2.6.

Working of the diagram

The PIR detector used in this circuit reacts to fast temperature variations caused by the
movement of people in an enclosed space. All mammals radiate a certain amount of heat, and it
is this that causes local variations in temperature. The radiant energy is picked up by a Fresnel
lens, at the focus of which is a double differential pyroelectric sensor. The detector is largely
unaffected by other electrical radiation. Also, it does not react to movement outside the guarded
space.

The space to be monitored is divided by the lens into a number of zones. The number of zones
depends on the number of segments of which the lens is composed. When somebody moves from
one zone into another, there is a change in temperature which is collected by the lens as a
variation in radiant energy. At the focus of the lens is a pyroelectric sensor which reacts to such a
change by generating a small electric signal. That signal is fed to ARDUINO pin 7 which is
configured as the input pin.

Once pin 7 goes high the Arduino triggers the buzzer to alarm for 3 minutes and then send an
SMS at the same time through the GSM modem to registered number.
 APPENDICES

Appendix A

Table 2. showing the time schedule for project

Appendix B: Characteristics of Component Used

B1 ARDUINU UNO

Description Specifications
Microcontroller: ATmega328
Operating Voltage: 5V
Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins: 6
DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 Ma
Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed: 16 MHz

Table 3. Characteristics of ARDUINU UNO

B2 PIR Sensor.
Description Specifications

Sensitivity range: up to 20 feet (6 meters) 110 x 70 detection range

Power supply 5V-12V input voltage for most modules (they have a
3.3V regulator
Size Rectangular
Output 3v

Table 4. Characteristics of PIR Sensor.

B3 GSM Modem

Table 5. Characteristics of GSM Modem.

B4 Voltage Regulator
Table 6. Characteristics of Voltage Regulator

Appendix C1
ITEM QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST
ARDUINO UNO 1 140,000 140,000
GSM modem 1 90,000 90,000
SIM CARD 2 3,000 6,000
LED 1 500 500
PIR SENSORs 1 15,000 15,000
Buzzer 1 5,000 5,000
Multimeter 1 65,000 65,000
Resistors 1 500 500
Mobile Phone 1 500 40,000
Voltage source 1 28,000 28,000
Bread board 1 12,000 12,000
Male and female connectors 6 500 3,000

Adaptable box 1 10,000 10,000

 PCB 1 5,000 5,000
Flexible wires 1m 5,000 5,000
TOTAL 420,000

Table.7 showing the cost of system component

Appendix C2
ITEM Shs COST Shs
Research 15000
Transport 20000
Communication 10000
Printing & binding 30000
photocopying 5000
Accommodation & feeding 100000
Total cost 180000

Table.8 showing the cost for project activities

Fig: 10 connections on breadboard

Fig 11 showing connection on PCB

Fig. 12 showing connection in the box

Fig 13 Confirmation of connection to be tested Fig. 14 SMS received.