Pusat Tuisyen Ilmu Didik

CHAPTER 7: HEAT 6. In our body, the process of respiration helps to change the chemical energy in food to heat
7.1 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE energy. This heat keeps us warm.
1. Heat and temperature are two different quantities but they are related. 7. Friction can produce heat. When two objects are rubbed against each other quickly for some
2. Differences between heat and temperature: time, heat will be produced.
Differences 8. Some chemical reactions can produce heat.
Meaning SI unit What it tells us (a) Mixing of acid and alkali (b) Adding concentrated sulphuric acid to water
Heat A form of energy that Joule(J) Total amount of kinetic
causes things to become hot energy of the particles
Temperature The degree of hotness or Kelvin (K) How fast the particles are
coldness of an object moving

3. At the same temperature, two

similar substances can have
different heat contents.
4. The substance with more mass
have more heat energy. This is
because it has more particles in
it.
5. Beaker B has more heat energy than
beaker A.

6. (i) Constant variable: temperature of

7.1.3 Uses of Heat in Our Daily Life
metal spheres (100C), metal for spheres
1. To keep us warm 2. To cook and boil
(copper)
3. To dry clothes 4. To run machines and vehicles
(ii) Manipulated variable: size of metal
5. To incubate eggs 6. To dry fish and tea leaves
spheres (different volumes)
7. To kill germs in food and on medical instruments
(iii) Responding variable: heat content in
8. To produce steam so that electricity can be generated at power stations
spheres

Exercise 1
Observation
1. (a) Define
The water with the big copper sphere has
(i) heat: ..
a higher temperature than the water with
(ii) temperature:
the small copper sphere.
..
(b) State the SI unit for
Conclusion
(i) heat: (ii) temperature:
The big copper sphere contains more heat
2. State three activities that can produce heat.
than the small copper sphere.
.


7.1.2 Sources of Heat
3. Give three uses of heat in daily lives.
1. The Sun - our main source of heat.

2. Geysers, hot springs and volcanic eruptions - sources of heat that lie deep inside the Earth.

3. Most of the heat energy we use are obtained from burning fuels such as coal and methane.

4. Electrical appliances such as an electric iron and kettle convert electrical energy to heat
4. From where does the Sun get its energy?
energy.

5. Radioactive substances release heat through nuclear reactions.
5. State two effects of heat on substances.
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Conclusion: Solid expands when heated and contracts when cooled.

6. How does heat helps in sterilisation? Experiment 2: Expansion and Contraction of Liquids
Apparatus and Materials: Two beakers,
7. State three factors that will determine the heat content in a metal sphere. two mercury thermometers, hot
water (80oC) and some ice.

Observation:
8. Predict the temperature of a hot water and a cold water mixture. 1. When the thermometer is placed in
hot water, the mercury level rises.
2. When the thermometer is placed in
7.2 THE EFFECT OF HEAT FLOW cold water, the mercury level drops.
7.2.1 Expansion and Contraction Explanation: 1. The mercury column expands when it is heated.
1. Objects expand when heated and contract when cooled. 2. The mercury column contracts when it is cooled.
2. Expansion
(a) When an object is heated, the particles in it move faster and further apart. Conclusion: Liquid expands when heated and contracts when cooled.
(b) The volume of the object increases
3. Contraction Experiment 3: Expansion and Contraction of Liquids
(a) When an object is cooled, the particles in it move more slowly and come closer (a) The water level in the glass tube is marked.
together. (b) When hot water is poured into the basin, the coloured
(b) The volume of the object decreases. water level in the glass tube rises.
4. Effect of expansion and contraction on density (c) When the flask is taken out from the basin, the
mass water level drops back to its original position.
(a) When an object expands, its density decreases. (density = )
volume
(d) Conclusion: water expands on heating and
(b) As the volume increases and the mass remains the same, the density decreases.
contracts on cooling.
(c) When an object is cooled, it contracts and its density increases.
5. Different solids/liquids/gases expand different amounts /at different rate when heated.
6. Liquids expand more than metals for the same rise in temperature.
Experiment 4: Comparing Expansion Rate Between Different Liquids
7. Water is the only liquid which contracts on cooling between 4 oC to 0 oC.
8. Between these 4 oC to 0 oC water expands and forms ice, the ice has a smaller density than Method:
water which is 5oC or above. Therefore, ice floats on water. (i) The three glass bulbs
9. During winter, this characteristic of water helps the aquatic animals to survive. of the same size are filled with
10. Only the top part of a pond is frozen, the water below it is protected from the cold wind; different liquids and clamped in an
hence the water below the ice will not get frozen. This allows marine life to stay alive upright position in a basin.
underneath the frozen lake and ponds.
(ii) The liquid level in each tube is
marked, and hot water is poured
Experiment 1: Expansion and Contraction of Solids into the basin to heat the liquids.
Apparatus and Materials: A metal ball
and ring, and Bunsen burner.
Observation: (i) Different liquids rise to different heights.
(ii) Alcohol rises the highest, followed by oil and lowest is water.
Observation:
(iii) The liquid levels return to their original positions when the glass bulbs are
1. After the ball is heated, it cannot
taken out from the hot water basin.
pass through the ring.
2. It only passes through the ring when it is cooled.
Conclusion: Different liquids expand different amounts on heating.
Explanation: The metal ball has increased in size due to heating.

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Experiment 5: Expansion and Contraction of Gases 1. Heat flows from hot region to a
Apparatus and Materials: Glass tube, cooler region.
round-bottomed flask, retort stand and
clamp. 2. Heat flows by three ways:
(a) conduction
Observation: (b) convection
1. Bubbles are seen escaping from (c) radiation
the tube when the flask is held
with the warm hands. Conduction
2. A while after the hands are removed, the water rises in the tube. 1. This is the process in which heat energy moves from the hot end to the cold end of a solid .
2. Mechanism of conduction:
Explanation: (a) The particles at the hot end
1. When the air in the flask is heated, it expands. The increase in volume forces some of the air of the rod receive the heat
out. energy first and vibrate
This causes the bubbles. faster and further.
2. When the hands are removed, the air in the flask cools and contracts. The decreasing air
pressure in the flask causes the air outside to push water into the tube.
(b) As they vibrate faster, they knock against the other particles and transfer the
Conclusion: Gas expands when heated and contracts when cooled. energy to these particles.
(c) This makes the neighbouring particles vibrate faster and the passing of energy
Experiment 6: Expansion and Contraction of Gases continues throughout the rod.
3. Metal are good heat conductors
of heat. They allow heat to flow
through them quickly.
4. Non-metal are bad heat
conductor, they are also called
insulators of heat.
5. Different metal conduct heat at
different rate.

1. When the air is warm by the hands, the gas particles received more kinetic energy and move Experiment 7: Showing that Heat Flows through Solids by Conduction
faster in all directions. So the air expands very fast. Observation: When the metal rod is heated,
2. Gases can expand very fast compare to solids and liquids because: the thumbtacks fall off one after another.
(i) There is plenty of space between the particles Thumbtack A falls off first.
(ii) There is hardly any force of attraction between the particles.
Explanation: The wax holding thumbtack A
7.2.2 Heat Flow melts first, followed by the wax holding
B, C and D.

Conclusion: Heat has been transferred

from the hot end to the cold end by
conduction.

Experiment 8: To Show Different Material conduct heat at Different Rates

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1. (a) Constant variable: length and
diameter of rods, heat supplied to the
rods.
(b) Manipulated variable: rods of
different materials
(c) Responding variable: Rate of
conducting heat.

Observation: Thumb tack stuck to copper falls off first, followed by aluminium, iron and lastly glass. Observation: A purple current of water is observed Observation: The smoke from the burning
Conclusion: (i) Different material conducts heat at different rate. circulating in the water. joss stick flows down the gas jar, towards
(ii) The order of best conductor to the bad conductor is: copper, aluminium, iron, glass. the lighted candle and up the opposite side of
Conclusion: Heat in water is carried upwards by the cardboard.
Convection convection.
1. This is the process in which heat energy is transferred from a hotter region to a cooler Conclusion:
region in a fluid by the movement of the fluid itself. 1. Heat flows by convection in gases.
2. Fluid is matter that can flow. Liquids and gases are fluids.
Experiment 11: Showing the Convection In Air
3. Mechanism of convection:
Observation: The smoke enters the left chimney
into the box and leaves from the right chimney,
setting up a convection current.

Conclusion: Heat in air is carried upwards by

convection.

- Water at the bottom of the beaker is heated
up.
- Hot water expands and becomes less dense
and rises.
- The denser (heavier) cold water sinks to the
bottom; to take the place of the hot water.
- This movement creates a convection current in
the fluid.
Experiment 9: Showing the Convection in Water
- Hot gas is less dense so it rises up.
- Cold air from the top will move down to take
the space of hot air.
- Convection current created.
Experiment 10: Transfer of Heat in Gases
by Convection
Radiation
1. This type of heat transfer does not require any medium.
2. Heat can be transferred through a vacuum in the form of electromagnetic waves travelling
in straight lines.
3. We obtain the heat from the Sun through empty spaces by radiation.
4. The waves of radiant heat travel at the speed of light.
5. These waves can also be absorbed or reflected.
Experiment 11: Showing the Transfer of Heat through a Vacuum by Radiation
Procedure:
1. The vacuum pump is used to remove the
air in the bell jar.
2. The light is switched on and the hands are
placed near the bell jar.

Observation: The hands feel hot

Explanation: Heat given off by the light

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bulb travels as electromagnetic waves Application of Heat Transfer in Our Daily Life
through the vacuum to the surroundings. 1. Keeping buildings cool
- Using poor heat conductors as building materials
Conclusion: Heat is transferred by radiation through a vacuum. (a) Concrete is a poor conductor of heat. It will help keep out the Suns heat.
(b) Shiny glass walls on some buildings reflect heat energy so that less heat enters the
Differences between Conduction, Convection and Radiation buildings.
(c) Double-gazed windows have a layer of air trapped between two glass sheets. As air
Conduction Convection Radiation
and glass are poor heat conductors, they help to reduce heat flow.
Mechanism of heat Vibrating particles Heated particles set Electromagnetic
transfer pass energy to up a convection waves from the heat
2. House Ventilation System
neighbouring current source
- Some houses are built with small opening in the wall near
particles
the roof or have a gap at the roof top. These openings will
Medium Solid, liquid, gas Fluid (liquid or gas) None
allow hot air to escape so that the house is kept cool.
Ability to travel None None Yes
through vacuum
Rate of heat Fast Faster than At the speed of light
transfer conduction

Heat Flow in Natural Phenomena 3. Air Conditioners

1. Land breeze
- Air conditionals are usually installed near the ceiling. This
1. At night, the sea is warmer than the land. position will allow the cold air from the air conditioner to
2. The air above the sea is heated, becomes less move down; and hot air to move up and be cold down
dense and rises up. easily.
3. The cooler air from the land moves in to
takes its place. 4. Electric kettle

- The heating element is fixed to the bottom of the

2. Sea breeze
kettle.
1. During the day, the land absorbs more heat than the
- This allows heated water to rise and cool water to come
sea therefore the land gets heated up faster.
down, creating convection current.
2. The air above the land is heated up; the air becomes
less dense and rises. 5. Refrigerator
3. The cooler air from the sea moves in to take its
place. - The freezer compartment is at the top of the
refrigerator.
- Dense cold air from the top sinks and warmer air from
below rises and creates convection current.
3. Warming of the Earth by the Sun
- In this way the air in the whole refrigerator is cooled.
1. The Sun gets its heat energy from nuclear reactions
that take place in its centre.
2. The heat from the Sun reaches Earth by radiation.
3. It travels through a vacuum between the Sun and the
Earth.
4. The Suns heat takes only 8.3 minutes to reach Earth.

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6. Car radiator the handles will not be hot to touch.
- The heat generated when the engine is running heats up 2. Tables mats made of cork or straw material protect table tops from being damaged by hot
the water in the radiator. kitchen utensils.
- The hot water is cooled by air and by conduction of 3. Woolen sweaters contain trapped air that prevents heat loss from the body.
heat by the copper tubes. 4. Sawdust is a poor conductor of heat. Coating ice with sawdust will prevent the ice from
- The water forms a convection current in the radiator melting.
and removes heat from the engine. 5. Igloos are made of ice which is an insulator. Ice keeps the heat in the igloo by preventing heat
loss by conduction. This helps to keep the Eskimos warm.

7.3 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS OF HEAT

Experiment 12
1. Conductors - materials that conduct heat quickly.
Aim of the experiment: To find out if all materials have the same ability to insulate heat.
- Metals are good heat conductors, e.g.: tin, aluminium, copper, mercury, gold,
silver etc. Hypothesis: Different materials have different ability to insulate heat.
2. Insulators - materials that cannot conduct heat efficiently or do not conduct heat at all.
- Non-metals are heat insulators. Liquids (except mercury) and gases are also Variable:
insulators of heat. E.g.: air, water, plastics, polysterene, cotton, rubber, etc. (a) Constant - Volume of hot water in flask
3. Example: (b) Manipulated - Type of material to wrap the
(i) Water is a poor conductor of heat. flask
(c) Responding - Temperature of water in flask
- Water is a heat insulator. Procedure:
- Although the water at the top is boiling, the ice 1. The apparatus is set up as shown.
does not melt. 2. An equal volume of hot water is filled into each
flask.
3. Temperature readings are then taken every five minutes for the next half an hour.

(ii) Air is a heat insulator.

Observation/results:
- After some time, the temperature of water in Time/min Temperature of water in flask/C
test tube P is higher than that in test tube Q. Air Sheep wool Cotton
- The layer of air slows down heat loss from the 0 90 90 90
boiling water to the surroundings. 5 84 87 86
10 79 85 83
15 75 83 80
20 71 81 79
Uses of Heat Conductors in Daily Life 25 67 79 77
1. Cooking utensils, pots, pans and kettles are made of metals such as stainless steel and 30 64 77 75
aluminium to transfer heat faster to the food during cooking. Explanation: Sheep wool and cotton have air trapped in spaces in between the material. These
2. Car radiators are made of metal so that heat from the engine can be conducted away quickly air spaces reduces heat loss by conduction.
to the surrounding air. This prevents the overheating of the engine.
3. Mercury is used in thermometers because it expands and contracts rapidly with small changes Conclusion: Some materials insulate heat better than others. Sheep wool is a better heat
in temperature. insulator than cotton.
4. When we heat liquids in the laboratory, we place a wire gauze between the container and the
tripod stand. The wire gauze is made of metal. It helps to distribute heat evenly across the
base of the container. Exercise 2
1. (a) Name the three methods of heat transfer.
Uses of Heat insulators in Daily Life (i) . (ii) (iii)
1. Insulators such as plastic and rubber are used to coat the handles of cooking utensils so that ...

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(b) State the type of heat transfer that is possible in a vacuum.
.
(c) Give the meaning and an example for the following terms:
Meaning Example
(i) Conductor

(ii) Insulator

2. Give the reasons for the following:

(a) A marble floor feels cooler than a wooden floor

.....
(b) The air conditioner is placed near the ceiling (c) When there is a fire, the heat from the fire causes the strip to expand, curl and
touch the screw. This closes the electric circuit. The red bulb lights up and the alarm
.. rings.
(c) Astronauts can feel the heat from the Sun in outer space 3. Thermostat in electric iron
(a) The thermostat is a device that can
.. control the temperature in electrical
(d) A wok is made of stainless steel equipment by turning it.
(b) The bimetallic strip is used as a
.. thermostat in an electric iron.
(e) Eskimos use animal fur for clothing
(c) When the electric iron becomes too hot, the strip expands curls upwards and breaks
.. contact. The electric iron is switched off.
3. Land breeze and sea breeze occur at different times of (d) The bimetallic strip soon cools down and straightens. It makes contact and the
the day. electric iron starts to heat up again.
(a) State which of them is taking place in the diagram
4. Rivets
(b) Explain how it happens.

7.4 APPLICATION OF EXPANSION AND CONTRCTION OF MATTER (a) Metal rivets are used to bind two metal sheets together.
(b) They are heated strongly before being placed into the holes in the metal sheets.
Using the Principle of Expansion and Contraction in Tool Design (c) While the rivet is still hot, the thin end is hit with the hammer.
1. Mercury thermometer (d) Upon cooling, the rivet contracts and pulls the two metal sheets tightly together.
(a) The mercury in the thermometer responds quickly to temperature changes by
expanding and contracting evenly. 5. Metallic tyres
(a) These are fixed onto train wheels to
2. Bimetallic strip in a fire alarm protect them from damage.
(a) The bimetallic strip is made of two metals (b) The metal tyre is smaller than the
brass and iron. wheel frame. It is heated so that it
(b) When the strip is heated, brass expands expands.
faster than iron and the strip will curl. (c) When it has expanded, it is fitted onto
the wheel frame.

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(d) On cooling, the metal tyre will contract to its original size and is now firmly fixed to the wheel.
5.Pipes are coiled
Using the Principle of Expansion and Contraction in Solving Simple Problems (a) Pipes that transport petroleum (oil) in the desert are
1. Small gaps in railway tracks usually coiled.
(a) The heat from the Sun may cause (b) This allows the pipes to expand in the day and contract
the metal railway tracks to expand. at night. Otherwise, they will be damaged.
(b) A continuous track without any (c) Some pipes that transport hot water in the factory .
gaps will be distorted due to the are also coiled.
expansion. Trains travelling on it
may get derailed.
(c) Therefore, it is necessary to
make small gaps are in the tracks.
7.5 Penyerap Haba dan Penyinar Haba [ Absorbing Heat and Giving Out Heat ]

Keadaan Objek Penyerap haba Penyinar haba Pemantur haba

2. Roller in steel bridges
[ Nature of [ Heat absorption [ Heat [ Heat
(a) Steel bridges are made such that
one end is fixed and the other is object ] ] radiation ] reflection ]
mounted on rollers. Gelap dan pudar Baik Baik Lemah
(b) This prevents the bridge from [ Dark and dull ] [ Good ] [ Good ] [ Poor ]
being damaged when it expands or Putih dan berkilat Lemah Lemah Baik
contracts. [ White and shiny ] [ Poor ] [ Poor ] [ Good ]

1. Objek gelap dan pudar penyerap haba dan penyinar haba yang baik.
3. Electric cables and telephone wires fitted
loosely
[ Dark and dull objects - good absorbers and good radiators of heat.]

Electric cables and telephone wires are fitted 2. Objek putih dan berkilat penyerap haba dan penyinar haba yang lemah.
loosely to make allowance for contraction. [ White and shiny objects - poor absorbers and poor radiators of heat.

Contoh: [ For example, ]

(a) kamu akan berasa panas apabila memakai baju hitam pada hari yang panas kerana
baju hitam menyerap haba lebih banyak daripada baju berwarna cerah (baju putih)
[ you will feel warm wearing a black shirt on a hot day because it absorbs more heat
4.Tile fixing with expansion gabs than a lighter coloured shirt (white shirt). ]
(a) Tiled walls and pavements are usually laid
with expansion gaps. (b)
(b) This prevents the tiles from cracking [ the black internal wall of electric oven. This will give out heat so that the food is
or popping out because of expansion on very
cooked faster. ]
hot days.

Experiment 13
Aim of the experiment: To find out which surface condition (dull and dark, or white
and shiny) will absorb heat better?
Hypothesis: Dark, dull surfaces will absorb heat better than white, shiny surfaces.

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Variables: (a) Constant - Distance of the conical flask from the Bunsen burner, size (a) Constant - Volume and temperature of
of conical flasks, height of wooden block water in the conical flasks at the start of
(b) Manipulated - Surface condition of conical flasks experiment, size of conical flasks
(c) Responding - Temperature of air in conical flasks (b) Manipulated - Surface condition of
conical flasks
(c) Responding - Temperature of
water in conical flasks

Procedure:
1. The apparatus is set up as shown.
2. The Bunsen burner is turned on and the temperature rise in both flasks is observed
for about ten minutes.
Observation :
Nature of flask Temperature
Beginning End
Black and dull 30oC 50oC
White and shiny 30oC 40oC
After ten minutes, the temperature in the flask painted black is higher than the other.
Procedure:
Explanation : The air in the flask painted black gains heat faster than the air in the
1. The apparatus is set up as shown.
other flask.
2. The flasks are then left to cool for about fifteen minutes.
Conclusion : A dark and dull surface absorbs heat better than a white and shiny
surface. Observation:
Nature of flask Temperature
Experiment 14 Beginning End
Aim of the experiment: To find out which surface condition (dull and dark, or white and Black and dull 100oC 80oC
shiny) will radiate heat better? White and shiny 100oC 86oC
Hypothesis: Dark, dull surfaces will radiate heat better than white, shiny surfaces. After fifteen minutes, the temperature in the flask painted black is lower than the
Variables: other.
Explanation: The hot water in the flask painted black loses heat faster than the hot
water in the white and shiny surface flask.
Conclusion: A dark and dull surface radiates heat better than a white and shiny
surface.

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 Pusat Tuisyen Ilmu Didik
..
Exercise 4
1. Terangkan situasi berikut: [ Explain the following situations: ]
(a) Radiator kereta dicat hitam [ Car radiators are painted black. ]

(b) Tangki minyak petrol dicat dengan cat aluminium.

[ Petrol tankers are painted with aluminium paint. ]

(c) Permukaan luar perium masak dicat hitam.

[ The outside of cooking pot is painted black. ]

(d) Rumah dicat putih. [ Houses are painted white. ]

7.6 APPRECIATING THE BENEFITS OF HEAT FLOW

1. heat flow plays a huge role in our life.
2. Nyatakan dan jelaskan pemerhatian yang diperhatikan dalam ujikaji ini: Example: Styrofoam food container:
[ State and explain what will be observed in the following experiments. ] - Lid reduces heat loss by convection by keeping the
(a) Paku tekan yang mana akan jatuh dahulu? [ Which thumbtack will drop first?] air inside.
- Styrofoam (polystyrene) is a poor conductor of heat
.
- White colour is a poor radiator of heat
Mengapa? [ Why? ]
..
..

(b) Apa akan terjadi kepada dakwat merah? [ What will happen to the red ink? ]

.
Mengapa? [ Why? ]
..

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 Pusat Tuisyen Ilmu Didik
1. Figure shows what happens when the burner is lighted from
above the wire gauze.
(a) Why does the gas below the wire gauze not burn?
.

(b) What inferences can you draw from this observation?

(c) What factors are required for burning to take place?

2. Name the physical processes J, K, L M, and N. For

each process state
(i) whether it absorbs or releases heat and
(ii) whether it scatters or regroups particles.

(c) What conclusion can you make from this experiment?

..
Process Heat Particles
(d) In this experiment, what variables...
J
i. are kept constant?
K
ii. are manipulated? ..
L
(e) State the responding variable.
M
..
N
4. (a) Daryl wants to keep his room well
3. The apparatus shown is set up. Then the bulb is switched on.
ventilated. On rainy days, he will still
(a) After a few seconds, what do you observe keep one window open. Which window
about the coloured water in the glass should Daryl open on a cold rainy day so
tube? that the room will not get too cold?
..
.. .
(b) Suggest a reason for your observation. (b) Explain why.
..
.. .
..
.
..
.

5.

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(a) Figure shows three different metals used in bimetallic strips. Upon heating, metal L expands the
most, followed by metal K and metal M. Draw in the space below what the strips will look like after
heating.

Bimetallic strip A Bimetallic strip B

(b) Explain how the bimetallic strip works as a thermostat in an electric iron. 1. Which of the following is not true about heat?
A Heat cannot be seen. B Heat can be measured.
6. (a) Give the meaning of the following terms: C Heat is a form of energy. D Heat is the degree of hotness of an object
(i) Conduction:
.. 2. Which of the following is true about temperature?
A Temperature can be seen.
(ii) Heat conductors: . B Temperature is a form of energy.
C Temperature is the amount of heat in an object.
(b) Explain the use of heat conductors and insulators in a cooking pot. D Temperature is the degree of hotness of an object.

3. Three beakers containing 30 cm 3 , 80 cm 3

and 50 cm 3 of water respectively. Which of
7.. Figure shows the apparatus of an the following shows the amount of heat
experiment that is placed in the sun. contained in the water from the highest to
(a) State the hypothesis in the the lowest?
experiment.
A P,Q,R B P,R,Q
. C Q, R, P D Q,P,R
.
(b) After some time, the drop of ink rises
in both tubes. Explain why.
. Question 4 to Question 6 are based on figure below
. 4. Figure shows a scientific investigation.
Two copper spheres of 25 g and 50 g
(c) (i) In which tube will the red ink move a greater distance? respectively are heated in boiling water. The
two copper spheres are then put into
(ii) Why? beakers P and Q containing the same amount
of water at room temperature respectively.
After five minutes, which of the following
could be the temperatures of water in
(d) (i) Will the thermometer show any increase in reading if it is a vacuum in both conical flasks? beakers P and Q?

(ii) Why?

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10. What can be observed when conical flask X in figure 6
Beaker P Beaker Q 5. Which of the following is the manipulated variable is put into the hot water?
A 29oC 27oC during the investigation? A The water level in the glass tube rises.
B 27oC 27oC A The mass of the boiling water B The water level in the glass tube goes down.
C 27oC 29oC B The mass of the copper spheres C The water level in the glass tube rises a little and
D 29oC 29oC C The volume of water in beakers P and Q then goes down.
D The temperature of water in beakers P and Q Figure 6 D The water level in the glass tube goes down a little
and then rises.
6. What conclusion can you make from this investigation?
A Heat and temperature are the same. 11. What causes the above observation?
B At a given temperature, different substances contain different amounts of heat. A The cold water expands.
C At a given temperature, the amount of heat contained in a substance depends on the B The cold water contracts.
mass of the substance. C The volume of the cold water has decreased.
D At a given temperature, the amount of heat contained in a substance does not depend on D Conical flask X expands first followed by the cold water inside it.
the mass of the substance.
12. The apparatus used for investigating the effects of
P Q heat on liquids X and Y. After five minutes, the level of
Figure 3 liquid X is found higher than the level of liquid Y. This is
7. Figure 3 shows two objects, P and Q, placed in contact. Heat will flow from P to Q if because
A the mass of P is bigger than the mass of Q A liquid X expands more than liquid Y
B the volume of P is bigger than the volume of Q B liquid X evaporates faster than liquid Y
C the temperature of P is higher than the temperature of Q C liquid X has higher density than liquid Y
D the amount of heat in P is more than the amount of heat in Q D liquid X has higher boiling point than liquid Y

8. The metal ball cannot pas, through the metal ring after 13. Which of the following shows the rate of expansion of solids, liquids and gases in the
it has been heated up. Which of the following explains correct order?
explain this phenomenon correctly? A Solids > liquids > gases B Liquids > solids > gases
A The mass of the particles of the metal ball has C Gases > liquids > solids D Gases > solids > liquids
increased.
B The size of the particles of the metal ball has Question 14 to question 17 are based on Figure 8
increased.
C The volume of the particles of the metal ball has increased. 14. Figure 8 shows an experiment to investigate heat
D The distance between the particles of the metal ball has increased. transfer through a solid. Which thumbtack will be the first
to drop
9. When the round-bottomed flask shown in figure is AP BQ CR DS
covered with both your palms. the coloured water in the
glass tube goes down because 15. Which thumbtack will be the last to drop?
A the glass tube has expanded AP BQ CR DS
B it is pulled by the force of gravity
C the air inside the round-bottomed flask has expanded
16. What conclusion can be made from this experiment?
D the weight of the air inside the round bottomed flask has
A Heat melts wax.
increased
B Heat flows through solids.
C Heat flows through solids very quickly.
Question 10 and question 11 are based on Figure 6. D Heat flows from the hot end to the cold end of a solid.

17. In the above experiment, heat flows by

13
 Pusat Tuisyen Ilmu Didik
A radiation B convection C conduction D evaporation 24. Figure shows the structure of a thermos flask. Which part
of the flask prevents heat from passing through to the
18. Your hand feels cool when it touches the surface of a metal chair because surroundings through conduction?
A the hand loses heat to the air
B the chair loses heat to the air A) P B) Q C) R D) S
C the metal chair conducts heat away from the hand
D the hand conducts heat away from the metal chair

19. Figure shows a beaker containing water, with small pieces of filter paper in it, being heated
by a Bunsen burner. Which of the following shows the movement of the pieces of filter 25. The ice shown in figure takes a long
paper correctly? time to melt because
A Water is poor heat conductor
B the heat loses to the surroundings
C the Bunsen flame is not hot enough
D the wire gauze prevents heat from passing
through to the ice

Question 26 to question 31 are based on figure

on the right.

26. Figure shows the apparatus used to

investigate the ability of different materials
. Hot air expands and rises to act as heat insulators. What is the
. Cool air moves down to replace the hot air constant variable of the experiment?

20. The above information refers to refers to

A radiation B convection C conduction D evaporation A Volume of the round-bottomed flasks
B Temperature of water in the round-bottomed flasks
21. Heat from the Sun reaches the Earth by C Types of materials used to cover the round-bottomed flasks
A radiation B convection C conduction D evaporation D Volume and initial temperature of water in the round-bottomed flasks

22. Which of the following is true about land breeze? 27. What is the manipulated variable of the experiment?
A It occurs at night. A Volume of the round-bottomed flasks
B It blows from the sea to the land. B Temperature of water in the round-bottomed flasks
C It occurs because the land heats up faster than the sea. C Types of materials used to cover the round-bottomed flasks
D It occurs because the sea and the land lose heat at the same rate. D Volume and initial temperature of water in the round-bottomed flasks

23. Objects that allow heat to pass through them easily are called 28. What is the responding variable of the experiment?
A metals B heat insulators C heaters D heat conductors A Volume of the round-bottomed flasks
B Temperature of water in the round-bottomed flasks
C Types of materials used to cover the round-bottomed flasks
D Volume and initial temperature of water in the round-bottomed flasks

29. The thermometer of which round-bottomed flask shows the highest reading?
AP BQ CR DS

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 Pusat Tuisyen Ilmu Didik
30. The thermometer of which round-bottomed flask shows the lowest reading? A Boiling B Freezing
AP BQ CR DS C Evaporation D Sublimation

31. Which of the following shows the correct arrangement of materials used from the best 39. Freezing takes place when
heat insulator to the worst heat insulator? A a liquid changes into a gas
A Paper, sheep wool, cotton, aluminium B Sheep wool, paper, cotton, aluminium B a gas changes into a liquid
C Sheep wool, cotton, paper, aluminium D Cotton, sheep wool, paper, aluminium C a solid changes into a liquid
D a liquid changes into a solid
32. Boiling is a process in which
A a liquid changes into a gas when heated B a gas changes into a liquid when heated 40. Common salt is obtained from sea water by
C a solid changes into a liquid when heated D a liquid changes into a solid when heated A freezing B evaporation
C sublimation D condensation
33. Which of the following shows the changes of the arrangement of particles during
condensation? 41. When a liquid is heated to become a gas, all of the following happen except
A B C D A the kinetic energy of the liquid particles increases
B the volume of the liquid particles increases
C the distance between the liquid particles increases
D the forces of attraction between the liquid particles decrease
Question 34 and question 35 are based on Figure

Question 42 and question 43 are based on figure 15

42. Figure 15 shows the heat
effect on a bimetallic strip
consisting of iron and copper.
Figure 13 What causes this
34. Figure 13 shows the physical processes that are involved in the change of state. Which observation?
physical process represents the melting process?
AP BQ CR DS Figure 15
A Iron and copper are metals.
35. Which of the following changes of state is an example of process Q? B Iron contracts when heated.
A Water - ice B Ice - water C Matter expands when heated.
C Water - steam D Iodine crystal - iodine vapour D Copper expands more than iron when heated.

36. Which of the following processes does not involve absorption of heat? 43. In which of the following instruments is the bimetallic strip used?
A Solid gas B Gas - solid A A watch C A fire alarm
C Liquid gas D Solid - liquid B A dynamo D An alarm clock

37. When an iodine crystal is heated, iodine vapour is formed. This process is known as 44. Figure shows that railway
A melting B evaporation tracks are built with gaps in
C sublimation D condensation between the length of the
rails. What is its purpose?
38. The alcohol disappears
after it is left for a while.
A Easier to build
What is the physical process
B To save building materials
involved?
C To allow the rails to expand on a hot day
D To allow air to pass through and cool the rails

15
 Pusat Tuisyen Ilmu Didik
45. When hot water is poured into a thick glass, the glass breaks because D To find out whether the surface condition of an object affects its ability to give out heat
A the hot water expands faster than the glass wall
B the water particles knock strongly on the glass wall 50. What is the constant variable of the experiment?
C the inner glass wall expands faster than the outer glass wall A Colour of the surfaces of the conical flasks
D the inner glass wall expands but the outer glass wall contracts B Temperature of water in the conical flasks
C Rate at which the surfaces give out heat rays
D Initial temperature of the hot water in the conical flasks
46. Figure shows a part of a
pipe carrying hot water. What 51. What is the manipulated variable of the experiment?
is the purpose of the A Mass of the hot water in the conical flasks
construction? B Colour of the surfaces of the conical flasks
C Volume of the hot water in the conical flasks
A To prevent the pipe from expanding D Temperature of water in the conical flasks
B To allow the pipe to be installed easily
C To slow down the flow of the hot water 52. What is the responding variable of the experiment'?
D To allow the pipe to expand without breaking A Mass of the hot water in the conical flasks
B Colour of the surfaces of the conical flasks
47. Figure shows that C Volume of the hot water in the conical flasks
overhead electricity cables D Temperature of water in the conical flasks
are hung loosely between two
poles. What is the purpose of 53. What conclusion can be made from this experiment?
doing so? A A white surface gives out heat better than a dark surface.
B A white surface absorbs heat better than a dark surface.
C A dark surface gives out heat better than a white surface.
A So that the cables can be installed easily
D A dark surface absorbs heat better than a white surface.
B To prevent the cables from expanding and contracting
C To prevent the cables from becoming too hot or too cool
D To allow the cables to expand and contract without breaking
54. Figure shows four similar
metal cans containing hot
48. Which of the following is not a reason why mercury is used in a thermometer?
water of the same volume.
A It is red in colour.
The initial temperature of
B It is a liquid metal.
water in all cans is the same.
C It is a good heat conductor.
D It expands and contracts easily.

After half an hour, the water in which can has the highest temperature?
AP BQ CR DS

55. Which of the following does not apply the principle of heat flow?
A Sea breeze B Submarines
C Electric kettle D Ventilation holes in houses

Instruction: For Question 56 to question 88. Choose the best answer from the option given the
49. Figure shows the apparatus used in an experiment. What is the purpose of the experiment? box below.
A To find out the factors that affect the ability of an object to give out heat
B To find out the factors that affect the ability of an object to absorb heat Options
C To find out whether the surface condition of an object affects its ability to absorb heat

16
 Pusat Tuisyen Ilmu Didik
A B C D flask con hot water. It is
I, II, III I, II only II, III only I only observed that the temp of
the hot water has dropped
56. Which of the following are sources of heat'? aft hour. This is because
I Fossil fuels II Radioactive metals
III The core of the Earth

57. Which of the following comparisons between heat and temperature is not correct'? I heat is lost to the surroundings radiation through the vacuum
II heat is lost by conduction through t to the surroundings
Heat Temperature III heat is lost to the surrounding convection through the hot water
Is a from of energy Is the degree of hotness
I 63. Sea breeze
Is measured in watts (W) Is measured in kelvins I occurs during daytime
II (K) II blows from sea to land
Shows how hot a substance Shows how much energy III occurs because the land becomes faster than the sea
III is a substance has
64. Which of the following shows the formation of a convection current
58. Which of the following statements is true? correctly?
I A gas expands more than a solid when heated. I II III
II A liquid expands more than a solid when heated.
III A gas contracts more than a solid when heated

59. Figure shows the

apparatus in an experiment.
What can be observed after
the round-bottomed flask has
been heated for 5 minutes?

65. Figure shows the apparatus

used in an experiment. P and Q
I Air bubbles are formed in the water. are two similar metal plates
II Water droplets form on the outer glass wall of the round- bottomed flask. that have the same size and
III The water goes up the glass tube. thickness.

60. What will happen when hot water is into an empty glass at room temperature?
I The size of the particles of the increases. The surface of P is painted black and the surface of Q is painted white. Which of the following is
II The glass expands. true about the experiment?
III The particles of the glass vibrate vigorously. I The coin stuck on plate P drops first.
II Heat is transferred to plates P and Q through radiation.
61. In which of the following pairs of substances will heat be transferred through the III The surface of plate P absorbs heat better than the surface of plate Q.
process?
I Water and oil II Copper and ice
III Water and ice

62. Figure shows a thermos

17
 Pusat Tuisyen Ilmu Didik
Figure 24
66. Heat is transferred from the hot coffee shown in Figure 24 to the surroundings through 75. What are the similarities between boiling and evaporation?
I convection II conduction III radiation I Involve the change from liquid state to gaseous state
II Occur at a certain temperature
III Need heating

76. Which of the following is true when iodine crystals are heated?
I The iodine crystals change into iodine vapour.
II The iodine crystals change into iodine liquid.
III The colour of iodine changes from purple to brown.

77. Which of the following substances undergoes sublimation when heated?

I Mercury II Dry ice III Iodine crystals
67. Figure shows the apparatus used in an experiment to investigate heat transfer through a
liquid. What can be observed after 10 minutes of heating?
78. Which of the following features of a bimetallic strip makes it suitable to be used as an
I The level of mercury in tube X is the highest.
automatic switch?
II Heat is transferred through convection currents.
I The two metals expand at different rate when heated.
III The level of mercury in tube Z is the highest.
II Both metals bend when heated.
III Both metals conduct heat easily.
68. The principle of convection is applied in
I refrigerators
II vacuum cleaners
III thermometers

69. Which of the following are heat conductors? I Mercury II Lead III
Chlorine Figure 26
79. Figure 26 shows the effect of heating on three types of bimetallic strips. Which of the
70. Which of the following are heat insulators? following is true about the expansion of each metal'?
I Air II Cotton III Plastics I S expands more than Q
II R expands more than P
71. What will happen when steam comes into contact with the cold surface of a glass? III R expands more than S
I The steam loses heat energy.
II The steam changes into water.
III The steam freezes on the glass surface. 80. Figure shows the
situations of a metallic strip
72. Which of the following physical processes can happen when a solid is heated? consists of three metals, P, Q
I The solid expands. and R, before and after it was
II The solid changes into a liquid. heated.
III The solid changes into a gas. Which of the following conclusions is true about the expansion of P, Q and R?
I P expands more than Q.
73. In which of the following physical processes will heat be released? II R expands more than Q.
I Freezing II Condensation III Melting III Q expands more than P.

74. Which of the following statements is correct?

I Heat is absorbed during boiling.
II A solid changes into a liquid during condensation.
III Boiling can take place at any temperature.

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 Pusat Tuisyen Ilmu Didik

81. Figure shows a steel I The cooling coils of a refrigerator are painted black to lose heat faster to the
bridge with one of its ends surroundings.
free to move on rollers. What II A petrol tanker is painted with aluminium paint to keep the petrol inside it cool.
is the purpose of building the III A car radiator is painted black so that it can absorb heat from the engine faster.
bridge in such a way?
86. Which of the following statements is true about evaporation?

I To enable the bridge to expand on hot days

I It takes place at any temperature.
II To make the building process easier
II It takes place at the surface of a liquid.
III To make the repairing jobs for the bridge easier
III It takes place in nature only at certain times of the day.

87. Shows a lighted

kerosene lamp placed
82. Figure shows the
inside a box. W, X , Y
apparatus used in an
and Z represent four
experiment. Which of the
positions in the box.
following is true about the
Which of the following
experiment?
directions of heat flow
is true?
I The coloured water moves towards P.
II The darkened surface absorbs heat better. I) Y Z II) X Y III) W X
III The air in conical flask Y expands more than the air in conical flask X.

83. Which of the following are the characteristics of a white surface? 88. Figure shows a natural
I Good heat absorber II Poor heat radiator phenomenon which takes place
III Poor beat absorber at night. Which of the
following is true about the
phenomenon?

I Cool air from the land blows towards the sea.

II The air above the sea is less dense compared to the air from the land.
III It happens because the land becomes cooler faster than the sea.

Structure Questions

Instruction: Write your answers in the space provided.

84. Figure shows the apparatus used in an experiment. Which of the following statements is
true about the experiment?

I Heat is transferred through radiation from the Bunsen flame to the conical flasks.
II Conical flask Y absorbs heat better than conical flask X.
III Conical flask X gives out heat better than conical flask Y.

85. Which of the following statements is true?

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 Pusat Tuisyen Ilmu Didik

Figure 2
3. Shows two flat-bottomed flasks, P and Q, containing water and air respectively.
Figure 1
1. Two beakers, P and Q, contain water of different volumes. The temperature of the water in (a) What will happen when both flat-bottomed flasks are heated by a Bunsen burner?
both beakers is the same. The two beakers are then heated by similar Bunsen burners as shown _____________________________________
in Figure 1 for three minutes. The final temperatures of the water in both beakers are measured
and recorded. (b) The level of coloured water in the glass tube of which flat-bottomed flask increases at a
faster rate?
(a) Compare the amount of heat contained in the water in both beakers after being heated for _____________________________________
three minutes.
________________________________________________ (c) What conclusion can be made from this experiment?
_____________________________________
(b) Compare the temperature of water in both beakers after being heated for three minutes.
________________________________________________ 4. Complete the following table by filling in each blank with one suitable word.

(c) Based on this experiment, what can be inferred regarding the relationship between the
temperature of substances and the amount of heat they contain? Situation
________________________________________________

2. Complete the following table by filling in one suitable word in each blank.
Name of the
Heat Temperature way of heat _________ ________ ________
transfer

> is a form of ________ > is the degree of _______ of Medium _________ ________ _________
a substance medium is or_______
needed.
> is measured in ______ > is measured in ______ Way of heat Heat is heat is heat flows
transfer transferred in carried by from ______
the form of particles that to ________
______ waves. move which remain
following the in their fixed
___ current positions.
Rate of heat
transfer _________ ________ _______
(slowest/
fast/fastest

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 Pusat Tuisyen Ilmu Didik
5. Classify the following substances into the correct group. Figure 3
7. Shows a simple construction of a fire alarm system consisting of a battery, an alarm and a
Copper Cotton Chlorine Glass Mercury bimetallic strip.
Iron Air Plastic Aluminium Water
Gold Wood Sulphur Paper Lead (a) What is the bimetallic strip in the above figure made up of?
_______________________________________________
Heat conductor Heat insulator
(b) What will happen to the bimetallic strip when there is a fire?
______________________________________________

(c) Why does this happen?

______________________________________________

6. State the states of matter and the physical processes represented by the diagram
below.

Figure 4

8. Figure shows two metal cans, P and Q, containing equal volume of ice, being put under the Sun.
Can P is painted with black paint and can Q is painted with aluminium paint.

(a) The ice in which can will take a shorter time to melt?
_______________________________________________

(b) What conclusion can be made?

K: ____________ N: _____________ _______________________________________________

L: ____________ O: _____________
Answer
M: ____________ P: ______________ Objective Question
1.D 16. D 31. C 46. D 61. B 76. D
2.D 17. C 32. A 47. D 62. B 77. C
3. C 18. C 33. C 48. A 63. A 78. D
4. C 19. C 34. A 49. D 64. C 79. C
5. B 20. B 35. C 50. D 65. A 80. B
6. C 21. A 36. B 51. B 66. A 81. D
7. C 22. A 37. B 52. D 67. C 82. A
8. D 23. D 38. C 53. C 68. D 83. C
9. C 24. C 39. D 54. D 69. B 84. B
10. D 25. A 40. B 55. B 70. A 85. B
11. D 26. D 41. B 56. A 71. B 86. B

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 Pusat Tuisyen Ilmu Didik
12. A 27. C 42. D 57. C 72. A 87. A
13. C 28. B 43. C 58. A 73. B 88. A
14. A 29. D 44. C 59. D 74. D
15. D 30. B 45. C 60. C 75. D

St ru ctu re d Qu e s t ion s
1. (a) The water in both beakers contains the same amount of heat.
(b) The water temperature is Beaker Q is higher than that in Beaker P.
(c) Substances that have the same amount of heat do not necessarily have the same temperature.

2. Heat
is a from of energy is measured in joules K: Melting N: Boiling
Temperature L: Freezing O: Sublimation
is the degree of hotness of a substance M: Condensation P: Sublimation
is measured in kelvins
7. (a) Iron and copper strips
3. (a) The level of coloured water in the glass tubes of both flat-bottomed flasks increases. (b) It will bend towards the contact screw.
(b) Flat-bottomed flask Q (c) Because copper expands faster than iron when heated.
(c) Gases expand more than liquids.
8.(a) Can P
4.Situation A (b) Dark surfaces absorb heat better than shiny surfaces.
(i) Radiation (ii) No
(iii) Electromagnetic (iv) Faster
Situation B
(i) Convection (ii) Liquids, gases
(iii) convection (iv) Fast
Situation C
(i) Conduction (ii) Solids
(iii) particle, particle (iv) Slowest

5.
Heat conductor Heat insulator
Copper, Mercury, Iron, Cotton, Chlorine, Glass, Air,
Aluminium, Gold, Lead Plastic, Water, Wood,
Sulphur, Paper

6.

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