| THE FAST FOURIER I TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS Oran Brigham Avantek, Ine _ntice-Hall International, Inc.CONTENTS PREFACE st ‘HAPTER 1 neTRODUCTION ' Li The Ubiquitous FET ¢ 12 Interpetng the Fourier Transform 4 13. Digial Fourier anys 7 ‘CHAPTER 2. THE FOURIER TRANSFOR . 2A The Fourier tte 9 22 The Inverse Fourier Transform 11 23° Exstnce ofthe Fourier Integral 13 24 Alemate Four Tans Defiations 22 25 Fourier Mansfomm Pairs 23 CHAPTER FOURIER TRANSFORM PROPERTIES » 32 Symmetry 32 33° Time and Frqueney Sealing 32 34 Time and Frequency Shing 35SS 38. Atemate Iverson Formal 40 ‘CIAPTER 7 DISCRETE CONVOLUTION AND CORRELATION 118 36 ven and O44 Functions 40 \ 37 Waveform Desomposiion 42 2A DivrteConvluton 18 28 Complex Time Funetons 44 72 Gai ett of Dacre 39° Sma Tae For Tom a I roperics Continuous Convolution "121 | exten « convouuTion ano comneLAr * 74 Grphialaterpetation of Discrete | a Comin | | 41 Conlon Integral $0 oe — | 442 Graphical Evaluation ofthe (CHAPTER 6 THE FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM FR a | Convio Integra St eens | 0 Oetinaeinagal 34 82 Intitve Development 132 | 44° Comoltion involving Imps 83 Sima Flow Graph 36 Futons 84 Dual Nodes 138 45. Time-Convlton Toren 6 85 WDuteminaon 40 46 Frequeney-Convoluon Theorem 64 86° Unsrimbing the FFT 1 47 Conelaion Theor 65 87 FET Compution FowChart 161 88 FEPBASIC and PASCAL Computer CHAPTER 5 FOURIER SERIES AND SAUPLED WAVEFORMS ” Programe 48 49 Theoret Development of the Based 51 Romie Seis 74 FT Algona 1 52 Fourier Seis asa Spoil Cine af he 10. FT Alors for Arbirary Fourie Integr 77 Factors 16 eer HAerTER 9 FFT PLICATIONS 1 SA Sampling Theorems 83 | ° ies | 9.1 Four Transm Applications 167 CHAPTER 6 THE DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM | Riri even ao en | 23, rai ea 62 ‘Theos Development 92 | tee Furs arm ot necae eee | 95 Laplace Transform Applications 199 64 Relationship Hetween the Discrete and Continuous Fourier Tnsform 58 65 —_Diserete Fourie Transform 10.1 FFT Convolution of Finte-Duaton Properties 07 Waveforms 204 ‘CHAPTER 10. FFT CONVOLUTION AND CORRELATION. mmcouaren tt ‘CHAPTER 12 ‘cuapren 14 102 FET Convolution of Infinite: and Fiate-Durtion Waveforas 211 103 Bficeat FFT Convolution 223 104 FET Corelation of Fine Duration Wavetonms 235 ‘TWO IMENSIONAL FFT ANALYSIS. 111 Two-Dimensional Fourier ‘Transforms 232 112 Two Dimeasional FETS. 240 113 ‘Two-Dimensional Convolution and Comeation 255 114 Two-Dimensional FET Convotton nd Coreation 260 FFT DIGITAL FILTER DESIGN 121 FFT Time-Domain Digital Fiter Design “273 122 PRT Frequenoy-Domain Distal Ptr Design 280 FFT MULTICHANNEL BAND-PASS FILTERING 15.1 FFT BandPassItegrte and Sample Fiters 391 132 FFT Band-Pass Fier Froqueney- Response Characteaes 29 133 Multichannel Band-Poss Ferg by Shited FFTs 38 134 Sample Rae Considerations ia FFT DMutichannel Filtering 313 13 FFT Mulichanel Demuliplesing 315 FFT SIGNAL PROCESSING AND SYSTEM: [APPLICATIONS 141 Sampling Band-Pass Signals 320 142 Quarature Sampling 329 M3 FFT Sign Detection 337 ma -Anpanc A 144” FFT Cepstrum Analysis: Echo and Malpath Removal 3$1 145 FET Deconvoiton 345 146 FET Anteana Design Analysis 49 147 FET Phasolaterterometer Measorement S¥stea 385 148 FFT TimeDiferenceof rival Measurement System 357 149 FFT System Simulation 360 14.10 FFT Power Spectrum Analysis 365 M411 FFT Beanforming 376 ‘The implae Function: A Oletrbution 6 AL Impule-Fancton Definitions 386 A2 —Distrbuton Concepts 388 A Properies of Impulse Funtons 390 ‘Ad TwoDimensonal Inpue Functions 392 ‘SIBLIOGRAPHY om ox. usPREFACE ‘The fst Fourier transform (FFT) is widely wsed signal processing and talyss concept. Avalabityof special-purpose hardware both the cou Imecial and miliary soctrs has le to sophisticated sia processing sy tems bated onthe features ofthe FFT. The implementation of FET alg rithms on large mainframe computers bas made unprecedented coition techniques realy achievable. Poronal computers have generated yet a fur ‘er proliferation of FFT appications, To the stadt, the professional a1 home, engineer, computer scents, and research analysts the FFT his ‘become an invaluable problem-solving to Popularity ofthe FFT is evidenced bythe wide variety of spplcation seas. nadiion o conventional radar communications, soar, and speech Siam processing applications, curen fields of FFT unage acide tomes eal engincering, imaging, analysis of stock market data, spectroscopy, imealugeal analysis, nonlinear spsems ani, mechanical analysis cophyscal analysis, simulaton, usc synthesis, and the determination ‘of weight variation inthe production of pape rom pup. Cleary, an ap ‘ations text cans addres in depth soch breadth of technology. The ‘objective ofthis ok to peovide the foundation from which one can ae ‘le the fundamental knowledge to apply the FFT 0 problems of interest ‘The books designed tobe wser fled. We sites pictorial, nive pproach supported by mathemati, rahe han at elgst exposition thet 18 Ghetto read, Every major concepts developed by a tteestage se- ‘quent process. First the concept Is ntroduced by intve graphical Alevelopeat. Second, a aonsophintiated ut theoretically song) rahematical tcatmient i veloped to support the atv arguments. The third ‘oes consis of practical exampes designed to review and expe te com ‘ep. This thveesep procedure, with an emphasis on graphic! shia, ‘es meaning 9 well as mathe sobtane tothe basic properties td {pplication ofthe FFT. Readers should expest «high elicency In a fering the development ofthe text into pasta applications “This book i sequel to The Fast Fourier Trendorm. Te ews of the ‘tinnal volume was onthe Fourier transform, the dnccte Feuer tne, form, and the FFT. Only a cusaryexamiaation of FFT applcitons was ‘Presented, Tio txt extends the oral volume withthe iecrpraton of extensive developments of fundanenta F4 applicaons Applcnions ot the FET are based on is unique property to api compute the Fourie, inverse Fourier of Laplace transforms. For this reasos, we develop in et the methos for aplyng the FFT to transform analysand erpocing resus. We then extend the development and epnly the FET to he Dutaton of convolution and coreation integra ll developments copy 4 ich use of graphical techniques and examples to insure clarity ofthe ‘resenlation. We then build on these fundamentals and expand the base [EFT uss toa higher evel of appicaton topics, Topical areas nce two. simensional FFT analysis, FFT digi iter design, FFT mulchenna one ass fering, FFT signal processing, and FFT systems applications. The tex shuld provide an excelent toi for senor level ot inti uctoy graduate course on digit signal processing. Course cacy em Daszing a thorough examination ofthe Fourier Transform wl fed the text artculy appealing, The edded applications materials stents to ‘develop the experience necessary to apply the FIT fo problems spanning ide variety of disciplines, Stent are expected to have access to dint computer. The text shoud serve equaly well es supiemenary txt ert ours with broad systems analysis and sigarrocesong atjestives, The book should also be very atrctve asa reference to the practicing signa ‘rocesig community because offers nt only a readable ttoecase to {he FFT, but thorough and une reteence for applying the FFT ay Sel of interest. Readers shuld ls find at the material provides sao ‘olen: sled text, ‘The text is divide five major wut areas 1, The Fourier Transform. ln Chapters 2 though 6, we ly the foun- {tion or the enti book, We investigate the Forier ransom, sven formla, and its basi properties graphical explanation ofeach discussion lends physical insight tthe concep. The transfnn properties of the cor ‘oltion and corelation integrals are explored nda, Numerous examples ae presented to facie understanding, For reference in ter charers Fourier sees and waveform sampling of baseband gna are devloned 'erms of Fourie eansorm thor. 2, The Disrere Fourier Transform. Chapters 6s? develop the di crete Fourier transform. A graphical presotation develope the discete transform from the continuous Fourier trnsform. This graphical pesca tution is substantiated by a theoretical development. Dstetetrnstort ‘ropetcs are derived. The elaonshipbetmeea te discret a conint Fourier ransorm is explored in dott numer waveform clases we com sidered by lusratve examples, Disite sonvolution and corsation as “eine and compared with eonouows equivalents ty iusttne examples 2. The Fast Fourier Transform. ta Chsplr , we develop the FFT algo A simpifed explanation of why the FFT i elem is presented 'Wetoliow wit he development o signal ow graph graphical procedure {or examining the FFT. Based on tis Now graph we deueribe suicient s:nealieso develops compte owchart and computer pros, Theo. ‘etcal developments of the varios forms ofthe FFT ace prewnted. 4. Basic Application of the FFT. Chapters 9 through 1 focus on a8 investigation ofthe basi appications af the FFT. Application ofthe FFT te conrad owt tar presented wih emphasis ons graphical examination of rslition and con fon FFT user mistakes (aitsng,Uedomaintrnetion, aooeausal time functions, and periodic functions). FFT daseighting factions are x: med in depth Laplace transfor compton using te FFT is presented ‘with graphical examples, FFT implementation of diereteconvolton and Conelation is developed by extensive graphical presentations, Compt tional procedures are careful) defined wn a computer program is proved Twordimensional Fourier transforms coavlution, an carlton are de ‘eloped (graphically and by example}, asin the one-dimensional cuss. Ap lication of the FFT to two-dnesioal Fourier transform and convolution omputaton are deserted and computer progam are povided Signal Processing and Sytem FFT Application. Th design and policaton of ial fer sing the FFTs explored from practical usage Detspectve. A novel application a the FFT to mltichael bandpass fering is developed ins manner fom which he reader can teal expand the ress Because waveform sampling is ndamentl to FET signa processing pplication, bandpass and quadrature waveform sampling i adessed in il The pony and ena dcaons otros range of FT techniques thi are appcaleto sonar, sin, radar, con toy, eal, pl, Sm at, ncn apes Specie FFT application ares resed incide signal nose eahance: Ie, matched fitering,desonvolutin Fiesing,tme-iltenee-of anal Imeasuremens, phase inerferomety measurement, ann als, 9 ‘em simulation, pow spectum tals, and ary besnoring.| would ke to take this opportunity to express my sincere appresiation to the many individuals who have contributed Lo the conteats this book 'A special ote of hanks goes Dr. Paty Patterson, who contributed si ‘icantly incorectingand improving the mans Charlene Rushing ad ‘Nai Tohnan sontibuted tthe computer subouines "Tomy fe Vangee, am indebted for her patience and understanding forthe many hors ave seen rom her fe while preparing he manscrp. ‘Tomy daughter Canty [hank you for your flo, dedication ad env Sins towards commutmient excellence, hope some of your cals are Incorperated in tis book. Mn INTRODUCTION “The fst Fourier transform (FFT) isa fundamental problem-solving oo in the edvcatona indus snd military sector. Sine 1968 [I], FFT usage has apy expied ad personal computers ful an explosion of addtional FFT epplications. Te singe ous of hs bok the FFT and its appiatins Inthischapeer, we survey tre te brad apelcaion areas ofthe [FFT a give the reader a perspective frit scemingy universal appeal. We till estabish the FFT 4 oe of hemor developments niga processing Technology. The diverse applications ofthe FFT fallow from the rots of the FFT the dteote Foner transform and heace the Four tsform. (Our overview of the Four trnsorm apd is interpretation With respect to the ine and requency domains presente 113 THE UBIQUITOUS FFT Ubiquitous is defined beng everywhere al the same tne. The FE is ‘etn abigltous beens othe great varity of apparen unrelated elds St application. However, we kaow thatthe proliferation of pplication: ‘eros broad aod divers areas i heease they ave nied by 8 common ‘nity, dhe Fourier transform For years ony the elit theoreicel mathe ttiian was capable of staylag abreast soch a road spectrum of tse olgies: Howere, with the FFT, Fourier analysis has Deca reduced © @ ‘ely aval sd practical procedure hat canbe applied eetvely wihAe 4 structural dynamics 2 bier wing tr suppression ‘machinery dymaics ‘agnosis ‘+ muclar power plant modeling + ipationanalis + acoustic imaging S pusive, sonar 1 blraonieuaesducers ray processing S ichtestire scout muse synthesis BoedlEnginueog 1 diagnosis of leways ‘batt muscle fatigue monitoring S sesing heart ‘alte amaze characterization ease alsurances cardiac pls diagnosis ECG” data compression * atery “dynamics “vestigation Ngispeed interpolation * conjugate patient method 1 boundary value problems * Riceti and” Dire, ‘+ Raylle's integra + Wienestoot ‘auation + ision “equation numerical “integration 1 Kashunen-Locveansform clip aiereniad eral onal oceeg matched fers ‘econvolaton fealtine spectral analysis coprrum nalsis oberence Tunction speech "synthesis and ecogalton + random process generation {transfer function estimation «+ ecalreverbaton removal shromatoaraphy ‘microscopy 1 Spectoscony Xray difaction 1 Acctrochrooosraphy 4 moving target indestor yatetic aperture 1 Soper processor {pulse compression iter rejection “ mcrostip ine propagtion ‘+ conducting_ovies owe 14. Samay o PF Asie, EIEIO SSS ‘ amenaa radon puters © signal detection 4 Gilet substrate highspeed gal Gitery “ phnsedarayaaenns ideo bandwith ‘alse compression «+ timedomain refectometry ravegude analysis, acotnsous network analysis + magntostrics * metalurey Pane f electical power systems oe 4 image resorton systems anayss ‘nonin system analysis 4 transmotipesers * sconce demailtor GaAs FET transit 4 Speech scrambler system response 4 roltichannel tering + integrated cheat modeling Mary signaling uly contol ae ‘out sophisticated training or years of experince. The FFT has become & ‘andard analysis module becuse of ts wefulaes and say “The FET is o longer a textbook ovely. In Fig. we show an shbrevinted Usting of typieal application areas ofthe FFT. Key reference Imatevls i the FET application fies shown are included inthe biti ‘aphy. The FFT, once the province of engineers and scientist, hts booms !Tehnigue used in areas ranging fom the says of tock market eds to the determination of weigh variations in the proton of paper frm Pulp. Computer echacogy evolution, particu that of the personel com puter, hs positioned the PFT ass handy and powerful eas tol whose ‘vali a0 longer ited only tothe sigalprocsring spect AS ‘Shown in Fig. 11, the application fies ofthe FFT are extremely diverse. nan age where iis virtually impossible to stay abvest of technology, ls | timulating to ind an aalyis concent that enables one to appeoach anu falafel wit familar oa. Caray, the FFT bs bovome ane of the major developnents in dil signal processing technology 'As sao previously, the common bond thoughout the vid ap cation ofthe FIT isthe Faris talon A key property ofthe Fourier {Eansform sss ability to alow ane to sxamine a funtion or waveform from the perspective af Sth the ime ant eqvency donate The Founer ray form i the cornerstone of thi fot, ‘cont : |FP ‘ Irvoavten ch. 1.2 INTERPRETING THE FOURIER TRANSFORM A snp interpretation ofthe Fourier tasform is strated in Fig 12 ‘As shown, the essence ofthe Fourler transform as wavetorm so decom pose or spare the waveform into asim of sino of dee eauon- "es. If hee sinsoids sm tothe orignal waveform, then We ave dete ‘nied te Fourier transform of the wavtorn, The pctoral representation (ofthe Four trtsforn v8 diagram tat deploys the ample sd o- ‘quency ofeach ofthe determined sinusoids Figure 1.2 aso ilusraes an example ofthe Fourier transform of « simple wavelor. Tye Pou tranaorm i the {wo sinawoke tha a (9 ‘Yel the waveform. As shown, the Fourier arsform diagram dispys both ‘te anplitade and frequency ofeach sinusoid. We have folowe the usual ‘onveaton and displayed bth postive abd negative Frequency sinusoids foreach frequen; the amplitude hasbeen halved acordaly. The Four {nunsfort then desomposes the example waveform int two individual Sinusoidal component. “The Fouser transform idenies or disngushes tho dierent te ueocy sinusoids (and ther respective amplitudes) that combine 0 form an tmbirarywaveorm. Mathes, tis flatonship is stated a sin = ftom an ‘where ls the waveform tobe decomposed to a sum of sinsoids, Si) [the Fourier transform of), ab) = V—I- An example ofthe Fourer ttanform of square-wave futon estates in Fig. 1 a.m iive Jsteton tat a sare waveform canbe decomposed ito the set of sin- Uds determined bythe Pour taasform is shown in Fig. 1.30 ‘We normaly associate the analysis of periodic functions such as a square wave with Pours series rather than Founer transforms. However, {Swe will show in Chapters, th Fourier series is special ease ofthe Fourier transform. Tf the waveform 4) isnot period, then the Fourier transform wi bea continsous futon of equency, thats?) i represented by the Summation of insois ofall requensie. Friston, consider the pulse Swaveforn and its Fourier transor, as show in Fig 1-4. In this exam, the Fourier transom edeaes tat one snwoid frequency becomes indi tingisbable from the next and, asa sll, all quencies must be somideed “The Fourier transform i then a reqveey domain representation ofa function, As lust in both Figs 1-9) and 1, che Fourie transform frequency domain contains ext the same information as that ofthe oi by (ji ee 12 nen fe Feisitcom sn Se perenne sn py ails ae 13, Ferm of peeve acon. in funtion; they ier only athe manner of presentation, Fourier analyse allows one to examines function fom abother point of view the tanstorm ‘domain As we wil een the scons Uo fl, the method of Fourie transform alysis employed, as Musrated in Fig. 1.2 is often the Key to problem saving succes 5014 lp For ale 7 ere 1A Rte sr tpl ant, 113 DIGITAL FOURIER ANALYSIS Because ofthe wide ange of problems that are susceptible a altack by the Fourier transform, we would expect the logical extension of Fourie rans form analysis to the sigh compute Numerical integration of Eq (3) ‘mpl the relations SU) = Madey 1) kee N= 1) For those problems that do no ye to a cosedorm Fourier transform soliton, the diserete Fourier ansorm of Eq (1.2 offers potential method ff aac. However, careful inspection of Ea (12) roves that there re "Ndata points ofthe function andi we desi a determin the ample of N separate sinusoids, then computation tine i proportional oN, the umber of malpetions. Even with high-speed computer, computation ‘ofthe diserete Four transfor requires excessive machine ime for lee An obvious regiment exited for he development of eciques to reduce the computing tine of the dscree Fourier tnsform; howeve, the ‘Siete community met with ile success. Then, in 198, Cooly andee ee “okey pobinbed ter mathematical agri (1), whi bas ezome kaowa Te ERR Pour transform" The fst Furr rao FFT) co Pan tri hat ese omg tie 1.2) (2 ine Goal lg NT neue In comping Speed has completely ‘vsltnaed many fasts scent analyst review of fe {coer tthe FET dss tht his gota etlopent was mos ignore 5} ‘Pepe FF has evan he sf he cee Fourie anor, luis torent to ecopze ta on att apy the FFT rele rin Uipat onan understanding of he Sacrete Foon nfo ed ot te SFPT urn, Forth ran, this fxe empl the funda of lhe Four nd rte Fourie estos. REFERENCES 1 Cosy Wn). Te, hu Ati re Mahe eon {ei retain 8.909 8. asonni Re The For antral Appa, 2Re. Bi New Soci oe 3, Pavia Aba, Rand ate, an Seca Proce 2 Reventon 4 Guru Wa Im CA Rm Sm eG rea TEE To. nd Beconcutcs Oo 190) ¥0L AUT, NO, aan PD. Wi ‘Historical Notes oo the Fst Suse Tarai Pano da nd Bcc Cae O5, aA ne hn 1 6. 288 ron ad od Bo Sel ao Fu Fer ‘ni ie, ADT. 2. Ban. Te FF gom. ago CN: Pe Rae 8 The FT: Pind dC, Bw, Nh estrus 4, Hams, C8 W Pac DEPEFY& Conlon Aims Im Petes eWay to. Ban Fn Raa r,t, Anas, Al it: iil Ati ne 2 THE FOURIER TRANSFORM A principal analysis tol in many of today's scene challenges isthe Four ir tasform,Posuibiy te mont wel known aplaion ofthis matematial technique isthe aalysisolinea semen systems, But, an eaphasizd inChapie |, the Fourier transforms esse a unverlpoblem saving ‘ehnigu. Lis importance i kased on the fundamental propery that one ea cxamine a particular rlasonship om an entirely diferent viewpoint. 5. ‘nulaneous visaliation ofa function abd is Four transfor often the Hoyo soeesfl problem solving 2:1 THE FOURIER INTEGRAL he Fourie is eid te exten Ce ee en {Ede integra exists for every vale ofthe paramoer then Eg 21) defines HG), he Fourie transform of). Type, MC) Is termed faction of he variable ime and (7) stemmed Tuaction of the vata frequen. We use this terminology throughout the Book 1 me ud fis quem) Further, alowereasesynbol represen function of tne the Frit ras {orm ofthis me fneton i tepeseted bythe sume uppetease symbol as Tintin of teauensy.tn general, the Fourier transform it a complex. unity HG) = RD) + 51) = | HD |e” an ere) isi el at of he Fear aso, 1 nary pu of the Foner esto, Cerca atenen cent aten mins fan" UVR ple 21 Hyon Wain “Torts the vrons dfn tr fhe Fourie transform, cose the ne thn oe hones 0 wo _ no= [focremea=pfenooe soe a = af ‘bash ofthese sions plating. 2. ose the asus fos of Four Se ay 24 (Em dein sin ny 22 THE INVERSE FOURIER TRANSFORM “The inverse Fourier transform is defined as Ser ap es my) Inversion transformation, Ea. 2.5), allows the detemination of function ‘oftime frm its Fourie ansform. Hehe fnetions Me) and 4) ae related by Eas. Gt) and 2), the two functions are termed 4 Foureransform oir, and we indicts this elatoaship by the notation My) D WH eo ample 22. tere our Taner Exe 2. Consider te feaueey fusion determine in te previous xan 8 px, fp aval Oa IES oa From Fa. 23, aes 2058) gown, 1 S lateae adap one Because! = ene) + jsf th en ~ [ [PRSOQeH Af sss) oo CSG ae] « vif [Bes eset) Dn Leet a aa ‘oe secon neo Ea 2.7 29 eats ih nnd tr i lo iT eri fy eam Fig 2 eg te theca ao (2 wo Na tthe tn enTerre ere are 22 tty a fio. () = ~~. Consequely, he ae unr he son fo = fot fui ‘rst the nts fapeachs ay, enero he eas ‘the nin nr of nod one 2. uton 7) Beane = ie fo cone yy 2a ff ie an so~ SipScaaere es * aa vaar ee ‘ro sunrd able of ies, ssa ence, 9 canbe wet as pew uso Kym ger 0 the fneey fon 0 ~ ham are ela y bth Ea. (2.1 a 5) an ee a Four ano pi ~ rien am ne oro OTB e 123. Exon fh Pour apa ® 23 EXISTENCE OF THE FOURIER INTEGRAL ‘To tis point, we have not considered the validity of Egy, (2.1) and G3 the lntegral equations have bee assumed tobe welled forall aaa Jn genera, for most functions encountered in practical ssc slong, ‘he Fourier ransform and is inverse are welldctined: We do et eed presenta highly theoretical discussion of the existence othe heat form bt athe o pon out conditions forts enistene ato give arcs ‘ofthese conditions. Our dscusion follows that of Pepouls Condon. HHO negate ae Limolace ain ‘hen ts Fourier transform H) eis nd satisfies the inverse Fourier transform of Ea. 3). tis important note that Condon 1s sient but not necessary onion forthe existence of a Fourier transform, Tere are func tg o not satisfy Condon I but havea trator sang Ear co in lass of functions is covered by Condon sample 23 Symmes Pale Worcem To tlxnte Canto , conser he ae ine waetom WO=A |he% of reen ey 7 0 Iel>a lc i shown in i. 23. Eeuation 211i sid fort acto; thereto, the Four nsferm xin sas ge by =A [cots a1 [sect er a Wo) anaas severe eit ‘hot cms th shoo can be encima te ta) sf stants of he Four sr up wanton sae a an) = ar,etter vt poor ° cus his sal sss Con 1, he 1) sven y ust ast Ba 5 leosanf + jsanfon ds he imaginary ltesand er is there seer eta) wo [ene pan as From the tigonaente entity sin on) = Age +9) + ate — 3 an) ae as) a8) Mo worm noe io ne — ts ¢o— are 34 Gg tin B29, S023 tence For eg ® siaaf(te 0) ae mom ae fi an + Ae 9 sine) 4, oa me a ea) cher fa. 219) ated Fi 24 by nsec, tee terme ao WA |< 2h eam) ‘The elt he Farr ators ote inverse Fee arm ae been dromutd fora fivton staying Condon 1: We hae xsi Fee weer ar 2) no=4 celery & M2 gay ‘sample 24 General Pa Tne Weston MA o A> 0 te function Ay 4 absolutely integrable in the sense of Eq, 1), then HA) ese nd satisfies the inverse Fourier tuasorm, E43). An important example i the function [sina Vat, which does not sa ‘sty the iteerablty requemeats of Condon Raample25- Pate Frouiny Wanetrm Consider te fnton 29 ‘ste nF, 26. Foe Conon 2, the Fore mor o A eis ai enby sete sno = Fai =2 [S020 oaniy-jamantnns az Afr tence g ‘hs iain te ners oo Beene eran em san fonction, Sbnton oe ramos ety of Eq 10 pen, tna A [SAL yy A a= Dy 22) AFREE Seg neta et aa guson (28s of he se forma 27 asset el W)=A \S| n= ex ‘Shay the Four tans pu, shown Fig. 28, yk D KW aw anple27-Perade Pecoes ‘To tse the Fer asm of pri fntos, one Hi = Acontafu) 9 e are 24, Ferns of somata anGeer ee aaa ? me er se os 85,230 eee he cinore of [sor + ov dar —ojomear Ae-mw aan Avocet Q Sus -toeBu sto aa Is oad i 29.“Tyeimpoaecofthe Fuser tiem pai of Ba 2.4) Reems obvious ate Inversion Formula Proof tipo to devve 8 3) mean f dsb thor cone single ora at fmol of 24. 05). mi mama HCE mo the vee Farr wanton of na. a ys 7 Fromnennay = [eas [noerrtide 089 eae Ba (A201 uy he tec ingrn B 48)r Trinnemeay = [ode [at yy = [toe nae 2. sity uiby te dint he np ico Ba. 0.32) a at aon Hh) sonimows! Honeveh itis assumed that, ma = ii aed ar wey ed erp saconinuoa Toneson consistent with a. 2D. mee) + Mey ean 7 2. ALTERNATE FOURIER TRANSFORM DEFINITIONS ty a wtesaiad act at h ae tans i einer Faeen ee our iar and fives formula. Tobe speci the oureruansfrm pin dtd a mo-afLMiema ont Om oy =o [toe aay INU NNN SNe aE eee aEE neem ae eR eee ee ee ee where the coetcicns a and as assume diferent valves depending onthe User Same seta; = Landy = I2es others set ay ~ a= UN/3E; or set 4, = 12 and; ~ 1. Equations (2.48 and 249) impose the regiment that o\ao™ I/2 Various ser ar thea concerned withthe sping of he product ee "To rescive this question, we must define the rlationship desired be tween the Fourier tansform and the Laplace ansform and the defiion we wish to assume forthe relationship Betweea the al ener compated nthe time domain and th otal energy computed ino, the radia freuney ‘Somain. For example, Pascval’s Tacoea sates [00d 200 [| Pao as Ite ery compe ini requ to ecg othe eure computed Ino, thena, = UV 2=. However ithe reairement sade that he Lance ‘eansform, universally defined s¢ uso = [haere [nnemema as shall reduce tothe Fourier trinform whe the rl prt af is se to zero, then & comparison of Egy. (2.48) and (51) rogues ay =I Leo i, which sn contradict the previow hypotbes ‘Alogi ato resolve this confit to dfoe the Fourier transform pura flows 1a = [moe a asy mo =f moemnay as With his etn, Para’ Toren comes [vou fi imnpas 4B. 2.5isconnent wit he defiton ote Laplace tom, Net sng ss nest wih tet of el ar Ve never appears. Fos thi reason, the ater deft ofthe Four tas ‘alr wan chosen fortis book 25 FOURIER TRANSFORM PAIRS. ‘A pstria table of Fourier rasform piri given in Fig 2.12. This graph ‘eal and analytical catalog is by no means complet, but does contain the ‘most equenily encountered traanform papy ot io- Eoin © wot Sar) | a= Acta) my Aus 9 ste cnt © wns Aur-m fam wfuss sy | ganas ewe Colpo Pi eo iniid) (dik asipl | % | : iF hE err t id | o | § |e rege QuelPROBLEMS tut Deen th es and nagar rs ofthe Fourier taser ofeach the owing neon ee ow cice fee wut io & sco wm -[o" is fi 10 fees aw a : crcha boo co mn = (See omy =Hfar o.s neo aee +99] 2.2, Decne th ample pest | HG) | nd pas) oe Purr a fm of wiyet -ecice 8 Aaa ce ono {o" Saou” une won Cine ene Vist 2. Detain th vere Four mfr of ach of the ollovi “ei cacelm aS aon es om mm s MD = Bae) oy) = Aeon REFERENCES Ansa, Fourie Transforms andthe Theory of Dstrbutons,Ragewoo Cs, Nic Prene al 18 Bnacrom,R The Fourier Tonto ands Aplatons,24 Ed New York ous, As The Fowler Inarl and le Application, 28 New York McGee (Casimir, D.C. Furie Trans and Thr Physical Appton, Now ITT ee eeIan Tree eee eee re, 3 FOURIER TRANSFORM PROPERTIES In dealing with Fourier transforms, here are a ew properties that are baie 12 thorugh understanding. Avital interpretation ofthese fondumeatal eee eof equal importance t Knowledge ofthc mathematical eee Romp Tae prose of this chapter To develop not only the theoretical Sets ofthe base Fourer aoa prs, but also the meaning ofthese ‘Sropercs Forth eso, we se ample analyte and graphical examles, 2a LNeaRTy tan be the Fore ants XU and YU reste, hn 1 aa ie Foner nn) © FO) Ts pe Sela tow Plo + one [xem a foreman Test h 69 Isnt pevoay Fig. 23. By the symmetry ore, wr MOEHD D> Kopoan= i1lem — 0H ich ii he oe no pf B23 Ui 24 TR ee Pr a ta ate mse Ue ee ne oe Ro pao aoe {29 TIME AND FREQUENCY SCALING str tan be ee mt, ee rd A) eu Wf) 0» For k negative, the term on the ihthand side changes sign because the Tims of iteration ar interchange. Therefore, ime sling results inthe our ransom pal ff rave-mt ar fo mne-mrem de i seal) on) When dealing with time sling of impulses, extra care must be ex- eid om Ea, (4.10), se = 7h ow sample 33 ‘Thne Sate Bepmsion “Te tine san Foie trator propery is wel: knowin many els of cen Chetvor Arthown Fig 32, ie See epnsion cress ghey sale Stores, Note ta th ne sale expand, the bequency sce nt oly ‘fata This a welsone once ora ad seh bor. Frequency Scalr If the inverse Four transform of HU) is A), the inverse Fousice transform of HUE), where kira el cont, ven bythe Fourier tans {bem pal mm) O min “The relationship of Ea. GM) established by substituting aversion frm Fromanemnay = [Larmrontl a ta() aus Freauency scaling of impulse factions ven by sn = Hn 6 ample 4 Progeny Se Espanion Annis (tine sing, easel expeson resus ina onan othe ine see Tl elt ated P33 Note tat the eqn see ‘ood te ampfade oe ine con nan Tie sin arto of ‘Geeymacty popenty oy.) andthe tinea elon of E412, ample 3 Iai Sequence pas Functons Many texts sat Fore tensor ps fers of he aan eguncy Foe ‘han, apo 2 es sey» Saou > wo 8 ao) oom By the enone sang oni £4.10, we Ko Fb, caw FSee F | 7 | " : o + pune 1 i ed ~~ | a we a 7 | , = | 7 ” on ket { [ nen Stee n eo | hy a we * 2 | ° » | 2 | ae St AY Soe “ = (3.4 TIME AND FREQUENCY SHIFTING sn 84. 6.17 can be rw ia ems ote een varie f uaa D wy -$ 3 o> wich Ha 240 aw tA) site bya consanf, then by substan = transform becomes [lot soem ar = fo woee fasthe Fourier ds = eo fo nem de.) aston,“The time sit Fourier transform prs Mt ~ 4) D tiifierrw™ ean omple 46 Pane Sng [Nol escpn of hs pir Fg 4. Ae sown ig ‘AGhsibachcein teh ane 0) =n AUR), Noe ne ing ANY cai eee igre 84 Tine sin oe. oes ot alr he gn be Fir transform, Tie lows Rea gpa" = Hfleodebe) ~ jateKtd) nd eaoe the magia i ven by [Wie | = VETTE RTT = VP 32D whee 1) has een asumed 0 be rel oe spy. These ests re esky xended (the eae of MU), come futon Frequency siting 1 HG) in sited by w constant fs inverse transform is mulpiod ty ea nner SD Hy ~ f0) 63) ‘This Fourier transform paris establsed by subsinting + the inverse Fourier transfor detains relationship ~ foi [os ~ soctt as = [7 mine a = em [momar 020 a sample 37 Modan ‘Touhnrate the tect orang, tus sume tthe Hequeney fon [HG ioc ors so, egoney shifting rs ina malpeatan sf the tne function Mi) by cnn whowe equa dared by the fesseey si fy (ig: 5) Ta proses commonly Kao mon ‘ample 8 Dora Cnterioe by Pequny Muli: praca appain of esueny siting i ssl in Fi 36 Mueticuon uss frequency 27 anche suse of Geasey felt Seanad One noel has 2 feuecy that the sn othe equ fe ‘te eso hat, Sfo Toe send ns haa reueny Sterne [yt arene ofthe to feaen, JT erence remnesy nso a .rrr « Fore Tatrm Propeten Op 3 435 ALTERNATE INVERSION FORMULA “The inversion fomula of a, (2.5) can alo be writen as co 625) [orm Sie H(i th cjg HU ht iY) = RU + J, en TG) yi he cop of Ea, 0.2 verti iy ‘Citing te sonketn opens aca 0 = [ fLarenenom as] = [freanermnar i Paneer] «= [ftw coassn - np sins as = fm souaefo ~ 1 scesn af +1 ime anonty + np ewontilat = [me + nrteenp + jsf ar = [Lmne= ay ‘espn he sere rion formic ow nan ee oe em eT Similar ie of considerable importance Inthe development of fst Fourier teansform computer programs. 126 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS tht isan even fenton, hat hf) = ha, ten the Fourier ras form of ht) san eve fnction aad eal nan nan=[_rincoorine — 629 ‘hs ure exh by mangling the dfting elo sas) [nave = fancoarina <1" hosmarina 020 = [sa count d= ‘The imaginary term s zr becuse the integrand isan od function. Becanse conint) an even function, then h(t) eoxnff) = hf) coat Sd #0) ~ Ho) te Mequeney function even. Sina, 1) sven asa real and eva requeny function, the inversion formula yes = Panera fraser as [Lrincoanin as +1 fF Runsinasinas 020 = [Uma conten af = hao ‘ample 29° Even Tine and Frequay Pants ‘Avobowa in Fe 7, te Foie afr ft oven tne fon a a fen eqns sc an even faction o ne (00 Functions IE Aeld) = a1), then h(t) isan od fanetion, and ts Fourier ‘eansform san ad imaginary fonction, 1a) ~ [toe = [Lio soontn d= [i snaain ae 020) fl sf = ldre he real integral x zero Beene the mulpication of anal and an even fnclon fan od fection, Because (2e/) san 08 funtion, tem hal) Sindejt) = hl) sine fl and AGO) — Hof the frequeney anton iso For HU) pven as ano ad imaginary faction, then eo = [mena = [sae as 2 [tan coonsn ar os [tap seratoas 0.39 = = fh tn anaern as = ba andthe resting hs ao onetion. The Fourier transform pais thos ‘extablished: ha) sa = 1 [rao swaesn as — 0.30 aap 210 O84 Tine an Pequeny Fone An have camp of is ansfrm a ison nF. 38h fnton Mé) seed heer, the Four aor ran od sd nary fenton areestacy ta eqns nto singin) be nvr arm gn aston a te + 7 ‘we 38, Fouts non 187 WAVEFORM DECOMPOSITION An abitrary function can alway be decompose or separated int the sim ‘fan even an a 0 futon: wo = 26 MO fit SH] B= G] om = ha + ltd “The terms in brackets sis the definitions of even and od functions OO eter Seconoston ei teste From Ea 3.2 and: th Furr sant of.) where (0) HG) ~ RD) + MG) = HAH) + HAD 0 {9) and Ha) = JD) We show in Chapter 9 that decom positon can inrease the speed of computation af the FFT. ample LL Expnelal Wasor Dect “To demonstrate he concept of waveform decomposition come the exponential force Fe 30 ao “ree os) ‘otowing he developments ening oF. 0.3, we oiin ine + (at of Fores 3.91) an saree he even an od decompositions, pete gee 39 Wares depen‘3.8 COMPLEX TIME FUNCTIONS orcas of presentation, weave o thi poet considered nly el fnctions ‘time, The Fourier trsaafrm, Ea. Q.1), the inversion integral, Ea. 2.8), Shh Pours transform propestes hold forthe ease of), 8 complex fueton of tine I ey = han + sha) ean nor and) tthe ela imaginary pats ofthe complex funtion Wy respetvels then the Fourier intel, Eg 2.1), becomes sng = fthto mem = [7 thn coves) + he) sine dt Ft cotsto + osteo i ft sa = Mesa = RY) FD ‘Therefore, an nda cosas + AAD sinasen de 29) = ~ff_t0o set ~ hi ecfondt 9 Sina, verso ora, 2.9, fo completions hen = J tmey sant - WO sansonas 6D a {mp saosin + nO setntnias 69) bis real, then Mi) = (andthe el an maint parts ofthe Fourier tnsfarm ae gven by Eas. (2.39) and GAD), respectively nan = fm oneatn a ow) 1h ae sina oa isan even function beeatse RN) Te abd 1) 08 ‘S34 Compl Tne Funetens « For A) purely imaginary, Mi) = fA) and Ru) hae siege at 6a) 1a = fsa costesy a on th nm tnd 14) an en ton. a3. ats varios sete ete tapete Wate noo Sorter aeons tee Tent et coy amt ah 4.40 At 8) ima pt cl the leat property of Ba 2 =e 20410 D x + on et) = Mo we at ca a cs ‘Sew a Sf Bese) va ten fo Bas a0) =k) D A= MN= RLM. Sint, ese maiay then rm Bp 45) a (3.4) M0 = se QW) = JOD = Ra) + 0) ow Ko +i) D9 + 504 om TABLED opin oT cca en “ HS) = RAP) + iT) es a= 109 it os rit amor it0 oss eee eee apm +H oe [z + oy [Pe nom Be 8a 030 mo = [82-852] «f2-A52] sn i a8 “Ts itis ponile to ep the fone fant 2) ato the Four tani forms aH) an) Ae Semone a Cher 9, ts enue ed ‘tae fo eee the see of computation othe FFT. ‘39 SUMMARY TABLE OF FOURIER TRANSFORM PROPERTIES: For future reference, the base properties ofthe Fourie tunsform are sum= Inarzed in Table 12. These relsionship ae of considerable importance ‘roughout the rensinder of he book PRostems. fA isiez won [trees bine Ha ialet ao- fh peat ee = oe on ets a” 0 Syme — He mld) oy mars ven fncon = a tte om nan man ca a Be lel oe Ian an mien Sha KP sn) A he te tr a Ct anthers fd Rr ose NE Scie etn tata eS eet py ‘ae oo Ste fey es dear sen pt 2 See a ooo aed MO = arta (0) Mo) ~ eo") ate een cling propery he tine eli property by ans ofthe sym theorem mun Conse oA jean dee fate IS 2 a ln>ame310 Pen Protea 32 sco the Foie naar 9 2), May a (Te oie sor spon awe 2.12) sus Deve the inesaing propery fr case where kis eee 35 panes fh fing there ind he Fos rarfoem othe owing meee Sa asc ca mo = a fe Beet) [eta mony [t= > 2 soc chem) ses neve] «meg mth meine sue an Cee a ttn we 8 fee om = aaa AS ieetat ~ 63) te ~ fl Review he detonating to Hae. 29), 2.13), 2.2, 29), 2:0, an (235, Nove he moma trent wal fr the Roane aor of Seven fcton | ‘312 Deconpowe aod ALCh the 6Aen HM ol components of the fallowig mn women Maka? © 40 oa como {ot Nae oye teree a 21 sade 1413, Prove each fhe popes ited in Tale 3. 2AM AFR el show at |) | an even fncion. [MS By malig aban of vale nq, 232, sow tat () Sno to 34, Pog loving ow in oD Se wae > AP 2.47, Use the derivative atom of Problem. fad he Four tnstorm ‘fa pce novela gente Founer war of egal Waveform REFERENCES 1 gee he Foran ad pets, 248 New Ye 2. Poon, A The Pour Integral and I Appleton, 2 Bi New Yor: 4. Chaaeney, D.C. Parr Trasfoms and Thi Posi Applction. New Yor Academic Press, 1.4 CONVOLUTION AND CORRELATION tn Chapter 3, we investigated those proprts that are fundamental 0 the Foote anor However, there exss a of Four transform re Innhips whose imporance far outranks those previously consi ‘arenes are tne convlution and corlaton theorems, which are To be dsceed a length in hs chapter. 444 CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL noept in any dc Convolution of two functions ea saniinnt physical conespt in many SeaeeStine lis. Hoover, sei the ease of any important mathe TEtesitentonshps the convoltonitegal oes not reslywnvei iset ‘Bite uc ipleaions. To be more specifi, te evolution nega is teat y= [Laem ode aemy ueton x) si fo be he eanolon fhe icons 1) and ration of Rieti exremelyaifcu to yswalize the thematic opt Det. We develop the tre meaning ofconvoltion by espa analy 442 GRAPHICAL EVALUATION OF THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL Lt) and) be two time fontions given by arp, as represented in Figs.) and (respectively, To evaluate Ba 1, fnctons x) aad 1g 2) are requied 16) apd Ne) are simpy x) and AC), respectively, ‘where the variable has Bee replaced bythe variable. =) sth image UTA) about the ordinate axis nd A(t ~ s) slnply the function =) ‘hited bythe quant «Functions x), M0), and (¢~ =) are shown in Fig. 42. To compute the intel of Fg. (1,18 necessary to melgiy sd inegrat the functions x) (Fg. 420) and Ae ~ [Fi 4.200) for ‘ch ve of rom = to +=. As istated in Fi, 40) ad), tis prodatis zero forthe choice ofthe parameter = ~1y The produstremaine eo unt fi reduced to Zero. Avistate in Figs. 430) and (9, the prouet of 2() and Kt +) the Ranction emphasied by shang. The Inwsral of dis funcon Is simply the shaded area beneath the curve. Ak ¢ ‘increased to 2, and frter to 3 Figs. 4.30, cand) use the relionships af the futons wo be mle sr wel ete resting inte ‘ratlons. For f= ry, the product span becomes ver, as shown by Fs £450) and. This product remains zero forall eater than ty Pigs 4.) {od (hI is allowed to be a continaim of valve, then the convolution ‘of 0) and A) is the angular funetonistaed fF. 430, “The procedore described isu conveaieat graphical tchague for eval ating convolution integrals: Surman the steps 4, Folding. Take the miror image of) about the ordinate axis 2 Displacement. Shi M7) by the amount ‘3 Matiplication, Maly the sited function Me ~ 2) by x). 4 Inveprarion. The area under the product of 4! ~ =) 38d) the value ‘tthe convoltion time Mr Esato eameltonrpc Etaton of Como rng« Conon nd Corman Chap 4 ss shawa oF 4.8) Then, uit Mr ~ 0 by 20 Pl 4.6] and, Got, iepot obtinthe conolton reat oe ine FP £0 Te rn united n 4a) ane determined Jeet Ba. = 19 = fata oar = fe Pep vette tne ‘ote that the general conto lategtio its of == 0 + be cone fora iis oad io develop sehen aos {od th cot interaon ins, Por Ex, he fer oom vale Sete mcion Mt ch = e-ee ig and th ower nnzro ve for S18 0 When mentee, we eos te lags hse ve lone mit of ntepon. The pp ase value of Me) te Sppernonto vue af.yis We Sete sls 0 Bese ror Uppal tinea "Agee for determining te its of integration ca then be sted ot obo an Given wo functions with lower nonzero values of Zand 1 and upper onze values of Uy and Us, choos the lower it of ineration 8s unl land the upper Ut of iteration as mi Us, Ua 1 shouldbe noted that the lower and upper nonzero values forthe fixed funtion x) do not change; however, the lower and upper nonzero Values ofthe sling usetion ht) change as fchanges. Ths, spose To have diferent limits of integration freien ranges ofr A graphicl ‘etch sir to Fig 4 slso an extremly valuable ald in choosing the ore limit of ategration, {49 ALTERNATE FORM OF THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL. ‘The previous apical ustraton i but one af he posible interpretations ‘of convolution. Eauatio (4.1) can also be wten equivaletly as sto = [Hon 9dr ence either He) ors) can be folded and shifted. “To see graphically that as. (1) and (4.3) are equivalent, consider te fuion lsat i Fig. 4S). Ts dsr to comvave these wo fnctons Te seis of graphs on he lft in Fig 45st the evaiation ff Eq, G1 the graphs on the rit Mustte the evaluation of 4. 43), ‘The revously dened steps of (D) fling, @) displacement, (3) malin a eee p13 oct Cnn apd . <= rum => | on em vcevt > 7 eee hi a cm rmesret > — { SSF SR b | [Bc sevosrn => fe ue 45, Cpa cam of coneaton by Pa. a0 (3, cao, nd (ington ae hte by Fe), a sei Arnie 40, oot) a 8 ee ces ce ie ieape 42 quale of as (1 and 4.3) kowet rae - en “ womans anist uo in = ig ts a 3) Trond xo [seme oa (fama onset ae OT rameter ret ‘nog inte tenia ing ti cts ceed evs TReluwe anf unperouco ve at he neon) read wept. Parte tino R= ey thelr sso ae ad he oe uso eis We kee mann tees nnrer ae oro er Estimeenn, 0 The per im of upton nace of or = 1 ts iinas Upper ans aetna ence ope i incon nt For! he monoun oe spe one vbr = and ‘Setetwe tie ape in omega forts age oh 32 Ape SEEGat noon cana sve epson ss "Sing bea eon ya | Meine oar sey ocreg an Sore . sity a 4 (43), bala w= [anode [levine oie oceeE wot as ei — Alou Fas. 4.8) ae fee fom Bas, (4 ration is ent rest Bg 44 CONVOLUTION INVOLVING IMPULSE FUNCTIONS, ‘The simplesype of convolutin integral fo evaluate sone in which citer (0 o© A) i a impale function T tate this pot Tet Me the singular function shown graphically in Fig 4.) and let) be the eva + : ure 46 tatatn of olson rig age ne‘ular fonction shown in Fig. 4.6). For these example functions, a. (6.1 fecomes eee ea fom E05 tat [a= oar = a0 Hence, Hg. (4.9) canbe writen a8 WO =a Det (19) ‘Function (is iustrated in Fg. 4. Note tat convolution of the une tion) with an impale fonction is vaoated by simply reconstructing 3) ‘nth the posion ofthe inal fneton replacing the ornate of). AS Mev secinthe developments to flow the ay to visualize convolution [tvolvng impulse fonctions of considerable importance sample 43 Comlation ih Impaes at He) be a sees fine nets 8 asain Fg 4702 To vate {hc convobuon fh) wie recmngiar pase shorn ni 4.10), we sip aL CEO. EE ED'S'SsziS& ccersyrng in nt Tc tame tt oop Come Cee ip ein pt em er ace nen fant enemas Sty ong 43, Av shown tbe syste igs topes iota ig eran aetegeeerreme em Samat tenement Siete aoe pS tb eet pe 68, Gni deymet te arto aa yen by ‘Beste ce‘ten be apt espone ix ao eae bythe same drat ine. As howe TAP g50) beer aa nam prolues the spt (0) then hemp he) art) ese te OD Et fysAa ied Fig.) tm ing componed of eres (2 dyeing of varying apse yeep soositingo aye {atc response actin now glu te determined bythe spe ot {Be ip imp eamng oe rerponse The sm of ese ial pale r= ‘orm fib ston utp nd empty he un nin= Sear= nd an “To exw Ba, (4:11 incase waveform, cose Fi 8), We vide he et ns sal mt of wh {he ements» Reh of 0) haf tess tha thi erent ees nimple ih ine Haw tom the revise Scenes tthe cup oer, tos npetre by (t= nesIsne fed Tis opts shown nF. 480, “Tlduermne he output dst a sleents, we compute he sm do) = Sr = meted any nos [kt ae an) 445 TIME-CONVOLUTION THEOREM. ‘os the mostimporan and power olin modern sient sly Pine insip een ganda Four wanfom. Ts ree oni. taown eth Lne-comreion theorem, lows one the comet Fut toate sly th edna by 2 ‘pte mipcaon inte egteny don. Tht isha te Fourie ane means) hs the Foe norm 0), hea Mi) 20 hos {Be our easfrn HG)KC). Te comviton theorem ths ven By {he Four eansorm pe me) «xtn HON aa ‘To estab this rsa fist form the Fouser transform of bath sides of Ba. 0) Pornemra =f [ffaome-aefemear as FP Which i equivalent to assuming the onde fiteration ca be chinged) r= fxo[ [meena] aso By sabstiing = 1~ he tem nthe rackets becomes Flore mtn tf Moet do - aan een auton 4.19 ean ten be ewe n= [ame mr nnd = mom aay ‘The converse i peovensiiy. ample 4S Coma of Pale Weare To Rath ine fe oon dren, oe he senveson th convo of to oun ene ns apie con Sem Fe 48) Reval rom te one npr Ea (220 te out traf fa eanir ton the tf aco tan Pe 20) {5 Tae comantioe ere sats hat Cnvtatonin he tae dare co ‘noni 0 munca ne estency dom thet he ang wae fom af Fa 40) and te fai Un cnn a a 0) we Fr anor fer Tn ceca thee cnet Sn ample 46 ite Patera Waren (ne ofthe mos sii onions of dstitatn tery rent the fact {hat the poet of comtnaoes function and hinge ftom wld (Ggpesh A hence, cease a= hen : Moke ~ 6) = Mao 0) es) ‘is rsa, copl with the eon horn lms ne to inna the soe dette of ay Feuer castor par Tis, cone het "ime intons Ki) nd ha in is.) 2). Ax Steed evi, {he comet f thee tm fneon th sate pule insta nF ‘id ceed tre Furr nr hie gue pales We sng se the conan een the Faerun of Kate ‘coef impule functions, the ears ui af (28, ee ni 4106; andthe Fore transform oe etn anion te at) tation sora iG Matson fe yo uy noe ps be ‘se Four asorm. Asien Fi 10 te Four wana of poten loa Soqtnce of snpalefncianswhone pages weigh by &— ulusSS * Comoluon an caraiton Chap. 4 448 FREQUENCY.CONVOLUTION THEOREM, ‘We can equivalently po rom convotton in the frequency domain to mul ‘plicton i the tine domain by usig th requeney-convsltion theorem: he Foal transform ofthe product Mx) seal fo the convolution HP) plo e411 Grp xo oe Poneman tee + XU). The frequency convolution thereat is wort) > MH) +x) 420) “his pis established by simply substi the Fourie transform pi of Eq, 4:4) int the symmetry Fourer transfor relationship af a, G8) ample 4:7 Maduaed Pe Waser ‘Tolsnte he equenyconotton them, consi the ane wala of Fg and te rectangle waver of Pig 11), ceed wo een the Fare tno ote pot a hee oun Fp II. The Row ‘tases othe coi and restanglar marlon ar ave a Pps eh (@s respesvly,Coneluton fhe to eqn neon este Nace ‘own Fis i; Ps 1) and (a th Foe wand ne roy the welcknown Four sti pa of single goon motte ple ‘47 CORRELATION THEOREM Another integral equation of importance in both theoretical and practical pplication ithe correlation itp n= fo some nae aan ‘A comparison ofthe shove expression and the convolution integral, Ea (G.D,inieates thatthe two are closely related. The mature ofthisreltionsip ‘nest described by the gropbicaliustatons of Fig, 4.13. The functions 10 ‘be both convolved and correlated are shown in Fig 4.12). stations on the ef depict the proces of convolution as desi the previews eins ‘tatrations onthe ight praphicaly potas the process of corlation. Ay evidenced in Fig. 4.120), the two integral ie in that there sn fling ‘of one ofthe integrands in colton. The previssly described rts of Se wo =e emer > e : are 412 Gia canparon fom a anSecu TeSEUSESTRSETSESTSERSSECESECERSCOTECTSERSSSERTESTSSSCESECIRSLICRTISSESESESETESIISECESEETISSESISE ort dcr 1) iy te in fen. a> [faeu Qe Bere) -esrso aay ‘A nea rca be developed fr determining the links of isso or ‘he craton tp Gee Pebiem 10 Recall that convolution mlpication forms a Fourier transform pai ‘A similar rest can be obtaned for cotton. To derive thi lanai, frst evaluate the Fourie tnsform of Eq, 2) Ssoeon ae [fom nae]era an rosin he refit an interchanged) a= fvo[ fms nemna] a 45 Lote = #4 sand sete thet in rks eee ~ rn af = mp [fxm emantm er +ifse santo a] 420 = UR + 69, ‘Now the Fousier transform of 0) is sven by i HU) a muy = [Lave = [Laconsnde— Jf se nasa e429 = RD = 1H) ‘The bracketed term of Bq. (4.27) and the expression on the Hight in Eq, (4.28 ae called conjuntes defined in Eq (25) Equation (27) an be writen 2H) = MER, a2 ‘the Fourier asim pai for comsaton is frome + 94 D nooxrp 430) [Note that i (is an even function, then XU) is purely ral an XU) = X°U). For these conditions, the Fourier transfor of the correlation integral H).XU), which identeal othe Four anor ofthe soe, ‘volion integral. These arguments for entity oth wo integrals ar singly the frequency-domain equivalents of the previously discussed ine domes quirement for equalify af the to integrals, Is) and I) are the same function, Ea. (4.21) is normally termed {he autocoreation function; x) and AC fer, he ter roscoreation ‘is normally ued ample 49. Acorn Fant Determine the suooreltin font ofthe waren Myer 10 wn =a iso om 85 42, a0 = [seams © ya Glerewre ie aon PROBLEMS. 44, ove he atoning consision prope: (a) Conoiton commutative: 4)» 0 = [0 «ME 12) Convoition is seaive: Ui)» =} = (A) =) #0), (©) Comtution dsb overadtn: mt) +90) © = +) ‘ra 42, Deere Mi) whore 0 EE EEEESSSS''SCS“=e @ mo) = 20" =o wo ite (© mo > sony’ 01h se eter wrt ere Ore Feared omo= oeeet ashen Renny casese . wt n=O, knee aoe sorter octet ra Peas 4.3, Sloch he consti fhe neon) and Mo) srt in Fl 4.14, {U4 Sisch the convolution ofthe 100 fons (a ated in ‘ig 419 Show ht ie Soneion of woo seas san even fc, 445. Une he comolion here fo papel tribe the Fou arm ‘tibefncon ined a P46 446 Aetoly,deemie the Four tao of €~" «eM i: Use he ‘Soveaton ere) “43. Lhe te egnesy consition tore ogi dcr the Peurir ‘fro fhe roc of the foneons ) and M0 sate in ig. 4s Gnphay determine the comet of tensions a 0) sted 49, Les) be tment feist is onzro over he an eet Stow hati) = Ke mnzre over he age —To == Ty tha i ME tas wat tice tao 0 4.0, Show hat FAK) = Jo) #6 hen amo a, ane e I AB gy sy ot * i yet ar 414 Poco) aM Pens 43 an 48 pe are 415 Pn dM Pon 4 411 By a fe eas omen hen, py Stine Foun tuvorm eft hive eae moneors Caeg tea nee boi tig ec Se se ane rape 402. Gintay lhe Foter tsrn oe ig cto: aero Ao 4 Saar 18 ho = ASGefe «Arta 441. Gp a ever Ft orm fe lowing one omerPere 416 Pantano Pen 4 ot mo fem fie “444. Devel seta ero determining he is of intention for the core Ton gra REFERENCES 1. BeauwaR. The For Tramrm and ler Appeatony, 2 Rv. Fa, Now "York Mei, 2 Gurea,Tanfvm and Sate Vriable Methods Liner Systems, New Yor Wey ee 3. Miniy.T , “Conoton Revie." IEEE Speco (Ap 96), Vol. Nevasap ti 4 Pas, A. The Foie ner onde Apltio, Med , 24. New York