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Anais do V Simpsio Brasileiro de Sistemas Eltricos, Foz do Iguau PR, Brasil. 22-25/04/2014 ISSN 2177-6164
Substituting = 2 f in (11), where f is the frequency, and
dividing by0 leads to the normalized total field:
H N 1 j f r d .
1
(12)
Equation (12) gives the total normalized magnetic field in a
steel strand. Fig. 2 shows the dependency ofN modulus with
the zinc layer thickness, for representative values of the
Fig. 1. Section of a galvanized steel strand and its dimensions. relevant parameters. As the output of a sensing device is a
function ofN , it is clear from Fig. 2 that zinc layer thickness
For a current i flowing in the zinc layer around the steel core in the range of interest (e.g., from 0 to 80 m) can be assessed
of length s, the corresponding magnetic field in the steel is: from the total magnetic field.
i
H . (2) 1,2
s
1
Hr . 2
(3) 0,6
fieldR : Xp
2 H0
HT H 0 H R . (11) where Xs and Xp are the reactances of the steel-core and
2 j r d plastic-core coils, and Rs and Rp are the resistances of the steel-
core and plastic-core coils, respectively.
Anais do V Simpsio Brasileiro de Sistemas Eltricos, Foz do Iguau PR, Brasil. 22-25/04/2014 ISSN 2177-6164
Fig. 3 shows the values obtained for the steel strands from a P H N ' r ' H N " r "1 , (16)
3/8" diameter OHGW. It can be seen that the real component
Q H N " r ' H N ' r " , (17)
('r) falls fast as the frequency increases, and then goes
A
asymptotically to 1. The imaginary component ("r) reaches a k s , (18)
maximum value around 2 kHz and then also falls close to the Ac
real component. These measurements were carried out at HN' and HN" are the real and imaginary parts of the normalized
ambient temperature (23 C) and with an applied magnetic magnetic field, respectively, and As and Ac are the cross-
field equal to 45 A/m. section areas of the steel strand and the test coil, respectively.
In order to assess the dependency of the permeability with For the test coil considered, Ac = 46 mm2.
the intensity of the exciting magnetic field, some results are AsN is function of the zinc layer thickness, the
shown in Fig. 4, for the frequency of 40 kHz. It can be seen measurement ofc for steel strands with zinc layers of
that the permeability is relatively stable in a wide range of different thicknesses can provide a verification of (12).
magnetic field intensity. It is important to highlight that in a Therefore, a set of steel strands was prepared taking a 0.15 m
detection device the frequency and the applied magnetic field sample from the core of different ACSR cables. Each strand
intensity are kept constant. was weighted in a precision scale. The galvanization was
completely removed from one strand of each core, and the
30 respective zinc layer thickness was calculated from the strand
25 diameter and its mass reduction. The other strands were
subjected to the same chemical treatment to remove the zinc,
Relative permeability
20
but the process was interrupted at different stages. The
15 remaining zinc layer thickness was calculated from the mass
reduction and the assumption that all strands of the same cable
10
core had the same original zinc layer thickness.
5 Fig. 5 shows the modulus of the coil impedance as a
0
function of zinc layer thickness for steel strands taken from the
0,1 1 10 100 1000 core of an ACSR 556,5 MCM cable (Dove), as calculated
Frequency (kHz) from (15) and (12). The steel strand radius is 1.45 mm. Fig. 5
also shows the experimental values obtained from the strand
Fig. 3. Relative permeability of a steel strand as a function of frequency. samples. It can be seen that the correlation between theoretical
Bold line: real part ('r); Thin line: imaginary part ("r).
and experimental data is very good, which supports the
electromagnetic model contained in (12).
6
5 6
Relative permeability
4 5
Coil impedance ()
3 4
2 3
1
2
0
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Magnetic field intensity (A/m)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Fig. 4. Relative permeability of a steel strand as a function of magnetic field Zinc layer thickness (m)
intensity at 40 kHz. Bold line: real part ('r); Thin line: imaginary part ("r).
C. Experimental Verification Fig. 5. Modulus of the test coil impedance for steel strands taken from the
ACSR 556,5 MCM cable. Continuous line: calculated from (15) and (12);
At this point, it is interesting to perform an experimental Dots: experimental data obtained from treated samples.
verification of (12), as it is a key equation for the model
presented in this paper. In order to do so, a small coil was The data in Fig. 5 are for the modulus of the coil
built, which has at 40 kHz the resistance R0 = 0.28 and impedance. Fig. 6 shows the comparison of the real and
reactance X0 = 2.93 . It is easy to show that, when a steel imaginary parts of the coil impedance. Again, there is a good
strand is introduced into this coil, its impedance changes to: correlation between theoretical end experimental results.
Z c R0 X 0 k Q j X 0 1 k P , (15)
where:
Anais do V Simpsio Brasileiro de Sistemas Eltricos, Foz do Iguau PR, Brasil. 22-25/04/2014 ISSN 2177-6164
5 For a longitudinal inducing magnetic field, it is possible to
identify two modes of induced currents: the intra-strand and
4
the inter-strand modes, as shown in Fig. 7. If the inter-strand
Coil impedance ()
50
dimensions (length and diameter), mass loss and increase of
40
resistance, it was possible to obtain the zinc conductivity.
This experimental investigation was carried out for steel 30
wires from the following cables: ACSR 1113,0 MCM (Blue 20
Jay), ACSR 795,0 MCM (Drake), ACSR 556,5 MCM (Dove),
10
and galvanized steel cable (3/8" OHGW). The results were
similar to the ones shown in Figs. 5 and 6, which validate (12). 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of strands
III. THE ACSR CABLE
The behavior of a galvanized steel strand was investigated Fig. 8. Coil impedance modulus as a function of the number of strands.
in the previous section. This section analyzes the behavior of a Continuous line: calculated values from (16); Dots: experimental data.
group of steel strands joined together to form a cable core, as B. The Aluminum Strands
well as the effect of the aluminum strands of an ACSR cable.
Equation (15) gives the response of a galvanized steel cable
A. Joining Steel Strands that is commonly used for OHGW. However, an ACSR cable
Excepting the smaller ACSR cables that have only a single has also one or more layers of aluminum strands around the
steel strand, most of ACSR cables have several steel strands in steel core. Therefore, it is necessary to model the effect of the
the core. A common formation is seven strands, with one in the aluminum strands on the response of a sensing coil.
center and six strands twisted around the central one, as shown The inter-strand induced current on the aluminum layers
in Fig. 7. could provide some shielding effect to the steel core. In order
to assess this effect, some experiments were carried out with
samples of typical ACSR cables. Each sample had its strands
held tightly by using plastic straps and the inner steel strands
were removed. The hollowed sample was placed inside a coil
excited with alternating current. A small probe coil was
inserted inside the sample, and the voltage induced in this
probe was measured. The experiment was repeated without the
Fig. 7. Seven-strand steel core and the induced currents. cable sample, for the same current in the inducing coil.
Anais do V Simpsio Brasileiro de Sistemas Eltricos, Foz do Iguau PR, Brasil. 22-25/04/2014 ISSN 2177-6164
The results obtained for different types of cables show that 20
the hollowed cable does not change significantly the magnetic
field intensity inside the coil. The presence of the aluminum 15
Coil impedance ()
strands produced a reduction on the magnetic field of less than
2% of the field measured without the hollowed cable. This
10
result shows that the shielding effect provided by the inter-
strand currents can be neglected. One possible explanation is
that the contact resistance between the strands is large enough 5
Z c R0 X 0 k s Qs k a Qa j X 0 1 k s Ps k a Pa , (22)
is assumed that 50% of the induced eddy currents flow
between the effective radius re and the real strand radius r and,
of course, the remaining 50% flows within re. It is easy to where P, Q, and k are given by (16), (17), and (18),
show that this condition leads to: respectively, using the data for the relevant strand, i.e., the
re r 0.69 . (21) subscripts s and a apply to the steel and aluminum strands,
respectively. It is worth to remember that, for aluminum
The validity of this approximation can be assessed by strands, r' = 1 and r" = 0.
measuring the response of a test coil with aluminum strands. In In order to verify (22) experimentally, two ACSR cables
order to do so, the steel core was removed from samples of were used. For each cable, two samples were prepared: one
Grosbeak (ACSR 636.0 MCM) and Partridge (ACSR 266,8 remained intact and the other had its galvanization totally
MCM) cables. The resulting hollowed cables were introduced, removed. The zinc layer thickness was calculated based on the
one at a time, in a 32 mm diameter test coil. The coil mass variation, as explained before. The samples were
impedance was measured for different frequencies with and introduced into sensing coils and the resulting impedances
without the hollowed sample. were measured. Fig. 10.a shows the experimental values
Fig. 9 shows the impedances measured, as well as those obtained for the cables considered, while Fig. 10.b shows the
calculated by (15) and (21). It can be seen a good agreement corresponding theoretical values. It can be seen a good
between the theoretical and experimental results, which agreement between the experimental and theoretical values:
supports the proposed model for the aluminum strands. the difference remained below 1% for the steel strands without
Fig. 9 also gives the coil impedance without the cable, galvanization and below 2% for the galvanized strands. The
showing that the aluminum strands actually reduce the coil higher difference for the galvanized strands is likely due to the
impedance. A closer look into the real and imaginary data uncertainties related to the assessment of the zinc layer
shows that the resistance increases due to the losses in the thickness by the loss-of-mass process. Fig. 10 also shows the
aluminum and the inductance decreases due to the results for a 3/8" (9.2 mm) galvanized-steel overhead ground
neutralization of the magnetic field within the strands. wire (OHGW), for comparison.
Anais do V Simpsio Brasileiro de Sistemas Eltricos, Foz do Iguau PR, Brasil. 22-25/04/2014 ISSN 2177-6164
12 method for detecting and locating flaws in overhead transmission lines,"
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 5, pp. 1484-1490, Jul. 1990.
[4] Y. Kojima, J. Fukuda, T. Kumeda, J. Iinuma, and M. Endo, "Corrosion
10
detector robot for overhead transmission line," Fujikura Technical
Test coil impedance ()
REFERENCES
[1] J. Sutton and K. G. Lewis, "The detection of internal corrosion in steel-
reinforced aluminum overhead transmission lines," Proc. of UK
Corrosion'86, vol.1, pp. 345-359, Birmingham, UK, 1986.
[2] P. H. Schwabe and D. Pike, "The measurement of corrosion in overhead
power line," Anti-corrosion, July, 1988.
[3] K. Komoda, T. Kawashima, M. Mineruma, A. Mineyama, M. Aihara,
Y. Ebinuma, T. Kanno, and M. Kiuchi, "Electromagnetic induction
Anais do V Simpsio Brasileiro de Sistemas Eltricos, Foz do Iguau PR, Brasil. 22-25/04/2014 ISSN 2177-6164