)

J.~t\\ rta-mig (J) Bpimedi UIlI lIfacrantlJUlII Morr. &

Decne. (H)
J.~ rta-rmig (P,H)

rtag-ngu (T) Drosera peltata Smith var.

)~~ lunata (Buch.-Ham.) C.B.CI.
rtag-tu-ngu (J) (T)
J"1~
~
56 TIBETAN MEDICINE

Itum-stag (P) indet.

stag-chhung (T) '~olla campbellll Hook. f. &

Thoms. (T)

stag-pa (J,G) Betula platyphylla Sukaczew (G)

stag-ma (J) indet.

stag-aha (J,M,T,G,P,H) O~troplssp. (M,G)

[see also o. chillophylla Royle (T)
sngo-stag-sha] . o. flllformis DC. (6)
O. microphylla DC. ? (~)
O. 11Jurlcata DC. (P)
Potentil1a discolor (H)

t~~~ stab-seng (M,G,P) Buco1ll11lia ulmoides 01 i v . (G , P)

Not E. ul.oides (S. ,Y. Hu)
,~~.~~ stabs-seng (J)

t~~ star-ga (J,T, Bell) J~lans regia L. (T, Bell)

'=t..~ star-ba (Dh) Garcinia peduuculata Roxb. (Dh)

t~5 star-bu (J,T,G) Berberis slbirlca Pall. (G)

B. vulgaris L. (P,R,H)
,~.~~ star-bus (P,H) Hlppophae rhanmoldes L. (T,G)
Prrmul1 domestica L. (G)

f~~~Q\~ stong-ri-zil-ba (J,G) ChelldonlUJtl majus L. (G)

Corydalis bowerl Hemsl. (T)
fc;_C\ stong-zil (T) Corydalis melfol1a Wall. (G)

----- THA -----

tha-ram (J,T,G,P,H) Plant~ depressa Willd. (T,G)

P. major L. (G,P,H)
P. maritima L. (G)
Polygonum tlnctorlum Ait. (H)

thang-ku-skyu-ru-ra indet.
(R)

thang~ku-pa-ru-ra "a myrobalan" (R)

(R) [see also
ba-ru-ra]
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 57

thang-ku-a-ru-ra (R) Ita myrobalan" "native to Tibet" (R)

thang-phrom (J,G) PlJysoclJlaill8 -plJyslI.Joides (L.)

G.Don. (G)

thang-phrom-nag-po PlJysoclJJainll. sp , ? "thorn

(J,T,D,H) apple" (D)
PsoraJea cory1iro1ia L. (H)
Scopolia straminit'olia (Wall.)
Shrestha (T)

thang- , phrom (P, H') Physocblaina sp. ? (P)

Pbytolacca acinosa Roxb. (H)

thang-shing (T,G,Dh,H) Cedrus deodara G.Don (T, Dh)

LarI~ slbIrlca Ldb. (G)
Pinus sp. (H)

~~."", thal-ka(Dh) caragana III1crophy1111. Lam. (G)

c. spinosa DC. (G)
~.~~ thal-ka-rdo-rje
(J,G,P,R,H)
Cassia tora L. (T,G,P,Dh,R)
C. obtuslfolla L. (H)
~.~~.~ thal-kar-rdo-rje (T)

~Ql.~ thal-tres (Dh) HellddeBlllUS Indlcus R. Br (Dh)

~.~ thar-nu (J,T,G,P,H) AconltWi lycoctonu. (H)

\{J BU~borbJa pa1lassii Turcz. (G,P)

----- DA -----

da-trig (J,T,P,D,H) Rhamnus dab-uricus Pall.

R. vlrgata Roxb , (P)
Schisandra chinensis C.Koch
Kadsura japonlca (H)
Schisandra spbaerandra Stapf.
'forma ~llida Smith (T)
Ta.arlndus sp. ? (D)

da-li (J ,G) Rhododendron sp . (D)

R. cbrysanthelJUJJ Pall.
da-lis (D) R. aureum Georgi (G)

dan-di (Dh) BaliosperllUII .ontoUII (Wl1ld.)

Muell. & Arg. (Dh)

~'\.~~ dan-rog (J, T, G,P, H,~) Croton tigl1U11 L. (T, G,P, H,R)

~~.~.~.~ dam-bu-ra-ka (J) Indet.

58 TIBETAN MEDICINE

dar-ta (H) Ricinus communis L. (H,Dh)

~~:"
~~.~.,~ dar-ya-kan (G,P,H)" Draba nemorosa L. (H)
Moebringla laterlflora (L.)
"Itt,-

~~u.t'~8~rq dar-ya-kan-smug-po Fenzl. (G)

(J) Scabiosa flscberi DC. (G)
Leguminosae (J)

dar--shing (J) indet.

du-ru-ska (H) Platycarya strobilacea Sieb. 11

Zuee. -(H)

dug-mo-nyung CYDancbum forrestii Schltr. (T)

(J,M,T,G,P,H) CYDanchum siblr1cum R. Dr . (H)
CynoctonU1tl purpureUlfl (Pall.)
Pobed. (O)
Perlploca calopbylla Fale. ? (M)
VincetoJCicum slbirlcUl1l Deene.
Alexitoxicon sibiricuDJ Pobed. (G)
VlncetoJCicUl1J sp. (P).

dur-ba (J,G) Agropyrum. pseudoagropyrUll (Tr in. )

Franeh. (G)
du-rba (Dh) [AgropyruDJ now = Elymus?]
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Dh)
Setaria vl-rldis (L.) Beauv. (G)

dur-byid (J,T,P,H) Eupborbia adenocb.lora Morr. 11

Deene. (H)
indet. (T,P)

dur-byed (G,D) BallosperllUlll lllontlUJUIII M. & -A.

Croton polyandrulII (D)
Iris dlcbotOl8a Pall. (G)

~.~~ de-bas (P) indet.

~

~r;."'1 dong-ka (Dh) Betula platyphylla Sukaezew (G)

Cassia fistula L. (T,Dh)
""""'" dong-kha (D) Geratonia siliqua L. (G,P)
~".~ Gleditschia sinensis Lam. (G,H)
"r-
~&;.~ dong-ga (J,T,G,P,H) PterosperlllUJII acerifoliUlJl Willd. (D)

~.~ dwa-ba (J,G) Alilum victorialis L. (G)

~~~lr~ "dwa-ba'i-rtsa-ba (P,H) Allium sp. ? (P)

Arisaema loba.tU1lf Engl. (H)

dres-ma'i-ge-ser Aster trln.ervius Roxb. ex

(T,P,H) . D.Don (H)
Iris Iactea Pall. (T)
I. ensata Thunb.. (P)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 59

~?~ dha-ta-ki (Dh) rtoodfordia fruticosa Kurz. (Dh)

~~~~~Ilf~~
~
bdud-rtsi-gangs-sham-
pa (J)
indet.

~~~iiif~
'\:j
bdud-rtsi-Io-ma (M,T) Aconitum napellus L. (M,T)

~5~~"~~
'7
bdud-rtsi-a-ru-ra (P) Terminalia chebula Retz. (P,M,R)

~~, mdak (H) Datura stramoniU11J L. (H)

~~,.~~ mda'i-rgyus (J,H) Vigna mrmgo (L.) Hepper

Phaseolus mungo (H)

~~~.~~ mdog-Idan (M) Malvaceae; Hibiscus sp. ? (M)

'dam-bu~ka-ra (T,P) Hippurls vulgaris L. (T)

~~~5'~
~; rdo-rta (H) camellia sinensis (L.) Ktz. (H)

~;El\ rdo-dreg (T,Dh) Vetiveria zizaDoides Nash (TJDh)

,--\ "'
'5~'~'~fJq ldu-bu-re-ral (R) Polypodia sp. ? (R)
Polysti chum squarrosU11l Fee (T)
~~'~'~'~Q\ ldum-bu-re-ral (J,T)
\:J

91~4t" ldum-stag (J) indet.

~ 9
~8f~~~~ ldum-n~g~dom-mkhris (J) indet.

~~'~. sdar-pu (R) Berberis vulgaris L. (R)

.........
~~~~ sdo-Ichab (H) oenanthe JavlUJica (Bl.) DC. ssp.
stolonifera (Wall. ex DC.) Mu-
rata; O.stolonifera Wall. (H)

sdo-chhu-srin-sder-mo Sel-elnella involvens Spr. (H,G)

(H)

----- NA ~----

na-ga-ge-ser Crocus sativas L. (D)

(T,G,P,Dh,D,H,R) lIesua ferrea L. (T,Dh)
Quisqualis indica L. (G,R)
Q. sinensis Lindl. (P~H)

na-ga-ba-la (Dh) Gre"la popul1folla Vahl. (Dh)

 60 TIBETAN MEDICINE

na-ram (J,G,P) Bistorta vlvipara (L.) Gray

PolygonuM vlviparum L. (G,P)
Polygonum alopecuroides Turcz. (O)

; ~'-f-\01 na-li-sham (P,H) Piper nigram L. (P,H,Dh,M,G)

cl\.~.~~ na-le....shaDi (Dh)

~.~ na-sha (Dh) .ori~ oleifera Lam. (Dh)

cl\~.C\~~ nag-'dab (Dh) Piper betel L. (Dh)

nad-ma (J,G) Lappala intermedla (Ldb.) Popov

i~31 (G)

~~ar'\~~~
nad....ma-'byar-ma (T) CynoglossUllt uabile Stapf &
Drumm. (Tl

nas (J,G,H) Horde.,. vulgare L. (G , H)

~~
~.~; nl-gro-dha (Dh) Fleus benghalensls L. (Dh)

~31q nim-pa (J,T,D,H) CajlUJUScajan (L.) Huth

C. indicus Spreng. (H)
~Br~ nim-ba (Dh) Azadlrachta indica Juss.
(T,Dh,D)

~~.~.~ nir-ma-li (J) indet. (same plant as next entry?)

~~~t:qGl nlr-ma-lya (Dh) Delphlnlllll sal11 Aitch.

(Dh)
& Hemsl.

sna-ha (Dh) Bqphorbia nerilfolia L. (Dh)

snu-ha (Dh)

ene-'u (J,G) ChenopodlU18 alba L. (G , P)

c. arlstata. L. (0)

----- PA -----

pa-to-la (J,G,Db) Scorzonera. austrlaca Wll1d. (G)

S. radians Fisch. (G)
Trlchosanthes dloica Roxb. (Dh)

pa-tra-la (Dh) StereospermfJIII chelonoides (L. f . )

DC.; S. suaveolens (Roxb.)
DC; (Dh)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 61

pa-sbru-ba (R) Iris sp. ? (R)

pa-ri (Dh) Brythrina indica Lam. (Dh,H)

pa-ru-ra (R) Azadlrachta lndiea Juss. (R)

[see also [probably confused with
ba-ru-ra] lIella azedaracb L.]

r;r~~ pa-yag (J) indet.

J;t91Jq&\rg9~ pa-yag-rtsa-ba (T,P) Lancea tibetlca Hook. f. a Th. (T)

.,~.~.~.~~ pad-ma-ge-ser Aellle sepiaria DC. (P)

(M,P,R,H) Bombll.Jc eelba L. (M)
Rosa laevlgataMichx. (H)

par-pa-ta Arabis hirsuts Scop. (G)

(J,M,T,G,P,H,Dh)
A. pendula L. (G,P)
Fumarla parvlflora Lam. (Dh)
HypecoUlll erectum L. (G)
H. leptocarpum Hook. & Th. (M,T)
Zantboxylum acanthopodium DC.
[Z. alatum] Roxb. (H)

~~~~'89~ par-pa-da'i-rtsa-ba (H) Justlcia gendarussa (8)

.~.~~~ pi-pi-ling Plper longmrr L.

(J,M,T,G,R,H) (M,T,G,R,H,P,Dh)

pu-kar-mu-la (T) Vladllllrla soulei (Franch.)

Ling (T)

tiil\~ti~ pu-skar-mya-la (H) Saussurea lappa Soh.Bip. (H)

~i\'~'~ pu-na-rna-ba (Dh) Boerhllvia verticl11ata Pair. (Dh)

~~~.~ pu-shel-tse (P,R,H) AmOlllwn sp. ? (R)

BellJ1llcanda cbinensis (L.)

e'~~'~ pu-shel-rtse
(J,T,M,Dh)
Redoute (H); Coelogyne sp .. (M)
DendrobiUllf lIlonlllforme (L.) Sw. (T, H)
Ir1s d1chotoma Pall.
Pardanthus di chotomus Ldb. (P)
Vetlverla z1zanoldes Nash (Dh)

ti~,~~~cq push-kar-m'u-la (J,P) Costus speciosus (Konig) Smith (P)

~~~.~.~:, push-pa-ge-ser (P,R) Rosa sp. (P',R)

~

1C.f~~O po-son-cha (J) Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb.) Keay

Randla dumetorum Lam. (Dh)
~

~~C\ po-son-chha (Dh,D) Sesbanla grandiflora (L.) Pair. (D)

~.~~., pri-yang-ku (T,Dh) Call1carpa macrophylla Vahl (Dh)

'\{J Dracocephalum tangutlcum Maxim.
(T)
62 TIBETAN MEDICINE

pr1ng-ku (M) Labiatae (M)

Nepeta mussinii Spreng. ? (M)

~~~.~~.q dpai-po-ser-po (J,P,H) Tulipa gesneriana L. (H)

~ ~

~~~.~.~,~.~ dpai-bo-dkar-po Phytolacca esculenta Van

(J,T,P) Hou~t. (T)

~~~.~~ dpa'-rgod (J) indet.

a~~~~ spang-gi-me-tog (J) indet.

a~~~ spang-rgyan (J,T) Gentiana algida Pall. (G, T)

G. triflora Pall. (G)
~

a~!~.~,~.q spang-rgyan-dkar-po Chrysanthemum arcticU11t L.

(G,P,T) Leucanthemum sibirioum DC.
~"'" spang-rgyan-sngon-po (G) (P)
a~~~t{i~
~

fi~fi~ spang-spos (J,T,G,P,H) Nardostachys grandirlora DC.

N. jatamansi DC. (T,H)
Valeriana'officinalis L. (G,P)

a~~~ spang-rtsi-do-bo Pterocephalus hookeri (C. B. ci , )

(J,T,G) Diels (T)
a~'~~ spang-tsi-do-bos (P,B) Saussurea sp. (G)
S. glomerata Poir. (G,P,H)

spang-rtsi-'byar- Erigeron acer L. (Q)

bag-chan' (J ,G) Scabiosa :tischeri DC.
S. comosa Fisch.' (G)

!I~.~~.g.~ spang-mtshan-spu-ru (J) indet.

tl~~~ spung-tsho-ra (H) CDicus spicatus Maxim. (H)

spor (J) indet.

spos-dkar Boswellia carteri Birdw. (G,D)

(J,M,T,G,P,H,R,D) Bosllel1ia serrata Roxb.
B. thurifera Colebr. (P)
Murraya paniculata (t.) Jack.
M. exotica L. (H)
Pistacia lentiscus L. (R)
Shorea robusta Roxb. (D)
Vatica sp. (M,T)
"olibanum" (P)

spyang-tsher Carduus crispus L. (G,P)

(J,T,G,P) Cirsium souliei (Franch.) Mattf.
(T)

spru-ma (J,D) Belleborus niger L. (D)

Umbelliferae ? (J)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 63

----- PHA -----

~
r.q.~C\.~~.~~
~ """ pha-bong-dgo-dgo (.) polypore fungus (J)
........
~~.~ phur-mo (J,G) Artemisla sp. (G,B)

~~.~C;""""" phur-mong (H)

~~.~ pho-ba-ri (J,G) Piper nlgrum L. (M,G,P,Dh,H)

~Q\ pho-ril (M)

~~.st\.~~ 'phang-ma'l-'bras-bu Leonurus slblrlcus L. (H)

(J,P,H)

----- BA -----

~.".~ ba-na-rl (Dh) llucuna prurlens (L.) DC. (Dh)

~I ba-spu (J) indet.

~.~ ba-spru (T,P) lIlrabilis himalaica (Edgew.)

Helm. (T)
Trlchosanthes sp. (P)

~-t:~".~ ba-dzl-gan-dha (D.) Nlthanla somnlfera Dunal (Dh)

~.~ ba-ru (M) Crataegus sanguinea Pall. (G)

lIelia azedarach L. (T ,H)
1:\5~ ba-ru-ra (J,G,P,H) M. azadirachta L. (P)
N. toosendan Siebe & ZUCCo (G,P)
TerJlinalia belllrlca (Gaertn.)
Roxb. ? (M)

ba-la (Dh) Slda cordlfolla L. (Dh)

ba-lu (M,T,Dh,P,H) Able. spectabills (D.Don) Mirbel

A. webbiana Lindl. (Dh)
LlllUstrum lucldUlll Ai t. (H)
Rhododendron sp , (H)
R. aff. cephalanthum Franch. (T,M)

ba-li-ka (J) Akebia quinata Decne. (G)

Aristolochla noupinensls Franch.
ba-le-ka (T)
(J,T,M,G,P,H,R) lIenlspermUlfl dahurlcUIff DC. (G)
Menispermaceae ? (M)
 64 TIBETAN MEDICINE

ba-sha-ka Bupbrasla odontltes Pers. (P)

(J,M,T,G,P,H) Justlcla adIJatoda L. (M,T)
[also rgya-ba-sha-ka] Odontltes serotlna DUll. (G)
Rhododendron slneIJse Sweet (H)

~~'~~'!'I:\ bad-ma'i-rtsa-ba (J,G) Nelambo nucifera Oaertn. (J,G,M)

~Q\'~ ba1-tig (J,M,G) Campanula glomerata L. (G)

~"'Jf1 bi-ta-ka (Dh)

[see also byi-
Bntbella r ibes- Burm.. f. (Dh)

tang-gal

~.~.~~ bi-bi-ling (P) Piper longum L. (P,M,T,G,R,Dh)

~." bi-1ba (H) Aelll"e marmelos (L.) Carr. (H,Dh)

Cltrus medlca L. (G)
~Q\'~ bi1-ba (J,G) Cucurblta pepo L. (G)

~'-f\'Q\ bi-sha-1a (Dh) Cltrullus coloeyntb.ls (L.)

Schrad. (Dh)

~'~8\ bu-ram (J,D) SaeeharUlD orficinarum L. (D,H)

5~:~&; bur-shing (H)

~~98\~ bur-mang (H) TarU'acUlD offlcinale Web. (H)

[see also khur-
mang]

~.~ bo-de-tsa (J,D) Fleus religlosa L. (D,J,P)

.......... ~

~~'~~'~9q bong-nga-dkar-po AconltUII sp . (G ,D)

(J,T,G:P,H,Dh,D) Aconitum fischerl Relchb. (0)
..........
bong-dkar (J,M,T) A. chlnense Siebe
~I:\'~""~
(P,H)
A. heterop~llum Wall. (T,Dh)
A. napellus L. (M)

bong-nag (J,G) Aconltum balfouri Stapf. (T)

Aconltum napellus L. (G)

bong-nga-dmar-po (J) indet.

bong-nga-ser-po (P,H) AconitullI autullnale (H)

Curcuma aedoarla (Christm.)
bong-ser (J,G) Rose.
C. zerullbet Roxb. (P)
Acon1 tUllJ sp. ( G)

bya-rkang (J,G,P) Delpb.lnlUlll grand1florum L. (G, P)

D. tr1ste Fisch. (G)
DictllllllJus dasycarpus' Turcz (0)

bya-rgod-spos (T,P) DelphiniUlfJ brunonlanum Royle (T)

 MEDICINAL PLANTS 65

bya-pho-rtsi-rtsi Celosia crlstata (L.) Ktz. (G,P)

(J,G,P,R) Impatlens elandullfera Royle
I. roylei Walp. (H)
Statlce flelCfJosa L. ; LiaoniulII
flexuosuBl(L.) Ktze. (G)
s. speclosa L.; Gonl 01 l.on
speclosuBl (L.) Boiss. (6)

bya-rog-nyu~g-mo (J,G) CJ.rslUlll esculent. (Sievers.)

C.A.M. (G)
ClrslUllf pellnl Fisch. (6)

by!-tang-ga (M,G,P,R) Bmbella pulchella Mez (M)

Vitex trifolla L.f. (G,P,H)

byi-tsher Agriophy1lum arenarium Potan. (P)

(J,T,G,P,Dh) CynoelossUlll officlnale L.
C. divaricatum Steph. (6)
FIJIlOn11!f: cretica L. (Dh)
Lappula Interllledia (Ldb.) Popov (G)
XanthlURI slbIrIc. . Patr. (T)

~.~~c; byi-bzung (J,T,G,D) ArctlllJll lappa L. (T,G,D)

~:~~ by!-rug (J,G,P,R) Nepeta japonica (H)

Schizonepeta llluitifida (L.)
Briq. (G) .

~'~~'~~'ii by!-rug-nag-po (T) Blsholtzla calyocarpa Diels. (T)

B. patrini (Lepech.) Garsh.
~'5~'8~-ii by!-rug-smug-po (T) (T)

-~.~~.~,~.&i bYi-shang-dkar-po (J) Stipa caplilata L. (6)

~.~&;.~-"1~.q byi-shing-dkar-no (G)

~~{\~ byid-zung (H) Arcti_ Jappa L. (H)

~~.~.~ byi'u-!a-phug Dontosteaon lntegrifollus Ldb.

(J,T,G,P) (6)
lIalcolMla africana (L.) R.Br. (T)

bye-lche-!ag-pa (J) indet.

bye-dang-ka (R) Vitex sp. (R)

[=byi-tang-ga (M)]

~.I:\ bra-bo (J,D) Fagopyru sp , (D)

~.~ bra-ma (J) indet.

~

~~~~.,.~ brag-skya-ha-bo Corallodlscus klnglanus (Craib.)

(J,T,G,P,H) Burtt. (T)
[cont. on next Dryopterls fragrans (L.) Schott. (6)
page] Polystichum fragrans Ldb. (P)
66 TIBETAN MEDICINE

brag-skya-ha-bo Rubus coreanus Miq. (H)

[cont.] Woodsia glabella R.Br. (0)

brag-lcham (J,G,P) lIa1 va s p . ( G)

Pyrola rotundifolla L.
P. incarnata Fisch. (G)

brag-spas (J,T,P,H) Camellia japonica L. (H)

Lepisorus wa1tonii Ching. (T)
Thymus serpy11 WIt L. (P )

bri-ha-ti (Dh) SollUJUIlI Indl cum L. (Dh )

bre-ga (J,M,T,G,P,H) Ai1iUJthus a1tissilla (Mill.)

Swingle
A. glandulosa Desf . (G,P)
Euphorbia he1ioscopia L. (G,H)
RhinanthuB vernalis (Zing.)
Schischk. & Sergievsk. (G)
Thlaspl arvense L. (M,T,G)

bha-rgi (Dh) C1erodendrU1ll sel"ratUlll Moon. (Dh)

bhri-ga (Dh) Bcllpta prostrata (L.) L.

E. alba (L.) Hassk. (Dh,H)

...........
~~~Y~YQ\~ dbang-po-Iag (P,H) Be1amcanda chinensis (L.)
Redoute (H)
~~~YQ\" dbang-Iag (J,T,G) Gymnadenia conopsea (1.) R.Br. (G)
G. crasslnervis Finet. (T)
Orchis spp. (G); "orchid" (P)

~~~r;~ dbyar-rta-dbyung-abu Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.)

(H) Sace. (T,H)
~~~~ dbyar-rtsi-dgun-'bu
(J)

~~~~.~ dbyar-rtswa-dgun~'bu (T)

~~Y~ dbyi-mong (J,T,P,H) Clematis alpina Mill. var.

sibirlca Rgl. (P)
C. montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC.(T)

dbyi-mong-nag-po (H) Pachyrhizus thunbergianus Siebe &

Zucco (H)

'bam-po .(J,T,P,G) Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit.

(T,G); A. millefo1ium L.
var. setacea (P)

'bu-su-hang (J,T,a,p) BYdrocotyle nepa1ensis Hook. (T)

[cont. on next Jledicago t'alcata L. (0)
page] II. 1upu1ina L. (G)
11. ruthenica Trautv.
Trigone11a ruthenica L. (G)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 67

'bu-su-hang [cant.]
~S~"~ Potentllia blfurca L. (P)
~

~.~~ 'bra-gas (P) Polygonum convolvulus L. (P)

~~~ 'bras (J,D,H) Oryza sativa L. (D,H)

~Bf, 'bri-mog (J,T,G,H,R) Lawsonia inermls L. (R)

Li thospermUlJl offlcinal e L. (H)
L. erythrorhizon Sieb. & ZUCCo (G)
Arnebia sp .
Macrotomia sp. (G)
Onosma bookeri C.B.CI. var.
longiflorUJTI Duthie ex Stapf (T)

'bri-rt~-sa-'dzin cusoat: europaea L. (G)

(J,M,T,G,P,H) Fr~la nllgeerensls Schlecht. (T)
Polygonwn aviculare L. (G,P,H)
P. convolvulus L. (G)
Saxlfraga flagellarls Willd. var.
mucronulata Royle (M)

,,~~.~~ 'brug-sh1ng (J) 1ndet.

\:j

~~~.~~ sbra-ba'i-tho-gu (J) indet.

~,~.g.~ sbru-dkar-rtsa-ba (H) Angellca grosseserrata Maxim. (H)

V;

sbru-ga
r' (H) Artemlsla sp. (H)

~i"
sbru-nag (H) NothosmyrlIlill1ll japonicum M1q. (H)
V;

r~~ sbrul-dug '(J) 1ndet.

----- MA -----

ma-gal (J,G) Populus tremula L. (G)

Salix sp. (G)

ma-tu (Dh) Citrus malCima Merr. (Dh)

man-da-ra-ba (H) Datura metel L.

D. alba Nees. (H)

ma-ma-sgog-lchags Equlsetum hyemale (H)

(T,H) . Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (T)
68 TIBETAN MEDICINE

ma-nu (T,M,G,R) Inula helenlum L. (T ,'0 )

Paeonia albiflora (G)

ma-nu-khrag-chhan Hydnocarpus uthelminthica

(J,H) Pierre (H)

~9~.~~ ma-nu-pa-tra Arlstolochla recurvilabra

(J,T,G,P,Dh) Hance (G,P,H)
~.~.~.jl ma-nu-ba-tra (H) Cissampelos pereira L. (Dh)
"\:j

or~9~ ma-ru-tse (J,M,T,P,H) Butea monosperma (Lam.)

Ktz. (Andrews,M,Dh)
Caesalpineae (P)
CucUIllis melo L. (H)

sr~ ma....sha (J) "cultivated legume" (J)

VlgIJlJ I1Irmgo (L.) Hepper
~.~.,. ma-sha-ka (D) , P. radiatus (H)

0lr;~5~ mang-ga-bur (H) DryoballUJ.ops 1Jr0000atlca Gaertn.

D. camphora Colebr. (H)-

~~~., mar-ji-ka (J) indet.

~".tr'\ mig-sman (T,Dh) . Berberis aristatlJ DC. (Dh)

GeraniUlfl nepalense Sweet (T)

m1ng-chan-ser-po Inula britannica L. (G,H)

(J,G,T) Pulicaria insignis Drumm. (T)

ming-chan-nag-po AsarUlZl sieboldii Miq. (H)

(J,O,H) Senecio krylovil Schischk. (G)

mun-se-shing (H) Dendroblum moniliforl/Je (L.) Sw.

(H,T)

~.~.,~.~ me-tog-kar-la (H) Oryza sativa L. (H,D)

~.\.~c;.~ me-tog-glang-sna (J,G) Pedicularis resupinata L. (G)

~.~.~.~ me-tog-bya-ze (H) . Celosia criljltata (L.) Ktz. (H,G,P)

~.\.~~.~~ me-tog-ser-chhen Llmnanthemum nymphoides Hoffmgg.

(J,G,P,H) &: Link (H)
Papaver nudlcaule L. (G,P)
P. alpinum L. (P)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 69

mon-ehha-ra Gingko biloba L. (G )

(J,T,G,P,H) Quercus bungeana P.S.Forbes (H)
Q. mongolica Fisch. (G,P)

mon-sran (J,H) "cultivated legume" (J)

Vicia raba L. (H)

fi9~"'.~~ mya-ngan-med (Dh) Saraca indica L. (Dh)

f!z;.~.~~ myang-rtsi-spras Adonis sibirlca Patr. (6)

(3 fT,G,P,H) Coptis teeta Wall. (H)
C. teetoldes C. Y. Cheng (T)
Thalictrum roetidum L.
T. minus L. (P)

dmar-shad (J) indet.

~~.-f\~
smag (J,G,P,H) Padus asiatica Kom. (G)
II~ _Padus aviUfll Ni 11.

It~r~~ smag-shing (T) Prunus padus L. (T,P,H)

sman-sga (J,G,P,H,T) lIella azedarach L. (T)

.~." Zingiber officinale Rose.
(G,P,H)

ft'\.~~ sman-chen (H) 'Acanit'ullI uncinatum (H)

Nannoglottls hookeri (C.B.CI. ex

~.~ sman-ehhen (M) Hook. f.) Kitam . (M)

.--.- smug-chhung-mdan-yon JIIecoDopsis Spa (T)
~rri~~~~ (T)

tr"~~~~ smug-ehhung-mder-yon (J,P)

~~yi smyug-tshi (J,D) Bambusa Spa (D)

~~'~'i smyug-ma-tshi (T) Equlsetum ramosissimwn Desf. (T)

~~.~~ smyug-shad (J) indet.

----- TSA -----

o~ tsa-bya (Dh) Piper chaba Hunter (Dh)

~~~~,~.q tsan-dan-dkar-po
(J,M,T,G,P,H,R,D)
Santalum albUIIJ L.
(M,T,G,P,H,R,D)
 70 TIBETAN MEDICINE

tsan-dan-drnar-po Pterocarpus santalinus L. f .

(J,M,T,G,P,H,R) (T,G,P,H,R)

.o~.~., tsam-pa-ka (J,D) Michelia champaca L. (D)

%.~., tsi-tra-ka (J,G,P,H) Capsicum annu~ L. (G,P,H)

~*' btsong (J,T,D,H) AllIum cepa L. (T,D,H,G)

~~~ btsod (J,M,T,G,P,Dh,H) Rubia cordifolia L. (T,G,P,H,Dh)

Rubia tinctoria L. (R)
~~~ gtsod (R)

!.~~t\\ rtsa-khu-byug (J) indet.

> !.~~ rtsa-mkhris (J,M) Youngia sp. (M)

Y. silhetensis DC. ? (M)

rtsa-ba-brgya (Dh) Aspar~s racemosus Willd. (Dh)

rtsad (J,P) indet.

----- TSHA -----

tshar-bong (J,T,G,P) A. absinthium L. (P)

Artemisia annua L. (G)
A. sieversiana Willd. (G)

tsher-sngon (M,T,P,H) Anemone cernua Thunb. (H)

Meconopsls aculeata Royle (M)
M. horrldula Hook.f. & Thoms. (T)

tshos (M,P) Ficus religiosa L. (P,D)

tshos-shing (Dh) Butea monosperma (Lam.>-.

Ktz. (Dh) '"

~~ mtshe (J) indet.

~.~~ mtshe-ldum (P,T) Ephedra monosperma J.S.Gmel. (P)

'\:J E. saxatllis Royle (T)
~~.~.~ mtshe-ldu-ma (H) B. sinica Stapf. (H)
\,tj
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 71

DZA -----

dza'-ti JasminUIiJ grandiflorum L. (Dh)

(M,T,G,P,H,R,Dh) ~ristlca fragrans Houtt.
(M,i,G,P,H,R)

dzam-bu (Dh) Syzygiumcumini (L.) Skeels (Dh)

~or~

~~r; mdzo-mo-shing (J,T,H) Caesalpinia sappan L. (H)

Caragana jubata (Pall.) Pair. (T)
pterocarpus santalinus L.f. (P)
~~~~ 'dzo-mo-shing (P)

t\~",q "dz In-pa- (M) Aconitum napellus L. ? (M)

~~'~ srdzi-kya (P) indet.

ardza-ka (M) 1Ialva sp.' (M)

81~Y' 11. sylvestris L. ? (M)

ZHA

f!\~Y~,",Yt:q
e, " " zhim-thig-le (J,P) Geraniwn pratense L. (P)

zhu-mkhan Areca catechu L. (D) ,

~.~~ (J,M,T,P,D,R) (not a palm) (M)
'\(J
Brlobotrya japonica (Thunb.)
Lindl. (T,P)
Mespilus japonicus Thunb. (R)

----- ZA -----

za-chhag (D) Urtica dioica L. (D)

zangs-tig (J,G,P,H) Gentiana amarella L.

G. azurea (G)
Gueldenstaedtiamultiflora Bge.
(H)
Halenia slbirica Borkh. (P)

zangs-rtsi-ba (J,G,P) Artemisia capillaris Thunb. (H)

A. scoparia Waldst. & Kit.
(G,P)

zangs-rtsi-dkar-po (T) Galium spurlum L. (T)

72 TIBETAN MEDICINE

zar-ma (J,G,H) Llnwn balcalense Juzepczuk (G).

Sesamum orientale L.
S. indicum L. (H)

_.~.~,~.q zi-ra-dkar-po (J,T) Foeni culum vulgare Mi 11 . (T)

_.~9~".q zi-r~-nag-po (J,G,T) Lactuca serriola L. (T,G)

~~y,,~,~.q zin-tig-dkar-po (J,D) Gentlana sp , (D,J)

~.:I\..~'~.~ ze-ra-dkar-po (G,P,H) Lactuca sativa L. (P,H)

[misprint for L. serrlola L. (G)
zi-ra-dkar-po] (T) PeucedanUl1l vaginatU11l Ldb. (G)

ze-ra-nag-po (G,P,H) Lactuca sativa L. (P,H)

[misprint for L. serrlola L. (6)
z!-ra-nag-po] Allium anisopodium Ldb. (G)

zwa (J,G) Urtica dioica L. (G)

~
zwa-'brum (J,G)
~"~a~
gza'-dug (J) indet.
"~"'9~~
'\:j

~it"'l gze-ma (J,M,G,P,H,R) Tribulus terrestris L.

(M,T,G,P,H,R)
~it~~~~ gze-ma-ra-mgo (T)

,i(~.~~~~ gzer-" joms (M, T) Chrysanthemum tatslenense Bur.

& Franch. (T)
Meco:tiopsis aculeata Royle (M)
Senecio sp . (M)
s. saxatilis Wall. ? (M)
[both found in samples] (M)

'A -----

'u-su (J,T,G,P,H,R) Coria.ndrum sativum L.

(T,G,P,H,R)

tug-lag (M) Senecio sp. (M)

s. tibeticus Hook.f. ? (M)

'om-bu (J,T,G,P) ~ricaria bracteata Royle (T)

M. davurica (Willd.) Ehrenb. (G)
M. longifolia Ehrenb. (P,G)
Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A.Br. (G)
Spiraea sp. (G)

'ol-ma-se (J) indet.

 ~EDICINAL PLANTS 73

----- VA -----

yu-gu-shing (J,G,P,H) Senecio saglttatus Soh. Bip.

(P;H)
Cacalla hastata L. (G)

. yu-mo-mde t u- t byin Diuthus chinensis L .

(J,T,G,P) D. versicolor Fisch. (G)
D. superbus L. (G)
Brodium stephanianUlll Willd. (G)

....-
t1~ ~ yug-chhos (JJ indet. [but see ug-chhos]

~~~.~ yungs~ba (J,M,G,P,H) CUrcuma lonea L. (G,P,H)

~~~.~,~ yungs-dkar (J,T,G,H) Brasslca juncea (L.) Czern. (G)

, Sinapis alba L. (H)

yungs-nag (G,H,T) Brasslea juneea (H')

.B. nigra Koch (G)

, yo- t bog (J, T ,~G ) Ulmus pulla L. (T,G)

yog-mo (J,G) Artemisia rupestris L. (G)

A. sieverslana Willd .. (G)

~~~.~~~ gya'-kyi-ma (P,T,G,D) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. (G)

Pyrola rotundifolla L. (G,P)
~~'\.~.~ gya'-gyi-ma (J) P. inearnata L. (G)
Saussurea sp. (D)
SlUClfraga pUlJctata L. (G)
Vaccinlum vitls-1daea L. (G)

gyar-mo-thang (J) Primula farinosa L. (G)

[gyer-ma-thang (G)] P. sibirica Jacq. (G)

,~~.3i gyer-ma (J,T,G) Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. (H)

z. bungei Roxb. (G)
t\r~~:~ ga-yer-ma (H) z. tibetanum Huang (T)
,~~.~~ gyer-shing (J,G) Scropbularia inclsa Weinm. (G)
Tournefortia slbirlca L. (G)
t\\tq~.~z;~ gyer-shing-pa (P)
74 TIBETAN MEDICINE

----- RA -----

ra-mnye (J,T,G,P,H,R) Bletia hyacintbina R.Br. (G,H)

Polygonatum officinale All. (P)
P. humileFisch. (G)
-Po cirrhifollum (Wall.) Royle (T)
Orchidaceae ? (R)

~.~~ ra-sug (H) Solidago vlrgaurea L. (H)

~ar~ ram-pa (H) Ranunculus acris L\ (H)

~~.~~ ras-bal (J,D) "cotton" (D)

~if~ ri-sgog (J,T,G,H) AIIIUJ11 sp . (G)

A. cepa L. (H)
A. senescens L. (G)

ri-shos (P) Rumex crlspus L. (P)

ri-sh9 (J,T,G) Llgular1a 1 eesl co tal Kitam. (T)

Tragopogon orlentallsL. (G)

~~9~~1~ rin-chhen-smyag (J) indet.

~~ra~~ rin-po-chhe-myag (H) ,Piper cubeba (H)

~.~.".~ ru-rak-sha (J) indet.

~.J ru-rta Costus speciosus (Konig) Smith

(J,M,T,P,H,R,Dh,D) (T,D)
C. amarus (P)
Rosa banksiae Ait. (H)
Saussurea lappa Sch.Bip. (Dh)

re-skon (J,G,P,H) Potentl1la multifida L. (G)

P. supina L. ('G)
P. tanacetifolia Willd. (G,P)
P. viscosa Donn. (6)
Salvia multlorhlza Cv. & Pt. (H)

re-lchag (J,G,P,H) Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr.

E. lasiocaula Boiss. (H)
re-lchag-pa (T) Stelleria chamaejasme L. (T,G,P)

re-ral (T,P,H) Adiantum aspidium (H)

AdlantUlJl pedatum L. (-T)
Filices, indet. (P)

ro-sman (Dh) .Piper longum L. (Dh,M,T,G,P,R)

rog-po-'joms-skyes (J) Indet.

 MEDICINAL PLANTS 75

----- LA -----

Qra; la-chha (J) indet.

~.~ la-phug (J,G,H) Rapbanus sativus L. (G,H)

~.~.~~ la-Ia-phud Conioselinum vaginatum (Spreng.)

(J,G,P,H,Dh) TheIl. ,(G)
Lepidium,apetalum Willd. (G)
Peucedanum sal1num Pall. (G)
Sal sola sp. (P)
Saposbnikova divar.lcata
Schischk. (G)
TracbyspermU/ll ammi Sprague' (Dh)

~~.~t:q lag-ngal (P) indet.

Q\~"~~.~ lang-thang-tse Hyoscyamus sp , (D)

(T,G,P,H) BYoscyamus niger L. (T,G,P,H)
t:qr;.~~"! lang-thang-rtsi {J,D)

~"~.~"~ li-ga-du-ra (M,G) Bergenia crassifolia (L.)

Fritsch. (G)
~

~~.~~ li-ga-dur (T)

':i

~"~ li-shi (M,T,G,P,H,R) SyzygiUJJJ aro.atlcum (L.) Merr. BE

Perry (M,T)
Eugenia caryophyl1ata Thunb.
(G,H,R)
Caryophyllus aromaticus L. (P)

lug-chhung (J,T,P,H) Aster diplostepbioides (DC.)

C. B. Clarke (T)
Bclipta prostrata L. (H)

~rO\r~Ql lug-ngal (J,G,T) Linaria burlatica Turcz. (G)

~".~, lug-mik (H) Aster alpinus L. ( G)

A. altaicus Willd. (G,P)
~~.~~ lug-mig (J,T,G,P) A.biennis Ldb. (G)
A. souliei Franch. (T)
Chrysanthemum sinense Sab. (H)

lug-mur (J,T,G) Pblomis kanguchii Murata (T)

P. tuberoBa L. (G,P,H)

lug-smug (J,M,T) Pedicularis sp , (M)

P. oliveriana Prain. (T)
P. sipbonantba D.Don. ? (M)

lug-rtsi-do-bo (J,G) Saussurea salicifolia DC. (G)

 76 TIBETAN MEDICINE

lug-ru-smug-po OrobanclJe coerulescens Steph.

(J,G,P,H) (G)
Phlo.ls tuberosa L. (G,P,H)

lug-ru-ser-po Pedicularis fissa Turcz.

(J, T ,G,P) P. venustaSchangin (G)
P. longiflora Rudolph (T,G)
P. striata Pall. (G)

~~"~~ lung-thang (J,H) Ul.us .acrocarpa Hance (8)

~'~i leb-rgan-rtsl-(J) Indet.

~Q\"~~ lel-mo-ses (H) AchyrlUJtlJes bidentata BI. (H)

~~"~ glang-ma (J,D) Salix sp. (D,G,H)

-----SHA -----

sha-ta-push-pa (Dh,D) ADetlJum son Kurz. (D)

Peucedanum graveolens Benth. &
Hook. (Dh)

-4-'\"~C; sha-mong (J) gill mushroom (J)

~~"~~ shang-drll (J) Adenophora latifolia Fisch.

A. pereskiifolia (Fisch.)
4\c;"~Qr{~"~ shang-drll-sngon-po
(G)
G. Don (G)
Prlmula vlttata Bur. & Franch.
~c;.."~Q\,,~~~.q shang-drl1-dmar-po (T) (T)

~r;.~ shang-tshe (J,G) Dontostemon integrifollus Ldb. (G)

~~"~"~ shal-ma-la (J) indet.

~"~"~ shi-ri-sha (Dh) Alblzz1a lebbeck .(L.) Benth. (Dh)

~~.~~ sh1ng-.kun .
(J,M,T,G,P,H,Dh,R)
Ferula assa-foet1da L. (M,T,G,R,
Dh,H)
Narthex asafoetiqa Falc. (P)

shing-mngar Glycyrrhlza sp , (M, T)

(J,M,T,G,P,H,Dh) G. glabra L. (Dh)
G. uralensls Fisch. (G,P,H)

shing-tog (H,Dh) lIangifera Indi ell. L. (H)

Sesamwn orientale L.
S. indicum L. (Dh)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 77

~~.~.~.~ shing-tog-'a-mra (H) Diospyros katl Thunb. (H)

~~~.~ shing-de-wa (J) indet.

~C;'~ shing-tsha CinnanlolllUIIJ cassla 81. (M, G)

(J,M,T,G,P,H,R,Dh) C. tamala Nees. & Ebera. (T)
C. zeylanlcURNees. (G,P,H,Dh)

~C;'~~~ shing-shug-pa (Dh) PrUlJUS cerasoides D.Don (Dh)

~~'fIq'''''~,5 shing-a-rka-parna (D) Calotropls glgantea (t.) Dryand.

(D,Dh)

shu-akhan (H)- Rhododendron IBetternlchll Siebe &

[see also Zuce. (H)
zhu-mkhan]

shu-ti (H) Zlnglber officlnale Rose. (H)

shu-dag Acorus callJIllus L. (G,T,Dh)

(J,M,T,G,P,H,Dh) Angelica archaneellca L. (P)
A. sylvestrls L.
A. ano.a1a Ave.-Lall. (H)
lIenyanthes trl:toliata L. (G)

~
shu-dag-dkar-po (J) indet.
~9~"'~"'~~
shu-dag-dman-pa (G) lIenY8.l!-thes trlfoliata L. (G)
~~l.\r~~~q
4!lr-
shu-mo-za (J,D,P,H) Daucus carota L. (H)-
~'~'i\ "a legume" (D)

shug-pa-tsher Bmpetrum nigram L . (P,H)

(J,M,G,P,H) Juniperus Spa (M)
shug-pa (J,G) J. communls L. (G)
J. davurlca Pall ...(G)
J. pseudosablna Fisch. & Mey. (G)
J. recurva Buchv-Haa .
ex D.Don ? (M)

~~'? shel-ta (J,G) Larix slbirlca Ledeb. (G)

Myrrhs chinensis (P,B)
~t:q'1j~ shel-tas (P,R)
....".-
~'~c;.. sho-mang (T,G,P) RUIlIex acetosa L. ( G)
R. nepalensis Spr. (T)
~ ~~
~'~r;'"",''''' sho-mang-ri-sho (J)

Frltillarla verticillata Willd.

~'\'~'r~
shr-a-kha-rrta (J)
(P)
shra-ri-khan-ta (P)
~~'~'flr'\,
 78 TIBETAN MEDICINE

----- SA -----

sa-'bras (G,P,H) Nela.bo Duclfera Gaertn. (G,P,

[see also H,M,J,Dh)
sra-'bras]

~.~~ sa-myag (H/f) Musei, indet.; "peat moss" (H)

~.,o sa-ha-tsa (Dh) Barleria cristata L. (Dh)

~.~~ sin-dhu-ra (P) ffoodfordia frutlcosa Kurz.

Lythrum fruticosull (P)
,,~,~,:s:.. sin-rdu-ra (T)

~~ sumi (J) indet.

~,.~~ suk-mel (R) AmOIlUlt sp. (R)

[see also sug-smell

sug-'dras (P,B) Platycodon grandiflorWl DC. (H)

Stellaria dichoto.a L. var.
cordirolla Bge. (P) _

sug-pa (J,T,G) Lychnis brachypetala Sehwaeg.

Melandrium brachypetalum
Fenzl. (G)
L. fulgens Fisch. (G)
Sil~ne gonosper.a (Rupr.) Bocq.
ssp. himslayensis (Rohrb.)

.
Bocq. (T)

~~ ~ sug-smal (P,R) AmOlJua amIlrUJlt Lour. (P )

Blettaria cardlJlllo.um (t..) Matan.

~~r~ sug-smel (J,M,T) (M,T,Dh)

MOHlum cardamon L. (H)

~.JI1~~.Q{ su-kshme-Ia (Dh)

~~.~." sum-chu-tig
(J,M,T,G,P)
Gentiana sp. ( G)
Gentiana amarella L. (G,P)
Pleurogyne sp .
LOlllatogoniulII sp. (G)

se-rgod (J,G,P) Rosa sp. (G)

R. acicularis Lindl. (P)

se-rgod-'bras Ribes hllfJalense Royle (T)

(J,T,G,P,H) Rosa acicularls Lindl. (H,P)
R. davurlca Pall. (G)

se-ba (J,T) Rosa acicularls Lindl. (G,P,H)

R. davurica Pall. (G)
se-ba'i-me-tog R. indica L. (M)
(M,T,G,P,H) R. sericea Lindl. (T)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 79

se-'bru Punica granatum L. (T,M,S,P,H,R)

(J,M,T,G,P,H,R)

se-yah (J,T,G) Cbaenomeles lagenarla (Loisel)

[see also bse-yab] Koldz. (T)
Pyrus sinensis Poir.
Cydonia sinensis Thouln. (0)

~~.~.C\t.~~.~~ seng-ge-' j igs-med LIJlfonium aureum (L.) Mill. (G)

(J,G) Patrinia slblrica JuaB. (G)
P. rupestrls (Pall.) JUSB. (G)

~~.~~. seng-Idang (H) Acacia catechu (L. f .) Willd. (H)

~~.~~ seng-Iding (J) indet. [misprint of seng-ldeng?]

~~.~~ seng-ldeng Acacia catecbu (L.f.) Willd. (T,Dh)

(M,T,G,P,Dh) Rhamnus. dalJurJcuB Pall. (G)
R. erytbroxylon Pall. (G)
R. parvil'olia Bge. (0)
Santa) um sp. (P )

seng-srom (Dh), S)mplocos racemosa Roxb. (Dh)

ser-po (Dh) COrea-a lonea L. (Dh,P,G,H)

so-chhas (P,H) Bombax ceiba L.

B. aalabaricu. DC. (H)

so-ba (J,D,H) BordeUlll vulpre L. (D)

H. satlvum Pera. (H)

~~.~r;.~r; so-ma-thang-shing (J) indet.

~~.~.~ so-ma-ra-tsa (M,T) Abutl10n tb.eopbrasti Medlk. (G)

cannabis sativa L. (T,M,G,P,H)
~ot~~ so-ma-ra-dza (J,G,P,H)

so-mang CH) Angelica sylvestrls L. (H)

--..-
~~.,~ sog-ka-pa (J,T,D) ca.psella bursa-pastorls (L.)
Medik. (P,T,D,G)
~t\\~.,.~ sogs-ka-ba (P)

~.~~~ sra-tbras (M) NelURbo nuclrera Gaertn. (M,J,G)

~~.~,~ srad-dkar (T,G,P,H) Astragalus sp , (G)

A. yunoanensls Frch. (T)
ORYtropla spp. (G)
o. o~lla DC. (G,P,H)

srad-ser (J,G) Melilotus dentatus Pers. (G)

80 TIBETAN MEDICINE

sran-chhung (J,T,H) PisUtl satltn8 L. (H)

"cultivated legume" (J)

sran-ma (J,T,O) Mel~lotus dentatuB Pers. (0)

Pisu satlvum L. (0)
Trit'olil1l1l lupinaster L. (G)
Vlela amoena Fisch. (0)

sran-zIua (J) "cultivated legume" (J)

~C\.~~
sran-shang-sna (J) indet.
~~.4\~.~

~.~~~ sr1n-shing-sna-ma'i-
'braa-bu (P,R)
POrs~hlB suspensa Vahl (H)
Spiraea media F. Schmidt (P)

~
srub-ka (J,G,P) Anemone pulsatilla L. (P)
~~.~ Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. (G)

sred (J) indet.

sro-ma-nag-po (J) indet.

aro-Io (J,M,P,B) Adenopnora polymorpha Ldb. (H)

Cardllilllne Iltlfcrophylla Wilid. (M)
Stellaria dichotoma L. (P)

~ ..... sro-Io-dkar-po (G) StellarJa dichotOllla L. (G)

!fr.q~~~
~ ......
sro-Io-dmar-po (J) indet.
!fQl~~~
~ ....- srol-gong (J) Lactuca slblrlca (L.) Benth.
5iQl'" (G)
~ ~
srol-gong-pa (P)
~"'~.,..
~ ~~
....,.
!iQ\~~.~,\~
srol-gong-sngon-po (0)

I~ sle-tres
(J,M,G,P,H,R,Dh)
Menispermaceae ? (M)
Robinia amara Lour. (P)
Sophora flavescens Ait. (G,R)
S. angustlfol1a Siebe a Zucco (P)
Tlnospora cordifolla Miers. (Dh)

~~~.~~ gser-skud (J) indet.

~~~.~~.~ gser-gyi-phur-pu (J) Thladiantha harlllsil Cogn.

drawing of a cucurbit (J)
(T )

~~~~~.~~.~ gser-gyi-phud-pu (T)

"~~~~r,, gser-gyi-me-tog
(J,T,G,P,H,R)
HerpetosperlllUJIJ pedunculoswa
(Ser.) Baill. (Jeffrey,T)
~~~:~ gser-me (J,M,T) JIolfJordlca cochlnchinensls
Spreng. (G,P,H)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 81

,~.~~ gser-sgud (P,H) Cu.cuta cbinensis Lam. (H)

t\\~~9~ gser-tig (J,T) Gentiull. ap , (T)

'~~'~i gser-ldan (D)

Termlnalla chebula Retz. (D,M,R)
~~9~~ bse-yah (P,H,Dh) PyrUB sinensis Poir.'
[see also se-yab] Cydonia sinensis Thou1n. (P,H)
Tl!llllarlndu8 indica L. (Dh)

bse-shing (Dh) Semecarpus anacardi mn L. f. (Dh)

----- HA -----

hong-len
Picrorhiza kurroa Royle (T,Dh)
(J,M,T,G,P,H,R,Dh) Scutellaria baJcalensis Geo'rgi
(G,P,H)

Iha-m1rg-khrag (P) Alli_ satIVUJfl L. (P)

----- A -----

a-ka-ru(J,D) "aloes wood" (D)

[see also a-ga-ru) AquIlarla ~llocha Roxb. ? eM)

a-ko-la (Dh) Alangla .salvlifollUlJl (L.f.)

Wang. (Dh)

a-krong (J,M,T,D,H) Artemisia sp. (M,T)

A. capillaris Thunb. (H)
"fern" (D)

a-ga-ru (M,T,P,H,R) Aquilaria ~11ocha Roxb. (T,M,

H,R)
CUpressus seJ1lpervirens L. (P )

a-ga-ru-dmar-po (J) indet.

a-grong (P) Stellaria dlchoto L. 'var.

cordifolia Bge. (P)
 ez TIBETAN MEDICINE

a-rga (Dh) Calotropls glgantea (L.) Dryand.

(Dh,D)

a-pa-ma-rga (Dh) Achyranthes aspera L. (Dh)

a-pim (H) Papaver somnlferum L. (H)

a-ba (J) indet.

a-bi-sha (J,G,P) Lllium sp . (G,P)

a-bi-sa (H) Cajanus indicus Spreng. (H)

a-byag (M,P,H) Bldens cernua L. (P)

Inula britannica L. (M,G)
Tanacetum dollchophyllum (Ri tam. )
Kitam. (M)

a-byag-tsher-sngon Carduus crlspus L. (G,P)

(J,O) Echlnops dahurl cus Fis ch . (G)

"'3qr~~yq a-byag-ser~po (J) indet .

...~~~
.......- a-bra-gos (H)

a-'bras (J,M,P,G)
Dlospyros lotus L. (H)

Torreya nuclfera Siebe & Zucco

~~ (P,G); not Torreyasp.,
Aesculus or Castanea (M)

a-lba (P,T) indet.

a-mra (H) Pyrus mal us L. var.

tomentosa (H)

a-sma-bhe-da (Dh) Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.

f. l1gulata Yeo; B. llgu-
lata (Wall.) Engl. (Dh)

a-dza-gan-dha (Dh) Cleome gynaiJdra L.

Gynandropsis gynandraMerr.
(Dh)

a-ru (M,T) Termina1ia chebu1a Retz.

~ (M,T,P,R,D)
a-ru-ra (J,T,P,R,D) [also other names containing a-ru
~~ or a-ru-ra]
~.,~=\.~~, a-ru-gser-mdog (M)

~~~ a-so-gan-dha (H) Asparagus lucidus Lindl. (H)

..,~ at-pal (P,) Althaea rosea (H)

[see also ut-pal] Aquilegia viridiflora Pall. (P)
-a;wz.rot at-pa-Ia (H)
 MEDICINAL PLANTS 83

ar-skya (J,D,G) Boswellia carteri Birdw. (G)

"yields frankincense" (D)

........
~~.i&~ ug-chhos (P,T) Gossypi urn herbaceum L. (P, T)

ut-pal (J,Me,Dh) Abutilon theophrasti Medik.

~?~~ Sida abutilon L. (R)
~~.~t:q ud-pal (M,T,R) Meconopsis sp. (M,T,Me)
M. simplicifolia (D.Don) Walp. ? (M)
'r- "'"
~~~~~.~~.~ ud-pal-sngon-po (T) Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Dh,G,P)

~.~ e-ra (Dh) Ricinus communis L. (Dh,H)

'r-
~.~~ a-mhu (H) Salix sp . (1)
[misprint for
'om-bu?]
84 TIBETAN MEDICINE

LITERATURE CITED

Andrews, Susyn. Pers. comm.

Bell. C. A. 1920. English - Tibetan Colloquial Dictionary. Calcutta:

Baptist Mission P~ess.

Das, S. C. 1970. A Tibetan - English Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal

Banatsidass.

Dash, V. B. 1976. Tibetan Medicine with special reference to Yoga Sataka.

Dharmsala (Himachal Pradesh): Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.

Gaertner, J. 1788 - 1807. De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum. Stuttgart:

Academia Carolina.

Gammermann, A. F. and Semichov, B. V. 1963. Slovar' Tibeto-Latino-Russkikh

Nazvanii Lekarstvennogo Rastitel'nogo Sir'ya, Primennyaego v Tibetskoi
Meditsine. Ulan-Ude: Akademia Nauk USSR.

Garay, L. Pers. comm.

Hooker, J. D. et al.-(1885) 1978. The Flora of British India. Dehra Dun: B.

S. M. P. Singh.

Hu, S. Y. Pers. comm.

Htibotter, F. 1957. Chinesische - Tibetische Pharmakologie und Rezeptur.

Ulm-Donau: Haug Verlag.

'Jam-dPal-rDo-rJe. L. Chandra, ed. 1971. An Illustrated Tibeto - Mongolian

Materia Medica of Ayurveda. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian
Culture.

Jeffrey, C. Pers. comm.

Kelsang, Thupten. Pers. comm.-

Meyer, F. 1977. Medicine Tlbetaine - L'Homme et son Milieu. Colloques

Internationaux du C. N. R. S., No. 268, Ecologie et Geologie de
L'Himalaya, pp. 195-205.

Posdneev, A. M. 1908. Uchebnik Tibetskoi Meditsiny, vol. 1. Saint

Petersburg: Imperatorskaia Akademia Nauk.

Rehmann, J. 1811. Beschreibung einer Thibetanischen Handapotheke. Saint

Petersburg: F. Drechsler.

Tsarong, Jigme. Pers. comm.

 MEDICINAL PLANTS 85

Literature used for botanical nomenclature,

in order of importance

Hara, H., Stearn, W. T. and Williams, L. H. J. 1978 -1982. An Enumeration

ofthe Flowering Plants of Nepal. British Museum (Natural History):
London.

Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey. University Press: Edinburgh.

Polunin, O. and Stainton, A. 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford

University Press: Calcutta.

Tutin, T. G. et al. (eds.) 1964 - 1980. Flora Europaea.

Dassayanake, M. D. & Fosberg, F. R. 1980 - 1985. A revised handbook to the

Flora of Ceylon. Smithsonian Institution/Amerind Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd.:
New Delhi.
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